1.
EsselWorld
–
EsselWorld is an amusement park located in Gorai, Mumbai and established in 1989. The park is owned by Pan India Paryatan Pvt. Ltd, EsselWorld along with its counterparts, Water Kingdom are stretched over 64 acres of land. Together, they are recognised as one of the largest Amusement And Water Park, EsselWorld is one of the largest amusement park in the country, along with Adlabs Imagica. It draws in an estimated 1.8 million visitors annually, EsselWorld is home to a variety of rides appropriate for individuals of all ages. It boasts of fourteen family rides, eleven adrenaline-pumping thrill rides, apart from the conventional features of a theme park such as rollercoasters and rides, EsselWorld is also host to Mumbais first ice skating rink, spanning 3400 square feet. The park maintains the temperature at a constant 4 degrees Celsius. The dance floor is a characteristic of the park that enables visitors to hold parties at the park. It enjoys colored lights, high audio, and a glass dance floor. To maintain its international demeanor the dance hall plays a fusion of Bollywood as well as Western music, additionally, the theme park also comprises a 6-lane bowling alley widely known as Rikis Rocking Alley. The bowling alley consists of an arcade as well as a restaurant, Tandoori One. Other culinary options across EsselWorld include Southern Treat - serving traditional South Indian delicacies, Dominos Pizza, Taipan Chinese restaurant, Mumbai - a taste of the local favorites, Happy Singh Da Dhaba – Punjabi cuisine, Petus and Mother Dairy desserts. Scattered across the park are the faces of the Fab-5, otherwise known as EsselWorld, the Fab-5 Bandwagon is an established merchandise store that provides visitors and customers the option to purchase low-priced souvenirs. It was titled Indias Scariest Ride, the ride is a 6,000 square feet indoor dark ride, with a track and car system. It runs for a total of four minutes through a dark den filled with mist and fog amidst numerous thrills, the ride comprises more than 20 scenes, which are supported by state-of-the-art animatronics and hi-end audio. The ride was designed by renowned international dark attractions manufacturer The Attraction Factory established in Missouri, pictures of Essel World at flickr Official Web Page EsselWorld set World Record Essel World - Asia’s Largest Theme Water Park sets World Record
2.
Khost
–
Khost or Khowst, a city in eastern Afghanistan, lies on 7,139 hectares in a mountainous region near the Pakistani border. The urban population of 106,083, mainly from the Zadran, Mangal, Zazi, Tani, Gurbaz, Muqbal, the town was besieged from July 1983 to November 1987, during the nine-year Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Khost Airfield, with a 9, 000-foot runway, served as a base for Soviet military helicopter operations, American forces have used the Khost Airfield since as early as at least January 2007 during the war which commenced in October 2001. Khost is the home of Khost University, the inhabitants of area are Pashto-speaking ethnic Pashtuns. Khost Mosque serves as the mosque in the city. Khost is located about 150 kilometres south of Kabul and 100 kilometres southeast of Gardez, the city lies on a plateau of minimally 1,000 metres altitude that extends to the East for about 40 kilometres until the Bannu Pakistan border. 30 km to the North the peaks start up to 2,500 to 3,000 metres right next to the frontier, while 20 kilometres to the South, near the border, the average is around 1,800 m. The valley of Khost is closed to the west with a mountain chain with peaks that go over 3,000 metres. Through this runs for about 90 kilometres the road to Gardez, so Taliban invaded Khost in 1995. The capital of Khost province is Matoon, Khost has the following 12 district units. Spera Dwa monda Nadershah koot Ismail khail va Mandozi Musa khail Qalander Tani Gurbaz Bak Zazi maidan Sabari Ali shir Khost has a semi-arid climate and it is located in the Khost Bowl, a valley with lower elevation than the surrounding highlands. Nonetheless, for a proportion of the year Khost remains hot and dry. During the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Khost was the object of a siege which lasted for more than eight years. Soon after the invasion of Afghanistan by Soviet troops, Afghan guerillas took control of the land route between Khost and Gardez, effectively putting a stop to the Soviet advance. Khost is a Provincial Center in eastern Afghanistan on the border with Pakistan, the eastern districts are characterized by forests and residential land while the western districts have more barren land with residential. There are also several waterways accounting for 5% of total land use, Khost has been in American control since the 2001 US led invasion of Afghanistan. Due to its location in eastern Afghanistan, it was a hotbed for insurgent activity attempting to dislodge the American forces there, like most other provinces, Khost is home to maneuver forces and a Provincial Reconstruction Team. Maneuver forces wage war against insurgents and assist the Afghan National Army, the FPFs brought a broader sense of security and prosperity to surrounding areas
3.
Afghanistan
–
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located within South Asia and Central Asia. It has a population of approximately 32 million, making it the 42nd most populous country in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan in the north and its territory covers 652,000 km2, making it the 41st largest country in the world. The land also served as the source from which the Kushans, Hephthalites, Samanids, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Khiljis, Mughals, Hotaks, Durranis, the political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century. In the late 19th century, Afghanistan became a state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, King Amanullah unsuccessfully attempted to modernize the country and it remained peaceful during Zahir Shahs forty years of monarchy. A series of coups in the 1970s was followed by a series of wars that devastated much of Afghanistan. The name Afghānistān is believed to be as old as the ethnonym Afghan, the root name Afghan was used historically in reference to a member of the ethnic Pashtuns, and the suffix -stan means place of in Persian. Therefore, Afghanistan translates to land of the Afghans or, more specifically in a historical sense, however, the modern Constitution of Afghanistan states that he word Afghan shall apply to every citizen of Afghanistan. An important site of historical activities, many believe that Afghanistan compares to Egypt in terms of the historical value of its archaeological sites. The country sits at a unique nexus point where numerous civilizations have interacted and it has been home to various peoples through the ages, among them the ancient Iranian peoples who established the dominant role of Indo-Iranian languages in the region. At multiple points, the land has been incorporated within large regional empires, among them the Achaemenid Empire, the Macedonian Empire, the Indian Maurya Empire, and the Islamic Empire. Archaeological exploration done in the 20th century suggests that the area of Afghanistan has been closely connected by culture and trade with its neighbors to the east, west. Artifacts typical of the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze, urban civilization is believed to have begun as early as 3000 BCE, and the early city of Mundigak may have been a colony of the nearby Indus Valley Civilization. More recent findings established that the Indus Valley Civilisation stretched up towards modern-day Afghanistan, making the ancient civilisation today part of Pakistan, Afghanistan, in more detail, it extended from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. An Indus Valley site has found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan. There are several smaller IVC colonies to be found in Afghanistan as well, after 2000 BCE, successive waves of semi-nomadic people from Central Asia began moving south into Afghanistan, among them were many Indo-European-speaking Indo-Iranians. These tribes later migrated further into South Asia, Western Asia, the region at the time was referred to as Ariana
4.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
Afghan Americans
–
Afghan Americans are Americans of Afghan descent or Americans who originated from Afghanistan. Afghan Americans may originate from any of the groups of Afghanistan. Afghan Americans have a history of immigrating to the United States. Due to the borders at that time period, some of these Afghan immigrants may have been ethnic Pashtuns from British India or Afghanistan. Wallace Fard Muhammad, credited for being the founder of the Nation of Islam, during the 1930s and 1940s, well-educated Afghans entered America. Between 1953 and early 1970, at least 230 migrated into the United States, some of those who entered the US were students who won scholarships to study in American universities. After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, around five million Afghan citizens were displaced and these Afghan refugees mostly settled in neighboring Pakistan and Iran, and from there many made it to the European Union, North America, Australia, and elsewhere in the world. Those who were granted refugee status in the United States began to settle in California and in the Northeastern United States, fremont, California, is home to the largest population of Afghan Americans followed by Northern Virginia. Smaller Afghan American communities also exist in the states of Texas, Illinois, Florida, Washington, in the city of Chicago, the 2000 census counted 556 Afghans, approximately half of them within the city. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, there were approximately 65,972 Afghan-Americans living in the country in 2006, by 2015, the number grew to around 96,089. Like all other living in the United States, Afghan Americans have gradually adopted the American way of life. They watch Afghan television stations, listen to Afghan music, and they also value their oral tradition of story telling. The stories they tell are about Nasreddin, Afghan history, myths. Afghan Americans celebrate August 19 as Afghan Day and it is a commemoration of the Afghan Independence Day, which relates to August 1919, the date when Afghanistan became globally recognized after the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 was signed. Small festivals are held in cities that have Afghan communities, usually at the parks where black, red, there is a community of Afghan Jews in New York City, numbering about 200 families in 2007. In addition, a group of Afghan Americans in the Los Angeles area follow Christianity, hussain Andaryas is an Afghan Christian televangelist who belongs to the Hazara ethnic group. Afghan immigrants that arrived to the United States before 1979 were well-educated, in contrast, current immigrants have fled Afghanistan after it destabilized during the 1979 Soviet occupation as this group has had trouble coping with learning a new language. After the Soviet invasion, Afghanistans education system worsened, causing many migrants in the late 20th century to less emphasis on educational attainment
6.
Beauty pageant
–
The organizers of each pageant may determine the rules of the competition, including the age range of contestants. The rules may require the contestants to be unmarried, and be virtuous, amateur. It may also set the standards in which contestants will be judged. Beauty pageants are generally multi-tiered, with local competitions feeding into the larger competitions, for example, the international pageants have hundreds or thousands of local competitions. Child beauty pageants mainly focus on beauty, gowns, sportswear modelling, talent, adult and teen pageants focus on makeup, hair and gowns, swimsuit modelling, and personal interviews. A winner of a beauty contest is called a beauty queen. The pejorative term often refers to losing candidates while its rankings are referred to as placements. Possible awards include titles, tiaras or crowns, sashes, scepters, savings bonds, scholarships, however, adult and teen pageants have been moving more towards judging speaking, and many no longer contain swimsuit or talent sections. Some pageants award college scholarships, to the winner or multiple runners-up, european festivals dating to the medieval era provide the most direct lineage for beauty pageants. For example, English May Day celebrations always involved the selection of a May Queen, in the United States, the May Day tradition of selecting a woman to serve as a symbol of bounty and community ideals continued, as young beautiful women participated in public celebrations. A beauty pageant was held during the Eglinton Tournament of 1839, organized by Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, as part of a re-enactment of a medieval joust that was held in Scotland. The pageant was won by Georgiana Seymour, Duchess of Somerset, the wife of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset, and sister of Caroline Norton, and she was proclaimed as the Queen of Beauty. Entrepreneur Phineas Taylor Barnum staged the first modern American pageant in 1854, Beauty contests became more popular in the 1880s. In 1888, the title of beauty queen was awarded to an 18-year-old Creole contestant at a pageant in Spa, all participants had to supply a photograph and a short description of themselves to be eligible to enter and a final selection of 21 was judged by a formal panel. Such events were not regarded as respectable, Beauty contests came to be considered more respectable with the first modern Miss America contest held in 1921. The oldest pageant still in operation today is the Miss America pageant, the pageant hosted the winners of local newspaper beauty contests in the Inter-City Beauty Contest, which was attended by over one hundred thousand people. Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman of Washington, D. C. was crowned Miss America 1921, in May 1920, promoter C. E. Barfield of Galveston, Texas organized a new event known as Splash Day on the island. The event featured a Bathing Girl Revue competition as the centerpiece of its attractions, the event was the kick-off of the summer tourist season in the city and was carried forward annually
7.
Bikini
–
A bikini is usually a womens abbreviated two-piece swimsuit with a bra top for the chest and underwear cut below the navel. The basic design is simple, two triangles of fabric on top cover the breasts and two triangles of fabric on the bottom cover the groin in front and the buttocks in back. The size of a bottom can range from full pelvic coverage to a revealing thong or G-string design. The name for the design was coined in 1946 by Parisian engineer Louis Réard. He named the swimsuit after Bikini Atoll, where testing on the bomb was taking place. Fashion designer Jacques Heim, also from Paris, re-released a similar design earlier that same year, due to its controversial and revealing design, the bikini was slow to be adopted. In many countries it was banned from beaches and public places, the bikini design became common in most Western countries by the mid-1960s as beachwear, swimwear and underwear. By the late 20th century it had become common as sportswear in sports such as beach volleyball, variations of the term are used to describe stylistic variations for promotional purposes and industry classifications, including monokini, microkini, tankini, trikini, pubikini, and skirtini. A mans brief swimsuit may also be referred to as a bikini, similarly, a variety of mens and womens underwear types are described as bikini underwear. The bikini has gradually grown to wide acceptance in Western society. By the early 2000s, bikinis had become a US$811 million business annually, while the two-piece swimsuit as a design existed in classical antiquity, the modern design first attracted public notice in Paris on July 5,1946. Four days earlier, the United States had initiated its first peace-time nuclear weapons test at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, Réard hoped his swimsuits revealing style would create an explosive commercial and cultural reaction similar to the explosion at Bikini Atoll. Later swimsuit designs like the tankini and trikini further cemented this false assumption, although bikini was originally a registered trademark of Réard, it has since become genericized. A mans brief swimsuit may also be referred to as a bikini, similarly, a variety of mens and womens underwear types are described as bikini underwear. The two-piece swimsuit can be traced back to the Greco-Roman world, the mosaic, found in the Sicilian Villa Romana del Casale, features ten maidens who have been anachronistically dubbed the Bikini Girls. Other Roman archaeological finds depict the goddess Venus in a similar garment, in Pompeii, depictions of Venus wearing a bikini were discovered in the Casa della Venere, in the tablinum of the House of Julia Felix, and in an atrium garden of Via DellAbbondanza. Swimming or bathing outdoors was discouraged in the Christian West, so there was little demand or need for swimming or bathing costumes until the 18th century. The bathing gown of the 18th century was a loose ankle-length full-sleeve chemise-type gown made of wool or flannel that retained coverage, in 1913, designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two-piece swimwear
8.
Miss Earth
–
Miss Earth is an annual international environmental-themed beauty pageant promoting environmental awareness. The Miss Earth winner is the spokesperson for the Miss Earth Foundation, the current Miss Earth is Katherine Espín of Ecuador who was crowned on 29 October 2016 in Pasay, Philippines. Those who participate in the pageant are involved with humanitarian and environmental causes, the pageant winner is expected to be involved in international projects, which are also promoted during the pageants broadcast. The delegates also take part in tree planting ceremonies, environmental and cultural programs, sponsor visits. In October 2001, Miss Earth adopted the slogan Beauties For a Cause, the Miss Earth Foundation campaign focuses in educating the youth in environmental awareness. Its major project “I Love Planet Earth School Tour, teaches and distributes educational aides for school children, the Miss Earth pageant has grown over the years, with an increasing number of countries participating each year. The number of national Miss Earth pageants has grown on every continent as well, in 2006, the host country Chile failed to meet the requirements of the host committee, the pageant was moved back to the Philippines. The outfit designs are made from recyclable, natural materials, organic materials, the pageant introduced in 2011 the Miss Earth Declaration, a manifesto pledging the support of all the candidates for a common environmental mission to be implemented in their respective countries. In 2003, Vida Samadzai, an Afghan woman, now residing in the United States, Samadzai was the first Afghan woman to compete in an international beauty pageant in almost three decades, but the fact that she wore a bikini caused an uproar in her native country. Miss Earth also made headlines in 2005 when a Pakistani beauty queen, Naomi Zaman, shes the first delegate from Pakistan to compete in any major international pageants. Beauty pageants are frowned-upon in Pakistan and she also advocated for the boundaries of acceptable social etiquette towards modernity, in a traditionally conservative Tibetan culture, where most grown women wear ankle-length dresses. Nevertheless, her participation in the pageant received an approval from the Dalai Lama, in 2007, Carousel Productions licensed the Miss Cuba organization to select the first Cuban representative to Miss Earth. Ariana Barouk won and became the first Miss Cuba in several decades, also in 2007, Miss Earth made history when delegates from China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Tibet competed altogether for the first time in any international pageant. In 2008, the Buddhist Kingdom of Bhutan, one of the worlds most isolated nations, sent its first Miss Bhutan, Rwanda also sent its first ever Miss Rwanda national winner, Cynthia Akazuba, both of them competed at the Miss Earth 2008 pageant. The pageant had been held in the Philippines every year from 2001 to 2009, Miss Earth 2006 was scheduled to be held in Santiago, Chile on November 15, but organizational problems forced the pageant to move back to the Philippines. In 2008, the pageant was held for the first time outside Metropolitan Manila and it was held at the Clark Expo Amphitheater in Angeles City, Pampanga on November 9,2008. In 2009, the pageant took place for the first time outside Luzon Island, the coronation night venue for Miss Earth 2009 was held at the Boracay Ecovillage Resort and Convention Center in the Island of Boracay, Philippines. In 2010, the pageant finally took place for the first time outside the Philippines, the coronation night venue for Miss Earth 2010 was held at the Vinpearl Land Amphitheater at Nha Trang, Vietnam
9.
Bigg Boss 5
–
Bigg Boss 5 was the fifth season of the Indian reality TV show Bigg Boss, which aired on Colors from 2 October 2011 to 7 January 2012 with Sanjay Dutt and Salman Khan as the hosts. During the launch on 2 October, fourteen hand-picked housemates entered the house located in Karjat, four additional wild card entries were made during the second, third, fourth and the end of seventh week taking the number of contestants to eighteen. Three guest entries, who stayed in the house for a couple of days, the housemates, considered strangers for each other, spent 98 days locked out together under the supervision of 55 cameras fitted around the house. The series was won by actress and television presenter Juhi Parmar on 7 January 2012. Runner-Up, Mahek Chahal returned to compete in Bigg Boss Halla Bol and she became the second housemate to get evicted on Day 17. The opening episode was aired on 2 October 2011 presented by Sanjay Dutt and this extravagant introductory episode to the season 5 showcased different features of the Bigg Boss house and introduced each of the participant. It also featured Bollywood actors Ajay Devgn for the promo of their upcoming film Rascals, ^5 Shonali was safe for another week as captain, Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against her. Shonali nominated Pooja M. directly placing her against public vote, Housemates were unable to cast their nominations against them. Shraddha nominated Akashdeep directly placing him against public vote, remaining housemates nominated Pooja M. Mahek and Laxmi. Akashdeep, taking assistance from Siddharth nominated Shraddha, Pooja M. Vida, ^8 Amar was safe as captain and nominated Pooja B. directly placing her against public vote. Akashdeep was nominated for eviction by the Bigg Boss as a result of losing the weekly task, remaining housemates nominated Mahek and Siddharth. ^9 Mahek was made the captain after Pooja M. and and she nominated Akashdeep directly placing him against public vote. Akashdeep, Siddharth and Amar were called in the room to decide two names to directly place against the public vote. The trio came up with Shraddha and Sunny, ^10 Instead of nominating two housemates to place against the public vote, Bigg Boss asked the housemates to give two names whom they would save from eviction. Contrary to the result, the housemates were put up for eviction. ^11 Before leaving the Family/Friends of the housemates, who came for a visit to meet their loved ones, were asked to nominate two names for eviction excluding Pooja M. Siddharth and Andrew. Hence, Amar and Shonali got nominated, ^12 Captains post was abolished by the Bigg Boss as punishment. Housemates nominated Amar, Siddharth, Juhi and Sunny, Voting lines were closed for the week, however, housemates were unaware of this
10.
Bigg Boss
–
Bigg Boss is a television reality show broadcast on Colors channel in India. It follows the Big Brother format, which was first developed by Endemol in the Netherlands, within a span of 11 years of telecast, Bigg Boss has rolled out 10 Seasons and one spin-off version thus establishing itself as one of the most popular Reality TV Series in India. Bigg Boss is a reality based on the original Dutch Big Brother format developed by John de Mol. A number of live in a purpose-built house and are isolated from the rest of the world. Each week, housemates nominate two of their peers for eviction, and the housemates who receives the most nominations would face a public vote, of these, one would eventually leave, having been evicted from the House. However, there were exceptions to this process as dictated by Bigg Boss, in the final week, there were three housemates remaining, and the public voted for who they wanted to win. The housemates in the Indian version are primarily celebrities with the exception of one who is a non-celebrity selected via auditions, housemates are overseen by a mysterious person known as Bigg Boss, whose only presence in the house is through his voice. A Bigg Boss House is built for every season, the house was earlier located in the tourist place of Lonavla, Pune district of Maharashtra, however the house for the fifth season was located ND Studios in Karjat. The house is well-furnished and decorated and it has all kinds of modern amenities, but just one or two bedrooms and four toilet bath rooms. There is a garden, pool, activity area and gym in the House, there is also a Confession Room, where the housemates may be called in by Bigg Boss for any kind of conversation, and for the nomination process. The House has no TV connection, no telephones, no Internet connection, clocks, while all the rules have never been told to the audience, the most prominent ones are clearly seen. The inmates are not permitted to talk in any language than Hindi. They are not supposed to tamper with any of the equipment or any other thing in the House. They cannot leave the House premises at any time except when permitted to and they cannot discuss the nomination process with anyone. They cannot sleep in day time, sometimes, the housemates may be nominated for other reasons, such as nomination by a person who has achieved special privileges, for breaking rules or something else. If something is serious, a contestant may be evicted directly. The main television coverage takes the form of a highlights programme. Everydays episodes contain the main happenings of the previous day, every Saturday episode mainly focuses on an interview of the evicted contestant by the host
11.
Pashtuns
–
The Pashtuns /ˈpʌʃˌtʊnz/ or /ˈpæʃˌtuːnz/, historically known by the exonyms Afghans, and Pathan, are an ethnic group native to Afghanistan and North-Western Pakistan. They are generally classified as Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistically, who use Pashto language and follow Pashtunwali, the origin of Pashtuns is unclear but historians have come across references to various ancient peoples called Pakthas between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BC, who may be their early ancestors. Their history is mostly spread amongst various countries of South and Central Asia, as the largest ethnic group in Afghanistan, Pashtuns have been the dominant ethno-linguistic group for over 300 years. The Barakzai dynasty played a role during the Great Game from the 19th century to the 20th century as they were caught between the imperialist designs of the British and Russian empires. There have been many notable Pashtun people throughout history, Ahmad Shah Durrani is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. Under Amanullah Khan, Afghanistan was able to pursue an independent foreign policy, some others include Malala Yousafzai, Shah Rukh Khan, Hamid Karzai, and Imran Khan. They are an important community in Pakistan, which has the largest Pashtun population, Pashtuns attained presidency there and high rankings in sports. They are the worlds largest segmentary lineage ethnic group, according to Ethnologue, the total population of the group is estimated to be around 50 million but an accurate count remains elusive due to the lack of an official census in Afghanistan since 1979. Estimates of the number of Pashtun tribes and clans range from about 350 to over 400, additional Pashtun communities are located in western and northern Afghanistan, the Gilgit–Baltistan and Kashmir regions and northwestern Punjab province of Pakistan. There are also sizeable Muslim communities in India, which are of largely Pashtun ancestry, throughout the Indian subcontinent, they are often referred to as Pathans. Smaller Pashtun communities are found in the countries of the Middle East, such as in the Khorasan Province of Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, important metropolitan centres of Pashtun culture include Peshawar, Quetta, Kandahar, Jalalabad, Kunduz, and Lashkar Gah. The cities of Kabul and Ghazni in Afghanistan are home to around 25% Pashtun population while Herat, with as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Sindh, Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pashtuns in the world. In addition, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Lahore also have sizeable Pashtun populations, about 15% of Pakistans nearly 200 million population is Pashtun. In Afghanistan, they are the largest ethnic group and make up between 42-60% of the 32.5 million population. The exact figure remains uncertain in Afghanistan, which is affected by the 1.5 million or more Afghan refugees that remain in Pakistan. Another one million or more Afghans live in Iran, a cumulative population assessment suggests a total of around 49 million individuals all across the world. A prominent institution of the Pashtun people is the system of tribes. Despite this, many people identify themselves with various clans
12.
Kabul
–
Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan as well as its largest city, located in the eastern section of the country. According to a 2015 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,678,033 which includes all the ethnic groups. Rapid urbanization had made Kabul the worlds 64th largest city and the fifth fastest-growing city in the world, Kabul is said to be over 3,500 years old, mentioned since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire. The city is at a location along the trade routes of South and Central Asia. It has been part of the Achaemenids, Seleucids, Mauryans, Kushans, Kabul Shahis, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Later, it was controlled by the Mughal Empire until finally becoming part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. The city is located high up in a valley between the Hindu Kush mountains. Kabul became the capital of Afghanistan during the reign of Timur Shah Durrani, in the early 19th century, the British occupied the city but were compelled to abandon it. Relations between Afghanistan and Great Britain were later established, the city was occupied by the Soviets in 1979 but they too abandoned it after the 1988 Geneva Accords were signed. A civil war in the 1990s between various rebel groups destroyed much of the city, resulting in many casualties, since the removal of the Taliban from power in late 2001, the city gradually began rebuilding itself with assistance by the international community. Despite the many terrorist attacks by elements, the city is growing and developing. The city is divided into about 18 districts, the Kabul International Airport is located in the Wazir Akbar Khan district a few miles from the foreign embassies. The Parliament of Afghanistan, built by India, is located in the Kārte Seh district, Kabul, also spelled Cabool, Caubul, Kabol, or Cabul. The word Kubhā is mentioned in the Rigveda, one of the four sacred texts of Hinduism, and the Avesta. The Rigveda praises it as a city, a vision of paradise set in the mountains. The area in which the Kabul valley sits was ruled by the Medes before falling to the Achaemenids, there is a reference to a settlement called Kabura by the rulers of the Achaemenid Empire, It became a center of Zoroastrianism followed by Buddhism and Hinduism. The region became part of the Seleucid Empire but was given to the Indian Maurya Empire. The Greco-Bactrians captured Kabul from the Mauryans in the early 2nd century BC, indo-Scythians expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BC, but lost the city to the Kushan Empire about 100 years later. Some historians ascribe Kabul the Sanskrit name of Kamboja and it is mentioned as Kophes or Kophene in some classical writings
13.
California State University, Fullerton
–
California State University, Fullerton is a public research university located in Fullerton, California. As of Fall 2013, the school had 1,932 faculty, CSUF is designated both as a Hispanic-serving institution and an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander serving institution. Spending related to CSUF generates an impact of around $1 billion to the California and local economy, CSUF athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are collectively known as the CSUF Titans. They are members of the Big West Conference, in 1957, CSUF became the twelfth state college in California to be authorized by the state legislature as a degree-granting institution. The following year, a site was designated for the campus to be established in northeast Fullerton, the property was purchased in 1959. This is the year that Dr. William B. Langsdorf was appointed as founding president of the school, the university was originally named Orange County State College. Classes began with 452 students in September 1959, the name of the school was changed to Orange State College in July 1962. In 1964, its name was changed to California State College at Fullerton, in June 1972, the final name change occurred and the school became California State University, Fullerton. The university grew rapidly in the first decade of the 2000s, the Performing Arts Center was built in January 2006, and in the summer of 2008 the newly constructed Steven G. Mihaylo Hall and the new Student Recreation Center opened. In fall 2008, the Performing Arts Center was renamed the Joseph A. W, clayes III Performing Arts Center, in honor of a $5-million pledge made to the university by the trustees of the Joseph A. W. Since 1963, the curriculum has expanded to many graduate programs, including multiple doctorate degrees, as well as numerous credential. The choice of the elephant as the mascot, dubbed Tuffy the Titan, dates to 1962. The May 11 event attracted 10,000 spectators,15 pachyderm entrants, a telegram from Richard M. Nixon, CSUF was built on the site of former citrus groves in northeast Fullerton. It is bordered on the east by the Orange Freeway, on the west by State College Boulevard, on the north by Yorba Linda Boulevard and this was in response to the numerous Googie buildings in the Fullerton community. The library houses the Philip K. Dick science fiction collection, the campus is also home to the renowned Fullerton Arboretum, located in the northeast section of the campus. It has gained fame in recent years for its highly successful efforts in breeding the Titan Arum plant, which the school sponsors in honor of its sports team. In 2006, the Arboretum successfully bred four blooming specimens, the campus has undergone many additions
14.
Fullerton, California
–
Fullerton is a city located in northern Orange County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 135,161. It secured the land on behalf of the Atchison, Topeka, historically it was a center of agriculture, notably groves of Valencia oranges and other citrus crops, petroleum extraction, transportation, and manufacturing. It is home to higher educational institutions, particularly California State University. Evidence of prehistoric habitation, such as saber-toothed cats and mammoths, is present in Ralph B. Clark Regional Park in the northwest of the city. Europeans first passed through the area in 1769 when Gaspar de Portolà led a Spanish expedition north to Monterey. From the description recorded in the diary of Father Juan Crespi, it likely that the party camped on July 29 near present-day Laguna Lake. After establishment of Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in 1771, the local Tongva people were dubbed Gabrieliños by the Spanish, in 1837, the Fullerton area became part of Rancho San Juan Cajón de Santa Ana, granted to Juan Pacifico Ontiveros, a Spanish soldier. Ontiveros began to sell parcels of the Rancho to migrant Americans settling and developing California in the aftermath of the 1849 Gold Rush, in the 1860s, Stearns sold in turn to Domingo Bastanchury, a Basque shepherd. Sensing opportunity, they arranged to buy 430 acres north of Anaheim for approximately $68,000 and they then began negotiations with George H. Fullerton, president of the Pacific Land and Improvement Company, also a Santa Fe subsidiary. In 1894 Charles Chapman, a retired Chicago publisher and a descendant of John Johnny Appleseed Chapman, cultivation of walnuts and avocados also flourished, and the Western railroad town became an agricultural center. Drilling for petroleum began in 1880 with the discovery of the Brea-Olinda Oil Field and fueled the first real boom, benchley, and the citys chief landmark, the Plummer Auditorium and clock tower. Fullerton College was established at its present location at Chapman Avenue, through the mid-1900s the economy shifted toward food processing rather than food production, as well as manufacturing, southeastern Fullerton became an industrial center. Val Vita Food Products began operating a citrus plant in western Fullerton in 1932. By 1941 it had become the largest food processing company in the US, Leo, Tom Yates and Ralph Harrison developed the first Hawaiian Punch recipe in a converted garage in Fullerton. The city also became a producer of aerospace equipment, electrical and electronic components, navigation systems, and laboratory instruments. In 1949 Dick Riedel and Bill Barris piloted the Sunkist Lady, among them, Bruce Springsteen, Keith Richards, Joe Strummer, Waylon Jennings, Dwight Yoakam, Greg Camp, Jimmy Page, Kurt Cobain, James Burton, Jonny Greenwood and many others. Although Fullerton like other Southern California cities had experienced an expansion of population due to housing development, to serve the growing population, the California State Legislature authorized Orange County State College in 1957, which began operating out of Fullerton high schools in 1959
15.
Charitable organization
–
A charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization. It differs from types of NPOs in that it centers on philanthropic goals as well as social well-being. The legal definition of charitable organization varies according to the country, the regulation, tax treatment, and the way in which charity law affects charitable organizations also varies. Financial figures are important indicators to assess the sustainability of a charity. This information can impact a charitys reputation with donors and societies, and thus, Charitable organizations often depend partly on donations from for-profit-organizations. Such donations to charitable organizations represent a form of corporate philanthropy. Until the mid-18th century, charity was mainly distributed through parish relief, churches, almshouses, Charities were also responsible for education, health, housing and even prisons. It was in the Enlightenment era that charitable and philanthropic activity among voluntary associations, societies, gentlemans clubs, and mutual associations began to flourish in England and the upper-classes increasingly adopted a philanthropic attitude toward the disadvantaged. This new social activism was channeled into the establishment of charitable organizations and this emerging upper-class fashion for benevolence resulted in the incorporation of the first charitable organizations. This was the first such charity in the world and served as the precedent for incorporated associational charities everywhere. Jonas Hanway, another notable philanthropist of the era established The Marine Society in 1756 as the first seafarers charity, by 1763, the Society had recruited over 10,000 men and it was incorporated by an Act of Parliament in 1772. Hanway was also instrumental in establishing the Magdalen Hospital to rehabilitate prostitutes and these organizations were funded by subscription and run as voluntary associations. Charities also began to adopt campaigning roles, where they would champion a cause, the process was however a lengthy one being finally concluded when Saudi Arabia abolished slavery in 1962. This period also saw growing philosophical debate between those who championed state intervention and those who believed that private charities should provide welfare, thomas Malthus, the political economist, criticized poor relief for paupers on economic and moral grounds and proposed leaving charity entirely to the private sector. His views were influential and informed the Victorian laissez-faire attitude toward state intervention for the poor. During the 19th century, a profusion of charitable organizations were set up to alleviate the conditions of the working class in the slums. The Labourers Friend Society, chaired by Lord Shaftesbury in the United Kingdom in 1830, was set up to working class conditions. This included the promotion of allotment of land to labourers for cottage husbandry that later became the allotment movement and this was one of the first housing associations, a philanthropic endeavour that flourished in the second half of the nineteenth century brought about by the growth of the middle class
16.
Women's rights
–
In some countries, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others they are ignored and suppressed. They differ from broader notions of rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls, in favor of men. Although males seem to have dominated in many cultures, there are some exceptions, for example, in the Nigerian Aka culture women may hunt, even on their own, and often control distribution of resources. Ancient Egypt had female rulers, such as Cleopatra, Women throughout historical and ancient China were considered inferior and had subordinate legal status based on the Confucian law. In Imperial China, the Three Obediences promoted daughters to obey their fathers, wives to obey their husbands, Women could not inherit businesses or wealth and men had to adopt a son for such financial purposes. Late imperial law also featured seven different types of divorces, the status of women in China was also low largely due to the custom of foot binding. About 45% of Chinese women had bound feet in the 19th century, for the upper classes, it was almost 100%. In 1912, the Chinese government ordered the cessation of foot-binding, foot-binding involved alteration of the bone structure so that the feet were only about 4 inches long. The bound feet caused difficulty of movement, thus limiting the activities of women. Due to the custom that men and women should not be near each other. This resulted in a tremendous need for doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church to found the first medical college for women in China. Known as the Hackett Medical College for Women, this College was located in Guangzhou, China, the College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese womens social status. During the Republic of China and earlier Chinese governments, women were legally bought and these women were known as Mui Tsai. The lives of Mui Tsai were recorded by American feminist Agnes Smedley in her book Portraits of Chinese Women in Revolution. However, in 1949 the Republic of China had been overthrown by communist guerillas led by Mao Zedong, in May 1950 the Peoples Republic of China enacted the New Marriage Law to tackle the sale of women into slavery. This outlawed marriage by proxy and made legal so long as both partners consent. The New Marriage Law raised the age of marriage to 20 for men and 18 for women
17.
Supreme Court of Afghanistan
–
Supreme Court of Afghanistan or Stera Mahkama is the court of last resort in Afghanistan. It was created by the Constitution of Afghanistan, which was approved on January 4,2004, the President selects one of the nine members to serve as Chief Justice. The constitution allows for judges to be trained in civil or Islamic law. Matters of law with no provision in the constitution or other standing laws shall be judged by the Hanafi jurisprudence, the judiciary shall apply the Shia school of law in cases dealing with personal matters of those who are of the Shia sect, where applicable. The Court was previously dominated by religious figures and the former Chief Justice, Faisal Ahmad Shinwari. Several of its rulings disappointed reform-minded Afghans and people in the Western world and they ruled that the punishment for homosexuality is death, even through the penal code of 1976 stipulates long prison sentence for adultery and sodomy. In 2006, President Hamid Karzai appointed several new, more members to the court. However, he chose to renominate Faisal Ahmad Shinwari as Chief Justice. Despite controversy surrounding the validity of Shinwaris legal credentials, his nomination was allowed to continue, Karzai then chose his legal counsel, Abdul Salam Azimi, to succeed Shinwari. Azimis nomination passed, and the new court was sworn in on August 5,2006, the Supreme Court is housed in a four storey office building on Great Massoud Road next to Massoud Square. On February 7,2017, a bomber killed 20 people outside the building. Law of Afghanistan Politics of Afghanistan
18.
Sharia
–
Sharia, Sharia law, or Islamic law is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the precepts of Islam, particularly the Quran. In Arabic, the term refers to Gods divine law and is contrasted with fiqh. The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists, traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia, the Quran, sunnah, qiyas, and ijma. Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two branches of law, ʿibādāt and muʿāmalāt, which together comprise a wide range of topics. Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories, mandatory, recommended, permitted, abhorred, thus, some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God’s will. Historically, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists, ottoman rulers achieved additional control over the legal system by promulgating their own legal code and turning muftis into state employees. Non-Muslim communities had legal autonomy, except in cases of interconfessional disputes, in the modern era, sharia-based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models. Judicial procedures and legal education in the Muslim world were brought in line with European practice. While the constitutions of most Muslim-majority states contain references to sharia, legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence. The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of sharia, including reinstatement of hudud corporal punishments, in some cases, this resulted in traditionalist legal reform, while other countries witnessed juridical reinterpretation of sharia advocated by progressive reformers. The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world, attempts to impose it on non-Muslims have caused intercommunal violence in Nigeria and may have contributed to the breakup of Sudan. Some Muslim-minority countries in Asia, Africa and Europe recognize the use of sharia-based family laws for their Muslim populations, there are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government, human rights, freedom of thought, and womens rights. The word sharīʿah is used by Arabic-speaking peoples of the Middle East to designate a prophetic religion in its totality, for example, sharīʿat Mūsā means law or religion of Moses and sharīʿatu-nā can mean our religion in reference to any monotheistic faith. Within Islamic discourse, šarīʿah refers to regulations governing the lives of Muslims. For many Muslims, the word means simply justice, and they will consider any law that promotes justice, Muslims of different perspectives agree in their respect for the abstract notion of sharia, but they differ in how they understand the practical implications of the term. Classical sharia, the body of rules and principles elaborated by Islamic jurists during the first centuries of Islam, historical sharia, the body of rules and interpretations developed throughout Islamic history, ranging from personal beliefs to state legislation and varying across an ideological spectrum. Classical sharia has often served as a point of reference for these variants, Contemporary sharia, the full spectrum of rules and interpretations that are developed and practiced at present
19.
Culture of Afghanistan
–
The culture of Afghanistan has been around for over two millennia, tracing record to at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE. Afghanistan translates to Land of the Afghans or Place of Afghans in the official languages, Pashto. It is mostly a tribal and rural society with different regions of the country having their own native language, despite some differences, majority of the Afghans live by the same tradition and behave the same. For example, nearly all Afghans follow Islamic traditions, celebrate the holidays, dress the same, consume the same food. In the southern and eastern region, as well as western Pakistan which was part of Afghanistan. The western, northern, and central regions of Afghanistan are influenced by neighboring Central Asian and Persian cultures, some of the non-Pashtuns who live in close proximity with Pashtuns have adopted Pashtunwali in a process called Pashtunization while some Pashtuns and others became Persianized. Local art has spanned many centuries, the worlds oldest oil painting was found in Afghanistan. One of the most famous kinds is the Gandhara art between the 1st and 7th century based on Greco-Buddhist art, kamaleddin Behzad was a famous artist from Herat during the late Timurid and early Safavid periods. Since the 1900s, the nation began to use Western techniques in art, abdul Ghafoor Breshna was a prominent Afghan painter and sketch artist from Kabul during the 20th century. Afghanistans art was originally almost entirely done by men, but recently women are entering the programs at Kabul University. Art is largely centered at the National Museum of Afghanistan, the National Gallery of Afghanistan, there are a number of art schools in the country. The Center for Contemporary Arts Afghanistan in Kabul provides young people to learn contemporary paintings, traditionally, only women have been involved in theater acting. Recently, in arts, women have begun to take center stage. Other known forms of art in the country are music, poetry, the art of making carpets has been prominent for centuries. Afghanistan is known for making beautiful oriental rugs, the Afghan carpet has certain prints that make them unique to Afghanistan. Since the 1980s, the nation has witnessed several wars so music has been suppressed, during the 1990s, the Taliban government banned instrumental music and much public music-making. Many musicians and singers continued to play their trade in the cities of other countries, pakistani cities such as Peshawar, Karachi and Islamabad are important centers for the distribution of Afghan music. Kabul has long been the cultural capital, but outsiders have tended to focus on the cities of Herat
20.
Priscilla Meirelles
–
Priscilla Meirelles de Almeida-Estrada is a Brazilian model, host, actress, environmentalist, and beauty queen. She won the Miss Earth 2004 pageant held in the Philippines and she also won the Miss Globe 2003 pageant. Meirelles has been married to Filipino actor and model John Estrada since March 2011, Meirelles was born in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. She is of Portuguese, Spanish, and Brazilian descent and her father Luis Claudio Almeida is an advertising company creative director and her mother, Marcia Regina Meirelles is a businesswoman. Rst child on 22 January 2012 held at The Peninsula Manila and she first gave birth to a daughter, Sammanta Anechka, on 6 February 2012. On 28 July 2004 she won the Beleza Brazil pageant, held in Belo Horizonte and on 24 October 2004 she became the first Brazilian to be crowned Miss Earth and she also won the Most Photogenic Award. She was also the chairwoman of the Miss Earth 2009 panel of judges, be My Lady - Chelsea Oliviera Wildflower - Prianka Aguas Priscilla Meirelles Instagram Profile Priscilla Meirelles Star Magic ABS-CBN Priscilla Meirelles Official Site
21.
Miss Earth 2004
–
Miss Earth 2004, the 4th edition of Miss Earth pageant, took place on 24 October 2004 at the University of the Philippines Theater in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. Miss Brazil took over from last year’s winner Dania Prince of Honduras, Miss Martinique Murielle Celimene, an 18-year-old student, was crowned Miss Air, the pageant’s equivalent to first runner-up. The last two titles— Miss Water and Miss Fire —were won by Miss Tahiti Kahaya Lusazh and Miss Paraguay Yanina Gonzalez, Miss Paraguay was early crowd favorite who maintained her composure when she almost fell off the stage after she broke her shoe’s heels after the long gown competition. Organized and launched in 2001 by Carousel Productions, Miss Earth serves as a catalyst in promoting environmental advocacy worldwide and its slogan, Beauties For A Cause. Final Question in Miss Earth 2004, On a quiet night, what do you think is its message and what would you like to tell it back. Winning Answer of Miss Earth 2004, What I can hear is that nature is saying that love is missing, because people dont respect each other, they dont respect the nature, they dont respect life. Thats why nature is reacting to everything that people do to her, and love is what would solve our problem - Priscilla Meirelles, represented Brazil. Miss Earth official website Miss Earth Foundation Miss Earth Foundation Kids I Love My Planet
22.
Activism
–
Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, and/or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society. One can also express activism through different forms of art, daily acts of protest such as not buying clothes from a certain clothing company because they exploit workers is another form of activism. One view holds that acknowledging privileges and oppressions on a daily basis ranks as a form of activism, research has begun to explore how activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words activism and activist from 1920, Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1946 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court,1947, some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly, rather than to persuade governments to change or not to change laws. Other activists try to persuade people to remain the same, in an effort to counter change, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Activism is not always an action by Activists, every year more than 100 environmental activists are killed, in 2014116 environmental activists were assassinated, in 2015185 activists were killed around this planet. Since the 1990s, the Internet has been a tool used by activists for mobilization and communication of causes, specific platforms like MoveOn. org, founded in 1998, allow individuals to establish petitions and movements for social change. Protesters in Seattle in 1999 used email to organize protests against the WTO Ministerial Conference, throughout the 2000s, protesters continued to use social media platforms to generate interest. The power of Internet Activism came into a lens with the Arab Spring protests. They use different means to political persecution, such as Tor Browser. The activism industry consists of organizations and individuals engaged in activism, Activism is often done full-time, as part of an organizations core business. Many organizations in the industry are either non profit organizations or non-governmental organizations. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, the term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in activities as well. Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic, many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government, many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations, randy Shaw, The Activists Handbook, A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond
23.
Viacom 18
–
Limited founded in November 2007 is a 50/50 joint venture operation in India between Viacom and the Network 18 Group based in Mumbai. Viacom 18 owns and operates various channels of the Viacom group for the Indian viewers, in July 2008, Colors was launched. In January 2010, Viacom 18 went international with the launch of Colors in the US, the channel is called Aap ka Colors. In July 2010, it got into 50/50 distribution joint venture with Sun Network, Viacom 18 also launched the channel Sonic Nickelodeon in December 2011, targeting young adults. On 23 January 2012, Viacom18 also launched Comedy Central, on 3 September 2012, Viacom18 launched Rishtey. On 31 July 2015, it launched Colors Infinity and its HD version, Viacom 18 also owns Viacom 18 Motion Pictures
24.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
25.
Miss Earth 2003
–
Miss Earth 2003, the third edition of Miss Earth pageant, was held on November 9,2003 at the University of the Philippines Theater in Quezon City, Philippines. Fifty-seven delegates from all over the globe participated in the event, the pageant was broadcast live via ABS-CBN in the Philippines and to many countries worldwide via Star World, The Filipino Channel and other partner networks. At the conclusion of the night of the competition, outgoing titleholder Miss Earth 2002. Brazils Pricila Zandona was selected Miss Air 2003, Costa Ricas Marianela Zeledon Bolanos was chosen Miss Water 2003, the pageant was hosted by Television show host Ariel Ureta. The candidates were presented at the poolside of Hotel Intercontinental Manila in Makati City on October 22,2003. Final Question in Miss Earth 2003, At the end of each rainbow, as a woman of the earth, instead of a pot of gold, what else would you rather find at the end of the rainbow. Winning Answer of Miss Earth 2003, Honestly, there are things that are more important than gold. For me personally, the most important is the sentiments of the people. To give love and smile to a human being, to be able to give them a hand when needed, to help to someone who needs your presence. The first thing I think when I open my eyes is heaven, when we have Him in our hearts and mind, everything is better. And I can see people how they really are inside, not if they have gold or not, for me the rainbow means life, God and happiness. On November 27,2003, Jessica Schilling died at the age of 19 in a car crash in Palm Springs, on September 27,2010, Jessica Segui recently died in a Panamanian Hospital due to cerebral aneurysm. Newsweek, Kuntzman, Gersh. American Beat, Beauty is a Beast, Retrieved December 27,2009 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, Associated Press. Miss Afghanistan wins award at Miss Earth contest, Retrieved December 27,2009 Los Angeles Times, Main News. Retrieved December 27,2009 Sky News United Kingdom, Bikini Beauty Queen Faces Backlash, Retrieved December 27,2009 Rediff India, Agencies. Miss Afghanistan is beauty for a cause Published on November 10,2003, Retrieved December 27,2009 Deseret News, The Salt Lake City, UT First Afghan in three decades to take part in a beauty pageant. November 9,2003 Retrieved December 27,2009 The Tribune- Pittsburg, Retrieved December 27,2009 Philadelphia Daily News, Online News. Retrieved December 27,2009 The Sunday Register Guard, Eugene, Retrieved December 27,2009 Bangor Daily News- Washington
26.
Ethiopia
–
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north and northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Sudan and South Sudan to the west, and Kenya to the south. With nearly 100 million inhabitants, Ethiopia is the most populous landlocked country in the world and it occupies a total area of 1,100,000 square kilometres, and its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. Some of the oldest evidence for modern humans has been found in Ethiopia. It is widely considered as the region from modern humans first set out for the Middle East. According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic-speaking populations settled in the Horn region during the ensuing Neolithic era, tracing its roots to the 2nd millennium BC, Ethiopia was a monarchy for most of its history. During the first centuries AD, the Kingdom of Aksum maintained a unified civilization in the region, subsequently, many African nations adopted the colors of Ethiopias flag following their independence. It was the first independent African member of the 20th-century League of Nations, Ethiopias ancient Geez script, also known as Ethiopic, is one of the oldest alphabets still in use in the world. The Ethiopian calendar, which is seven years and three months behind the Gregorian calendar, co-exists alongside the Borana calendar. A slight majority of the population adheres to Christianity, while around a third follows Islam, the country is the site of the Migration to Abyssinia and the oldest Muslim settlement in Africa at Negash. A substantial population of Ethiopian Jews, known as Bete Israel, resided in Ethiopia until the 1980s, Ethiopia is a multilingual nation with around 80 ethnolinguistic groups, the four largest of which are the Oromiffa, Amhara, Somali, and Tigrayans. Most people in the country speak Afroasiatic languages of the Cushitic or Semitic branches, additionally, Omotic languages are spoken by ethnic minority groups inhabiting the southern regions. Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken by the nations Nilotic ethnic minorities. Ethiopia is the place of origin for the coffee bean which originated from the place called Kefa and it is a land of natural contrasts, with its vast fertile West, jungles, and numerous rivers, and the worlds hottest settlement of Dallol in its north. The Ethiopian Highlands are Africas largest continuous mountain ranges, and Sof Omar Caves contain Africas largest cave, Ethiopia has the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Africa. Ethiopia is one of the members of the UN, the Group of 24, the Non-Aligned Movement, G-77. In the 1970s and 1980s, Ethiopia suffered from civil wars, the country has begun to recover recently however, and now has the largest economy in East Africa and Central Africa. According to Global Fire Power, Ethiopia has the 42nd most powerful military in the world, the origin of the word Ethiopia is uncertain
27.
Yodit Getahun
–
Yodit Getahun was the Miss Ethiopia World for 2003. She represented Ethiopia in three International pageants and was awarded two titles and she participated in the Miss Tourism of the Globe Contest in Moscow, Russia where she won a minor sponsor title called Miss Neva 2003. She was awarded the Miss Congeniality title at Miss Earth beauty pageant in Manila and she was also sponsored by London-based Ethiopian Life Foundation, and participated in Miss International Beauty Pageant in Tokyo, Japan. Yodit Getahun was born in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia on 12 February 1985 and she attended Addis Ababa University but did not graduate from there. The Miss Ethiopia World beauty pageant is owned and organized by London-based Ethiopian Life Foundation which is the largest producer of beauty pageants in Ethiopia. Yodit Getahun was later dethroned and became the only Ethiopian girl ever to be stripped of a National beauty Crown in the history of Ethiopia. She failed to follow and observe protocols on her contract with her parent organization and her work with Dawn of Hope was short lived and the project as HIV and Goodwill ambassador came to a stand still, as she left Ethiopia in 2003 and refused to return. Yodit also never returned to Ethiopia to hand over her crown to her successor at Miss Universe Ethiopia 2004, ferehiyewot Abebe who was crowned Miss Universe Ethiopia the next year. Ferehiyewot Abebe went on to become the first Ethiopian girl to go to Miss Universe in 2004, jiitu Abraham was the next Ethiopian contestant to be crowned Miss Ethiopia World in 2005
28.
Honduras
–
Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a republic in Central America. It has at times referred to as Spanish Honduras to differentiate it from British Honduras. Honduras was home to several important Mesoamerican cultures, most notably the Maya, the Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism and the now predominant Spanish language, along with numerous customs that have blended with the indigenous culture. Honduras has the worlds highest murder rate, Honduras spans about 112,492 km2 and has a population exceeding 8 million. Its northern portions are part of the Western Caribbean Zone, as reflected in the areas demographics and culture. Honduras is known for its natural resources, including minerals, coffee, tropical fruit, and sugar cane, as well as for its growing textiles industry. Honduras literally means depths in Spanish, the name could either refer to the bay of Trujillo as an anchorage, fondura in the Leonese dialect of Spanish, or to Columbuss alleged quote that Gracias a Dios que hemos salido de esas Honduras. It was not until the end of the 16th century that Honduras was used for the whole province, prior to 1580, Honduras only referred to the eastern part of the province, and Higueras referred to the western part. Another early name is Guaymuras, revived as the name for the dialogue in 2009 that took place in Honduras as opposed to Costa Rica. In pre-Columbian times, modern Honduras was part of the Mesoamerican cultural area, in the west, the Maya civilization flourished for hundreds of years. The dominant state within Hondurass borders was in Copán, Copán fell with the other Lowland centres during the conflagrations of the Terminal Classic in the 9th century. The Maya of this civilization survive in western Honduras as the Chorti, remains of other Pre-Columbian cultures are found throughout the country. On 30 July 1502 Columbus sent his brother Bartholomew to explore the islands and Bartholomew encountered a Mayan trading vessel from Yucatán, carrying well-dressed Maya and a rich cargo. Bartholomews men stole whatever cargo they wanted and kidnapped the elderly captain to serve as an interpreter in what was the first recorded encounter between the Spanish and the Maya. In March 1524, Gil González Dávila became the first Spaniard to enter Honduras as a conquistador, followed by Hernán Cortés, bringing forces down from Mexico. Much of the conquest was done in the two decades, first by groups loyal to Cristóbal de Olid, and then by those loyal of Francisco Montejo. In addition to Spanish resources, the conquerors relied heavily on armed forces from Mexico—Tlaxcalans, resistance to conquest was led in particular by Lempira, and many regions in the north never fell to the Spanish, notably the Miskito Kingdom. After the Spanish conquest, Honduras became part of Spains vast empire in the New World within the Kingdom of Guatemala, Trujillo and Gracias were the first city-capitals
29.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
30.
South Africa
–
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. South Africa is the 25th-largest country in the world by land area and it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, the remaining population consists of Africas largest communities of European, Asian, and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a variety of cultures, languages. Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the recognition of 11 official languages. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup détat, however, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to recover its rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a role in the countrys recent history. The National Party imposed apartheid in 1948, institutionalising previous racial segregation, since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the countrys democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is often referred to as the Rainbow Nation to describe the multicultural diversity. The World Bank classifies South Africa as an economy. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, and the 34th-largest in the world, in terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income in Africa. However, poverty and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed, nevertheless, South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, and maintains significant regional influence. The name South Africa is derived from the geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation the country was named the Union of South Africa in English, since 1961 the long form name in English has been the Republic of South Africa. In Dutch the country was named Republiek van Zuid-Afrika, replaced in 1983 by the Afrikaans Republiek van Suid-Afrika, since 1994 the Republic has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning south, is a name for South Africa. South Africa contains some of the oldest archaeological and human fossil sites in the world, extensive fossil remains have been recovered from a series of caves in Gauteng Province. The area is a UNESCO World Heritage site and has termed the Cradle of Humankind
