1.
Video game
–
A video game is an electronic game that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device such as a TV screen or computer monitor. The word video in video game referred to a raster display device. Some theorists categorize video games as an art form, but this designation is controversial, the electronic systems used to play video games are known as platforms, examples of these are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms range from large mainframe computers to small handheld computing devices, the input device used for games, the game controller, varies across platforms. Common controllers include gamepads, joysticks, mouse devices, keyboards, the touchscreens of mobile devices, and buttons, or even, with the Kinect sensor, a persons hands and body. Players typically view the game on a screen or television or computer monitor, or sometimes on virtual reality head-mounted display goggles. There are often game sound effects, music and, in the 2010s, some games in the 2000s include haptic, vibration-creating effects, force feedback peripherals and virtual reality headsets. In the 2010s, the game industry is of increasing commercial importance, with growth driven particularly by the emerging Asian markets and mobile games. As of 2015, video games generated sales of USD74 billion annually worldwide, early games used interactive electronic devices with various display formats. The earliest example is from 1947—a Cathode ray tube Amusement Device was filed for a patent on 25 January 1947, by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann, and issued on 14 December 1948, as U. S. Written by MIT students Martin Graetz, Steve Russell, and Wayne Wiitanens on a DEC PDP-1 computer in 1961, and the hit ping pong-style Pong, used the DEC PDP-1s vector display to have two spaceships battle each other. In 1971, Computer Space, created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was the first commercially sold and it used a black-and-white television for its display, and the computer system was made of 74 series TTL chips. The game was featured in the 1973 science fiction film Soylent Green, Computer Space was followed in 1972 by the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home console. Modeled after a late 1960s prototype console developed by Ralph H. Baer called the Brown Box and these were followed by two versions of Ataris Pong, an arcade version in 1972 and a home version in 1975 that dramatically increased video game popularity. The commercial success of Pong led numerous other companies to develop Pong clones and their own systems, the game inspired arcade machines to become prevalent in mainstream locations such as shopping malls, traditional storefronts, restaurants, and convenience stores. The game also became the subject of articles and stories on television and in newspapers and magazines. Space Invaders was soon licensed for the Atari VCS, becoming the first killer app, the term platform refers to the specific combination of electronic components or computer hardware which, in conjunction with software, allows a video game to operate. The term system is commonly used
Video game
–
Two girls playing a driving-themed video arcade game in 2007.
Video game
–
Tennis for Two, an early
analog computer game that used an
oscilloscope for a display
Video game
–
Nolan Bushnell at the
Game Developers Conference in 2011
2.
Arcade game
–
An arcade game or coin-op is a coin-operated entertainment machine typically installed in public businesses such as restaurants, bars and amusement arcades. Most arcade games are games, pinball machines, electro-mechanical games. While exact dates are debated, the age of arcade video games is usually defined as a period beginning sometime in the late 1970s. The old Midways of 1920s-era amusement parks provided the inspiration and atmosphere for later arcade games, in the 1930s the first coin-operated pinball machines emerged. These early amusement machines differed from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood and they lacked plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring-readouts. By around 1977 most pinball machines in production switched to using solid-state electronics both for operation and for scoring, another Sega 1969 release, Missile, a shooter and vehicle-combat simulation, featured electronic sound and a moving film strip to represent the targets on a projection screen. In 1970 Midway released the game in North America as S. A. M. I, in the course of the 1970s, following the release of Pong in 1972, electronic video-games gradually replaced electro-mechanical arcade games. In 1972, Sega released a game called Killer Shark. In 1974, Nintendo released Wild Gunman, a shooter that used full-motion video-projection from 16 mm film to display live-action cowboy opponents on the screen. The 1978 video game Space Invaders, however, dealt a yet more powerful blow to the popularity of electro-mechanical games, in 1971 students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar video game. This ranks as the earliest known instance of a video game. Later in the year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured game, Computer Space. In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the first successful electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledgling coin-operated video game market, taitos Space Invaders, in 1978, proved to be the first blockbuster arcade video game. Its success marked the beginning of the age of arcade video games. Space Invaders, Galaxian, Pac-Man, Battlezone, Defender, by 1981, the arcade video game industry was worth $8 billion. By the late 1980s, the video game craze was beginning to fade due to advances in home video game console technology. By 1991, US arcade video game revenues had fallen to $2.1 billion, the pseudo-3D sprite/tile scaling was handled in a similar manner to textures in later texture-mapped polygonal 3D games of the 1990s
Arcade game
–
Recent 20th anniversary arcade machine, combining two classic video games.
Arcade game
–
Inside of a
Neo Geo
3.
Video game console
–
A video game console is an electronic, digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play. The term video game console is used to distinguish a console machine primarily designed for consumers to use for playing video games. An arcade machine consists of a video game computer, display, game controller, a home computer is a personal computer designed for home use for a variety of purposes, such as bookkeeping, accessing the Internet and playing video games. There are various types of game consoles, including home video game consoles, handheld game consoles, microconsoles. Although Ralph Baer had built working game consoles by 1966, it was nearly a decade before the Pong game made them commonplace in regular peoples living rooms. Through evolution over the 1990s and 2000s, game consoles have expanded to additional functions such as CD players, DVD players, Blu-ray disc players, web browsers, set-top boxes. The first video appeared in the 1960s. They were played on massive computers connected to vector displays, not analog televisions, Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951. In the late 1960s, while working for Sanders Associates, Baer created a series of game console designs. In 1972, Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home game console which could be connected to a TV set. Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game, by autumn 1975, Magnavox, bowing to the popularity of Pong, cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled-down version that played only Pong and hockey, the Odyssey 100. A second, higher end console, the Odyssey 200, was released with the 100 and added on-screen scoring, up to four players, almost simultaneously released with Ataris own home Pong console through Sears, these consoles jump-started the consumer market. All three of the new consoles used simpler designs than the original Odyssey did with no board game pieces or extra cartridges, in the years that followed, the market saw many companies rushing similar consoles to market. Most of the consoles from this era were dedicated consoles playing only the games came with the console. These video game consoles were often just called video games, because there was reason to distinguish the two yet. While a few companies like Atari, Magnavox, and newcomer Coleco pushed the envelope, Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System in 1976. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions, RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles, the RCA Studio II and the Atari 2600, respectively. The first handheld console with interchangeable cartridges was the Microvision designed by Smith Engineering
Video game console
–
The
Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console, released in 1972.
Video game console
–
The
Atari 2600 became the most popular game console of the second generation.
Video game console
–
The
NES made home console video games popular again in America after the 1983 crash.
4.
Home video game console
–
A home video game console or simply home console is a video game device that is primarily used for home gamers, as opposed to in arcades or some other commercial establishment. Below is a timeline of each generation with the top three home video consoles of each based on worldwide sales. For a complete list of video consoles released in each generation please see the respective article of each generation. Legend – Unit with the highest sales of its generation, – Unit with the second highest sales of its generation. – Unit with the third highest sales of its generation, – Manufacturer released a home video console during this generation but did not sell the most units. – – Manufacturer didnt release a video game console during this generation. † – Indicates the current generation consoles on the market, although the first video games appeared in the 1950s, they were played on massive computers connected to vector displays, not analog televisions. Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a video game in 1951. In the late 1960s while working for Sanders Associates he created a series of game console designs. In 1972 Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home game console which could be connected to a TV set. Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game, by autumn 1975, Magnavox, bowing to the popularity of Pong, cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled-down version that played only Pong and hockey, the Odyssey 100. A second, higher end console, the Odyssey 200, was released with the 100 and added on-screen scoring, up to four players, almost simultaneously released with Ataris own home Pong console through Sears, these consoles jump-started the consumer market. All three of the new consoles used simpler designs than the original Odyssey with no board game pieces or extra cartridges, in the years that followed, the market saw many companies rushing similar consoles to market. Most of the consoles from this era were dedicated consoles playing the games that came with the console. These video game consoles were often just called video games, because there was reason to distinguish the two yet. While a few companies like Atari, Magnavox, and newcomer Coleco pushed the envelope, Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System in 1976. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions, RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles, the RCA Studio II and the Atari 2600, respectively. Both Bally and Magnavox also brought their own programmable cartridge-based consoles to the market, however, it was not until Atari released a conversion of the golden age arcade hit Space Invaders in 1980 for the Atari 2600 that the home console industry took off
Home video game console
–
The
Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console, released in 1972.
Home video game console
–
The
Atari 2600 became the most popular game console of the second generation.
Home video game console
–
The
NES made video games popular again after the 1983 crash.
5.
Audio game
–
An audio game is an electronic game played on a device such as a personal computer. It is similar to a game save that there is audible and tactile feedback. Audio games originally started out as blind accessible-games and were developed mostly by amateurs, but more and more people are showing interest in audio games, ranging from sound artists, game accessibility researchers, mobile game developers and mainstream video gamers. Most audio games run on a computer platform, although there are a few audio games for handhelds. Audio games feature the same variety of genres as video games, such as games, racing games. The term electronic game is understood as a synonym for the narrower concept of the video game. This is understandable as both games and video games have developed in parallel and the game market has always had a strong bias toward the visual. The first electronic game, in fact, is cited to be Cathode-Ray Tube Amusement Device a decidedly visual game. Atari released the first audio game, Touch Me, in 1974, housed in an arcade cabinet, Touch Me featured a series of lights which would flash with an accompanying tone. Although the game featured both a visual and a component, the disconnect between the two enabled both the seeing and the visually impaired to equally enjoy the game. Based on the popularity of Touch Me, in 1978 Milton Bradley Company released an audio game entitled Simon at Studio 54 in New York City. Simon became an immediate success eventually becoming a pop culture symbol of the 1980s, in the decades following the release of Simon, numerous clones and variations were produced including Merlin among others. Beginning in 1996, Milton Bradley and a number of other producers released the handheld Bop It which featured a concept of a growing series of commands designed to test eidetic memory. Two years later, its product called Brain Shift was released which featured a stick shift for game input. Before graphical operating systems like Windows, most home computers used text-based operating systems such as DOS, being text-based meant that they were relatively accessible to visually impaired users, requiring only the additional use of text-to-speech software. Accessibility for the visually impaired began to change, some prior to the advent of graphical operating systems as computers became powerful enough to support more video-centric games. This created a gap between games for the seeing and games for the blind — a gap that has by now grown substantially. Due to a strong bias in favor of the seeing
Audio game
–
The 1978 handheld version of
Atari 's
Touch Me - one of the earliest audio games.
Audio game
–
WARP 's
Real Sound: Kaze no Regret (1997)
6.
Handheld electronic game
–
Handheld electronic game are very small, portable devices for playing interactive electronic games, often miniaturized versions of video games. The controls, display and speakers are all part of a single unit, rather than a general-purpose screen made up of a grid of small pixels, they usually have custom displays designed to play one game. This simplicity means they can be made as small as a digital watch, handhelds were at their most popular from the late 1970s into the early 1990s. They are the precursors to the game console. Early handheld games used simple mechanisms to interact with players, often limited to illuminated buttons, in 1978 the Milton Bradley Company entered the handheld market with Simon, a simple color-and-sound-matching game. The same year, Parker Brothers also released Merlin, a more sophisticated handheld which could play six different games using an array of 11 buttons with integrated LEDs, despite their relative simplicity, each of these early games was highly successful. The initial success of Mattel and Parker Brothers entries spawned a wave of similar devices which were released through the early 1980s. Notable among these were a series of popular 2-player head-to-head games from Coleco, other games were miniaturized versions of popular arcade video games. In 1979, Gunpei Yokoi, traveling on a bullet train, Yokoi then thought of an idea for a watch that doubled as a miniature game machine for killing time. Starting in 1980, Nintendo began to release a series of games designed by Yokoi called the Game & Watch games. For later, more complicated Game & Watch games, Yokoi invented a cross shaped directional pad or D-pad for control of on-screen characters, during the 1980s, LCDs became inexpensive and largely replaced LED displays in handheld games. The use of images in LCD and VFD games allows them to have greater detail and avoid the blocky, pixellated look of console screens. All graphics are fixed in place, so every possible location and state of objects has to be preset. Illusion of movement is created by sequentially flashing objects between their possible states, backgrounds for these games are static drawings, layered behind the moving graphics which are transparent when not in use. Partly due to limitations, the gameplay of early LCD games was often even more crude than for their LED antecedents. New games are still being made, but most are based on relatively simple card and board games, in 1982, the Bandai LCD Solarpower series were the first solar-powered gaming devices. Some of its games, such as the horror-themed game Terror House, other handheld games were built as flipcases and had two or even three LCDs with different foreground and background scenes, offering some variety in the gameplay. Despite the increasing sophistication of handheld consoles such as the Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita, adult fads such as blackjack, poker, and Sudoku also spawn dozens of original and knockoff handheld games
Handheld electronic game
–
Coleco "Electronic Quarterback" (1978)
7.
Handheld game console
–
A handheld game console is a small, portable self-contained video game console with a built-in screen, game controls, and speakers. Handheld game consoles are smaller than home video consoles and contain the console, screen, speakers. In 1976, Mattel introduced the first handheld game with the release of Auto Race. Later, several companies—including Coleco and Milton Bradley—made their own single-game, the oldest true handheld game console with interchangeable cartridges is the Milton Bradley Microvision in 1979. Nintendo is credited with popularizing the handheld console concept with the release of the Game Boy in 1989, the origins of handheld game consoles are found in handheld and tabletop electronic game devices of the 1970s and early 1980s. These electronic devices are capable of playing only a game, they fit in the palm of the hand or on a tabletop. In 1978, handheld games were described by Popular Electronics magazine as nonvideo electronic games. This synthesis happened in 1976, when Mattel began work on a line of calculator-sized sports games that became the worlds first handheld electronic games. The project began when Michael Katz, Mattels new product category marketing director, told the engineers in the group to design a game the size of a calculator. Our big success was something that I conceptualized—the first handheld game, I asked the design group to see if they could come up with a game that was electronic that was the same size as a calculator. —Michael Katz, former marketing director, Mattel Toys, the result was the 1976 release of Auto Race. Followed by Football later in 1977, the two games were so successful that according to Katz, these simple electronic handheld games turned into a $400 million category, Mattel would later win the honor of being recognized by the industry for innovation in handheld game device displays. Soon, other manufacturers including Coleco, Parker Brothers, Milton Bradley, Entex, in 1979 the LCD-based Microvision, designed by Smith Engineering and distributed by Milton-Bradley, became the first handheld game console and the first to use interchangeable game cartridges. In 1979, Gunpei Yokoi, traveling on a bullet train, Yokoi then thought of an idea for a watch that doubled as a miniature game machine for killing time. Starting in 1980, Nintendo began to release a series of games designed by Yokoi called the Game & Watch games. For later, more complicated Game & Watch games, Yokoi invented a cross shaped directional pad or D-pad for control of on-screen characters, the result was the Nintendo Game Boy. In 1982, the Bandai LCD Solarpower was the first solar-powered gaming device, some of its games, such as the horror-themed game Terror House, features two LCD panels, one stacked on the other, for an early 3D effect. In 1983, Takara Tomys Tomytronic 3D simulates 3D by having two LED panels that were lit by light through a window on top of the device
Handheld game console
–
The 1989
Nintendo Game Boy, which established and dominated the handheld market for ten years.
Handheld game console
–
The original Game Boy
Handheld game console
–
Atari Lynx
Handheld game console
–
TurboExpress handheld
8.
Mobile game
–
A mobile game is a video game played on a feature phone, smartphone, smartwatch, PDA, tablet computer, portable media player or calculator. The earliest known game on a phone was a Tetris variant on the Hagenuk MT-2000 device from 1994. In 1997, Nokia launched the very successful Snake, Snake, that was preinstalled in most mobile devices manufactured by Nokia, has since become one of the most played video games and is found on more than 350 million devices worldwide. A variant of the Snake game for the Nokia 6110, using the port, was also the first two-player game for mobile phones. However, mobile games distributed by mobile operators and third party portals remained a form of gaming until Apples iOS App Store was launched in 2008. As a result of explosion, technological advancement by handset manufacturers became rapid. Preloaded games on mobile phones were usually limited to crude monochrome dot matrix graphics. Commands would be input via the devices keypad buttons, with the advent of feature phones more hardware power became available even in bottom-of-the-range devices. Colour screens, multi-channel sound and most importantly the ability to download, some early companies utilized the camera phone technology for mobile games such as Namco and Panasonic. That same year Panasonic released a virtual pet game in which the pet is fed by photos of foods taken with the camera phone, in the early 2000s, mobile games gained popularity in Japans mobile phone culture, years before the United States or Europe. Older arcade-style games became popular on mobile phones, which were an ideal platform for arcade-style games designed for shorter play sessions. In the present day, Japan is the worlds largest market by revenue for mobile games, the Japanese gaming market today is becoming increasingly dominated by mobile games, which generated $5.1 billion in 2013, more than traditional console games in the country. The N-Gage brand was retained for a few years as a service included on Nokias general-purpose phones. In Europe, downloadable games were introduced by the “Les Games” portal from Orange France, run by In-fusio. Whereas before mobile games were commissioned directly by handset manufacturers. The launch of Apples App Store in 2008 radically changed the market, the Apple users, however, can only use the Apple App Store, since Apple forbids the distribution of apps via any other distribution channel. Thirdly, the integration of the App Store with the device itself led many consumers to try out apps. Consequently, the number of highly successful mobile games proliferated soon after the launch of the App Store
Mobile game
–
Clone of
Tetris being played on a
TI-83 Plus
Mobile game
–
A fan-made game similar to the game
Portal.
9.
Linux gaming
–
Linux gaming started largely as an extension of the already present Unix gaming scene, with both systems sharing many similar titles. These games were mostly original or clones of arcade games. A notable example of this was the so-called BSD Games, a collection of fiction titles. The free software and open source methodologies which spawned the development of the system in general also spawned the creation of various early free games. Popular early titles included NetHack, Netrek, XBill, XEvil, xbattle, Xconq, as the operating system itself grew and expanded, the amount of free and open source games also increased in scale and complexity. Their game Quake was ported to Linux in 1996, once again by Dave D. Taylor working in his free time, later id products continued to be ported by David Kirsch and Timothee Besset, a practice that continued until the studios acquisition by Zenimax Media in 2009. In 1995 DUX Software contracted Don Hopkins to port SimCity to Linux, other early commercial Linux games included Hopkins FBI, an adventure game released in 1998 by MP Entertainment, and Inner Worlds in 1996, which was released for and mostly developed on Linux. In 1998, two programmers from Origin ported Ultima Online to Linux, a website called The Linux Game Tome began to catalog games created for or ported to Linux in 1995. Loki, although a failure, is credited with the birth of the modern Linux game industry. Loki developed several software tools, such as the Loki installer. These are still credited as being the cornerstones of Linux game development. They were also responsible for bringing nineteen high-profile games to the platform before its closure in 2002, during this time Michael Simms founded Tux Games, one of the first online Linux game retailers. In 2001 -2003, we can observe that several well-known indie game companies e. g, after Lokis closure, the Linux game market experienced some changes. Influential to this was Ryan C, Gordon, a former Loki employee who would over the next decade port several game titles to multiple platforms, including Linux. Around this time many companies, starting with id Software, also began to release legacy source code leading to a proliferation of source ports of games to Linux. This also helped expand the existing free and open source gaming scene. In 2009, the indie game company Entourev LLC published Voltley to Linux which is the first commercial exclusive game for this operating system. In the same year, LGP released Shadowgrounds which was the first commercial game for Linux using the Nvidia PhysX middleware, in November 2012, Unity Technologies ported their Unity engine and game creation system to Linux starting with version 4
Linux gaming
–
Valve co-founder
Gabe Newell has stated that "Linux and open source are the future of gaming".
Linux gaming
–
Project Diaspora, a popular clone of the
MMORPG classic Diaspora
Linux gaming
–
WorldForge is a free software MMORPG that runs on Linux
10.
Fighting game
–
A fighting game is a video game genre in which the player controls an on-screen character and engages in close combat with an opponent, which can be either an AI or controlled by another player. The fight matches typically consist of several rounds and take place in an arena, while each character has widely differing abilities, players must master techniques such as blocking, counter-attacking, and chaining attacks together into combos. Since the early 1990s, most fighting games allow the player to special attacks by performing specific input combinations. The fighting game genre is related to but distinct from beat em ups, the first video game to feature fist fighting was arcade game Heavyweight Champ in 1976, but it was Karate Champ which popularized one-on-one martial arts games in arcades in 1984. In 1985, Yie Ar Kung-Fu featured antagonists with differing fighting styles, in 1987, Street Fighter introduced hidden special attacks. In 1991, Capcoms highly successful Street Fighter II refined and popularized many of the conventions of the genre, the fighting game subsequently became the preeminent genre for competitive video gaming in the early to mid-1990s, particularly in arcades. Fighting games are a type of game where two on-screen characters fight each other. These games typically feature special moves that are triggered using rapid sequences of carefully timed button presses, games traditionally show fighters from a side-view, even as the genre has progressed from two-dimensional to three-dimensional graphics. Fighting games typically involve hand-to-hand combat, but may also feature melee weapons and this genre is distinct from beat em ups, another action genre involving combat, where the player character must fight many weaker enemies at the same time. During the 1980s publications used the fighting game and beat em up interchangeably. With hindsight, critics have argued that the two types of game gradually became dichotomous as they evolved, though the two terms may still be conflated, Fighting games are sometimes grouped with games that feature boxing, UFC, or wrestling. As such, boxing games, mixed martial arts games, and wrestling games are described as distinct genres, without comparison to fighting games. Fighting games involve combat between pairs of fighters using highly exaggerated martial arts moves and they typically revolve around primarily brawling or combat sport, though some variations feature weaponry. Games usually display on-screen fighters from a view, and even 3D fighting games play largely within a 2D plane of motion. Games usually confine characters to moving left and right and jumping, although some such as Fatal Fury. Recent games tend to be rendered in three dimensions and allow side-stepping, but otherwise play like those rendered in two dimensions, aside from moving around a restricted space, fighting games limit the players actions to different offensive and defensive maneuvers. Players must learn which attacks and defenses are effective against each other, often by trial, blocking is a basic technique that allows a player to defend against attacks. Some games feature more advanced blocking techniques, for example, Capcoms Street Fighter III features a move termed parrying which causes the attacker to become momentarily incapacitated, in addition to blows such as punches and kicks, players can utilize throwing or grappling to circumvent blocks
Fighting game
–
Visitors playing the crossover game
Street Fighter X Tekken at the
E3 2011
Fighting game
–
Although
Street Fighter II was not the first fighting game, it popularized and established the
gameplay conventions of the genre
11.
Platform game
–
A Platform game is a video game which involves guiding an avatar to jump between suspended platforms and/or over obstacles to advance the game. The player controls the jumps to avoid letting the avatar fall from platforms or miss necessary jumps, the most common unifying element of games of this genre is the jump button, but now there are other alternative like swiping in touchscreen. Jumping, in genre, may include swinging from extendable arms, as in Ristar or Bionic Commando, or bouncing from springboards or trampolines. These mechanics, even in the context of genres, are commonly called platforming. Games where jumping is automated completely, such as 3D games in The Legend of Zelda series, Platform games originated in the early 1980s, with 3D successors popularized in the mid-1990s. The term itself describes games where jumping on platforms is an part of the gameplay and came into use after the genre had been established. While commonly associated with gaming, there have been many important platform games released to video arcades, as well as for handheld game consoles. North America, Europe and Japan have played major parts in the genres evolution, Platform themes range from cartoon-like games to science fiction and fantasy epics. At one point, platform games were the most popular genre of video game, at the peak of their popularity, it is estimated that between one-quarter and one-third of console games were platformers. No genre either before or since has been able to achieve a market share. Since 2010, a variety of endless running platformers for mobile devices have brought renewed popularity to the genre, Platform games originated in the early 1980s. Because of the limitations of the day, early examples were confined to a static playing field. Space Panic, a 1980 arcade release by Universal, is credited as being the first platform game. While the player had the ability to fall, there was no ability to jump, swing, or bounce, however, it clearly influenced the genre, with gameplay centered on climbing ladders between different floors, a common element in many early platform games. Another precursor to the genre released that year was Nichibutsus Crazy Climber. Donkey Kong, a game created by Nintendo and released in July 1981, was the first game that allowed players to jump over obstacles and across gaps. Donkey Kong had an amount of platforming in its first two screens, but its last two screens had a more pronounced platform jumping component. This game also introduced Mario, an icon of the genre
Platform game
–
Jumping Flash, the first 3D platformer on a console, had free-roaming environments in 1995.
Platform game
Platform game
–
Trine mixed traditional platform elements with more modern physics puzzles.
12.
Shooter game
–
Shooter games are a subgenre of action game, which often test the players speed and reaction time. It includes many subgenres that have the commonality of focusing on the actions of the avatar using some sort of weapon, usually this weapon is a gun, or some other long-range weapon. A common resource found in many games is ammunition. Most commonly, the purpose of a game is to shoot opponents. There are many criteria to determine the type of shooter, listed below are some of the major divisions, using the following, it is possible to categorize almost all shooters developed. It is also possible for a game to have a camera, especially shooting gallery games. Tactical shooters are games that attempt to emulate lifelike ballistics and character damage, other shooter games range further away from realism and towards fantasy, like the Sci-Fi action shooting series titled Lost Planet. Games which feature non-player characters fighting alongside the player, but which are not directly controllable are not considered squad-based games, if a shooter game is playable online, there are several other sharp divisions it can take. Many games will offer differing modes which allow players to choose from various types. In team modes, players are assigned to one of two factions which are competing for some goal, co-op modes have several players on the same faction playing through either single-player or custom missions against computer-controlled enemies. Individual has all players competing with each other and this is often an optional way to categorize a shooter, but in some cases its needed to help distinguish it. A game may quite often heavily rely on stealth as opposed to direct action, others might have large horror elements to them. However, the one thing in common with all shooters is that combat with a gun or similar long range/projectile weapon is the focus of gameplay itself. Shoot em ups are a subgenre of shooters wherein the player may move up and down and left and right around the screen. Shoot em ups share common gameplay, but are categorized by viewpoint. This genre also includes run and gun games which emphasize greater maneuvering or even jumping, such as Thexder, Contra and Metal Slug. Shooting gallery games include light gun games, although many can also be played using a regular joypad, when these debuted, they were typically played from a first-person perspective, with enemy fire that occurred anywhere on the screen damaging or killing the player. One of the earliest examples is the 1985 arcade game Shootout produced by Data East, other games in this subgenre include Blood Bros
Shooter game
–
An example of a typical top-down view shooting game, The Heist 2
13.
Action-adventure game
–
The action-adventure video game genre includes video games that combine core elements from the action and adventure genres. With the decline of the game genre from mainstream popularity. It is not uncommon for gamers to apply the term adventure or action adventure to describe the genre of fiction to which a game belongs, typically, pure adventure games have situational problems for the player to solve, with very little or no action. If there is action, it is confined to isolated minigames. Pure action games have gameplay based on real-time interactions that challenge the reflexes, therefore, action-adventure games engage both reflexes and problem-solving, in both violent and non-violent situations. An action-adventure game can be defined as a game with a mix of elements from an action game and an adventure game, especially crucial elements like puzzles. Action-adventures require many of the physical skills as action games, but also offer a storyline, numerous characters, an inventory system, dialogue. They are faster-paced than pure adventure games, because they include both physical and conceptual challenges, action-adventure games normally include a combination of complex story elements, which are displayed for players using audio and video. The story is heavily reliant upon the characters movement, which triggers story events. Some examples of games include The Legend of Zelda, God of War. Exactly when a game stops being a game and becomes an action game is a matter of interpretation. There are quite a few disagreements in the community and in the media over what constitutes an action-adventure game. In some cases a game with puzzles will be classified as an action-adventure game. Others see action games as a genre, while an action-adventure is an action game that includes situational problem-solving. Adventure gamers may also be purists, rejecting any game that makes use of physical challenges or time pressure, regardless, the action-adventure label is prominent in articles over the internet and media. The term action-adventure is usually substituted for a particular subgenre due to its wide scope, although action-adventure games are diverse and difficult to classify, there are some distinct subgenres. These are sometimes called Real-Time Adventure games or RTAs for short, notable examples of this include Metroid Prime, Half-Life 2, Dishonored, and Far Cry 3. Third-person action-adventure, in gameplay is in the third-person
Action-adventure game
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The Legend of Zelda (1986), a seminal title that established the action-adventure game genre.
14.
Stealth game
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A stealth game is a type of video game that tasks the player with using stealth to avoid or overcome antagonists. Games in the genre typically allow the player to remain undetected by hiding, using disguises or avoiding noise, some games allow the player to choose between a stealthy approach or directly attacking antagonists, perhaps rewarding the player for greater levels of stealth. The genre has employed espionage, counter-terrorism and rogue themes, with protagonists who have identified as special forces operatives, spies, thieves, ninjas. Some games have also combined stealth elements with other genres, such as first-person shooters, some of the early games emphasizing stealth include Manbiki Shounen, Lupin III,005, Castle Wolfenstein, Infiltrator, Metal Gear, and Metal Gear 2, Solid Snake. The genre became popular in 1998, with the success of Metal Gear Solid as well as Tenchu, Stealth Assassins and Thief. These games were followed by other series, such as Hitman. Later games in the genre have allowed the player to choose between, or combine, stealth tactics and direct confrontation, unlike most action games, stealth games challenge the player to avoid alerting enemies altogether. The core gameplay elements of the stealth game are to avoid combat, minimize noise. Completing objectives without being detected by any enemy, sometimes referred to as ghosting is an approach to stealth games. Avoiding detection may be the way to successfully complete a game. Players can hide behind objects or in shadows, and can strike or run past an enemy when the enemy is facing the other way, if the player attracts the attention of enemies, they usually must hide and wait until the enemies abandon their search. Thus, planning becomes important, as does trial-and-error, however, some stealth games put more emphasis on physical combat skill when the player is spotted. Some games offer a choice between killing or merely knocking out an enemy, when ghosting is optional, or even not well-supported by a game, players may still attempt to avoid combat for moral reasons or as a demonstration of skill. When hiding in the dark is an element, light. Usually the player is able to disable certain light sources, players who move recklessly will make more noise and attract more attention. In order for a game to include stealth gameplay, the knowledge of the artificial intelligence must be restricted to make it ignorant to parts of the game world. Enemies typically have a line of sight which the player can avoid by hiding behind objects, enemies can also typically detect when the player touches them or moves within a small, fixed distance. Overall, stealth games vary in what player actions the AI will perceive and react to, often, the AIs movements are predictable and regular, allowing the player to devise a strategy to overcome his adversaries
Stealth game
–
Thief: The Dark Project (1998) was the first stealth game to use a first-person view
Stealth game
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The ability to crawl under tight spaces to hide from enemies was introduced in
Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake (1990)
Stealth game
–
Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater (2004) emphasised stealth in a natural environment, and introduced a
camouflage system to the genre
15.
Survival horror
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Survival horror is a subgenre of video games inspired by horror fiction that focuses on survival of the character as the game tries to frighten players with either horror graphics or scary ambience. The player is challenged to find items that unlock the path to new areas. Games make use of horror themes, like dark maze-like environments. The term survival horror was first used for the original Japanese release of Resident Evil in 1996, the name has been used since then for games with similar gameplay, and has been retroactively applied to earlier titles. Starting with the release of Resident Evil 4 in 2005, the genre began to more features from action games. Still, the horror genre has persisted in one form or another. Survival horror refers to a subgenre of video games. The player character is vulnerable and under-armed, which emphasis on puzzle-solving and evasion. Games commonly challenge the player to manage their inventory and ration scarce resources such as ammunition, another major theme throughout the genre is that of isolation. Typically, these games contain relatively few non-player characters and, as a result, frequently tell much of their story second-hand through the usage of journals, texts, or audio logs. While many action games feature lone protagonists versus swarms of enemies in a suspenseful environment and they tend to de-emphasize combat in favor of challenges such as hiding or running from enemies and solving puzzles. Still, it is not unusual for survival horror games to draw elements from first-person shooters, action-adventure games. Survival horror is different from typical game genres in that it is not defined strictly by specific mechanics, but subject matter, tone, pacing, Survival horror games are a subgenre of horror games, where the player is unable to fully prepare or arm their avatar. Thus, players are more vulnerable than in games. This gameplay shifts away from combat, and players must learn to evade enemies or turn the environment against them. Games try to enhance the experience of vulnerability by making the single player rather than multiplayer. The survival horror genre is known for other non-combat challenges, such as solving puzzles at certain locations in the game world. Areas of the world will be off limits until the player gains certain items
Survival horror
–
Resident Evil (1996) named and defined the survival horror genre.
Survival horror
–
Alone in the Dark (1992) is considered a forefather of the survival horror genre, and is sometimes called a survival horror game in retrospect.
Survival horror
–
The
Silent Hill series, pictured above, introduced a
psychological horror style to the genre. The most renowned was
Silent Hill 2 (2001), for its strong narrative.
Survival horror
–
In recent years, developers have combined traditional survival horror gameplay with other concepts.
Left 4 Dead (2008) fused survival horror with cooperative multiplayer and
action.
16.
Adventure game
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An adventure game is a video game in which the player assumes the role of protagonist in an interactive story driven by exploration and puzzle-solving. The genres focus on story allows it to draw heavily from other narrative-based media, literature and film, many adventure games are designed for a single player, since this emphasis on story and character makes multi-player design difficult. Initial adventure games developed in the 1970s and early 1980s were text-based, within the Asian markets, adventure games continue to be popular in the form of visual novels, which make up nearly 70% of PC games released in Japan. The Asian markets have found markets for adventure games for portable and mobile gaming devices. The video game genre is defined by its gameplay, unlike the literary genre, which is defined by the subject it addresses. Essential elements of the genre include storytelling, exploration, and puzzle solving, Adventure games have been described as puzzles embedded in a narrative framework, where games involve narrative content that a player unlocks piece by piece over time. While the puzzles that players encounter through the story can be arbitrary, combat and action challenges are limited or absent in adventure games, thus distinguishing them from action games. In the book Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on Game Design, only that combat is not the primary activity. Some adventure games include a minigame from another video game genre. Hybrid action-adventure games blend action and adventure games throughout the experience, incorporating more physical challenges than pure adventure games. This definition is hard to apply, however, with debate among designers about which games are action games. Adventure games are distinct from role-playing video games that involve action, team-building. Adventure games lack the numeric rules or relationships seen in role-playing games and these games lack any skill system, combat, or an opponent to be defeated through strategy and tactics. However, some hybrid games exist here, where role-playing games with strong narrative, finally, adventure games are classified separately from puzzle video games. Although an adventure game may involve puzzle-solving, they involve a player-controlled avatar in an interactive story. Adventure games contain a variety of puzzles, decoding messages, finding and using items, opening locked doors, solving a puzzle will unlock access to new areas in the game world, and reveal more of the game story. Logic puzzles, where mechanical devices are designed with interfaces to test a players deductive reasoning skills, are common. Others have been criticized for requiring players to guess, either by clicking on the right pixel
Adventure game
–
A computer terminal running
Zork (1977), one of the first commercially-successful text adventure games.
Adventure game
Adventure game
–
The Whispered World (2009) is an example of a context-based point-and-click adventure game using high-definition graphics and animation.
Adventure game
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The Stanley Parable (2014) is a first-person exploration game set in an office building.
17.
Interactive fiction
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Interactive fiction, often abbreviated IF, is software simulating environments in which players use text commands to control characters and influence the environment. Works in this form can be understood as literary narratives, either in the form of Interactive narratives or Interactive narrations and these works can also be understood as a form of video game, either in the form of an adventure game or role-playing game. Some users of the term distinguish between interactive fiction, known as Puzzle-free, that focuses on narrative, and text adventures that focus on puzzles. As a commercial product, interactive fiction reached its peak in popularity from 1979 to 1986, due to their text-only nature, they sidestepped the problem of writing for widely divergent graphics architectures. This feature meant that interactive fiction games were ported across all the popular platforms at the time. Today, a stream of new works are produced by an online interactive fiction community. The most famous example of form of printed fiction is the Choose Your Own Adventure book series. The term Interactive fiction is sometimes used wrongly as a synonym for interactive movies or visual novels which are forms of interactive narrative. Text adventures are one of the oldest types of computer games, the player uses text input to control the game, and the game state is relayed to the player via text output. Input is usually provided by the player in the form of sentences such as get key or go east. Parsers may vary in sophistication, the first text adventure parsers could only handle two-word sentences in the form of verb-noun pairs, later parsers, such as those built on Infocoms ZIL, could understand complete sentences. Later parsers could handle increasing levels of complexity parsing sentences such as open the red box with the key then go north. This level of complexity is the standard for works of interactive fiction today, despite their lack of graphics, text adventures include a physical dimension where players move between rooms. Many text adventure games boasted their total number of rooms to indicate how much gameplay they offered. These games are unique in that they may create a space, where going north from area A takes you to area B. This can create mazes that do not behave as players expect, Interactive fiction shares much in common with Multi-User Dungeons. Interactive fiction features two modes of writing, the player input and the game output. As described above, player input is expected to be in command form
Interactive fiction
–
Zork I is one of the first interactive fiction games, as well as being one of the first commercially sold. It is one of the most famous interactive fiction games. Here it is portrayed running on Gargoyle, a modern
interpreter.
18.
Interactive movie
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In modern times, the term also refers to games that have a larger emphasis on story/presentation than on gameplay. This genre came about with the invention of laserdiscs and laserdisc players, thus, interactive movies were animated or filmed with real actors like movies, and followed a main storyline. Alternative scenes were filmed to be triggered after wrong actions of the player, when in danger, the player was to decide which move or action, or combination to choose. If they chose the move, they would see a lose a life scene. There was only one possible successful storyline in Dragons Lair, the activity the user had was to choose or guess the move the designers intended them to make. Despite the lack of interactivity, Dragons Lair was very popular, much as a Choose Your Own Adventure book might say If you turn left, go to page 7. Because laserdisc players of the day were not robust enough to handle the constant wear placed on them by constant arcade use, the first example of interactive cinema was Kinoautomat, which was written and directed by Radúz Činčera. This movie was first screened at Expo 67 in Montreal and this film was produced before the invention of the laserdisc or similar technology, so a live moderator appeared on stage at certain points to ask the audience to choose between two scenes. The chosen scene would play following an audience vote, in the 1970s, Kasco released a hit electro-mechanical arcade game with live-action FMV, projecting car footage filmed by Toei. An early attempt to combine random access video with computer games was Rollercoaster, written in BASIC for the Apple II by David Lubar for David H. Ahl and this was a text adventure that could trigger a laserdisc player to play portions of the feature film Rollercoaster. Developed in 1982, it was unveiled at the 1982 AMOA show in Chicago, however, the game that popularized the genre in the United States was Dragons Lair, animated by Don Bluth and released by Cinematronics shortly after. Around the same time, the laserdisc games Begas Battle and Cliff Hanger were also released, several laserdisc games added their own innovations to the genre. Space Ace, another Don Bluth animated game released by Cinematronics the following year, because Dragons Lair and Space Ace were immensely popular, they spawned a deluge of sequels and similar laserdisc games, despite the astronomical cost of the animation. To cut costs, several companies simply hacked together scenes from anime that were obscure to American audiences of the day. One such early example was Sterns Cliff Hanger, a 1983 game released around the time which used footage from the Lupin III movies Castle of Cagliostro. Years later, this would become the standard approach to video game storytelling, Begas Battle also featured a branching storyline. In 1987, the game Night Trap, featuring video, was created for Hasbros Control-Vision video game system. When Hasbro discontinued production of Control-Vision, the footage was placed into archive until it was purchased in 1991 by the founders of Digital Pictures, Digital Pictures ported Night Trap to the Sega CD platform, releasing it in 1992
Interactive movie
19.
Visual novel
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A visual novel is an interactive game, featuring mostly static graphics, most often using anime-style art or occasionally live-action stills. As the name might suggest, they resemble mixed-media novels, Sound novels and kinetic novels are types of visual novels, although visual novels have its own distinction between the others. This distinction is normally lost outside Japan, where both NVLs and ADVs are commonly referred to as visual novels by international fans, visual novels and ADVs are especially prevalent in Japan, where they made up nearly 70% of the PC game titles released in 2006. Visual novels are often produced for video game consoles, and the popular games have occasionally been ported to such systems. The more famous novels are also often adapted into the light novel. The market for visual novels outside of East Asia is small, visual novels are distinguished from other game types by their generally minimal gameplay. Typically the majority of interaction is limited to clicking to keep the text, graphics and sound moving. This style of gameplay is similar to interactive fiction, or the shorter. Many fans of visual novels hold them up as exceptions to the relatively weak storytelling in video games overall, some visual novels do not limit themselves into merely interactive fictions, but also incorporate other elements into them. An example of this approach is Symphonic Rain, where the player is required to play an instrument of some sort. Usually such an element is related as a device in the game. Some shorter works do not contain any decision points at all, most examples of this sort are fan-created. Fan-created novel games are popular, there are a number of free game engines and construction kits aimed at making them easy to construct, most notably NScripter, KiriKiri. Many visual novels use voice actors to provide voices for the characters in the game, often, the protagonist is left unvoiced, even when the rest of the characters are fully voiced. Decision points within a novel often present players with the option of altering the course of events during the game. An acclaimed example is Zero Escape, Virtues Last Reward, where every action and dialogue choice can lead to entirely new branching paths. The branching path stories found in visual novels represent an evolution of the Choose Your Own Adventure concept, the digital medium allows for significant improvements, such as being able to fully explore multiple aspects and perspectives of a story. Another improvement is having hidden decision points that are determined based on the players past decisions
Visual novel
–
Visual novels are commonly characterized with dialog boxes and
sprites denoting the speaker. This is a recreation of the usual screen layout of a visual novel, generated by the
Ren'Py game engine.
20.
Role-playing video game
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A role-playing video game is a video game genre where the player controls the actions of a character immersed in some well-defined world. Many role-playing video games have origins in tabletop role-playing games and use much of the terminology, settings. Other major similarities with pen-and-paper games include developed story-telling and narrative elements, player development, complexity, as well as replayability. The electronic medium removes the necessity for a gamemaster and increases combat resolution speed, RPGs have evolved from simple text-based console-window games into visually rich 3D experiences. Role-playing video games use much of the terminology, settings. Players control a game character, or multiple game characters, usually called a party. Players explore a world, while solving puzzles and engaging in tactical combat. A key feature of the genre is that characters grow in power and abilities, RPGs rarely challenge a players physical coordination or reaction time, with the exception of action role-playing games. Role-playing video games typically rely on a developed story and setting. Players control one or several characters by issuing commands, which are performed by the character at an effectiveness determined by that characters numeric attributes. Often these attributes increase each time a character gains a level, role-playing video games also typically attempt to offer more complex and dynamic character interaction than what is found in other video game genres. This usually involves additional focus on the intelligence and scripted behavior of computer-controlled non-player characters. The premise of most role-playing games tasks the player with saving the world, there are often twists and turns as the story progresses, such as the surprise appearance of estranged relatives, or enemies who become friends or vice versa. To a lesser extent, settings closer to the present day or near future are possible, the story often provides much of the entertainment in the game. Because these games have strong storylines, they can make effective use of recorded dialog. Players of these tend to appreciate long cutscenes more than players of faster action games. While most games advance the plot when the player defeats an enemy or completes a level, for example, a player may make the decision to join a guild, thus triggering a progression in the storyline that is usually irreversible. New elements in the story may also be triggered by mere arrival in an area, the plot is usually divided so that each game location is an opportunity to reveal a new chapter in the story
Role-playing video game
–
Typical tile-based, overhead gameplay of tactical RPGs. Some full-fledged CRPGs also featured a highly tactical form of combat reminiscent of RPGs' pen-and-paper origins. Pictured here is
The Battle for Wesnoth.
21.
Action role-playing game
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These games often use action game combat systems similar to hack and slash or shooter games. Action role-playing games may also include action-adventure games that include a system and RPG mechanics. Early dungeon-crawl video games used turn-based movement, meaning if the player did not move. In Bokosuka Wars, each soldier was able to gain experience, also in 1983, Nihon Falcom released Panorama Toh for the PC-88. It was developed by Yoshio Kiya, who would go on to create the Dragon Slayer and this brand combined the role-playing genre with arcade-style action and action-adventure elements. This trend of combining role-playing elements with arcade-style action mechanics was popularized by The Tower of Druaga and it was conceived as a fantasy Pac-Man with combat, puzzle-solving, and very subtle RPG elements. A rivalry developed between the three games, with Dragon Slayer and Hydlide continuing their rivalry through subsequent sequels. The Tower of Druaga, Dragon Slayer and Hydlide were influential in Japan, Dragon Slayer was created by Yoshio Kiya, who built on the action role-playing elements of his previous game Panorama Toh, as well as The Tower of Druaga. The original Dragon Slayer, originally released for the PC-8801 computer in September 1984, is considered to be the first true action-RPG. Dragon Slayers overhead action role-playing formula was used in later games. Another early action role-playing game was Courageous Perseus, released by Cosmos Computers for Japanese computers in the month as Dragon Slayer. It was technically advanced than both Dragon Slayer and Hydlide in some ways. It featured more advanced graphics, exploration on a desert island, raft transport for sea travel to smaller isles. However, it was not as well-received, with its implementation of grinding, as well as a health-draining mechanic. T&E Softs Hydlide, released in December 1984, was created by Tokihiro Naito, Hydlide was an early open-world game, rewarding exploration in an open-world environment. The game was popular in Japan, where it sold 2 million copies across all platforms. Another early action role-playing game was Namcos 1984 arcade release Dragon Buster and it also introduced side-scrolling platform elements and a world view map similar to Super Mario Bros. released the following year. Dragon Slayer II, Xanadu, released in 1985, was a fully-fledged action role-playing game including many character stats and it also incorporated a side-scrolling view during exploration and an overhead view during battle, though some rooms were also explored using an overhead view
Action role-playing game
–
Diablo (1996) laid the foundations for
point & click action RPGs.
Action role-playing game
–
Screenshot of the original
NEC PC-8801 version of
Hydlide (1984), an early action RPG
Action role-playing game
–
Star Cruiser (1988), an early role-playing shooter, combined
first-person shooter and role-playing game elements along with
3D polygon graphics.
22.
Tactical role-playing game
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A tactical role-playing game is a genre of video game which incorporates elements of traditional role-playing video games and emphasizes tactical rather than high-level strategic gameplay. In Japan these games are known as Simulation RPGs and this subgenre of role-playing video games principally refers to games which incorporate elements from strategy video games as an alternative to traditional role-playing game systems. Like standard RPGs, the controls a finite party and battles a similar number of enemies. And like other RPGs, death is usually temporary, but this genre incorporates strategic gameplay such as tactical movement on an isometric grid. Unlike other video game genres, tactical RPGs tend not to feature multiplayer play, a distinct difference between tactical RPGs and traditional RPGs is the lack of exploration. For instance, Final Fantasy Tactics does away with the typical third-person exploration to towns and dungeons that are typical in a Final Fantasy game, instead of exploration, there is an emphasis on battle strategy. Players are able to build and train characters to use in battle, utilizing different classes, including warriors and magic users, depending on the game. Battles will have specific winning conditions, such as defeating all enemies or surviving a certain number of turns, in between battles, players can access their characters to equip them, change classes, train them, depending on the game. Tactical RPGs are descendents of traditional games, such as chess, and table-top role-playing and war games, such as Chainmail. The format of a tactical RPG video game is also like a traditional RPG in its appearance, pacing, likewise, early table-top strategy wargames like Chainmail are descended from skirmish wargames, which were primarily concerned with combat. A year later, in 1983, Ultima III, Exodus used a combat system. The game revolves around a king who must recruit soldiers and lead his army against overwhelming forces, while each unit gains experience. It is also considered to be an early prototype real-time strategy game, according to Takahashi, Silver Ghost was a simulation action type of game where you had to direct, oversee and command multiple characters. Unlike later tactical RPGs, however, Silver Ghost was not turn-based and it also featured a point-and-click interface, to control the characters using a cursor. A similar game released by Kure Software Koubo that same year was First Queen, combining the basic concepts from games like Dragon Quest and simple turn-based strategy elements, Nintendo created a hit, which spawned many sequels and imitators. During the 16-bit generation, among the first imitators was Langrisser by NCS/Masaya and it was translated for North American release and retitled Warsong. The Langrisser series differed from Fire Emblem in that it used a general-soldier structure instead of controlling main characters, Langrisser, too, spawned many sequels, none of which were brought to North America. Langrisser set itself apart from other tactical RPGs in its time with larger-scale battles, since Der Langrisser in 1994, the series offered non-linear branching paths and multiple endings
Tactical role-playing game
–
Silent Storm presents the player with a large array of tactical options, including two sets of weapons, numerous stances, and several different firing modes. Terrain elevation is also completely fluid, with smooth ramps, sloping embankments and flights of stairs (not pictured).
Tactical role-playing game
23.
Simulation video game
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A simulation video game describes a diverse super-category of video games, generally designed to closely simulate real world activities. A simulation game attempts to copy various activities from real life in the form of a game for purposes such as training, analysis. Usually there are no strictly defined goals in the game, with players allowed to freely control a character. Well-known examples are war games, business games, and role play simulation, comparisons of the merits of simulation games versus other teaching techniques have been carried out by many researchers and a number of comprehensive reviews have been published. While many credit simulation games beginning with Will Wright and SimCity in 1989, certain games such as SimLife and SimEarth were subsequently created and are capable of teaching players the basics of genetics and global ecosystems. In a study where adolescents played SimCity 2000, the found that those participants who played the game had a greater appreciation and expectation of their government officials after playing. Construction and management simulation is a type of game in which players build. Strategy games sometimes incorporate CMS aspects into their economy, as players must manage resources while expanding their project. But pure CMS games differ from games in that the players goal is not to defeat an enemy. Games in this category are also called management games. Life simulation games is a subgenre of video games in which the player lives or controls one or more artificial lifeforms. A life simulation game can revolve around individuals and relationships, or it could be a simulation of an ecosystem, a sports game is a video game that simulates the playing of sports. Most sports have been recreated with a game, including sports, athletics. Some games emphasize playing the sport, whilst others emphasize strategy, some, such as Arch Rivals, satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been throughout the history of video games and is competitive. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, dating sims focuses on dating as the principal theme. In medical simulation games, players take the role of a surgeon and this includes the Trauma Center and LifeSigns series. In photography simulation games, players take photographs of animals or people and this includes games such as Pokémon Snap and Afrika
Simulation video game
–
A screenshot from
Lincity -NG, a city simulation game.
24.
Construction and management simulation
–
Construction and management simulation is a type of simulation game in which players build, expand or manage fictional communities or projects with limited resources. Strategy video games sometimes incorporate CMS aspects into their game economy, but pure CMS games differ from strategy games in that the players goal is not to defeat an enemy, but to build something within the context of an ongoing process. Games in this category are also called management games. SimCity represents an example of success in the genre. Other games in the range from city-building games like Caesar or Dwarf Fortress, pure business simulation games like Capitalism. CMSs are often called simulation games for short, although games can simulate many activities from vehicles to sports, players usually deduce the kind of simulation from the title of the game. Economics play a role in construction and management simulations, because they allow players to build things while operating within economic constraints. Some games may challenge the player to explore or recognize patterns and these games are based in a setting where an economy can be built and managed, usually some kind of community, institution, or empire. The players role seldom corresponds to a real activity, since the player is usually more involved in detailed decisions than a real manager or administrator. Players usually have two types of tools at their disposal, tools for building and tools for managing, construction mechanisms in CMSs tend to be one of two types, plan-and-build where the construction is completed gradually, or purchase and place where the construction appears immediately. Random disasters can create new construction challenges, and some games impose constraints on how things must be constructed. But usually the act of construction is simple, and the main challenge of a CMS is obtaining the resources required to complete construction. Players must manage resources within an economy, where resources are produced, consumed. Resources are drawn from a source, such as money from a bank, some CMSs allow players to convert resources from one type to another, such as fermenting sugar into rum. Common resources include money, people, and building materials, sometimes demolishing a structure will cost resources, but this is often done at no cost. CMSs are usually single player games, as competition would force players to eschew creativity in favor of efficiency, and they typically have a free-form construction mode where players can build up as they see fit, which appeals to a players sense of creativity and desire for control. As such, many CMSs have no victory condition, although players can lose by bankrupting themselves of resources. These games emphasize growth, and the player must successfully manage their economy in order to construct larger creations, unlike other genres, construction and management simulations seldom offer a progression in storyline, and the level design is a simple space where the player can build
Construction and management simulation
–
An example of a windowed interface from the game
OpenTTD
25.
Sports game
–
A sports game is a video game that simulates the practice of sports. Most sports have been recreated with a game, including sports, track and field, extreme sports. Some games emphasize playing the sport, whilst others emphasize strategy. Some, such as Need for Speed, Arch Rivals and Punch-Out, satirize the sport for comic effect. This genre has been throughout the history of video games and is competitive. A number of game series feature the names and characteristics of real teams and players, Sports games involve physical and tactical challenges, and test the players precision and accuracy. Most sports games attempt to model the athletic characteristics required by that sport, including speed, strength, acceleration, accuracy, as with their respective sports, these games take place in a stadium or arena with clear boundaries. Sports games often provide play-by-play and color commentary through the use of recorded audio, Sports games sometimes make use of different modes for different parts of the game. This is especially true in games about American football such as the Madden NFL series, sometimes, other sports games offer a menu where players may select a strategy while play is temporarily suspended. Some sports games also require players to shift roles between the athletes and the coach or manager and these mode switches are more intuitive than other game genres because they reflect actual sports. Older 2D sports games sometimes used a graphical scale, where athletes appeared to be quite large in order to be visible to the player. As sports games have evolved, players have come to expect a realistic graphical scale with a degree of verisimilitude. Sports games often simplify the game physics for ease of play, Games typically take place with a highly accurate time-scale, although they usually allow players to play quick sessions with shorter game quarters or periods. Sports games sometimes treat button-pushes as continuous signals rather than discrete moves, in order to initiate, for example, football games may distinguish between short and the long passes based on how long the player holds a button. Golf games often initiate the backswing with one button-push, and the swing itself is initiated by a subsequent push. ″also can customize person and can make own team″ In 1958, William Higinbotham created a game called Tennis for Two, the players would select the angle at which to put their racket, and pressed a button to return it. Although this game was simple, it demonstrated how an action game could be played on a computer. Video games prior to the late 1970s were primarily played on university mainframe computers under timesharing systems that supported multiple computer terminals on school campuses, the two dominant systems in this era were Digital Equipment Corporations PDP-10 and Control Data Corporations PLATO
Sports game
–
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (2007), a Wii game played by miming sports activity.
Sports game
–
One of the various angles of
Intellivision World Series Baseball, one of the earliest sports game to incorporate multiple camera angles in a manner resembling a television broadcast.
26.
Vehicle simulation game
–
Vehicle simulation games are a genre of video games which attempt to provide the player with a realistic interpretation of operating various kinds of vehicles. This includes automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, spacecraft, military vehicles, the main challenge is to master driving and steering the vehicle from the perspective of the pilot or driver, with most games adding another challenge such as racing or fighting rival vehicles. Games are often divided based on realism, with games including more realistic physics. Vehicle simulation games allow players to drive or fly a vehicle and this vehicle can resemble a real one, or a vehicle from the game designers imagination. This includes vehicles in the air, on the ground, over water, different vehicle simulations can involve a variety of goals, including racing, combat, or simply the experience of driving a vehicle. These games normally allow the player to experience action from the perspective of the pilot or driver. Although racing games are sold in the sports category, Rollings and Adams argue that from a design standpoint. The essential gameplay in a simulation is the physical and tactical challenge of driving a vehicle. Mastery of vehicle control is the element which encourages players to continue playing, players learn to use appropriate speed and steering, and must avoid crashing by observing cues about how fast they are going. There are some vehicle simulations where the player is no specific goal. In the absence of any competition, some vehicle simulations arent games at all But most vehicle simulations involve some form of competition or race, some games add special challenges such as combat and slaloms. Many types of driving games, including both military flight simulators and racing simulators, make use of careers and campaigns, players must complete different tracks or missions, and collect victories and other achievements based on their performance. The market for vehicle simulators is divided between the purists and the casual players, a variety of vehicle simulators have been created to serve both markets. Purists demand total accuracy, whereas casual players are concerned with such details. This level of accuracy depends on how damage, physics, environment, weather, for example, accurate flight simulators will ensure that the vehicle responds slowly to their controls, while other games will treat the plane more like a car in order to simplify the game. In both driving games and flight simulators, players have come to expect a degree of verisimilitude where vehicles are scaled to realistic sizes. These types of games utilize a highly accurate time scale. In the case of space or water vehicle simulations, the gameplay physics tend to follow those of flying and driving simulations and these games will add variety by having a variety of vehicles with different performance characteristics, such as sharper turning or faster speed
Vehicle simulation game
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Microsoft Flight Simulator focuses solely on the experience of flying an aircraft, in contrast to other games with missions and goals.
27.
Strategy video game
–
Strategy video games are a video game genre that focuses on skillful thinking and planning to achieve victory. It emphasizes strategic, tactical, and sometimes logistical challenges, many games also offer economic challenges and exploration. They are generally categorized into four sub-types, depending on whether the game is turn-based or real-time, Strategy video games are a genre of video game that emphasize skillful thinking and planning to achieve victory. Specifically, a player must plan a series of actions against one or more opponents, victory is achieved through superior planning, and the element of chance takes a smaller role. In most strategy games, the player is given a godlike view of the game world. Thus, most strategy games involve elements of warfare to varying degrees, in addition to combat, these games often challenge the players ability to explore, or manage an economy. Even though there are action games that involve strategic thinking. A strategy game is larger in scope, and their main emphasis is on the players ability to outthink their opponent. Strategy games rarely involve a challenge, and tend to annoy strategically minded players when they do. Compared to other such as action or adventure games where one player takes on many enemies. Each side generally has access to resources and actions, with the strengths. Although strategy games involve strategic, tactical, and sometimes logistical challenges, a strategy game calls for planning around a conflict between players, whereas puzzle games call for planning in isolation. Strategy games are distinct from construction and management simulations, which include economic challenges without any fighting. These games may incorporate some amount of conflict, but are different from strategy games because they do not emphasize the need for direct action upon an opponent, Conflict in strategy games takes place between groups or singular combatants, usually called units. Games vary in how many types of units a player can use, units vary in their movement and speed, as well as the amount of health or damage they can withstand. Units may also have different levels of strength or range. Although units are used for combat, they may also be used for other purposes such as transport. Units that cannot move such as fixed turrets are still treated as units
Strategy video game
–
Strategy games give players indirect control over many units in a battlefield. Many games, for example
Globulation 2, include other challenges such as building construction.
Strategy video game
–
Scorched 3D is an artillery game.
Strategy video game
–
StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty is a popular real-time strategy game.
Strategy video game
–
The single-lane Halcyon Fold map from the mobile MOBA
Vainglory with team bases on both ends, the "lane" connecting the two, and the "jungle" underbrush beneath the lane
28.
Multiplayer online battle arena
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The objective is to destroy the opposing teams main structure with the assistance of periodically spawned computer-controlled units that march forward along set paths. Player characters typically have various abilities and advantages that improve over the course of a game, MOBA games are a fusion of action games, role-playing games and real-time strategy games, in which players usually do not construct either buildings or units. Because of the influence, the term DotA is sometimes used to refer to the genre as a whole. It was followed by the two successors, League of Legends and Heroes of Newerth, and eventually a sequel, Dota 2. The roots of the genre can be traced back decades to one of the earliest real-time strategy titles and it has been cited as a precursor to, or an early example of, the MOBA genre. It used a formula, where each player controls a single command unit in one of two opposing sides on a battlefield. In 1998, Future Cop, LAPD featured a strategic Precinct Assault mode similar to Herzog Zwei, Herzog Zweis influence is also apparent in several later MOBA games such as Guilty Gear 2, Overture and AirMech. In 1998, computer game company Blizzard Entertainment released its best-selling real-time strategy game StarCraft with a suite of game editing tools called StarEdit, the tools allowed members of the public to design and create custom maps that allowed play very different from the normal maps. A modder known as Aeon64 made a map named Aeon of Strife that became very popular. Aeon64 stated that he was attempting to create gameplay similar to that of Future Cop, in the Aeon of Strife map, players controlled a single powerful hero unit fighting amidst three lanes, though terrain outside these lanes was nearly vacant. In 2002, Blizzard released Warcraft III, Reign of Chaos, both the MOBA and tower defense subgenres took substantive shape within the WC3 modding community. A modder named Eul began converting Aeon of Strife into the Warcraft III engine, Eul substantially improved the complexity of play from the original Aeon of Strife mod. Shortly after creating the custom DotA map, Eul left the modding scene, with no clear successor, Warcraft III modders created a variety of maps based on DotA and featuring different heroes. Called DotA, Allstars, it was inherited after a few months by a modder called Steve Guinsoo Feak, the changes conducted by IceFrog were well-received and the number of users on the Dota, Allstars forum is thought to have peaked at over one million. By 2008, the popularity of DotA had attracted commercial attention and that year, The Casual Collective released Minions, a Flash web game. Gas Powered Games also released the first stand-alone commercial title in the genre, in late 2009, Riot Games debut title, League of Legends initially designed by Feak, was released. Riot began to refer to the genre as a multiplayer online battle arena. Also in 2009, IceFrog, who had continued to develop DotA, Allstars, was hired by Valve Corporation, in 2010, S2 Games released Heroes of Newerth, with a large portion of its gameplay and aesthetics based on DotA, Allstars
Multiplayer online battle arena
–
The Halcyon Fold map from the mobile MOBA
Vainglory features a single lane connecting the two team bases, and the "jungle" underbrush beneath the lane
Multiplayer online battle arena
–
Typical map of a MOBA genre game. Yellow lines are the "lanes" where action is focused; blue and red dots are the defensive "towers/turrets" that defend them; light-colored quarter circles are the teams' bases; and blue and red corners are the structures whose destruction claims victory.
29.
Real-time tactics
–
Real-time tactics or RTT is a subgenre of tactical wargames played in real-time simulating the considerations and circumstances of operational warfare and military tactics. This contrasts with other current strategy game genres, for instance, in large-scale turn-based strategy games battles are generally abstracted and the gameplay close to that of related board games. As suggested by the name, also fundamental to real-time tactics is real-time gameplay. The genre has its roots in tactical and miniature wargaming, where battle scenarios are recreated using miniatures or even simple paper chits and these board and table-top games were out of necessity turn-based. Only with computer support was turn-based play and strategy successfully transposed into real-time, while some publications do refer to RTT as a distinct subgenre of real-time strategy or strategy, not all publications do so. Nonetheless, efforts have made to distinguish RTT games from RTSs. For instance, GameSpy described Axis & Allies as a true RTS, a developer for Close Combat said their game never aspired to be an RTS in the classic sense, but was rather a real time tactical simulation, lacking such features as resource collection. In the context of video games, however, the difference often comes down to the more limited criteria of either a presence or absence of base building. Real-time strategy games have been criticized for an overabundance of tactical considerations when compared to the amount of gameplay found in such games. Taylor then went on to say that his own game featured added elements of a strategic level. In an article for GameSpy, Mark Walker said that developers need to begin looking outside the genre for new ideas in order for strategy games to continue to be successful in the future. In an article for Gamasutra, Nathan Toronto criticizes real-time strategy games for too often having only one means of victory—attrition—comparing them unfavorably to real-time tactics games. He also says that building and managing armies is the definition of real-time strategy. Wargaming with items or figurines representing soldiers or units for training or entertainment has been common for as long as organised conflicts, today, miniature wargaming, where players mount armies of miniature figurines to battle each other, has become popular. Since most established rule sets were for turn-based table-top games, the leap to translate these categories to real time was also a problem that needed to be overcome. Likewise, Free Fall Associates 1983 title Archon can be considered an early real-time tactics game, built upon Chess but including real-time battle sequences. Another predecessor was Bits of Magics Centurion, Defender of Rome, in which, similar to the recent Rome, Total War game, however, though the battles were in real-time they were of small scope and player interaction was limited to deciding the initial troop disposition. Lords of the Realm, released in 1994 by Impressions Games, around 1995, computer hardware and developer support systems had developed enough to facilitate the requirements of large-scale real-time tactical games
Real-time tactics
–
A supply ship with destroyer escort in
Nexus: The Jupiter Incident.
30.
Turn-based strategy
–
A turn-based strategy game is a strategy game where players take turns when playing. This is distinguished from real time strategy where all players play simultaneously, many board games are turn based. For example, chess is one of the oldest and most competitive games of its kind, but many other games such as Reversi, checkers, Hare games and Go are also turn based. Tactical role-playing games are a part of this genre, examples include Fire Emblem, The Battle for Wesnoth, Poxnora, Silent Storm, Steel Panthers, World at War. Kings Bounty, Great Big War Game, Nintendo Wars, UniWar, XCOM2, after a period of converting board and historic TBS games to computer games, companies began basing computer turn-based strategy games on completely original properties or concepts. The presence of a computer to calculate and arbitrate allows game complexity which is not feasible in a board game. Some well known turn-based strategy games are Sid Meiers Civilization series, Heroes of Might and Magic series, Panzer General series, a further market trend is the rise of Indie TBS games. These games often extend or refine already existing TBS strategy games, examples include Freeciv or Golden Age of Civilizations. Since turn-based strategy games do not typically require vast amounts of art or modeling, directories like Freecode provide large lists of open-source, turn-based strategy projects. Because they do not require users to install files and are often free, all that they require is any device with a web browser and Internet connection. Many will work just as well on a smartphone as they do on a desktop computer, chronology of turn-based strategy video games Time-keeping systems in games
Turn-based strategy
–
Freeciv is an
open source implementation of the
Civilization series which is a 4x game
31.
Turn-based tactics
–
The gameplay of turn-based tactics game is the stop-action counterpart to that found in the real-time tactics genre, and as such contrasts with other current wargame genre. As suggested by the name, also fundamental to turn-based tactics is turn-based gameplay. The genre has its roots in tactical and miniature wargaming, the recreation of battle scenarios using miniatures or even simple paper chits using relatively intricate rules, further, in most turn-based tactics games a players force is maintained between battles. During the 1980s, as microcomputers and personal computers became powerful and more common. Some early tactical wargames for the computer included Gary Grigsbys series of games for the Commodore 64 and Apple II, Panzer Strike, Battle Isle is a series of games developed starting in 1991 by Blue Byte Software. Set on a planet, Chromos, and inspired by the Japanese game Nectaris. Battle Isle also spawned a man-to-man wargame, Incubation, Time Is Running Out, two sequels followed, Steel Panthers II, Modern Battles in 1996 and Steel Panthers III, Brigade Command 1939-1999 in 1997. Another group, SP-Camo, developed and released Steel Panthers, World War II, the SP-Camo games were based on the Steel Panthers II engine. Both the Matrix Games and SP-Camo versions had many fans and resulted in several releases with enhanced graphics, program code changes, another game originally scheduled to be a computerized Squad Leader/ASL was Combat Mission. While not the first 3-D tactical warfare game, it set a standard for realism. Combat Mission, Beyond Overlord received critical acclaim upon release in 2000, two follow up games were released in 2002 and 2004, which improved the infantry game with better suppression and automatic fire modelling. The game featured a WEGO system, where orders were entered sequentially, and this type of system had been what the original board wargame designers of Firefight et al. had dreamed of, but were restricted to creating manually. Tactical wargames are a type of wargames that models military conflict at a level, i. e. units range from individual vehicles. These units are rated based on types and ranges of individual weaponry and this subgenre is principally used to refer to RPG-derived games as an alternative to the traditional turn-based system. In such titles, the system has been tailored to incorporate role-playing game characteristics, there are several turn-based tactical games with multiplayer online gameplay featuring large numbers of players, such as Dofus, Gunrox, and Poxnora. Darkwind, War on Wheels, an auto racing simulation, is the only turn-based tactical game currently to have a persistent world. It is also one of the few games to simulate turn-based auto racing, some role-playing video games, such as The Temple of Elemental Evil and the Gold Box games of the late 80s and early 90s, also feature tactical turn-based combat. Some turn-based tactics titles, such as Jagged Alliance 2 and the X-COM series, feature a strategic layer in addition to tactical turn-based combat
Turn-based tactics
–
Individual units are commanded to perform
military tactics such as an
ambush. Screenshot is from
Battle for Wesnoth.
32.
Massively multiplayer online game
–
A massively multiplayer online game is an online game which is capable of supporting large numbers of players, typically from hundreds to thousands, simultaneously in the same instance. MMOs usually feature a huge, persistent open world, although some games differ and these games can be found for most network-capable platforms, including the personal computer, video game console, or smartphones and other mobile devices. MMOs can enable players to cooperate and compete each other on a large scale. They include a variety of types, representing many video game genres. These games predate the commercial gaming industry and the Internet, but still featured persistent worlds, Kesmai later added 3D graphics to the game, making it the first 3D MMO. Commercial MMORPGs gained acceptance in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the genre was pioneered by the GemStone series on GEnie, also created by Kesmai, and Neverwinter Nights, the first such game to include graphics, which debuted on AOL in 1991. As video game developers applied MMOG ideas to other computer and video game genres, new acronyms started to develop, MMOG emerged as a generic term to cover this growing class of games. The debuts of The Realm Online, Meridian 59, Ultima Online, Underlight, despite the genres focus on multiplayer gaming, AI-controlled characters are still common. NPCs and mobs who give out quests or serve as opponents are typical in MMORPGs, AI-controlled characters are not as common in action-based MMOGs. There have been a number of console MMOGs, including EverQuest Online Adventures, on PCs, the MMOG market has always been dominated by successful fantasy MMORPGs. MMOGs have only begun to break into the mobile phone market. The first, Samurai Romanesque set in feudal Japan, was released in 2001 on NTT DoCoMos iMode network in Japan, more recent developments are CipSofts TibiaME and Biting Bits MicroMonster which features online and bluetooth multiplayer gaming. SmartCell Technology is in development of Shadow of Legend, which will allow gamers to continue their game on their mobile device when away from their PC. Science fiction has also been a theme, featuring games such as Mankind, Anarchy Online, Eve Online, Star Wars Galaxies. World of Warcraft is a dominant MMOG with 8-9 million monthly subscribers worldwide, the subscriber base dropped by 1 million after the expansion Wrath of the Lich King, bringing it to 9 million subscribers in 2010, though it remained the most popular Western title among MMOGs. In 2008, Western consumer spending on World of Warcraft represented a 58% share of the subscription MMOG market in 2009, the title has generated over $2.2 billion in cumulative consumer spending on subscriptions from 2005 through 2009. Within a majority of the MMOGs created, there is virtual currency where the player can earn, the uses for such virtual currency are numerous and vary from game to game. The virtual economies created within MMOGs often blur the lines between real and virtual worlds, the result is often seen as an unwanted interaction between the real and virtual economies by the players and the provider of the virtual world
Massively multiplayer online game
–
World War II Online simulation game showing the numbers of players during a special event in June 2008. Some 400 people had spawned in for this gathering in this location in the game.
Massively multiplayer online game
–
A group photo of a "Linkshell" guild in the roleplaying game
Final Fantasy XI.
33.
List of best-selling video games
–
This is a list of video games that have sold or shipped at least one million copies on a single platform. This is a list of Xbox 360 video games that have sold or shipped at least one million copies, some games may have also been released on platforms other than the Xbox 360, in which case only the sales figures from the Xbox 360 versions are counted. There are also some games not listed that were included in packs with the Kinect. ^ a, As of February 12,2013, the Kinect sensor has sold 24 million units, ^ b, Gears of War sales may include PC version ^ c, Xbox Live Arcade game Total Xbox 360 games sold as of December 2009,353.8 million. Total games Nintendo has sold as of March 31,2014,4.22 billion, Total Super Nintendo Entertainment System games sold as of December 31,2009,379.06 million. Total Nintendo 64 games sold as of December 31,2009,224.97 million, as of December 31,2009,208.57 million copies of GameCube video games have been sold. ^ a, Bundled with a popular accessory, ^ b, Bundled with a version of the console. The white console was bundled with Wii Sports at launch, since the release of MotionPlus. In addition, since the launch of the games, the white console has been commonly bundled with Mario Kart Wii. Total Wii games sold as of March 31,2014,895.22 million, Total Game Boy Advance games sold as of March 31,2009,377.42 million. Total Nintendo DS games sold as of March 31,2014,943.98 million, Total Nintendo 3DS games sold as of January 30,2017,320.96 million units. Total PlayStation 2 games shipped as of March 31,2007,1.24 billion, Total PlayStation 2 games sold between April 1,2007 and March 31,2012,297.5 million. Note that since the figure refers to shipments and the latter refers to sales. Total PlayStation Portable games sold as of March 31,2012,330.2 million, PC games for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux platforms that have sold or shipped at least five million copies. Expansion packs are not used in the calculation of the figure for the original game. This list includes games that have sold at least 10,000 or more arcade hardware units. List of million-selling game consoles List of best-selling video game franchises List of video games considered the best Video game publisher#Rankings
List of best-selling video games
–
Atari 2600
List of best-selling video games
–
ColecoVision
List of best-selling video games
–
Intellivision
34.
Video game development
–
Video game development is the process of creating a video game. Development is undertaken by a developer, which may range from one person to a large business. Traditional commercial PC and console games are funded by a publisher. Indie games can take time and can be produced cheaply by individuals. The indie game industry has seen a rise in recent years with the growth of new distribution systems. The first video games were developed in the 1960s, but required mainframe computers and were not available to the general public, commercial game development began in the 1970s with the advent of first-generation video game consoles and home computers. Due to low costs and low capabilities of computers, a programmer could develop a full game. The average cost of producing a video game rose from US$1–4 million in 2000 to over $5 million in 2006. Mainstream PC and console games are developed in phases. First, in pre-production, pitches, prototypes, and game design documents are written, if the idea is approved and the developer receives funding, a full-scale development begins. This usually involves a team of 20–100 individuals with various responsibilities, including designers, artists, programmers, Game development is the software development process by which a video game is produced. Games are developed as an outlet and to generate profit. Development is normally funded by a publisher, well-made games bring profit more readily. However, it is important to estimate a games financial requirements, failing to provide clear implications of games expectations may result in exceeding allocated budget. In fact, the majority of games do not produce profit. Most developers cannot afford changing development schedule and require estimating their capabilities with available resources before production, the game industry requires innovations, as publishers cannot profit from constant release of repetitive sequels and imitations. Every year new independent development companies open and some manage to develop hit titles, similarly, many developers close down because they cannot find a publishing contract or their production is not profitable. It is difficult to start a new due to high initial investment required
Video game development
–
The XGS PIC 16-Bit game development board, a game development tool similar to those used in the 1990s.
35.
Artificial intelligence (video games)
–
In video games, artificial intelligence is used to generate intelligent behaviors primarily in non-player characters, often simulating human-like intelligence. The techniques used typically draw upon existing methods from the field of artificial intelligence, however, the term game AI is often used to refer to a broad set of algorithms that also include techniques from control theory, robotics, computer graphics and computer science in general. Video game AI has come a long way in the sense that it has revolutionized the way humans interact with all forms of technology and this, for example, is true in first-person shooter games, where NPCs otherwise perfect aiming would be beyond human skill. Game playing was an area of research in AI from its inception, one of the first examples of AI is the computerised game of Nim made in 1951 and published in 1952. In 1951, using the Ferranti Mark 1 machine of the University of Manchester, Christopher Strachey wrote a checkers program and these were among the first computer programs ever written. Arthur Samuels checkers program, developed in the middle 50s and early 60s, work on checkers and chess would culminate in the defeat of Garry Kasparov by IBMs Deep Blue computer in 1997. The first video games developed in the 1960s and early 1970s, the first notable ones for the arcade appeared in 1974, the Taito game Speed Race and the Atari games Qwak and Pursuit. Two text-based computer games from 1972, Hunt the Wumpus and Star Trek, enemy movement was based on stored patterns. The incorporation of microprocessors would allow more computation and random elements overlaid into movement patterns, galaxian added more complex and varied enemy movements, including maneuvers by individual enemies who break out of formation. Pac-Man introduced AI patterns to maze games, with the added quirk of different personalities for each enemy, karate Champ later introduced AI patterns to fighting games, although the poor AI prompted the release of a second version. First Queen was a tactical action RPG which featured characters that can be controlled by the computers AI in following the leader. Games like Madden Football, Earl Weaver Baseball and Tony La Russa Baseball all based their AI on an attempt to duplicate on the computer the coaching or managerial style of the selected celebrity. Madden, Weaver and La Russa all did extensive work with game development teams to maximize the accuracy of the games. Later sports titles allowed users to tune variables in the AI to produce a player-defined managerial or coaching strategy, the emergence of new game genres in the 1990s prompted the use of formal AI tools like finite state machines. Real-time strategy games taxed the AI with many objects, incomplete information, pathfinding problems, real-time decisions, the first games of the genre had notorious problems. Herzog Zwei, for example, had almost broken pathfinding and very basic three-state state machines for unit control, later games in the genre exhibited more sophisticated AI. Later games have used bottom-up AI methods, such as the emergent behaviour, façade was released in 2005 and used interactive multiple way dialogs and AI as the main aspect of game. Games have provided an environment for developing artificial intelligence with potential applications beyond gameplay, examples include Watson, a Jeopardy. -playing computer, and the RoboCup tournament, where robots are trained to compete in soccer
Artificial intelligence (video games)
–
Light cycle characters compete to be the last one riding, in
GLtron.
Artificial intelligence (video games)
–
In strategy games like
Freeciv, the game AI must deal with large amounts of information
36.
Game design
–
Game design is the art of applying design and aesthetics to create a game to facilitate interaction between players for entertainment or for educational, exercise, or experimental purposes. Game design can be applied both to games and, increasingly, to interactions, particularly virtual ones. Academically, game design is part of studies, while game theory studies strategic decision making. Games have historically inspired seminal research in the fields of probability, artificial intelligence, economics, applying game design to itself is a current research topic in metadesign. Sports, gambling, and board games are known, respectively, to have existed for at least nine thousand, six thousand, and four thousand years. Tabletop games played today whose descent can be traced from ancient times include chess, go, pachisi, backgammon, mahjong, mancala, the rules of these games were not codified until early modern times and their features gradually evolved and changed over time, through the folk process. Given this, these games are not considered to have had a designer or been the result of a process in the modern sense. For example, the public domain games Generala, Yacht. Today, many games, such as Taboo, Balderdash, Pictionary. Adapting traditional games to become commercial properties is an example of game design, similarly, many sports, such as soccer and baseball, are the result of folk processes, while others were designed, such as basketball, invented in 1891 by James Naismith. Technological advances have provided new media for games throughout history, the printing press allowed packs of playing cards, adapted from Mahjong tiles, to be mass-produced, leading to many new card games. Accurate topographic maps produced as lithographs and provided free to Prussian officers helped popularize wargaming, cheap bookbinding led to mass-produced board games with custom boards. Inexpensive lead figurine casting contributed to the development of miniature wargaming, cheap custom dice led to poker dice. Flying discs led to disc golf and Ultimate, personal computers contributed to the popularity of computer games, leading to the wide availability of video game consoles and video games. Smart phones have led to a proliferation of mobile games, the first games in a new medium are frequently adaptations of older games. Pong, one of the first widely disseminated video games, adapted table tennis, later games will often exploit distinctive properties of a new medium. Adapting older games and creating original games for new media are both examples of game design, Game studies or gaming theory is a discipline that deals with the critical study of games, game design, players, and their role in society and culture. Prior to the century, the academic study of games was rare and limited to fields such as history
Game design
–
A set of
poker dice and a dice cup
Game design
–
Charles Darrow 's 1935 patent for
Monopoly includes specific design elements developed during the prototype phase. Prototypes are very common in the later stages of board game design, and "prototype circles" in many cities today provide an opportunity for designers to play and critique each other's games.
Game design
–
All casino games are designed to mathematically favor the house. The
house edge for a
slot machine can range widely between 2 and 15 percent.
Game design
–
H. G. Wells playing
Little Wars
37.
Level design
–
Level design, environment design or game mapping is a discipline of game development involving creation of video game levels—locales, stages, or missions. This is commonly done using an editor, a game development software designed for building levels, however. Level design is both an artistic and technical process, in early days of video games, a single programmer would create the maps and layouts for a game, and a discipline or profession dedicated solely to level design did not exist. Early games often featured a system of ascending difficulty as opposed to progression of story-line. The first game genre that required significant amounts of time to design areas were text-based games, often, promoted users were assigned to create new paths, new rooms, new equipment, and new actions, often using the game interface itself. Doom and Doom II were two of the first games to attract focused game modding activity, and many WAD level files were made for them, one of the reasons was a clear separation between the level files and game engine itself. Half-Life, Quake 3, and many games have notable mapping tools. In certain games, such as games, levels may be procedurally generated. In these cases, the game programmer controls how the variations of rooms and tunnels are formed. Level design for each level in a modern game typically starts with concept art, sketches, renderings. Once completed, these concepts transform into extensive documentation, environment modeling, a level editor may be distributed as a complete stand-alone package, at times, rivaling commercial 3D modelling software. There are various steps involved in laying out a map and these steps may vary dramatically across the different game genres that exist today. General steps include, Laying out the features of the map, such as hills, cities, rooms, tunnels. Specifying certain regions where certain gameplay activities or behaviors occur, such as harvesting, base building, water travelling. Specifying non-static parts of a level, such as doors, keys and buttons with associated mechanisms, teleporters, hidden passageways, etc. Specifying locations of various entities, such as units, enemies, monster spawn points, ladders, coins, resource nodes, weapons, save points. The first level of the game designed to get players to explore the mechanics of the game. Cut scenes may be triggered by events in a level, but require different skills
Level design
–
The level editor of
Warzone 2100.
38.
Video game art
–
Video game art is a specialized form of computer art employing video games as the artistic medium. It may also include the creation of art games either from scratch or by modifying existing games, artistic modifications are frequently made possible through the use of level editors, though other techniques exist. Machinima is distinct from art mods as it relies on different tools, like video games, artistic game modifications are often interactive and may allow for single-player or multiplayer experience. Multiplayer works make use of networked environments to develop new kinds of interaction, machinima is the use of real-time three-dimensional graphics rendering engines to generate computer animation. The term also refers to works that incorporate this animation technique, artists may intervene in online games in a non-play manner, often disrupting games in progress in order to challenge or expose underlying conventions and functions of game play. Examples of this include Anne Marie Schleiners Velvet-Strike and Dead in Iraq, site-specific installations and site-relative gaming modifications, replicate real-world places to explore similarities and differences between real and virtual worlds. An example is What It Is Without the Hand That Wields It, video games can be incorporated into live audio and visual performance using a variety of instruments and computers such as keyboards embedded with music chips. See also chiptune and the Fijuu project, generative art mods exploit the real-time capabilities of game technologies to produce ever-renewing autonomous artworks. Edited by Matteo Bittanti and Domenico Quaranta, introduction to artistic computer game modification by Rebecca Cannon Backed up here by Rebecca Cannon Backed up here. Videogames and Art by Andy Clarke and Grethe Mitchell Journal of Media Practice vol 7, Art games archive with examples of artistic modifications Art games website with various examples of artistic modifications Art games archive with examples of artistic modifications
Video game art
Video game art
39.
Video game graphics
–
A variety of computer graphic techniques have been used to display video game content throughout the history of video games. The predominance of individual techniques have evolved over time, primarily due to hardware advances, some of the earliest video games were text games or text-based games that used text characters instead of bitmapped or vector graphics. Some of the earliest text games were developed for systems which had no video display at all. Text games are typically easier to write and require less processing power than graphical games, however, terminal emulators are still in use today, and people continue to play MUDs and explore interactive fiction. Vector graphics refers to the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, in video games this type of projection is somewhat rare, but has become more common in recent years in browser-based gaming with the advent of Flash, since Flash supports vector graphics natively. An earlier example for the computer is Starglider. Vector game can also refer to a game that uses a vector graphics display capable of projecting images using an electron beam to draw images instead of with pixels. Many early arcade games used such displays, as they were capable of displaying more detailed images than raster displays on the available at that time. Many vector-based arcade games used full-color overlays to complement the otherwise monochrome vector images, other uses of these overlays were very detailed drawings of the static gaming environment, while the moving objects were drawn by the vector beam. Games of this type were produced mainly by Atari, Cinematronics, examples of vector games include Armor Attack, Eliminator, Lunar Lander, Space Fury, Space Wars, Star Trek, Tac/Scan, Tempest and Zektor. The Vectrex home console also used a vector display, full motion video games are video games that rely upon pre-recorded television- or movie-quality recordings and animations rather than sprites, vectors or 3D models to display action in the game. As a result, the became a well-known failure in video gaming. A number of different types of games utilized this format, some resembled modern music/dance games, where the player timely presses buttons according to a screen instruction. Others included early rail shooters such as Tomcat Alley, Surgical Strike, full motion video was also used in several interactive movie adventure games, such as The Beast Within, A Gabriel Knight Mystery and Phantasmagoria. A side-scrolling game or side-scroller is a game in which the viewpoint is taken from the side. Games of this type make use of scrolling computer display technology, in many games the screen follows the player character such that the player character is always positioned near the center of the screen. Sometimes, the screen will not only forward in the speed and direction of the player characters movement. In other games or stages, the screen will only scroll forwards, not backwards, examples of side-scrolling games include platform games such as Sonic the Hedgehog, beat em ups such as the popular Double Dragon and Battletoads, and shooters such as R-type and JetsnGuns
Video game graphics
Video game graphics
–
An example of a typical top-down, third-person view game, The Heist 2
Video game graphics
–
Awesomenauts is a side scrolling
MOBA game.
Video game graphics
–
First-person perspective as seen in
STALKER: Shadow of Chernobyl (2007)
40.
Video game music
–
Video game music is the soundtrack that accompanies video games. Early video game music was limited to simple melodies of early sound synthesizer technology. With advances in technology, video game music has now grown to include the same breadth and complexity associated with television and film scores, while simple synthesizer pieces are still common, game music now includes full orchestral pieces and popular music. Music in video games can be heard over a title screen, options menu. Today’s soundtracks can also change depending on a player’s actions or situation, Video game music can be one of two options, original or licensed. In order to create or collect this music, teams of composers, music directors, today, original composition has included the work of film composers Harry Gregson-Williams, Trent Reznor, Hans Zimmer, Josh Mancell, Steve Jablonsky, and Michael Giacchino. The popularity of game music has expanded education and job opportunities, generated awards. At the time video games had emerged as a form of entertainment in the late 1970s, music was stored on physical medium in analog waveforms such as compact cassettes. Such components were expensive and prone to breakage under heavy use making them less ideal for use in an arcade cabinet, though in rare cases. Sound effects for the games were also generated in this fashion, an early example of such an approach to video game music was the opening chiptune in Tomohiro Nishikados Gun Fight. The first game to use a background soundtrack was Tomohiro Nishikados Space Invaders. It had four descending chromatic bass notes repeating in a loop, though it was dynamic and interacted with the player, the first video game to feature continuous, melodic background music was Rally-X, released by Namco in 1980, featuring a simple tune that repeats continuously during gameplay. The decision to any music into a video game meant that at some point it would have to be transcribed into computer code by a programmer, whether or not the programmer had musical experience. Some music was original, some was public domain music such as folk songs, Sound capabilities were limited, the popular Atari 2600 home system, for example, was capable of generating only two tones, or notes, at a time. As advances were made in technology and costs fell, a definitively new generation of arcade machines. This was further improved upon by Namcos 1982 arcade game Dig Dug, Dig Dug was composed by Yuriko Keino, who also composed the music for other Namco games such as Xevious and Phozon. Home console systems also had an upgrade in sound ability beginning with the ColecoVision in 1982 capable of four channels. However, more notable was the Japanese release of the Famicom in 1983 which was released in the US as the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1985
Video game music
Video game music
–
The
SNES (1990) brought digitized sound to console games.
Video game music
–
The first developers of
IBM PC computers neglected audio capabilities (first IBM model, 1981).
41.
Subculture
–
As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majority, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style. And interpreted it in accordance with subversive values, in his 1979 book Subculture, The Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is a subversion to normalcy. He wrote that subcultures can be perceived as due to their nature of criticism to the dominant societal standard. Hebdige argued that subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards, in 2007, Ken Gelder proposed to distinguish subcultures from countercultures based on the level of immersion in society. As Cohen clarifies, every subculture’s style, consisting of image, demeanour, 2) Subcultures and resistance - In the work of John Clarke, Stuart Hall, Tony Jefferson and Brian Roberts of the Birmingham CCCS, subcultures are interpreted as forms of resistance. Society is seen as being divided into two classes, the working class and the middle class, each with its own class culture. Yet the cultural industry is capable of re-absorbing the components of such a style. 3) Subcultures and distinction - The most recent interpretations see subcultures as forms of distinction, the very idea of a unique, internally homogeneous, dominant culture is explicitly criticized. Thus forms of individual involvement in subcultures are fluid and gradual, differentiated according to each actor’s investment, Dick Hebdige writes that members of a subculture often signal their membership through a distinctive and symbolic use of style, which includes fashions, mannerisms and argot. In some instances, subcultures have been legislated against, and their activities regulated or curtailed, british youth subcultures had been described as a moral problem that ought to be handled by the guardians of the dominant culture within the post-war consensus. It may be difficult to identify certain subcultures because their style may be adopted by mass culture for commercial purposes, businesses often seek to capitalize on the subversive allure of subcultures in search of Cool, which remains valuable in the selling of any product. This process of cultural appropriation may often result in the death or evolution of the subculture, some subcultures reject or modify the importance of style, stressing membership through the adoption of an ideology which may be much more resistant to commercial exploitation. The punk subcultures distinctive style of clothing was adopted by mass-market fashion companies once the subculture became a media interest, objects borrowed from the most sordid of contexts found a place in punks ensembles, lavatory chains were draped in graceful arcs across chests in plastic bin liners. Safety pins were taken out of their domestic utility context and worn as gruesome ornaments through the cheek, fragments of school uniform were symbolically defiled and juxtaposed against leather drains or shocking pink mohair tops. In 1985, French sociologist Michel Maffesoli coined the term urban tribe and it gained widespread use after the publication of his Le temps des tribus, le déclin de lindividualisme dans les sociétés postmodernes. Eight years later, this book was published in the United Kingdom as The Time of the Tribes, according to Maffesoli, urban tribes are microgroups of people who share common interests in urban areas. The members of these small groups tend to have similar worldviews, dress styles. Their social interactions are largely informal and emotionally laden, different from late capitalisms corporate-bourgeoisie cultures, Maffesoli claims that punks are a typical example of an urban tribe
Subculture
–
Members of the seminal
punk rock band
Ramones wearing early
punk fashion items such as
Converse sneakers, black
leather jackets and blue
jeans.
Subculture
–
Trekkies are a subculture of
Star Trek fans.
Subculture
–
Potato chip packages featuring
hip hop subcultural designs in a case of mainstream commercial cultural merging
Subculture
–
'Bears' celebrating the 2007 International Bear Rendezvous, an annual gathering of fans of the sexual subculture in
San Francisco, CA
42.
New media
–
New media most commonly refers to content available on-demand through the Internet, accessible on any digital device, usually containing interactive user feedback and creative participation. Common examples of new media websites such as online newspapers, blogs, wikis, video games. A defining characteristic of new media is dialogue, New Media transmit content through connection and conversation. It enables people around the world to share, comment on, unlike any of past technologies, New Media is grounded on an interactive community. Most technologies described as new media are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulated, networkable, dense, compressible, some examples may be the Internet, websites, computer multimedia, video games, virtual reality, augmented reality, CD-ROMS, and DVDs. New media does not include television programs, feature films, magazines, books, Facebook is an example of the social media model, in which most users are also participants. Wikitude is an example for augmented reality and it displays information about the users surroundings in a mobile camera view, including image recognition, 3D modeling and location-based approach to augmented reality. In the 1950s, connections between computing and radical art began to grow stronger, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, we seem to witness a different kind of parallel relationship between social changes and computer design. Although causally unrelated, conceptually it makes sense that the Cold War, writers and philosophers such as Marshall McLuhan were instrumental in the development of media theory during this period. Until the 1980s media relied primarily upon print and analog broadcast models, such as those of television, the last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital technologies, such as the Internet and video games. However, these examples are only a representation of new media. The use of computers has transformed the remaining old media, as suggested by the advent of digital television. Andrew L. Shapiro argues that the emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources. W. Russell Neuman suggests that whilst the new media have technical capabilities to pull in one direction, economic, Neuman argues that new media will, Alter the meaning of geographic distance. Allow for an increase in the volume of communication. Provide the possibility of increasing the speed of communication, allow forms of communication that were previously separate to overlap and interconnect. Scholars, such as Lister et al, New Media as Computer Technology Used as a Distribution Platform – New Media are the cultural objects which use digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition. E. g. Internet, Web sites, computer multimedia, the problem with this is that the definition must be revised every few years
New media
–
Topics and terminology
43.
Internet culture
–
Cyberculture or computer culture is the culture that has emerged, or is emerging, from the use of computer networks for communication, entertainment, and business. Since the boundaries of cyberculture are difficult to define, the term is used flexibly and it can also embrace associated intellectual and cultural movements, such as cyborg theory and cyberpunk. The term often incorporates an implicit anticipation of the future, the Oxford English Dictionary lists the earliest usage of the term cyberculture in 1963, when A. M. Hilton wrote the following, In the era of cyberculture, all the plows pull themselves and this example, and all others, up through 1995 are used to support the definition of cyberculture as the social conditions brought about by automation and computerization. However, what both the OED and the American Heritage Dictionary miss is that cyberculture is the culture within and this cyberculture may be purely an online culture or it may span both virtual and physical worlds. This is to say, that cyberculture is an endemic to online communities, it is not just the culture that results from computer use. Another way to envision cyberculture is as the electronically enabled linkage of like-minded, Cyberculture was influenced at its genesis by those early users of the internet, frequently including the architects of the original project. These individuals were often guided in their actions by the hacker ethic, while early cyberculture was based on a small cultural sample, and its ideals, the modern cyberculture is a much more diverse group of users and the ideals that they espouse. Numerous specific concepts of cyberculture have been formulated by such authors as Lev Manovich, Arturo Escobar, however, most of these concepts concentrate only on certain aspects, and they do not cover these in great detail. Manifestations of cyberculture include various human interactions mediated by computer networks and they can be activities, pursuits, games, places and metaphors, and include a diverse base of applications. Some are supported by specialized software and others work on commonly accepted internet protocols, examples include but are not limited to, First and foremost, cyberculture derives from traditional notions of culture, as the roots of the word imply. In non-cyberculture, it would be odd to speak of a single, in cyberculture, by extension, searching for a single thing that is cyberculture would likely be problematic. The notion that there is a single, definable cyberculture is likely the complete dominance of early cyber territory by affluent North Americans, writing by early proponents of cyberspace tends to reflect this assumption. The ethnography of cyberspace is an important aspect of cyberculture that does not reflect a unified culture. It is not a monolithic or placeless cyberspace, rather, it is numerous new technologies and capabilities, used by diverse people and it is malleable, perishable, and can be shaped by the vagaries of external forces on its users. For example, the laws of physical world governments, social norms, the architecture of cyberspace, as with physical world cultures, cybercultures lend themselves to identification and study. There are several qualities that cybercultures share that make them warrant the prefix cyber-, some of those qualities are that cyberculture, Is a community mediated by ICTs. Is culture mediated by computer screens, relies heavily on the notion of information and knowledge exchange
Internet culture
–
Post from an image sharing site.
44.
Esports
–
Most commonly, eSports take the form of organized, multiplayer video game competitions, particularly between professional players. The most common video game genres associated with eSports are real-time strategy, fighting, first-person shooter, the genre of fighting games and arcade game fighters have also been popular in amateur tournaments, although the fighting game community has often distanced themselves from the eSports label. Other games with significant earnings include Smite, StarCraft II, Call of Duty, Heroes of the Storm, Hearthstone, in 2013, it was estimated that approximately 71.5 million people worldwide watched eSports. The increasing availability of online streaming platforms, particularly Twitch. tv, has become central to the growth. Demographically, Major League Gaming has reported viewership that is approximately 85% male and 15% female, despite this, several female personalities within eSports are hopeful about the increasing presence of female gamers. South Korea has several established eSports organizations, which have licensed pro gamers since the year 2000, recognition of eSports competitions outside South Korea has come somewhat slower. Along with South Korea, most competitions take place in Europe, North America, despite its large video game market, eSports in Japan is relatively underdeveloped, which has been attributed largely to its broad anti-gambling laws. The global eSports market generated US$325 million of revenue in 2015 and is expected to make $493 million in 2016, the earliest known video game competition took place on 19 October 1972 at Stanford University for the game Spacewar. In the summer of 1980, Walter Day founded a high score record keeping organization called Twin Galaxies, the team was involved in competitions, such as running the Video Game Masters Tournament for Guinness World Records and sponsoring the North American Video Game Challenge tournament. During the 1970s and 1980s, video players and tournaments begun being featured in popular websites and magazines including Life. A video game tournament was included as part of TV show Thats Incredible. and tournaments were also featured as part of the plot of various films, in the 1990s, many games benefited from increasing internet connectivity, especially PC games. For example, the 1988 game Netrek was an Internet game for up to 16 players, Netrek was the third Internet game, the first Internet game to use metaservers to locate open game servers, and the first to have persistent user information. In 1993 it was credited by Wired Magazine as the first online sports game, large eSports tournaments in the 1990s include the 1990 Nintendo World Championships, which toured across the United States, and held its finals at Universal Studios Hollywood in California. Nintendo held a 2nd World Championships in 1994 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System called the Nintendo PowerFest 94, there were 132 finalists that played in the finals in San Diego, California. Mike Iarossi took home 1st prize, blockbuster Video also ran their own World Game Championships in the early 1990s, co-hosted by GamePro magazine. Citizens from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Games from the 1994 championships included NBA Jam and Virtua Racing. Television shows featuring eSports during this period included the British shows GamesMaster, the Australian gameshow A*mazing, which would show two children competing in various Nintendo games in order to win points. Tournaments established in the late 1990s include the Cyberathlete Professional League, QuakeCon, PC games played at the CPL included the Counter-Strike series, Quake series, and Warcraft
Esports
–
The International, an annual
Dota 2 tournament.
Esports
–
Attendees of the 1981 Space Invaders Championship attempt to set the highest score.
Esports
–
Casual players at the 2013
Intel Extreme Masters in
Katowice, Poland
Esports
–
StarCraft match televised on
MBCGame in
Seoul,
South Korea
45.
Social media
–
Social media are computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via virtual communities and networks. User-generated content, such as posts or comments, digital photos or videos. Users create service-specific profiles for the website or app that are designed and maintained by the media organization. Social media facilitate the development of social networks by connecting a users profile with those of other individuals or groups. They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between businesses, organizations, communities and individuals, Social media changes the way individuals and large organizations communicate. These changes are the focus of the field of technoself studies. In America, a reported that 84 percent of adolescents in America have a Facebook account. Over 60% of 13 to 17-year-olds have at least one profile on social media, according to Nielsen, Internet users continue to spend more time on social media sites than on any other type of site. For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone beyond simply social sharing to building a reputation and bringing in career opportunities and monetary income. Social media differ from paper-based or traditional media such as TV broadcasting in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy. Social media operate in a Dialogic transmission system and this is in contrast to traditional media which operates under a monologic transmission model, such as a paper newspaper which is delivered to many subscribers. Some of the most popular social media websites are Baidu Tieba, Facebook, Gab, Google+, Instagram, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Reddit, Snapchat, Tumblr, Twitter, Viber, WeChat, Weibo, WhatsApp, and YouTube. These social media websites have more than 100,000,000 registered users, observers have noted a range of positive and negative impacts of social media use. At the same time, concerns have been raised about possible links between social media use and depression, and even the issues of cyberbullying, online harassment. Currently, about half of adults have been cyberbullied and of those,20 percent said that they have been cyberbullied on a regular basis. Another survey was carried out among 7th grade students in America which is known as the Precaution Process Adoption Model, according to this study,69 percent of 7th grade students claim to have experienced cyberbullying and they also said that it is worse than face to face bullying. The variety and evolving stand-alone and built-in social media services introduces a challenge of definition, the terminology is unclear, with some referring to social media as social networks. A2015 paper reviewed the prominent literature in the area and identified four commonalities unique to then-current social media services, in 2016, Merriam-Webster defined social media as Forms of electronic communication through which people create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, etc
Social media
–
Diagram depicting the many different types of social media
Social media
–
Banner in
Bangkok, observed on the 30th of June 2014, informing the Thai public that 'like' or 'share' activity on social media may land them in jail.
46.
Politics
–
Politics is the process of making decisions applying to all members of each group. More narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance — organized control over a human community, furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of power and resources within a given community as well as the interrelationship between communities. It is very often said that politics is about power, a political system is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. History of political thought can be traced back to antiquity, with seminal works such as Platos Republic, Aristotles Politics. Formal Politics refers to the operation of a system of government and publicly defined institutions. Political parties, public policy or discussions about war and foreign affairs would fall under the category of Formal Politics, many people view formal politics as something outside of themselves, but that can still affect their daily lives. Semi-formal Politics is Politics in government associations such as neighborhood associations, informal Politics is understood as forming alliances, exercising power and protecting and advancing particular ideas or goals. Generally, this includes anything affecting ones daily life, such as the way an office or household is managed, informal Politics is typically understood as everyday politics, hence the idea that politics is everywhere. The word comes from the same Greek word from which the title of Aristotles book Politics also derives, the book title was rendered in Early Modern English in the mid-15th century as Polettiques, it became politics in Modern English. The history of politics is reflected in the origin, development, the origin of the state is to be found in the development of the art of warfare. Historically speaking, all communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare. Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries including China, of the institutions that ruled states, that of kingship stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the divine right of kings. Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria to the 21st century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through the institution of Hereditary monarchy, the king often, even in absolute monarchies, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a council without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power, constitutional monarchies emerged, long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by, Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity. Preserving the traditions of the social order, being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority. Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than an individual such as the king. The greatest of the subordinates, the earls and dukes in England and Scotland
Politics
–
Political views differ on average across nations. A recreation of the
Inglehart –
Welzel Cultural Map of the World based on the
World Values Survey.
47.
Television
–
Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
Television
–
Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store
Television
–
The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)
Television
–
Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)
Television
–
Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939
48.
Film
–
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
Film
–
A vintage Fox movietone motion picture camera
Film
–
The
Berlin Wintergarten theatre was the site of the first
cinema ever, with a short film presented by the
Skladanowsky brothers on 1 November 1895. The image depicts a July 1940
variety show.
Film
–
A shot from
Georges Méliès Le Voyage dans la Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902), an early narrative film.
Film
–
This
16 mm spring-wound
Bolex "H16" Reflex camera is a popular entry level camera used in
film schools.
49.
Music
–
Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. There are many types of music, including music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies. For example, it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal, within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art or as an auditory art. People may make music as a hobby, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra, the word derives from Greek μουσική. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the music is derived from mid-13c. Musike, from Old French musique and directly from Latin musica the art of music and this is derived from the. Greek mousike of the Muses, from fem. of mousikos pertaining to the Muses, from Mousa Muse. In classical Greece, any art in which the Muses presided, Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. With the advent of recording, records of popular songs. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their songs, which serve as a self-portrait. An environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved, amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their income elsewhere. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings, There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians, in community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. However, there are many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers
Music
–
A painting on an Ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC).
Music
–
Jean-Gabriel Ferlan performing at a 2008 concert at the collège-lycée Saint-François Xavier
Music
–
The composer
Michel Richard Delalande, pen in hand.
Music
–
Funk places most of its emphasis on rhythm and
groove, with entire songs based around a
vamp on a single chord. Pictured are the influential funk musicians
George Clinton and
Parliament Funkadelic in 2006.
50.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
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From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
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Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
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YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
