1.
Film editing
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Film editing is a creative and technical part of the post-production process of filmmaking. The term is derived from the process of working with film. The film editor works with the raw footage, selecting shots, Film editing is often referred to as the invisible art because when it is well-practiced, the viewer can become so engaged that he or she is not aware of the editors work. On its most fundamental level, film editing is the art, technique, the job of an editor is not simply to mechanically put pieces of a film together, cut off film slates, or edit dialogue scenes. Editors usually play a role in the making of a film. Sometimes, auteurist film directors edit their own films, for example, Akira Kurosawa, Bahram Beyzai, with the advent of digital editing, film editors and their assistants have become responsible for many areas of filmmaking that used to be the responsibility of others. For instance, in past years, picture editors dealt only with just that—picture, sound, music, and visual effects editors dealt with the practicalities of other aspects of the editing process, usually under the direction of the picture editor and director. However, digital systems have increasingly put these responsibilities on the picture editor and it is common, especially on lower budget films, for the editor to cut in music, mock up visual effects, and add sound effects or other sound replacements. These temporary elements are replaced with more refined final elements by the sound, music. Early films were films that were one long, static. Motion in the shot was all that was necessary to amuse an audience, there was no story and no editing. Each film ran as long as there was film in the camera, in the first shot, an elderly couple is outside an art exhibition having lunch and then follow other people inside through the door. The second shot shows what they do inside, one of the first films to use this technique, Georges Mélièss The Four Troublesome Heads from 1898, was produced with Pauls camera. There is then a cut to close shot of the hands on the girls foot shown inside a circular mask. Even more remarkable was James Williamsons Attack on a China Mission Station, an armed party of British sailors arrived and defeat the Boxers and rescue the missionarys family. The film used the first reverse angle cut in film history, James Williamson concentrated on making films taking action from one place shown in one shot to the next shown in another shot in films like Stop Thief. and Fire. Made in 1901, and many others and he also experimented with the close-up, and made perhaps the most extreme one of all in The Big Swallow, when his character approaches the camera and appears to swallow it. These two filmmakers of the Brighton School also pioneered the editing of the film, they tinted their work with color, by 1900, their films were extended scenes of up to 5 minutes long
2.
Celluloid
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Celluloids are a class of compounds created from nitrocellulose and camphor, with added dyes and other agents. Generally considered the first thermoplastic, it was first created as Parkesine in 1856 and as Xylonite in 1869, Celluloid is easily molded and shaped, and it was first widely used as an ivory replacement. The main use was in movie and photography industries, which used only celluloid films prior to acetate films that were introduced in the 1950s. Celluloid is highly flammable, difficult and expensive to produce and no longer used, although its most common uses today are in table tennis balls, musical instruments. Collodion, invented in 1848 and used as a wound dressing, Parkes patented his discovery after realising a solid residue remained after evaporation of the solvent from photographic collodion. Parkes patented it as a clothing waterproofer for woven fabrics in the same year, later Parkes showcased Parkesine at the 1862 International Exhibition in London, where he was awarded a bronze medal for his efforts. The introduction of Parkesine is generally regarded as the birth of the plastics industry and he used cloth, ivory dust, and shellac, and on April 6,1869, patented a method of covering billiard balls with the addition of collodion. With assistance from Peter Kinnear and other investors, Hyatt formed the Albany Billiard Ball Company in Albany, New York, in 1870, John and his brother Isaiah patented a process of making a horn-like material with the inclusion of cellulose nitrate and camphor. Isaiah Hyatt dubbed his material celluloid in 1872, english inventor Daniel Spill had worked with Parkes and formed the Xylonite Co. to take over Parkes patents, describing the new plastic products as Xylonite. He took exception to the Hyatts claims and pursued the brothers in a number of cases between 1877 and 1884. The judge ruled all manufacturing of celluloid could continue both in Spills British Xylonite Company and Hyatts Celluloid Manufacturing Company, Hyatt used heat and pressure to simplify the manufacture of these compounds. Over the years, celluloid has become the term used for this type of plastic. English photographer John Carbutt founded the Keystone Dry Plate Works in 1879 with the intention of producing gelatin dry plates, the Celluloid Manufacturing Company was contracted for this work by means of thinly slicing layers out of celluloid blocks and then removing the slice marks with heated pressure plates. After this, the strips were coated with a photosensitive gelatin emulsion. It is not certain exactly how long it took for Carbutt to standardize his process, a 15-inch-wide sheet of Carbutts film was used by William Dickson for the early Edison motion picture experiments on a cylinder drum Kinetograph. However, the film base produced by this means was still considered too stiff for the needs of motion picture photography. By 1889, more flexible celluloids for photographic film were developed and this ability to produce photographic images on a flexible material was a crucial step toward the advent of motion pictures. Most movie and photography films prior to the move to acetate films in the fifties were made of celluloid
3.
Videotape
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Videotape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. Information stored can be in the form of either a signal or digital signal. Videotape is used in video tape recorders or, more commonly, videocassette recorders and camcorders. Videotapes are also used for storing scientific or medical data, such as the produced by an electrocardiogram. Tape is a method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality video recording media such as hard disks. Since then, videotape has been relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosbys production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises, overall the picture quality was still considered inferior to the best kinescope recordings on film. Bing Crosby Enterprises hoped to have a version available in 1954. The BBC experimented from 1952 to 1958 with a high-speed linear videotape system called VERA and it used half-inch tape traveling at 200 inches per second. RCA demonstrated the magnetic recording of both black-and-white and color television programs at its Princeton laboratories on December 1,1953. The high-speed longitudinal tape system, called Simplex, in development since 1951, could record, the color system used half-inch tape to record five tracks, one each for red, blue, green, synchronization, and audio. The black-and-white system used quarter-inch tape with two tracks, one for video and one for audio, both systems ran at 360 inches per second. RCA-owned NBC first used it on The Jonathan Winters Show on October 23,1956 when a song sequence by Dorothy Collins in color was included in the otherwise live television program. BCE demonstrated a color system in February 1955 using a longitudinal recording on half-inch tape. CBS, RCAs competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system, BCE was acquired by 3M Company in 1956. Quad employed a transverse four-head system on a tape. On January 22,1957, the NBC Television game show Truth or Consequences, produced in Hollywood, Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed it from an Ampex black-and-white recorder
4.
Blender (software)
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It further features an integrated game engine. The Dutch animation studio Neo Geo developed Blender as an application in January 1995. The name Blender was inspired by a song by Yello, from the album Baby, on July 18,2002, Roosendaal started the Free Blender campaign, a crowdfunding precursor. The campaign aimed for open-sourcing Blender for a payment of €100,000 collected from the community. On September 7,2002, it was announced that they had collected enough funds, today, Blender is free, open-source software that is—apart from the Blender Institutes two full-time and two part-time employees—developed by the community. However, they never exercised this option and suspended it indefinitely in 2005, Blender is solely available under GNU GPLv2 or any later and was not updated to the GPLv3, as no evident benefits were seen. The following program developed in each version, In January–February 2002 it was clear that NaN could not survive, nevertheless, they put out one more release,2.25. As a sort-of easter egg, a last personal tag, the artists and it was created by Willem-Paul van Overbruggen, who named it Suzanne after the orangutan in the Kevin Smith film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back. Suzanne is Blenders alternative to more common test models such as the Utah Teapot and the Stanford Bunny. A low-polygon model with only 500 faces, Suzanne is often used as a quick and easy way to test material, animation, rigs, texture, Suzanne is still included in Blender. The largest Blender contest gives out an award called the Suzanne Award, due to Blenders open source nature, other programs have tried to take advantage of its success by repackaging and selling cosmetically-modified versions of it. Examples include IllusionMage, 3DMofun, 3DMagix, and Fluid Designer, official releases of Blender for Microsoft Windows, MacOS and Linux, as well as a port for FreeBSD, are available in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Though it is distributed without extensive example scenes found in some other programs. Internal render engine with scanline rendering, indirect lighting, and ambient occlusion that can export in a variety of formats. A pathtracer render engine called Cycles, which can take advantage of the GPU for rendering, Cycles supports the Open Shading Language since Blender 2.65. Integration with a number of external render engines through plugins, keyframed animation tools including inverse kinematics, armature, hook, curve and lattice-based deformations, shape animations, non-linear animation, constraints, and vertex weighting. Simulation tools for soft body dynamics including mesh collision detection, LBM fluid dynamics, smoke simulation, Bullet rigid body dynamics, a particle system that includes support for particle-based hair. Python scripting for tool creation and prototyping, game logic, importing/exporting from other formats, task automation, the Blender Game Engine, a sub-project, offers interactivity features such as collision detection, dynamics engine, and programmable logic
5.
IMovie
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IMovie is a video editing software application sold by Apple Inc. for the Mac and iOS. It was originally released in 1999 as a Mac OS8 application bundled with the first FireWire-enabled consumer Mac model – the iMac DV, since version 3, iMovie has been an OS X-only application included with the iLife suite of Mac applications. From 2003, iMovie is included free with all new Mac computers, iMovie imports video footage to the Mac using either the FireWire interface on most MiniDV format digital video cameras or the computers USB port. It can also import video and photo files from a hard drive, starting with version 5, iMovie processes high-definition video from HDV camcorders, in later versions also from AVCHD camcorders and H. 264-compressed video from MPEG-4 or QuickTime Movie files. E. g. as generated by a number of photo cameras with HD video recording feature. To facilitate this, iMovie/iLife installs the Apple Intermediate Codec on the system as a QuickTime component, iMovie transcodes HD video upon ingestion using this codec and stores it in the QuickTime file format. IMovie HD5 imported mjpeg files as dv by default, which introduces noise, iMovie 6 was released in January 2006 as part of the iLife 06 suite, and was also originally optionally included with iLife 08 as a substitution for iMovie 08. However, this option was removed after iLife 09 was released and it was integrated with iPhoto, iTunes, iDVD, GarageBand and iWeb. iMovie HD6 was designed for ease of use, and included new themes. Themes allow the user to drop movie clips or photos into professionally designed backdrops, each theme included full-motion graphic bumpers and transitions. IMovie HD6 also added real-time effects, which took advantage of the graphic processing unit to perform some effects without rendering. It also introduced real-time titling, enhanced audio tools and effects, the ability to have multiple projects open at once, video podcasts and blogs, iMovie 08 was released in August 2007 as a part of the iLife 08 suite. IMovie 08 was a redesign and rewrite of iMovie. It had much better HD output, and more formats to convert to and this was limited, however, by an undocumented restriction on supported codecs. IPhoto uses the QuickTime library and can create thumbnails for all QuickTime supported formats, some of the formats that iMovie 08 is able to import will not be recognized when they are added to an iPhoto library. Though Motion JPEG-encoded AVI files do appear to be recognized, this was the most common used by digital cameras. It included more exportation formats, including iPhone-sized video and it also supported non-tape-based HD video, such as AVCHD and footage from DVD and HDD camcorders. IMovie 08 also has the ability to export movies to the YouTube video sharing website, according to Apples system requirements, iMovie 08 requires a Mac with either a 1.9 GHz or faster PowerPC G5 or Intel processor. G4s are not supported, even though Apple sold its last G4-based Computers 14 months before the release of iLife 08, however, a system hack enables iMovie 7.1 or higher to run on a PowerPC G4
6.
Timeline
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A timeline is a way of displaying a list of events in chronological order, sometimes described as a project artifact. Timelines can use any time scale, depending on the subject, most timelines use a linear scale, where a unit of distance is equal to a set amount of time. This time scale is dependent on the events in the timeline, a timeline of evolution can be over millions of years, whereas a timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks can take place over minutes. While most timelines use a linear timescale, for large or small timespans. Historically, timelines were static images, and generally drawn or printed on paper, timelines relied heavily on graphic design, and the ability of the artist to visualize the data. Timelines, no longer constrained by space and functional limitations, are now digital and interactive. ChronoZoom is an example of computer aided interactive timeline software, timelines are often used in education to help students and researchers with understanding the order or chronology of historical events and trends for a subject. When showing time on a scale on an axis, a timeline can be used to visualize time lapses between events, durations, and the simultaneity or overlap of spans and events. Timelines are particularly useful for studying history, as they convey a sense of change over time, wars and social movements are often shown as timelines. Timelines are also useful for biographies, in these cases, timelines are used to help team members to know what milestones need to be achieved and under what time schedule. For example, in the case of establishing a timeline in the implementation phase of the life cycle of a computer system. British Library interactive timeline Port Royal des Champs museum timeline
7.
Post-production
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Post-production, or postproduction, is part of the process of filmmaking, video production, and photography. It occurs in the making of pictures, television programs, radio programs, advertising, audio recordings, photography. It is a term for all stages of production occurring after shooting or recording individual program segments, traditional post-production has been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system. Post-production is many different processes grouped under one name and these typically include, Video editing the picture of a television program using an edit decision list Writing, recording, and editing the soundtrack. Adding visual special effects - mainly computer-generated imagery and digital copy from which release prints will be made, sound design, sound effects, ADR, foley, and music, culminating in a process known as sound re-recording or mixing with professional audio equipment. Transfer of colour motion picture film to video or DPX with a telecine, the process of editing a movie is also seen as the second directing because through post-production it is possible to change the intention of the movie. Furthermore, through the use of color grading tools and the addition of music and sound, for instance, a blue-tinted movie is associated with a cold atmosphere and the choice of music and sound increases the effect of the shown scenes to the audience. Post-production was named a dying industry by Phil Izzo, the once exclusive service offered by high-end post-production facilities have been eroded away by video editing software that operates on a non-linear editing system. As such, traditional services are being surpassed by digital. In television, the phases of post-production include, editing, video editing, sound editing, animation and visual effects insertions, viewing and it is imperative that post-production executes and oversees the preparation until the final product is completely ready. Professional post-producers usually apply a certain range of image editing operations to the raw image format provided by a photographer or an image-bank, there is a range of proprietary and free and open-source software, running on a range of operating systems available to do this work. The first stage of post-production usually requires loading the RAW images into the post-production software, if there is more than one image, and they belong to a set, ideally post-producers try to equalize the images before loading them. After that, if necessary, the step would be to cut the objects in the images with the Pen Tool for a perfect. The next stage would be cleaning the image using tools such as the tool, clone tool. The next stages depend on what the client ordered, if its a photo-montage, the post-producers would usually start assembling the different images into the final document, and start to integrate the images with the background. In advertising, it usually requires assembling several images together in a photo-composition, types of work usually done, Advertising that requires one background and one or more models. Fashion photography that usually requires a really heavy post-production for editorial and/or advertising, techniques used in music post-production include comping, timing and pitch correction, and adding effects. This process is referred to as mixing and can also involve equalization
8.
Video editing
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The term video editing can refer to, The process of manipulating video images. Once the province of expensive machines called video editors, video editing software is now available for personal computers, video editing includes cutting segments, re-sequencing clips, and adding transitions and other Special Effects. Linear video editing, using tape and is edited in a very linear way. Several video clips from different tapes are recorded to one single tape in the order that they will appear, non-linear editing system, This is edited on computers with specialised software. These are non destructive to the video being edited and use such as Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro. Offline editing is the process in which raw footage is copied from an original source, once the editing has been completely edited, the original media is then re-assembled in the online editing stage. Online editing is the process of reassembling the edit to full resolution video after an offline edit has been performed and is done in the stage of a video production. Vision mixing, when working within live television and video production environments, a vision mixer is used to cut live feed coming from several cameras in real time. Video editing is the process of editing segments of video production footage, special effects. Using video, a director can communicate non-fictional and fictional events, the goals of editing is to manipulate these events to bring the communication closer to the original goal or target. The two pieces of tape to be joined were painted with a solution of fine iron filings suspended in carbon tetrachloride. This developed the magnetic tracks, making them visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a designed for this task. If a scene closer to the beginning of the video tape needed to be changed in length, in addition, sources could be played back simultaneously through a vision mixer to create more complex transitions between scenes. A popular 1970-80s system for doing that was the U-matic equipment and that system used two tape players and one tape recorder, and edits were done by automatically having the machines back up, then speed up together in synchrony, so the edit didnt roll or glitch. Later, 1980-90s came the smaller beta equipment, and more complex controllers, content is ingested and recorded natively with the appropriate codec which will be used by video editing software to manipulate the captured footage. High-definition video is becoming popular and can be readily edited using the same video editing software along with related motion graphics programs. Video clips are arranged on a timeline, music tracks, titles, digital on-screen graphics are added, special effects can be created, and the finished program is rendered into a finished video. The video may then be distributed in a variety of ways including DVD, web streaming, QuickTime Movies, iPod, CD-ROM, like many other technologies, the cost of video editing has declined by an order of magnitude or more
9.
VideoPad Video Editor
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VideoPad Video Editor is a video editing application developed by NCH Software for the home and professional market. The software is complemented by the VirtualDub plug-ins that work with the software, VideoPad is a video editing application developed by NCH Software for the home and professional market. VideoPad is part of a suite that integrates with other software created by NCH Software and this other software includes WavePad, a sound-editing program, MixPad, a sound-mixing program, and PhotoPad, an image editor. The free edition is feature-limited, while the version has more advanced features. VideoPad Master Edition supports plugins while the version does not. The non-free edition does not limit simultaneous video tracks, but the free one allows at most two concurrent tracks, the premium version allows users to generate Blu-ray Discs. VideoPad supports frequently used file formats including Audio Video Interleave, Windows Media Video, 3GP and it supports direct video uploads to YouTube, Flickr, and Facebook. VideoPad uses two screens, the first for a review of chosen video and audio snippets and the second to review the entire track. The application supports several video effects, including those involving light, color, transitions, VideoPad has received generally favorable reviews from various websites and aggregators such as CNET and TopTenReviews, but has been noted to be vulnerable to rendering issues. Redding Record Searchlight columnist Andrea Eldridge wrote in 2012 that the easy-to-use VideoPad brings advanced features to the beginner and she said that VideoPad has a voice-over feature Windows Movie Maker did not have. The feature allows users to record their own narration or upload existing recordings. Softonic. com praised VideoPad for being simple and easy to use but noted that more advanced users will find it too basic. Danny Chadwick of Top Ten Reviews rated VideoPad a 6. 15/10 and he praised the application for being great for beginners but said that it lacked many of the transitions or extras that are standard in similar applications. Maximum PC contributor Ben Kim stated in 2014 that VideoPad is easily the best free video editor available, Kim wrote that VideoPad is a stellar editor that manages to pack an almost obscene number of features into a surprisingly digestable package. Video editing software Comparison of video editing software VideoPad Video Editor Official Site
10.
MoviePlus
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Serif MoviePlus was video editing software created by Serif Europe that allowed both professional and home users to edit digital video and digital images. This software is no longer supported, as Serif are concentrating on their Affinity range, from the early 2000s, MoviePlus has developed an enthusiastic user base. Originally, it was designed largely for editing video from MiniDV camcorders, Version 4 released in 2004 was a complete re-write of the previous Version 1. It included the ability to edit and generate Windows Media files, Version 4 ran on Windows 98 SE, Me,2000 and XP. MoviePlus was affordable and popular home and semi-professional filmmakers. It can be used to edit material from FireWire-attached MiniDV video from a digital video camera. The software captures video onto the hard drive, where it can be edited and processed. The result can be recorded on MiniDV tape, converted into a suitable for replaying on a PC, converted into a format suitable for uploading to a web site. The current version of MoviePlus X6 requires a minimum of an Intel Pentium 4 Hyper-Threading processor or AMD Athlon XP processor and 1 GB of RAM, MoviePlus 1 MoviePlus 4 MoviePlus 5 MoviePlus X3 MoviePlus X5 MoviePlus X6 MoviePlus provides non-linear, non-destructive editing of any compatible video format. It supports unlimited simultaneously composited video tracks, unlimited audio tracks, as well as standard ripple, roll, slip, slide, scrub, razor blade and it comes with a range of dissolve, iris, distortion and basic 3D transitions and a range of video filters. MoviePlus, like all current NLE systems also has the ability to up-convert standard definition material to high definition as well as the ability to cross-convert video of differing frame rates. Like many similar products, all rendering is performed in software rather than in hardware, Rendering is a slow process, MoviePlus X6 is based around the Timeline, which can accommodate multiple Overlay, Music, video and audio tracks, either singly or organized into groups. Video and audio sources and images can be organized in a Media Panel, using an in-built file browser, they can also be dragged direct from any disk location. Once on the timeline, the tools in MoviePlus can be used to edit, manipulate. All actions can be previewed using the Video Preview screen, the Properties panel displays detailed information about any selected source and permits detailed adjustments. There are two audio level indicators for the left and right audio channels, the positions and sizes of these panel can be changed and while using multiple computer monitors, the different panels can be moved onto different monitors. MoviePlus has an interface and a jogging interface. MoviePlus X3 added a mode which simplifies editing for linear projects
