1.
Shreveport, Louisiana
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Shreveport is the third-largest city in the state of Louisiana and the 113th-largest city in the United States. It is the seat of Caddo Parish and extends along the Red River into neighboring Bossier Parish, Bossier City is separated from Shreveport by the Red River. The population of Shreveport was 199,311 in 2010, the Shreveport-Bossier City Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 111th in the United States, according to the United States Census Bureau. Shreveport is the commercial and cultural center of the Ark-La-Tex region, where Arkansas, Louisiana, Shreveport was established to launch a town at the meeting point of the Red River and the Texas Trail. The Red River was cleared and made navigable by Captain Henry Miller Shreve. A 180-mile-long natural log jam, the Great Raft, had previously obstructed passage to shipping, Shreve used a specially modified riverboat, the Heliopolis, to remove the log jam. The company and the village of Shreve Town were named in Shreves honor, Shreve Town was originally contained within the boundaries of a section of land sold to the company by the indigenous Caddo Indians in 1835. In 1838 Caddo Parish was created from the large Natchitoches Parish, on March 20,1839, the town was incorporated as Shreveport. Originally, the town consisted of 64 city blocks, created by eight streets running west from the Red River and eight streets running south from Cross Bayou, Shreveport soon became a center of steamboat commerce, mostly cotton and agricultural crops. Shreveport also had a market, though slave trading was not as widespread as in other parts of the state. Steamboats plied the Red River, and stevedores loaded and unloaded cargo, by 1860, Shreveport had a population of 2,200 free people and 1,300 slaves within the city limits. During the American Civil War, Shreveport was the capital of Louisiana from 1863 to 1865, having succeeded Baton Rouge, the city was a Confederate stronghold throughout the war and was the site of the headquarters of the Trans-Mississippi Department of the Confederate Army. Fort Albert Sidney Johnston was built on a ridge northwest of the city, because of limited development in that area, the site is relatively undisturbed. Confederate President Jefferson Davis tried to flee to Shreveport, intending to go down the Mississippi, throughout the war, women in Shreveport did much to assist the soldiers fighting mostly far to the east. Winters writes of them in The Civil War in Louisiana, The women of Shreveport and vicinity labored long hours over their sewing machines to provide their men with adequate underclothing, joined by others, the Society collected blankets for the wounded and gave concerts and tableaux to raise funds. Tickets were sold for a ring given by the mercantile house of Hyams. A Confederate minstrel show gave two performances to raise money for the war effort in Shreveport in December 1862, the Shreveport Ladies Aid Society announced a grand dress ball for April 6,1863. That same month students at the Mansfield Female College in Mansfield in De Soto Parish presented a vocal and instrumental concert to support the war, the Red River, which had been opened by Shreve in the 1830s, remained navigable throughout the Civil War
2.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
3.
Folk music
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Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is applied to music older than that. Some types of music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways, as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and it has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles. Starting in the century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms. Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times and this type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal, electric folk, and others. Even individual songs may be a blend of the two, a consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive. The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions and they are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes. Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music, however, despite the assembly of an enormous body of work over some two centuries, there is still no certain definition of what folk music is. Some do not even agree that the term Folk Music should be used, Folk music may tend to have certain characteristics but it cannot clearly be differentiated in purely musical terms. One meaning often given is that of old songs, with no known composers, the fashioning and re-fashioning of the music by the community that give it its folk character. Such definitions depend upon processes rather than abstract musical types, one widely used definition is simply Folk music is what the people sing. For Scholes, as well as for Cecil Sharp and Béla Bartók, Folk music was already. seen as the authentic expression of a way of life now past or about to disappear, particularly in a community uninfluenced by art music and by commercial and printed song. In these terms folk music may be seen as part of a schema comprising four types, primitive or tribal, elite or art, folk. Music in this genre is often called traditional music. Although the term is only descriptive, in some cases people use it as the name of a genre
4.
Folk rock
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It has also been influential in those parts of the world with close cultural connections to Britain and gave rise to the genre of folk punk. By the 1980s the genre was in decline in popularity. When English bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s defined themselves as electric folk they were making a distinction with the existing folk rock. Folk rock was what they had already been producing, American or American style singer-songwriter material played on instruments, as undertaken by Bob Dylan. They drew the distinction because they were focusing on indigenous songs, the result of this hybridisation was an exchange of specific features drawn from Traditional music and Rock music. For example, electric folk groups, while using traditional material as their source for lyrics and tunes. In the same year, The Beatles began incorporating overt folk influences into their music, the Beatles and other British Invasion bands, in turn, influenced the Californian band The Byrds, who began playing folk-influenced material and Bob Dylan compositions with rock instrumentation. The Byrds recording of Dylans Mr Tambourine Man was released in April 1965 and reached #1 on the U. S. and UK singles charts, setting off the mid-1960s folk rock movement. The Beatles late 1965 album, Rubber Soul, contained a number of songs clearly influenced by the American folk rock boom, such as Nowhere Man and If I Needed Someone. Folk rock became an important genre among emerging English bands, particularly those in the London club scene towards the end of the 1960s. Like the American revival, it was often overtly left wing in its politics, most important among their responses were the foundation of folk clubs in major towns, starting with London where MacColl began the Ballads and Blues Club in 1953. These clubs were usually urban in location, but the songs sung in them often hearkened back to a rural pre-industrial past, in many ways this was the adoption of abandoned popular music by the middle classes. This meant that there were, by the later 1960s, a group of performers with musical skill and knowledge of a variety of traditional songs. The result was an interpretation of the song A Sailors Life. The rapid expansion of electric folk that followed in the wake of Liege, five Hand Reel a band formed out of the remnants of Spencers Feat proved to be one of the more successful and influential folk rock bands. Releasing 4 albums with Topic/RCA records they were popular in Europe. He then quit that and eventually formed the Albion Country Band, later the Albion Band, a much smaller group of English bands were formed in emulation of existing electric rock bands. Fiddlers Dram were often dismissed as one hit wonders for their single Day Trip to Bangor, most of their career, from that point until they disbanded in 1979, was one of declining profile and sales
5.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
6.
Alternative country
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Alternative country is a loosely defined subgenre of country music, which includes acts that differ significantly in style from mainstream or pop country music. It has been used to describe country music bands and artists that have incorporated influences ranging from rock, bluegrass, rockabilly, honky-tonk, alternative rock, folk rock. Attempts to combine punk and country were pioneered by Jason and the Scorchers, members and figures associated with Uncle Tupelo formed three major bands in the genre, Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. Other influential bands included Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, and Blood Oranges, lyrics may be bleak or socially aware, but also more heartfelt and less likely to use the clichés sometimes used by mainstream country musicians. No Depression, the magazine dedicated to the genre, declared that it covered alternative-country music. Another major influence was country rock, the result of fusing country music with a rock & roll sound, the artist most commonly thought to have originated country rock is Gram Parsons, although Michael Nesmith, Steve Earle and Gene Clark are frequently identified as important innovators. The third factor was punk rock, which supplied an energy, the bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers further developed this tradition before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s. List of alternative country musicians Heartland rock Red Dirt Southern rock Texas country music Notes Bibliography Alden, Grant, & Blackstock, no Depression, An Introduction to Alternative Country Music. Modern Twang, An Alternative Country Music Guide and Directory, kasten, Roy, Fifteen Things You Might Not Know about The Bottle Rockets, on Their Fifteenth Birthday, Riverfront Times. Hogeland, William, Emulating the Real and Vital Guthrie, Not St. Woody, so what is insurgent country anyway. From American Studies at the University of Virginia
7.
Geffen Records
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Geffen Records is an American major record label, owned by Universal Music Group, which operates as one third of the Interscope Geffen A&M Records label. On March 23,2017, Billboard. com announced the label was relaunching with longtime A&R Neil Jacobson as President, Geffen Records was started in 1980 by music industry businessman David Geffen who, in the early 1970s, had founded Asylum Records. Geffen stepped down from Asylum in 1975, when he crossed over to film and was named a vice-president of Warner Bros and he was fired from Warner circa 1978, but remained locked in a 5-year contract, which prevented him from working elsewhere. He returned to work in 1980 and struck a deal with Warner Bros. Records to create Geffen Records, profits were split 50/50 between Geffen and the respective distributors. Geffen Records first artist was disco superstar Donna Summer, whose gold-selling album The Wanderer became the labels first release in 1980, the label followed it up with Double Fantasy by John Lennon and Yoko Ono. It was Lennons first new album since 1975, two weeks after it entered the charts, Lennon was murdered in New York City. As the 1980s progressed, Geffen would go on to have success with acts as Kylie Minogue, Enya, Quarterflash, Oxo, Asia, Wang Chung. This prompted Geffen to create a label, DGC Records in 1990. Geffen also distributed the first incarnation of Def American Recordings through Warner Bros. from 1988 to 1990, after a decade of operating through Warner, when its contract with the company expired, the label was sold to MCA Music Entertainment in 1990. The deal ultimately earned David Geffen an estimated US$800 million in stock, following the sale, Geffen Records operated as one of MCAs leading independently managed labels. Geffen Records would distribute releases on the new operations DreamWorks Records subsidiary, Universal Music Group acquired PolyGram in 1999, resulting in a corporate reorganization of labels. Geffen Records, along with A&M Records, was merged into Interscope Records. Although Geffen would continue to exist as a brand, it was downsized to fit into the expansion of Interscope. At the same time, international distribution of Interscope and Geffen releases switched to ex-PolyGram label Polydor Records, meanwhile, DreamWorks Records also folded, with artists such as Nelly Furtado, Lifehouse and Rufus Wainwright being absorbed by Geffen as well. During this time, DGC Records was also folded into Geffen, at the end of 2007, however, Geffen was absorbed further into Interscope, laying off sixty employees. In 2009, it was announced that Geffen Records had signed an agreement with the Holy See to produce an album of Marian songs, jimmy Iovine relaunched the Geffen imprint in 2011, moving its headquarters from California to New York City
8.
Atlantic Records
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Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
9.
Thirsty Ear Recordings
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Thirsty Ear Recordings is an American independent record label. It was founded in the late 1970s as a company for the then-unnamed alternative music field. Thirsty Ear came to prominence in the mid-1990s with a series of CD reissues of early albums by artists such as Foetus, Einstürzende Neubauten, Marc Almond, Swans. The label also released new albums by rock bands such as Baby Ray, Madder Rose. Foetus would remain on the label, recording music on Thirsty Ear through 2001. More recently, Thirsty Ear has released albums as part of its Blue Series. Artists on the Thirsty Ear label include, Category, Thirsty Ear Recordings albums List of record labels Official site Thirsty Ear Discography at discogs. com
10.
Pearl Jam
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Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1990. Since its inception, the bands line-up has comprised Eddie Vedder, Mike McCready, Stone Gossard, the bands fifth member is drummer Matt Cameron, who has been with the band since 1998. Boom Gaspar has also been a member with the band since 2002. Drummers Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese and Jack Irons are former members of the band, formed after the demise of Gossard and Aments previous band, Mother Love Bone, Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album, Ten, in 1991. In 2006, Rolling Stone described the band as having spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame, to date, the band has sold nearly 32 million records in the United States and an estimated 60 million worldwide. Pearl Jam has outlasted and outsold many of its contemporaries from the alternative rock breakthrough of the early 1990s, stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic referred to Pearl Jam as the most popular American rock & roll band of the 90s. Pearl Jam is to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7,2017, Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament were members of pioneering grunge band Green River during the mid-1980s. Green River toured and recorded to moderate success but disbanded in 1987 due to a division between the pair and bandmates Mark Arm and Steve Turner. In late 1987, Gossard and Ament began playing with Malfunkshun vocalist Andrew Wood, in 1988 and 1989, the band recorded and toured to increasing interest and found the support of the PolyGram record label, which signed the band in early 1989. Mother Love Bones debut album, Apple, was released in July 1990, Ament and Gossard were devastated by the death of Wood and the resulting demise of Mother Love Bone. Gossard spent his time writing material that was harder-edged than what he had been doing previously. After a few months, Gossard started practicing with fellow Seattle guitarist Mike McCready, whose band, Shadow, had broken up, after practicing for a while, the trio sent out a five-song demo tape in order to find a singer and a drummer. They gave former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons the demo to see if he would be interested in joining the band, Irons passed on the invitation but gave the demo to his basketball buddy, San Diego, California singer Eddie Vedder. Vedder was the lead vocalist for a San Diego band, Bad Radio and he listened to the tape shortly before going surfing, where lyrics came to him. He then recorded the vocals to three of the songs in what he described as a mini-opera entitled Momma-Son. Vedder sent the tape with his vocals back to the three Seattle musicians, who were impressed enough to fly Vedder up to Seattle for an audition, within a week, Vedder had joined the band. With the addition of Dave Krusen on drums, the band took the name Mookie Blaylock, the band played its first official show at the Off Ramp Café in Seattle on October 22,1990, and soon signed to Epic Records and renamed themselves Pearl Jam. In a 2006 Rolling Stone cover story however, Vedder admitted that this story was total bullshit, Pearl Jam entered Seattles London Bridge Studios in March 1991 to record its debut album, Ten
11.
Lou Reed
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Lewis Allan Lou Reed was an American musician, singer and songwriter. He was the guitarist, vocalist, and principal songwriter of the Velvet Underground, the Velvet Underground was unsuccessful during their active years, but gained a significant cult following to become one of the most widely acclaimed and influential bands in rock history. Brian Eno famously stated that, while the Velvet Undergrounds debut album sold only 30,000 copies, Reeds solo career began in 1972. He had a hit the year with Walk on the Wild Side. Reed was known for his distinctive voice and poetic lyrics. Reed was born on March 2,1942 at Beth El Hospital in Brooklyn and grew up in Freeport, contrary to some sources, his birth name was Lewis Allan Reed, not Louis Firbanks, a name that was coined as a joke by Lester Bangs in Creem magazine. Reed was the son of Toby and Sidney Joseph Reed, an accountant and his family was Jewish, and although he said that he was Jewish, he added, My God is rocknroll. Its an obscure power that can change your life, the most important part of my religion is to play guitar. Reed attended Atkinson Elementary School in Freeport and went on to Freeport Junior High School and his sister said that as a teenager, he suffered panic attacks, became socially awkward and possessed a fragile temperament but was highly focused on things that he liked – principally music. Having learned to play the guitar from the radio, he developed an early interest in rock and roll and rhythm and blues, Reed began experimenting with drugs at the age of 16. His first recording was as a member of a group called the Jades. His love for playing music and his desire to play gigs brought him into confrontation with his anxious, visiting a psychologist, Reeds parents were made to feel guilty as inadequate parents, and consented to electroconvulsive therapy. Reed appeared to blame his father principally for what he had subjected to. He wrote about the experience in his 1974 song, Kill Your Sons, in an interview, Reed said of the experience, They put the thing down your throat so you dont swallow your tongue, and they put electrodes on your head. Thats what was recommended in Rockland County then to discourage homosexual feelings, the effect is that you lose your memory and become a vegetable. You cant read a book because you get to page 17 and have to go back to page one again. Upon his recovery from the bout of illness and associated treatment, Reed resumed his education at Syracuse University in 1960, studying journalism, film directing and he was a platoon leader in ROTC and was later expelled from the program for holding an unloaded gun to his superiors head. In 1961, he began hosting a radio program on WAER called Excursions On A Wobbly Rail
12.
Southern California
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Southern California, often abbreviated as SoCal, is a geographic and cultural region that generally comprises Californias 10 southernmost counties. The region is described as eight counties, based on demographics and economic ties, Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Santa Barbara. The more extensive 10-county definition, which includes Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, is used and is based on historical political divisions. Southern California is an economic center for the state of California. The 8-county and 10-county definitions are not used for the greater Southern California Megaregion, the megaregions area is more expansive, extending east into Las Vegas, Nevada and south across the Mexican border into Tijuana.5 million people. With over 22 million people, Southern California contains roughly 60 percent of Californias population, located east of Southern California is the Colorado Desert and the Colorado River at the border with Arizona. The Mojave Desert is located at the border with the state of Nevada while towards the south is the Mexico–United States border, within Southern California are two major cities, Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as three of the countrys largest metropolitan areas. With a population of 3,792,621, Los Angeles is the most populous city in California and the second most populous in the United States. South of Los Angeles and with a population of 1,307,402 is San Diego, the second most populous city in the state and the eighth most populous in the nation. The counties of Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, San Bernardino, and Riverside are the five most populous in the state, the motion picture, television, and music industry are centered in the Los Angeles area in Southern California. Hollywood, a district within Los Angeles, gives its name to the American motion picture industry, headquartered in Southern California are The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Universal, MGM, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Brothers. Universal, Warner Brothers, and Sony also run major record companies, Southern California is also home to a large homegrown surf and skateboard culture. Companies such as Vans, Volcom, Quiksilver, No Fear, RVCA, some of the worlds biggest action sports events, including the X Games, Boost Mobile Pro, and the U. S. Open of Surfing, are all held in Southern California. Southern California is also important to the world of yachting, the annual Transpacific Yacht Race, or Transpac, from Los Angeles to Hawaii, is one of yachtings premier events. The San Diego Yacht Club held the Americas Cup, the most prestigious prize in yachting, from 1988 to 1995, Southern California is home to many sports franchises and sports networks such as Fox Sports Net. Many locals and tourists frequent the Southern California coast for its popular beaches, the desert city of Palm Springs is popular for its resort feel and nearby open spaces. Southern California is not a geographic designation and definitions of what constitutes Southern California vary. Geographically, Californias North-South midway point lies at exactly 37°958.23 latitude, around 11 miles south of San Jose, however, when the state is divided into two areas, the term Southern California usually refers to the 10 southernmost counties of the state
13.
Anton Fier
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Anton Fier is an American drummer, composer and bandleader. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio, Fier was an early member of The Lounge Lizards and The Feelies. He was in The Lodge, worked with Pere Ubu, was briefly in the Voidoids, the 1978 Pere Ubu EP titled Datapanik in the Year Zero was dedicated to Fier. He has collaborated extensively with Bill Laswell and also toured and recorded with Hüsker Dü guitarist, vocalist and he also played with bassist Jack Bruce and Japanese guitarist Kenji Suzuki on the 1987 album Inazuma Super Session – Absolute Live. Fier played and recorded on the John Zorn-led album Locus Solus in 1983 and they recorded a live album for Zorns 50th birthday celebration, 50th Birthday Celebration Volume 3 of the 50th birthday series on Tzadik Records. Fier also produced a 2010 album by guitar virtuoso Jim Campilongo titled Orange, dreamspeed Every Silver Lining Has a Cloud Dreamspeed/Blindlight 1992–1994 Anton Fier at AllMusic Anton Fier discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Anton Fiers playlist for webSYNradio
14.
D. A. Pennebaker
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Donn Alan D. A. Pennebaker is an American documentary filmmaker and one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema. Performing arts and politics are his primary subjects, in 2013, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award or lifetime Oscar. Pennebaker has been described as arguably the pre-eminent chronicler of sixties counterculture, Pennebaker was born in Evanston, Illinois, the son of Lucille Levick and John Paul Pennebaker, who was a commercial photographer. Pennebaker served in the Navy and later worked as an engineer, after falling under the influence of experimental filmmaker Francis Thompson, Pennebaker directed his first film, Daybreak Express, in 1953. According to Pennebaker, Ellington responded favourably to the film, in 1959, Pennebaker joined the equipment-sharing Filmakers Co-op and co-founded Drew Associates with Richard Leacock and former LIFE magazine editor and correspondent Robert Drew. A crucial moment in the development of Direct Cinema, the collective produced documentary films for clients like ABC News and their first major film, Primary, documented John F. Kennedy and Hubert Humphreys respective campaigns in the 1960 Wisconsin Democratic Primary election. Drew, Leacock and Pennebaker, as well as photographers Albert Maysles, Terrence McCartney Filgate and it would later be selected as an historic American film for inclusion in the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1990. Then in 1963, Pennebaker and Leacock left the organization to form their own firm, Leacock-Pennebaker. Pennebaker would direct a number of films over the course of two years. One of them was a recording of jazz vocalist Dave Lambert, as he formed a new quintet with singers such as David Lucas. The documentary got attention in Europe, and a few later, Bob Dylans manager, Albert Grossman. The resulting work, Dont Look Back became a landmark in both film and rock history, evoking the 60s like few other documents, according to film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum, the opening sequence alone became a precursor to modern music videos. It would later be included in the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1998, Pennebaker would also film Dylans subsequent tour of England in 1966, but while some of this work has been released in different forms, Pennebakers own film of the tour remains unreleased. Nevertheless, the tour itself has one of the most celebrated events in rock history. The same year Dont Look Back was released in theaters, Pennebaker worked with author Norman Mailer on the first of many film collaborations. He was also hired to film the Monterey Pop Festival, which is now regarded as an important event in history on par with 1969s Woodstock Festival. The first of these films, Monterey Pop, was released in 1968 and was ranked at No.42 on Time Out magazines list of the 50 best documentaries of all time. Other performers like Jefferson Airplane and the Who also received exposure from Pennebakers work
15.
Giant Sand
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Giant Sand is an American band from Tucson, Arizona. Its most constant member is singer-songwriter Howe Gelb, members have included keyboardist Chris Cacavas, bassist Paula Jean Brown, Mark Walton, drummer Tom Larkins. and Iain Shedden, drummer with Australian band The Saints. For a long while the rhythm section consisted of John Convertino. In the early 2000s Howe Gelb reinvented the band again - this time players from Denmark. Giant Sand official website Giant Sand at Allmusic Giant Sand discography, forum, and marketplace at Discogs Official Discography Site Live Archive
16.
Gus Van Sant
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Gus Green Van Sant, Jr. is an American film director, screenwriter, painter, photographer, musician and author who has earned acclaim as both an independent and more mainstream filmmaker. His films typically deal with themes of marginalized subcultures, in particular homosexuality, as such, Van Sants early career was devoted to directing television commercials in the Pacific Northwest. He made his cinematic directorial debut with Mala Noche. In addition to directing, Van Sant wrote the screenplays for several of his earlier works, a book of his photography, called 108 Portraits, has also been published, and he has released two musical albums. He is openly gay and currently lives in Portland, Oregon, as a result of his fathers job, the family moved continually during Van Sants childhood. His paternal family is of partial Dutch origin, the name Van Sant is derived from the Dutch name Van Zandt, the earliest Van Zandt arrived in the New Netherland area in the early 17th century, around what is now New York City. Van Sant is an alumnus of Darien High School in Darien, Connecticut, one constant in the directors early years was his interest in visual arts, while still in school he began making semi-autobiographical shorts costing between 30 and 50 dollars. Van Sants artistic leanings took him to the Rhode Island School of Design in 1970, after spending time in Europe, Van Sant went to Los Angeles in 1976. He secured a job as an assistant to writer/director Ken Shapiro, with whom he developed a few ideas. In 1981, Van Sant made Alice in Hollywood, a film about a young actress who goes to Hollywood. During this period, Van Sant began to spend time observing the denizens of the more down-and-out sections of Hollywood Boulevard. He became fascinated by the existence of this section of L. A. s population, especially in context with the more ordinary. Van Sant would repeatedly focus his work on those existing on societys fringes and it was made two years after Van Sant went to New York to work in an advertising agency. He saved $20,000 during his tenure there, enabling him to finance the majority of his tale of doomed love between a gay store clerk and a Mexican immigrant. Shot in black-and-white, the film earned Van Sant almost overnight acclaim on the festival circuit, Van Sant moved back to Portland, Oregon, where he set up house and began giving life to the ideas rejected by Universal. He directed Drugstore Cowboy about four drug addicts robbing pharmacies to support their habit, the film met with great critical success and revived the career of Matt Dillon. Only with the success of Cowboy was Van Sant now given license to make Idaho, now New Line Cinema had given Van Sant the green light, he was on a mission to get the Idaho script to his first choices for his two young leads. After months of struggle with agents and managers over the content of the script, Van Sant finally secured River Phoenix and Keanu Reeves in the roles of Mike Waters and Scott Favor
17.
Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (film)
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Even Cowgirls Get the Blues is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama film based on Tom Robbins 1976 novel of the same name. The film was directed by Gus Van Sant and starred an ensemble cast led by Uma Thurman, Lorraine Bracco, Angie Dickinson, Noriyuki Pat Morita, Keanu Reeves, John Hurt, the soundtrack was sung entirely by k. d. lang. The film was dedicated to the late River Phoenix, the film tells the story of Sissy Hankshaw, a woman born with a mutation giving her enormously large thumbs. The film is a romp, covering topics from homosexuality and free love to drug use and political rebellion to animal rights and body odor. Sissy makes the most of her thumbs by becoming a hitchhiker, the cowgirls end up in a showdown with government agencies because the cranes wont leave the ranch and the cowgirls refuse to allow the men on the ranch to take the cranes. Sissy and the leader, Bonanza Jellybean have a brief love affair. After a fatal shootout between the cowgirls and the agencies, the cranes leave, and Sissy takes over running the ranch. Even Cowgirls Get the Blues was shot throughout Oregon, Portland, Terrebonne, Sisters, the film was a critical and commercial failure. After its world premiere in September 1993 at the 1993 Toronto International Film Festival, the movie was set to open, the picture opened in wide release on May 20,1994 and grossed a mere $1,708,873 on an estimated $8 million budget. It currently holds a 22% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, according to film critic/historian Leonard Maltin, The novel was hopelessly dated, and there is not enough peyote in the entire American Southwest to render this movie comprehensible or endurable. K. D. Langs score is the sole worthy component.85,1. It received a second DVD release in the United States from UCA on April 6,2010, in 2007, the film received its first DVD release in the UK from Universal Home Entertainment in a 1.33,1 full frame version. The soundtrack was released on November 2,1993 by Rhino Records, the album was composed by k. d. lang and Ben Mink. The soundtrack went top 10 in Australia and top 5 in New Zealand, and also peaked at #82 on the Billboard 200 in the United States
18.
Health insurance
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Health insurance is insurance against the risk of incurring medical expenses among individuals. The benefit is administered by an organization such as a government agency, private business. According to the Health Insurance Association of America, health insurance is defined as coverage that provides for the payments of benefits as a result of sickness or injury and it includes insurance for losses from accident, medical expense, disability, or accidental death and dismemberment. A health insurance policy is, A contract between a provider and an individual or his/her sponsor. The contract can be renewable or lifelong in the case of private insurance, provided by an employer-sponsored self-funded ERISA plan. The company generally advertises that they have one of the big insurance companies, however, in an ERISA case, that insurance company doesnt engage in the act of insurance, they just administer it. Therefore, ERISA plans are not subject to state laws, ERISA plans are governed by federal law under the jurisdiction of the US Department of Labor. The specific benefits or coverage details are found in the Summary Plan Description, an appeal must go through the insurance company, then to the Employers Plan Fiduciary. If still required, the Fiduciarys decision can be brought to the USDOL to review for ERISA compliance, the individual insured persons obligations may take several forms, Premium, The amount the policy-holder or their sponsor pays to the health plan to purchase health coverage. Deductible, The amount that the insured must pay out-of-pocket before the health insurer pays its share, for example, policy-holders might have to pay a $500 deductible per year, before any of their health care is covered by the health insurer. It may take several doctors visits or prescription refills before the person reaches the deductible. Furthermore, most policies do not apply co-pays for doctors visits or prescriptions against your deductible, co-payment, The amount that the insured person must pay out of pocket before the health insurer pays for a particular visit or service. For example, a person might pay a $45 co-payment for a doctors visit. A co-payment must be paid each time a service is obtained. Coinsurance, Instead of, or in addition to, paying an amount up front. For example, the member might have to pay 20% of the cost of a surgery over and above a co-payment, while the insurance company pays the other 80%. If there is a limit on coinsurance, the policy-holder could end up owing very little, or a great deal. Exclusions, Not all services are covered, the insured are generally expected to pay the full cost of non-covered services out of their own pockets
19.
Maria McKee
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Maria Luisa McKee is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Lone Justice and her 1990 UK solo chart-topping hit and she is the half-sister of Bryan MacLean, who was best known as a guitarist and vocalist in the band Love. McKee was a member of the cowpunk and country rock band, Lone Justice, in 1982. Several compilations of previously released and unreleased material and a BBC Live In Concert album have been released since the group disbanded. Her band opened for acts as U2. When she was 19, she wrote Feargal Sharkeys 1985 UK song, A Good Heart, sharkey would later go on to also cover To Miss Someone from McKees self-titled solo debut, on his third solo album Songs From The Mardi Gras. In 1987 she was featured in the Robbie Robertson music video Somewhere Down the Crazy River and contributed vocals to his debut solo album. She released her first solo, self-titled album in 1989 and her song Show Me Heaven, which appeared on the soundtrack to the film Days of Thunder, was a number one single in the United Kingdom for four weeks in 1990. She refused to perform this song in public up until recently, following her debut, McKee has released five studio albums. The album Life Is Sweet debuted McKees lead guitar work described as feral by Mojo magazine, the raw postmodern album represented a smash up of her roots rock persona and is seen as a demarcation event in her career. It is now considered a classic and currently out of print. The later three, High Dive, Peddlin Dreams and Late December, were released independently via her own Viewfinder Records label, in 1995, Bette Midler recorded McKees tracks To Deserve You and The Last Time for her platinum album Bette of Roses. In 1998, The Dixie Chicks recorded McKees Am I the Only One, McKee was featured on the 2014 compilation Songs from a Stolen Spring that paired Western musicians with artists from the Arab Spring. On the album, McKees performance of the Tony Joe White song Ol Mother Earth was meshed with I Still Exist by the Egyptian band Massar Egbari. In addition to writing Sharkeys hit A Good Heart, McKee has also contributed to the Victoria Williams tribute album Sweet Relief, on Robin Zanders 1993 solo album she sang backing vocals for the track Reactionary Girl. She also sang backing vocals on Robbie Robertsons debut and self-titled solo album, much lesser known is her contribution of lead and co-lead vocals on two tracks on a contemporary Christian praise and worship album called Come As You Are. She performed If Love Is a Red Dress, the original song on the Pulp Fiction soundtrack. McKee also contributed a song, Never Be You, for the soundtrack to the Walter Hill movie Streets of Fire and she recorded a duet, Friends In Time, with The Golden Horde on their eponymously titled album in 1991
20.
Dave Pirner
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David Anthony Dave Pirner is an American songwriter, singer, and producer best known as the lead vocalist and frontman for the alternative rock band Soul Asylum. Pirner was born in Green Bay, Wisconsin, by the time he was seventeen, Pirner was living and working in Minneapolis. He taught himself how to play the drums, by age 20, Pirner started his career drumming with a punk band called Loud Fast Rules as part of the Minneapolis scene, together with Karl Mueller and Dan Murphy. When Pirner switched to singing and playing guitar, Pat Morley joined on drums. Morley was later replaced by Grant Young, and the changed their name to Soul Asylum. After touring the United States for a number of years they gathered a following of fans. Pirner at the time was the songwriter and he produced the album, Coup De Grace. The band achieved success and visibility on MTV and VH1 with the 1992 single Runaway Train, followed by another hit song, Black Gold. As Soul Asylum grew in popularity, Pirner was seen guesting on albums of differing genres, including artists like Paul Westerberg, Jason Karaban, Mike Watt, The Autumn Defense and Victoria Williams. His disheveled appearance and blonde matted dreadlocks made an impression on fans and critics alike, making Pirner easily recognized. By 1999, Soul Asylum went into hiatus after making 1998s Candy from a Stranger, after four years, Soul Asylum reunited and started writing songs in the studio. Bassist Karl Mueller died on June 17,2005, at the age of 42 from esophageal cancer, about a year after his death, Soul Asylum released The Silver Lining on Legacy Recordings, which was dedicated to Mueller. About half the songs on the album were recorded with the late bassist, the first hit from this album was Stand Up And Be Strong. Soul Asylum toured with their new line-up, which consisted of Pirner on guitar and vocals, Dan Murphy on lead guitar, Michael Bland on drums, Soul Asylums latest effort was released on July 17,2012, titled Delayed Reaction. Jared Gertzen also quotes Pirner as One of the best Singer/Songwriters to come out of Minnesota since Prince, Pirner had a small role in the film Reality Bites in 1994. He was also part of the band assembled for the soundtrack of the 1994 film Backbeat. Pirner also contributed to the soundtrack of Kevin Smiths 1997 film Chasing Amy with a song called Tube Of Wonderful. The song Cant Even Tell is featured in Smiths Clerks, and Smith used Misery in the sequel, in 2002 Pirner released his first solo album entitled Faces & Names on Ultimatum Music
21.
Lucinda Williams
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Lucinda Williams is an American rock, folk, blues, and country music singer and songwriter. She recorded her first albums in 1978 and 1980 in a country and blues style and received very little attention from radio. In 1988, she released her album, Lucinda Williams. This release featured Passionate Kisses, a song recorded by Mary Chapin Carpenter. Williams greatest commercial success, the album went Gold and earned her another Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album, Williams has released a string of albums since that have earned her more critical acclaim and 3 Grammy Awards, from 15 nominations. She was also named Americas best songwriter by Time magazine in 2002, Williams was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana, the daughter of poet and literature professor Miller Williams and an amateur pianist, Lucille Fern Day. Her parents divorced in the mid-1960s, Williamss father gained custody of her and her younger brother, Robert Miller, and sister, Karyn Elizabeth. Like her father, she has spina bifida, Williams never graduated from high school but was accepted into the University of Arkansas. Williams started writing when she was 6 years old and showed an affinity for music at an early age, Williamss first live performance was in Mexico City at 17, as part of a duo with her friend, a banjo player named Clark Jones. By her early 20s, Williams was playing publicly in Austin and Houston, Texas and she moved to Jackson, Mississippi, in 1978 to record her first album, for Smithsonian/Folkways Records. Titled Ramblin on My Mind, it was a collection of country, the album title was shortened to Ramblin when it was reissued. She followed it up in 1980 with Happy Woman Blues, which consisted of her own material. In the 1980s, Williams moved to Los Angeles, California, where, both backed by a band and performing in acoustic settings, she developed a following. While based in Los Angeles, she was married to Long Ryders drummer Greg Sowders. In 1988 Rough Trade Records released the self-titled Lucinda Williams, which was produced by Gurf Morlix. The single Changed the Locks, about a relationship, received radio play around the country and gained fans among music insiders, including Tom Petty. Its follow-up, Sweet Old World, also produced by Morlix, is a melancholy album dealing with themes of suicide, Williams biggest success during the early 1990s was as a songwriter. Mary Chapin Carpenter recorded a cover of Passionate Kisses in 1992, and she duetted with Steve Earle on the song Youre Still Standin There from his album I Feel Alright
22.
Sweet Relief Musicians Fund
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Sweet Relief Musicians Fund is a non-profit charity that maintains a financial fund from which professional musicians can draw when in need of medical care or financial needs. The fund provides financial assistance to all types of musicians who are struggling with their finances while facing illness, disability. The organization was started after musician and singer Victoria Williams was diagnosed with MS in 1993 and had no way to pay for her medical expenses. Money was raised through benefit concerts and the release of a CD, Sweet Relief, A Benefit for Victoria Williams, featuring artists like Lou Reed, a second CD titled Sweet Relief II, Gravity of the Situation was released in 1996. All of the proceeds went toward Sweet Relief Musicians Fund to aid the organization, a variety of alternative rock artists volunteered their time to perform a variety of songs from Vic Chesnutt. Some well-known artists including Garbage, R. E. M, hootie and the Blowfish, The Smashing Pumpkins, Joe Henry and Madonna performed for the CD. The applicant must demonstrate financial need, older musicians that require short-term assistance for basic needs. Except for retired or semi-retired older musicians, the applicant must have, or recently have had, a condition is considered to be serious when it substantially affects the applicant’s ability to work within or outside the music industry. Exceptions may be made to any individual who does not meet these criteria, bill Bennett - President Rob Max - Executive Director Aric Steinberg - Vice President of Development & Artist Relations Victoria Williams - Founder, Singer/songwriter and musician J
23.
Vic Chesnutt
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James Victor Vic Chesnutt was an American singer-songwriter from Athens, Georgia. Chesnutt released 17 albums during his career, including two produced by Michael Stipe, and a 1996 release on Capitol Records, About to Choke. His musical style has been described by Bryan Carroll of allmusic. com as a skewed, refracted version of Americana that is haunting, funny, poignant, injuries from a 1983 car accident left him partially paralyzed, he used a wheelchair and had limited use of his hands. An adoptee, Chesnutt was raised in Zebulon, Georgia, where he first started writing songs at the age of five, when he was 13, Chesnutt declared that he was an atheist, a position that he maintained for the rest of his life. After his recovery he left Zebulon and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, around 1985, Chesnutt moved to Athens and joined the band, La-Di-Das, with future member of the Dashboard Saviors Todd McBride. After leaving that group, he began performing solo on a basis at the 40 Watt Club. Stipe went on to produce Chesnutts first two albums, Little and West of Rome, in 1993, Chesnutt was the subject of filmmaker Peter Sillens independently produced documentary, Speed Racer, Welcome to the World of Vic Chesnutt, which was shown on PBS. Chesnutt also had a role as Terence in the 1996 Billy Bob Thornton movie Sling Blade. In 1996, Chesnutt was exposed to an audience with the release of the charity record Sweet Relief II, Gravity of the Situation. The album consisted of Chesnutt covers by famous musicians including R. E. M, madonna, Garbage, The Smashing Pumpkins, Cracker, Soul Asylum, and Live. The music includes improvisations, interpretations of Johann Strauss I’s “Radetzky March”, the result was a string of film vignettes bound by the poetry of Roth’s writing and by the sounds and songs of the live musicians. A DVD of the program was released in 2009, Vic collaborated with Bob Mould to record a version of Gram Parsons song, Hickory Wind, which appeared on the 1993 compilation, Conmemorativo, A Tribute to Gram Parsons. He recorded with other groups and artists. He made two albums with fellow Athens group Widespread Panic, under the name of brute, Chesnutt wrote Aunt Avis and co-wrote Blight and Protein-Drink/Sewing-Machine, which are often performed live by Widespread Panic. Aunt Avis appeared on WSPs album Bombs & Butterflies, and Chesnutt made a guest appearance as well, the 1997 video for Aunt Avis was directed by Billy Bob Thornton and featured Chesnutt. At the time of his death, Chesnutt and Stuckey were working on a documentary about Chesnutts music, the film, tentatively titled Degenerate, was scheduled to be released in 2012. Chesnutts 1998 album The Salesman and Bernadette was recorded with alt-country group Lambchop as the backing band, the album Merriment was a collaborative effort between Chesnutt and Kelly and Nikki Keneipp, with Chesnutt writing and singing the songs, and the Keneipps playing the music. Vic was featured singing on the track of Elf Powers 2004 release
24.
Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation
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Sweet Relief II, Gravity of the Situation is a 1996 charity record that featured a variety of alternative rock bands covering songs written by quadriplegic musician Vic Chesnutt. Some of the artists were picked to give the album an international appeal to more funds for the Sweet Relief Fund. Chesnutt was selected by Victoria Williams as the focus of the album because not only is he an unsung talented singer/songwriter. But he represents the plight of a physically handicapped musician whos still out there working, the album was preceded at alternative rock radio by the release of Sponge, as performed by R. E. M. While a live video of Garbage performing Kick My Ass was playlisted by VH1. Garbage – Kick My Ass R. E. M, somehow Vic got Michael to sing backing vocals on the song without him knowing that the song is about him. So when I asked if I could do that song – because I didnt know what it was about either – somebody said, seeing as how the irony is so rich and it was going to benefit Vic, I was willing to make the phone call. It turned out quite beautifully, Im happy to report, he added to Select, shes quite a good singer if you didnt know
25.
Strong Hand of Love: A Tribute to Mark Heard
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Strong Hand of Love, A Tribute to Mark Heard is a compilation of songs by various artists in tribute to songwriter, Mark Heard. Recorded and released in 1994, after Heards death in 1992, proceeds benefit the Heard Family Fund. In 1994, with Dan Russell as producer, the album was nominated for a Grammy in the Rock Gospel section, in 1996, most of these tracks and many more were rereleased as the two-CD Orphans of God. One song, Phil Keaggys version of I Always Do, was replaced by his version of Everything Is Alright, two tracks were dropped completely for space on Orphans, Castaway, by Bruce Carroll, and How to Grow Up Big and Strong, by Rich Mullins
26.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
27.
Christmas
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In several countries, celebrating Christmas Eve on December 24 has the main focus rather than December 25, with gift-giving and sharing a traditional meal with the family. Although the month and date of Jesus birth are unknown, by the fourth century the Western Christian Church had placed Christmas on December 25. Today, most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar and this is not a disagreement over the date of Christmas as such, but rather a preference of which calendar should be used to determine the day that is December 25. Although it is not known why December 25 became a date of celebration, December 25 was the date the Romans marked as the winter solstice, the shortest, and therefore darkest day of the year. Jesus was identified with the Sun based on an Old Testament verse, the date is exactly nine months following Annunciation, when the conception of Jesus is celebrated. Finally, the Romans had a series of pagan festivals near the end of the year, so Christmas may have been scheduled at this time to appropriate, or compete with, one or more of these festivals. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, the economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world. Christmas is a form of Christs mass. It is derived from the Middle English Cristemasse, which is from Old English Crīstesmæsse, crīst is from Greek Khrīstos, a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ, Messiah, meaning anointed, and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. The form Christenmas was also used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal, it derives from Middle English Cristenmasse. In addition to Christmas, the holiday has been known by other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as midwinter, or, more rarely, Nativity, meaning birth, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola referred to the corresponding to December and January. Noel entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis, the canonical gospels of Luke and Matthew both describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem in Judea, to a virgin mother. In the Gospel of Luke account, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census and it says that angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him. In the Matthew account, magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later settles in Nazareth. The Nativity stories of Matthew and Luke are prominent in the gospels, the first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome in 336. Christmas played a role in the Arian controversy of the fourth century, the feast regained prominence after 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day
28.
Jane Siberry
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Jane Siberry is a Canadian singer-songwriter, known for such hits as Mimi on the Beach, I Muse Aloud, One More Colour and Calling All Angels. She performed the song to the television series Maniac Mansion. She has released material under the name Issa – an identity which she used formally between 2006 and 2009, on August 30,2005, Siberry was awarded the 2005 Victor Martyn Lynch-Staunton Award in music by the Canada Council for the Arts. Jane Stewart was born in Toronto in 1955 and was raised in the suburb of Etobicoke and she would take her subsequent surname, Siberry, from the family name of her maternal aunt and uncle. Siberry learned piano from the age of four, predominantly teaching herself and developing her own concepts of notation, at school she learned conventional music theory and taught herself to play guitar by working through Leonard Cohen songs. Her first song was completed at the age of seventeen, although she had been developing song ideas since much earlier and she began performing in folk clubs in Guelph, linking up first with singer Wendy Davis and then with bass guitarist John Switzer in a group called Java Jive. Following the split of Java Jive in 1979, Siberry maintained both a musical and a relationship with John Switzer. The album was successful for an independent release, enabling Siberry to sign a three-album deal with A&M Records via the Windham Hill label. As part of the deal, Siberry was able to release her albums on Duke Street Records in Canada while Windham Hill handled American release and distribution. This coincided with a growth in support of new wave and independent music within Canadian broadcast media, including the Toronto radio station CFNY, both of these became keen supporters of Siberry and put her onto high playlist rotation. Siberrys first hit was the No Borders Here track Mimi on the Beach – a seven-and-a-half-minute art-rock single which benefitted from the art-friendly broadcast support at the time, both factors earned it heavy MuchMusic and college radio play. Two further singles with videos – You Dont Need and I Muse Aloud – consolidated the success, No Borders Here sold 40,000 copies and won Siberry a CASBY award for best female vocalist, as well as giving her first opportunity to play live in New York. Siberrys third album, The Speckless Sky, continued her art-pop approach and it was another commercial and critical success, going gold in Canada by selling over a million units and establishing Siberry as a leading Canadian pop star. The album provided another hit single, One More Colour and won the 1985 CASBY for best album, for her fourth album Siberry created her most conceptually ambitious work to date. The Walking contained a complex, diffuse and demanding set of intricately structured songs, many of which were lengthy, many of the songs dealt with romantic collapse and miscommunication, partially inspired by Siberrys breakup with John Switzer. She was marketed as part of the high art end of rock music, with high hopes from Reprise, Siberry embarked on a high-profile tour of Europe and the United States to promote The Walking. This included her first European performance, which place at the ICA in London. In spite of the efforts of both label and artist, The Walking was ultimately less of a success than The Speckless Sky
29.
Holly Cole
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Cole was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her father, Leon Cole, was a radio broadcaster for the CBC Stereo network. In 1983, Cole travelled to Toronto to seek a musical career, in 1986, she founded a trio with bassist David Piltch and pianist Aaron Davis. Offered a record deal in 1989, the Holly Cole Trio released an EP, Christmas Blues, that year, which featured a version of The Pretenders 2,000 Miles and this was followed by their first full album, Girl Talk, in 1990. A succession of releases followed through the early 1990s, also recorded in this period was a reinterpretation of Elvis Costellos Alison. In 1993, the trio released Dont Smoke In Bed, an album produced by David Was, according to the Canadian Encyclopedia, The video for the song was put into heavy rotation on MuchMusic and earned a Juno Award nomination for Best Video. The album went platinum in Canada, reached No.7 on the Billboard Contemporary Jazz chart, in this era, she also had an acting role in Laurie Lynds short film The Fairy Who Didnt Want to Be a Fairy Anymore. Following Dont Smoke In Bed, the released a CD entirely of songs by Tom Waits. This 1995 release also dropped the Trio from the label, Cole followed with two albums, Dark Dear Heart and Romantically Helpless, which veered further from jazz by introducing pop elements to Coles sound. In 2001, she returned to the Christmas jazz roots of her first CD with Baby Its Cold Outside, which included Christmas Time is Here, Santa Baby, and the title track. Swapping cold for hot, she moved to a theme in 2003s Shade, this time reinterpreting Cole Porter, Irving Berlin. Coles album, Holly Cole was released in Canada in March 2007 and it was released in the US in January 2008 and was followed by a US tour. Cole tours frequently, particularly around the season, in Canada. She was also a part of the 1998 Lilith Fair tour, in 2010, Holly contributed a track for the World Jazz For Haiti charity album, recorded at Number 9 Audio Group in support of the Red Cross disaster relief fund. The album featured Canadian artists such as John McDermott, David Clayton-Thomas, Holly Coles first ever live DVD + CD titled Steal The Night, Live At The Glenn Gould Studio was released in Canada in February 2012. It was recorded live at Glenn Gould Studio in Toronto on August 11,2011, the performance marks the reformation of the original Holly Cole Trio lineup with Aaron Davis on piano and bassist David Piltch, in addition to John Johnson, Rob Piltch and Davide DiRenzo. Holly Coles new studio album Night was released in late 2012 on Universal Music Canada and it is her first studio album in over 5 years. The album, produced by Holly Cole and Greg Cohen, covers songs from Tom Waits, Gordon Lightfoot, Mort Shuman, Captain Beefheart, a James Bond theme by John Barry, and a Holly Cole original
30.
Rebecca Jenkins
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Rebecca Jenkins is a Canadian actress and singer. She had starring roles in the 1990s CBC series Black Harbour, and she also had a supporting role in the 1992 film Bob Roberts, as Dolores Perrigrew. In NBCs miniseries 10.5 she portrayed California governor Carla Williams, Jenkins appeared in the January 17,2006, episode of the WB series Supernatural, where she played the loving wife to a faith healer. Her next project was a movie entitled Past Sins directed by David Winning. Past Sins aired on Lifetime in November,2006, in 2012, she appeared in Sarah Polleys documentary film Stories We Tell, playing Polleys mother Diane in dramatic recreations. As a singer, Jenkins has primarily been a backing vocalist for Jane Siberry and she also performed the title track Bye Bye Blues in Calgary at the September 1,2005, opening the night of the celebration of Albertas centennial. In 2007, she was scheduled to release her first solo album and her husband, Joel Bakan, an accomplished jazz guitarist, accompanies her as well as Al Matheson on trumpet and Liam Macdonald on drums and percussion. Following this jazz release, there was to be a release of an album of her original material and she also cohosted a five-week radio series called Quiet, Theres a Lady on Stage with singer-songwriter David Ramsden. The radio show was recorded four new female singers weekly in the CBCs Glenn Gould Studio. Guests included Carole Pope, Holly Cole, Lee Whalen, Lori Yates, Molly Johnson, Kate Fenner and she married Joel Bakan, the writer of the book and documentary film The Corporation, in July 2004. Rebecca Jenkins at the Internet Movie Database Rebecca Jenkins Fan Website
31.
CBC Radio One
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CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming and it is available on AM and FM to 98 per cent of Canadians, and overseas through Radio Canada International, over the Internet, and through mobile apps. A modified version of CBC Radio One, with local content replaced by airings of national programming, is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169. It is downlinked to subscribers via Sirius XM Canada and its U. S. -based counterpart, in 2010, CBC Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week. It was the largest radio network in Canada, CBC Radio began in 1936, and is the oldest branch of the corporation. In 1949, the facilities and staff of the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland were transferred to CBC upon Newfoundlands entry into Canadian Confederation, with the exception of CJBC, all 35 stations on the CBC Dominion Network were privately owned affiliates. Its programming tended to be lighter than that of the Trans-Canada Network, the Dominion Network operated only in the evenings, freeing affiliates to air local programming during the day. Until 1958, the CBC was a broadcaster, and the principal broadcast regulator in Canada and it used this dual role to take most of Canadas clear-channel frequencies on the AM dial. In 1962, the Dominion Network was dissolved and within a few years CJBC became a French-language station broadcasting the programming of Radio-Canada. In 1960, the CBC began running distinct programming on its three existing FM English-language stations, which had been providing simulcasts of programming on its AM stations, the stations, located in Toronto, Ottawa and Montreal, broadcast a monoaural FM signal. Programming consisted mostly of classical music, the stations were linked by CN/CP Telecommunications via land-line and microwave. This service was discontinued in 1962, but resumed in 1964 in stereo, eventually, a national satellite-distributed network of stereo FM stations was established. In 1975, the FM network was called CBC Stereo, the change began with national shows such as As It Happens. CBC Radio Winnipeg was the first to embrace the format followed by Information Morning in Halifax, CBC Radio stopped running commercial advertising in 1974. In the early 1990s, the CBC began offering selected programs on the Internet, in September 1996, the network formally launched live audio streaming of both CBC Radio and CBC Stereo. In the 1990s, many of the CBCs AM stations moved to FM in response to complaints of poor AM reception. This meant that the old distinction between the AM Radio network and the FM Stereo network was no longer accurate, even many of the FM Radio stations broadcast in mono only. As a result, in 1997 CBC Radio became CBC Radio One, the channel was added to the Sirius lineup in 2005 and the XM lineup in 2013
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National Public Radio
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NPR produces and distributes news and cultural programming. Individual public radio stations are not required to broadcast all NPR programs that are produced and its content is also available on-demand via the web, mobile, and podcasts. The organizations legal name is National Public Radio and its brand is NPR. Is NPR has been used by its hosts for many years. However, National Public Radio remains the name of the group. National Public Radio replaced the National Educational Radio Network on February 26,1970 and this act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, and established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, which created the Public Broadcasting Service in addition to NPR. A CPB organizing committee under John Witherspoon first created a Board of Directors chaired by Bernard Mayes, the board then hired Donald Quayle to be the first president of NPR with 30 employees and 90 charter member stations, and studios in Washington, D. C. NPR aired its first broadcast in April 1971, covering United States Senate hearings on the Vietnam War, a month later, the afternoon drive-time newscast All Things Considered began, on May 3,1971, first hosted by Robert Conley. NPR was primarily a production and distribution organization until 1977, when it merged with the Association of Public Radio Stations, NPR suffered an almost fatal setback in 1983 when efforts to expand services created a deficit of nearly US$7 million. After a congressional investigation and the resignation of NPRs president, Frank Mankiewicz, NPR also agreed to turn its satellite service into a cooperative venture, making it possible for non-NPR shows to get national distribution. It took NPR approximately three years to pay off the debt, delano Lewis, the president of C&P Telephone, left that position to become NPRs CEO and president in January 1994. In November 1998, NPRs board of directors hired Kevin Klose, NPR spent nearly $13 million to acquire and equip a West Coast 25, 000-square-foot production facility, NPR West, which opened in Culver City, Los Angeles County, California, in November 2002. C. In November 2003, NPR received US$235 million from the estate of the late Joan B, Kroc, the widow of Ray Kroc, founder of McDonalds Corporation. This was the largest monetary gift ever to a cultural institution, in 2004 NPRs budget increased by over 50% to US$153 million due to the Kroc gift. US$34 million of the money was deposited in its endowment, the endowment fund before the gift totaled $35 million. NPR will use the interest from the bequest to expand its news staff, the 2005 budget was about US$120 million. In August 2005, NPR entered podcasting with a directory of over 170 programs created by NPR, by November of that year, users downloaded NPR and other public radio podcasts 5 million times
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Jim White (musician)
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Other people named James White See, Jimmy White Michael Davis Pratt known professionally as Jim White, is a southern American singer-songwriter and guitarist. White was born in California but moved to Pensacola, Florida at the age of 5 and he was influenced in his childhood by gospel music. According to various sources, he has been a comedian, a model, a boxer, a preacher, a professional surfer. Before embarking on a career, White attended film school at New York University. Soon after finishing his thesis at the university, White entered a self-described deep hole of sickness and depression. However, during a party organized by film school friends, White began to perform and he has stated during shows that ultimately he wishes to return to the academic field, particularly as a professor, rather than continue as a professional, touring musician. Much of this is due to his life, which he has stated takes priority in his life and is the reason he does not like touring very much. His sister, Katherine Pratt, teaches at Loyola Law School, whites band has no fixed lineup, but regularly includes musicians such as Dan Nettles, Peter Alvanos, Robby Handley, Steve Bishop Maples, Rob McMaken, Marlon Patton and Mark Tulk. On Wrong-Eyed Jesus, folk singer Victoria Williams sings on the track Angel-Land, in an interview with David Byrne, White describes the making of the album. In 2006, Jim White collaborated with Johnny Dowd and Willie B and formed a group called Hellwood, in 2006, more recently, Jim White served as producer and songwriter on a collaboration alongside Tucker Martine and blues singer Linda Delgado, on a project titled Mama Lucky. / Wild-Eyed Tree, The Douglas Hyde Gallery,2009, includes autobiographical text, Superwhite, and previously unreleased lyrics by Jim White. Also included are images of the exhibition and photographs by Jim White, recipient of 2014 Pushcart Prize for short fiction story Superwhite, published in Radio Silence
34.
J. C. Hopkins
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JC Hopkins is an American bandleader, record producer, and Grammy-nominated producer and songwriter. JC Hopkins was born and raised in Cypress, California where he attended school and he plays guitar, harmonica, and piano, eventually concentrating on the latter. Upon moving to San Francisco in the early 1980s Hopkins began performing solo works as a Folk singer and his first band there, Flophouse, began as a folk rock ensemble whose debut self-titled album was produced by Peter Case. The bands second album, Undaunted, garnered favorable reviews including ink in Spin Magazine, in 1998 he debuted his first musical, Show Bizness, at the legendary Cafe Du Nord in San Francisco. In 2000 Hopkins moved to Brooklyn, New York to pursue his interest in transitioning from folk and musical theater to jazz, Hopkins was introduced to a then fledgling singer Norah Jones through bassist Lee Alexander who played on Victoria Williams album Water To Drink, which Hopkins co-produced. Jones began singing with the Biggish Band and they performed in venues throughout New York City, a 2008 interview with Judy Camichael delves into Hopkins creative relationship with Jones. Peyroux continued to perform with the band along with vocalist Queen Esther who eventually became the bands mainstay singer and that song appears on Nelsons album It Always Will Be and was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Country Collaboration. In 2005 Hopkins released the full-length album Underneath A Brooklyn Moon consisting of nine original songs co-written by Norah Jones, the album received positive press on a national scale, including The New Yorker, as well as on National Public Radio. Actor John Lithgow, upon hearing Hopkins in his NPR interview, inquired with Michael Krumper of Razor, shortly after, Lithgow asked Hopkins to produce his album of Tin Pan Alley childrens songs, titled The Sunny Side of the Street. That album was nominated for a Grammy in the category of Best Childrens Album, in addition to concerts and events throughout the country, JC Hopkins Biggish Band notably played two tribute shows honoring—and featuring—seminal jazz songwriter Mose Allison. The first, in 2001, was held at Joes Pub in Manhattan and included Hopkins longtime friend and collaborator, singer Martha Wainwright, Norah Jones, Madeline Peyroux and Queen Esther. One decade later, in 2011, the band held its second tribute to Allison, again featuring the jazz great, the Biggish Band was also given the honor of celebrating the 100 year centennial for Frank Sinatra with the 2015 Tribeca Film Festival. Bandleader Hopkins created updated arrangements for classic Sinatra songs crooned by actress and singer Lea DeLaria, artist Ne-Yo, singer Alice Smith, and The Killers frontman Brandon Flowers. In addition to his residency at the famed jazz institution Mintons Harlem, in 2014 Hopkins took over as music programmer, JC Hopkins photography appears on Martha Wainwrights Sans Fusils, Ni Souliers, à Paris, Martha Wainwrights Piaf Record and inside the 2012 album Come Home to Mama
35.
Glory, Glory (Lay My Burden Down)
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Glory, Glory is an American spiritual song, which has been recorded by many artists in a variety of genres, including folk, country, blues, rock, and gospel. It is typically very similar to another popular gospel song
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Over the Rainbow
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Over the Rainbow is a ballad, with music by Harold Arlen and lyrics by Yip Harburg. It was written for the movie The Wizard of Oz and was sung by actress Judy Garland, the song won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and became Garlands signature song, as well as one of the most enduring standards of the 20th century. Dorothys Aunt Em tells her to find yourself a place where you wont get into any trouble and this prompts Dorothy to walk off by herself, musing to Toto, Some place where there isnt any trouble. Do you suppose there is such a place, Toto and its not a place you can get to by a boat, or a train. Behind the moon, beyond the rain, at which point she begins singing. The song is one on the Songs of the Century list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America. The American Film Institute also ranked Over the Rainbow the greatest movie song of all time on the list of AFIs 100 Years.100 Songs and it was adopted by American troops in Europe in World War II, as a symbol of the United States. Garland performed the song for the troops as part of a 1943 performance, in April 2005, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing lyricist Yip Harburgs accomplishments, the stamp features the opening lyric from Over the Rainbow. The song was used as a wakeup call in the STS-88 Space shuttle mission in Flight Day 4. The song was honored with the 2014 Towering Song Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame and was sung at its dinner on June 12,2014 by Jackie Evancho. In April 2016, The Daily Telegraph listed the song as number 8 on its list of the 100 greatest songs of all time, the Over the Rainbow sequence and the entirety of the Kansas scenes were directed by King Vidor, though he was not credited. At the start of the film, part of the song is played by the MGM orchestra over the opening credits, a reprise of the song was deleted after being filmed. An additional chorus was to be sung by Dorothy while she was locked in a room in the witchs castle, helplessly awaiting death as the witchs hourglass ran out. In that extremely intense and fear-filled rendition, Dorothy weeps her way through it, unable to finish, concluding with a tear-filled, Im frightened, another instrumental version is played in the underscore in the final scene, and over the closing credits. On October 7,1938, Judy Garland first recorded the song on the MGM soundstages, in September 1939, a studio recording of the song, not from the actual film soundtrack, was recorded and released as a single by Decca Records. In March 1940, that recording was included on a Decca 78-RPM four-record studio cast album entitled The Wizard of Oz. It was not until 1956, when MGM released the soundtrack album from the film. The 1956 soundtrack release was timed to coincide with the premiere of the movie
37.
The Jayhawks
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The Jayhawks are an American alternative country and country rock band that emerged from the Twin Cities music scene during the mid-1980s. Their country rock sound was influential on many bands who played the Twin Cities circuit during the 1980s and 1990s like Uncle Tupelo, the Gear Daddies and they have released several studio albums, including five on the American Recordings label. On hiatus from 2005 to 2009, the band has reunited, releasing an album, Mockingbird Time. After the tour, Mark Olson again left the band and it was later revealed that he left because of a strained relationship with band member Gary Louris. After another brief hiatus, the 1997 touring lineup reunited to play shows in 2014 to support the reissue of three albums released between 1997 and 2003. In September 2015 the band announced that they were recording a new album, Paging Mr. Proust, produced by Peter Buck, the Jayhawks were formed in 1985 by Mark Olson, Gary Louris, Marc Perlman and Norm Rogers. Their first album, The Jayhawks, was released by Bunkhouse Records and their music at the time, mostly written by Olson, showed a strong roots/country rock influence. Rogers left and was replaced by Thad Spencer, and the band worked for the years on demo tapes in search of a major label recording contract. During this period, Louris left the band briefly and Dan Gaarder replaced him, Louris returned, and the collected demos from 1986 to 1989 were brought together to create Blue Earth, released on the Minneapolis label Twin Tone in 1989. On this album Louris shared more of the songwriting with Olson, after touring the U. S. in support of Blue Earth, Spencer left the band and was replaced in 1988 by Ken Callahan, who stayed with the band until 1993. In 1991, Dave Ayers, the president of Twin Tone, was on a call with A&R representative George Drakoulias of Def American while Blue Earth played in the background. Drakoulias asked about the music and eventually met with and signed the band to the later that year. In 1992 the Jayhawks had their major release, Hollywood Town Hall. The album was produced by Drakoulias and recorded primarily in Los Angeles, though Louriss fuzzy guitar was at the forefront, a clear folksy influence was also emerging in Olson and Louriss songwriting. The album was successful, powered by the single Waiting for the Sun, adding Karen Grotberg on keyboards and vocals, the band toured extensively. In 1995 they went into the studio to produce Tomorrow the Green Grass on the renamed American Recordings label. The lead track, Blue, was a Top 40 hit in Canada, but the production had been very expensive. Among the albums songs is Miss Williams Guitar, a song for Olsons then-girlfriend
