1.
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
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The Karnataka Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Karnataka state in southern India. Karnataka is one of the seven states in India, where the legislature is bicameral. The two houses are the Vidhana Sabha and the Vidhana Parishat, the members of the Vidhana Sabha are directly elected by people through adult franchise. The members of the Vidhana Parishat are elected indirectly by members of bodies, teachers. There are 75 members of the Vidhana Parishat, members of the Vidhana Parishat or Legislative Council normally have a term of six years, and are generally known as MLCs. There are 224 members of the Vidhana Sabha or the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka state, one member is a representative of the Anglo-Indian community nominated by the Governor of Karnataka. The state of Karnataka is divided into 225 constituencies used to elect the Legislative assembly, each constituency elects one member of the assembly. Members are popularly known as MLAs, the assembly is elected using the simple plurality or first past the post electoral system. The elections are conducted by the Election Commission of India, the normal term of the members lasts for five years. In case of death, resignation or disqualification of a member, the party which wins the most seats becomes the ruling party. In the 2013 elections, the Indian National Congress won a majority of seats, on 10 May 2013, K. Siddaramaiah was chosen as Chief Minister and CLP leader by the MLAs. He was sworn in on 13 May 2013, presidents rule in the state At 11, 00am on 18 June 1952, Wednesday, the first session of the legislative assembly was held at the old public office building conference hall in Bangalore. On December 16,1949 the maharaja of Mysore dissolved the representative assembly, the constituent assembly which was constituted in 1947 became the provisional assembly of Mysore until the elections were held in 1952. The first assembly formed under the Constitution had 99 elected and one nominated member, in the first sitting of the assembly, V. Venkatappa was the honorary speaker who administered oath to the members including the then Chief Minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah. The first sitting of the new assembly was held on December 19,1956 in the newly built Vidhana Soudha, the strength of the assembly, which was 208 in 1957 increased to 216 in 1967 and to 224 plus a nominated member in 1978. The lone women Speaker of Karnataka assembly was K. S, Vidhana Souda Government of Karnataka List of Speakers of the Karnataka Legislature List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka Karnataka Legislative Council
2.
Karnataka Legislative Council
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The Karanatka Legislative Council is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of Karnataka state in southern India. Karnataka is one of the seven states in India, where the legislature is bicameral. The Karnataka Legislative Council is a permanent body comprising 75 members, the minimum and maximum number of additional members was increased to 15 to 21 respectively by Regulation I of 1914 and the maximum was further increased to 30 by Regulation II of 1919. In 1923, under the Mysore Legislative Council Regulation, the strength of Legislative Council was fixed at 50, of the 50 seats,28 were allotted to the nominated members and 22 to elected members. In 1914 the Council was empowered to discuss the Budget and in 1923 it was power to vote on the demands for grants. From 1919 onwards Resolution were discussed in the Council, the term of the Council was three years in 1917 and four years in 1940. The Karnataka Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years, the following is the list of the current members, New 2015 Karnataka MLC Results were declared on 30th December 2015 and can be obtained from here. Karnataka Legislative Assembly Karnataka Legislative Council official website
3.
Dravidian architecture
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Dravidian architecture was an architectural idiom that emerged in the Southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South India. It consists primarily of temples with pyramid shaped towers and are constructed of sandstone, soapstone or granite and this styled architecture can also be found in parts of North India, Northeastern and central Sri Lanka. Throughout Tamilakam, a king was considered to be divine by nature, the king was the representative of God on earth’ and lived in a “koyil”, which means the “residence of God”. The Modern Tamil word for temple is koil, titular worship was also given to kings. Other words for king like “kō” “king”), “iṟai” “emperor”) and “āṇḍavar” “conqueror”) now primarily refer to God, tolkappiyar refers to the Three Crowned Kings as the “Three Glorified by Heaven”. In the Dravidian-speaking South, the concept of kingship led to the assumption of major roles by state. Mayamata and Manasara shilpa texts estimated to be in circulation by 5th to 7th century AD, is a guidebook on Dravidian style of Vastu Shastra design, construction, sculpture and joinery technique. Isanasivagurudeva paddhati is another text from the 9th century describing the art of building in India in south, in north India, Brihat-samhita by Varāhamihira is the widely cited ancient Sanskrit manual from 6th century describing the design and construction of Nagara style of Hindu temples. Traditional Dravidian architecture and symbolism are also based on Agamas, the Agamas are non-vedic in origin and have been dated either as post-vedic texts or as pre-vedic compositions. Gate-pyramids, Gopuras, which are the features in the quadrangular enclosures that surround the more notable temples. Gopuras are very common in dravidian temples. Pillared halls are used for purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. In Southern India seven kingdoms and empires stamped their influence on architecture during different times, one such temple, the Saluvannkuppan Murukan temple, unearthed in 2005, consists of three layers. The lowest layer, consisting of a shrine, is one of the oldest of its kind in South India. It is one of two brick shrine pre Pallava Hindu temples to be found in the state, the other being the Veetrirundha Perumal Temple at Veppathur dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The dynasties of early medieval Tamilakkam expanded and erected structural additions to many of these brick shrines, sculptures of erotic art, nature and deities from the Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple, and the Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple date from the Sangam period. The Badami Chalukyas also called the Early Chalukyas, ruled from Badami, Karnataka in the period 543 –753 CE, the finest examples of their art are seen in Pattadakal, Aihole and Badami in northern Karnataka. Over 150 temples remain in the Malaprabha basin, the most enduring legacy of the Chalukya dynasty is the architecture and art that they left behind. More than one hundred and fifty monuments attributed to the Badami Chalukya, the rock-cut temples of Pattadakal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Badami, Aihole and Mahakuta are their most celebrated monuments
4.
Bangalore
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Bangalore /bæŋɡəˈlɔːr/, officially known as Bengaluru, is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of about 8.42 million and a population of about 8.52 million, making it the third most populous city. It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau and its elevation is over 900 m above sea level, the highest of Indias major cities. In 1638, the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years, after which the Mughals captured and it was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore. The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was capital of the Princely State of Mysore. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a grew up around it. Following Indias independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, the two urban settlements of Bangalore – city and cantonment – which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengalūru, was declared the name of the city in 2006. Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the Silicon Valley of India because of its role as the leading information technology exporter. Indian technological organisations ISRO, Infosys, Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city, a demographically diverse city, Bangalore is the second fastest-growing major metropolis in India. Numerous state-owned aerospace and defence organisations, such as Bharat Electronics, Hindustan Aeronautics, the city also houses the Kannada film industry. The name Bangalore represents a version of the Kannada language name. It is the name of a village near kodegehalli and was copied by Kempegowda to the city of Bangalore, Bangalore was built on a venue earlier called as Shivanasamudram in the 16th century. The earliest reference to the name Bengalūru was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a vīra gallu, in this inscription found in Begur, Bengalūrū is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE. It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as Bengaval-uru, an apocryphal story recounts that the 12th century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across an old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place benda-kaal-uru, which evolved into Bengalūru. On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru, on 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change
5.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Government of Karnataka
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The Government of Karnataka is a democratically elected body with the governor as the constitutional head. The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister, Karnataka State has been divided into four revenue divisions,49 sub-divisions,30 districts,176 taluks and 747 hoblies/revenue circles and 5628 gram panchayats for administrative purposes. The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations, Bangalore is the fifth largest urban agglomeration out of 23 metropolis, urban agglomerations and cities in India. It is among the fastest growing cities in the world, Karnataka took its present shape in 1956, when the states of Mysore and Coorg were merged with the Kannada-speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad, and Madras. The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly, the Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo-Indian community. The term of office of the members is five years and the term of an elected to the council is six years. The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one-third of its members retiring every two years, the government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers. The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the head of the state. The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers, the council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers, ministers of state and deputy ministers. The chief minister is assisted by the secretary, who is the head of the administrative services. As of 2012, the Government of Karnataka consists of 30 ministers, the present Chief Minister of Karnataka is Siddaramaiah. List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka |- Housing M. Krishnappa is a system in the state with elected bodies at the village, taluk. It ensures greater participation of people and more implementation of rural development programmes. There will be a Grama Panchayat for a village or group of villages, a taluk level, all the three institutions will have elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the government to any of these councils. S the first in the country to enact new Panchayat Raj Act incorporating all provisions of 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, in 2014 Karantaka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation committee constituted By govt. of Karnataka. Chairmen S G Nanjaiahna mutt and 6 members, joint secretory of the committee Dr. Revaiah Odeyar. This report implemented 2015 Gram Panchayath Elections, a district of an Indian state is an administrat, headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service, a Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district
8.
K. Hanumanthaiah
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Kengal Hanumanthaiah, also spelt as Kengal Hanumanthaiya, was the second Chief Minister of Karnataka from 30 March 1952 to 19 August 1956. He is best remembered for his vision and contribution to the construction of Vidhana Soudha, Kengal Hanumanthaiah was born in 1908 in a Vokkaliga family hailing from Lakkappanahalli, a small village near Ramanagara district, Bangalore. He graduated in Arts from the Maharaja College in Mysore in 1930, during his college days, he was elected as the Secretary of the Students Union and the Karnataka Sangha. After his graduation, he joined the bar council in the same year, at that time, the independence movement was steadily growing and at the center stage of the movement was the Indian National Congress led by Mahatma Gandhi. Dr. P. Tandon, the then President of Indian National Congress, advised Hanumanthaiah to give up his practice at the bar. With the inspiration of Gandhiji and the persuasion of Tandon, Hanumanthaiah joined the freedom movement, during the movement, he was jailed more than 9 times. Also, he was recognised as a fighter of the nationalist cause. He was unanimously elected as the leader of the Parliamentary Party wing of the Congress Party in Mysore Assembly in the year 1948, also, he was a member of the historic Constituent Assembly of India. He became the second Chief minister of Mysore state in 1952, however, Hanumanthaiahs major contribution was the construction of the Vidhana Soudha, the largest legislature-cum-office building in India at that time. His other key achievement was the Unification of Karnataka and he played a pivotal role in uniting the Kannada speaking areas within the boundaries of a single state. During an interview, Kengal Hanumanthaiah explained the reasoning behind the construction of a grand legislature building, a Russian cultural delegation was visiting Bangalore and Hanumanthaiah took them around to show the city. Stung by their comments, Hanumanthaiah vowed to create a monument so magnificent that it would showcase the best of Karnatakas indigenous architectural style and this resulted in the Vidhana Soudha, the seat of Legislature in Karnataka. After resigning as Chief Minister shortly before the Unification of Karnataka in 1956 and he was continuously elected as a member of parliament representing Bangalore city from 1962 to 1977. During this period he served as minister in the Union cabinet handling a number of such as Railways. In the 1971 elections, he defeated the famous poet Gopalkrishna Adiga, however, he lost to Justice K. S. Hegde of the Janata party in 1977. He died on 1 December 1980 and his political heir is Kengal Shreepada Renu, his grandson. A statue of Hanumanthaiah has been installed in front of the Vidhana Soudha and his centenary celebrations were held in the year 2008. List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka
9.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
10.
Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture
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The Indo-Saracenic Revival was an architectural style movement by British architects in the late 19th century in British India. It drew elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture, and combined it with the Gothic revival and Neo-Classical styles favoured in Victorian Britain. The style gained momentum in the west with the publication of the views of India by William Hodges. Saracenic was a used by the ancient Romans to refer to a people who lived in desert areas in and around the Roman province of Arabia. The first Indo-Saracenic building is said to be the Chepauk Palace, located in the neighbourhood of Chepauk, in present-day Chennai. Chennai is said to many buildings of this architecture, some of which are the Victoria Public Hall, Madras High Court, Senate House of the University of Madras, Chennai Central station. Confluence of different architectural styles had been attempted before during the mainly Turkic, Delhi Sultanate, Turkic and Mughal conquest in the Indian subcontinent, introduced new concepts in the already rich architecture of India. The prevailing style of architecture was trabeate, employing pillars, beams, after the disintegration of the Turkic Delhi Sultanate, rulers of individual states established their own rule and hence their own architectural styles, which was heavily influenced by local styles. Examples of these are the Bengal and the Gujarat schools, the Mughal style was conceived by Akbar the Great, the third Mughal emperor and also the architect of the Mughal empire. This Akbari Style was an amalgam of earlier Timurid, Persian and this style was further consolidated by his grandson and fellow architecture enthusiast, Shah Jahan. Some of the significant architectural legacies of the Mughals are Humayuns Tomb, the Taj Mahal, the Forts of Agra and Lahore, Shah Jahan was succeeded by his puritanical son, Aurangzeb, who had no soft spot for art and architecture. As a result, Mughal architecture suffered, with all artisans migrating to work under the patronage of local rulers, with no major architectural projects undertaken, the Mughal style rapidly declined. This decline was evident in such as Bibi Ka Maqbara, built by Azam Shah. However, local rulers embraced the style, as they had emulated it during the reigns of Jahangir. The last architectural marvel produced during this period of Mughal rule was Safdarjungs Tomb. By the early 19th century, the British had made themselves the masters of the Indian Subcontinent. In 1803, their control was strengthened with the defeat of the Marathas under Daulatrao Scindia. They legitimized their rule by taking the then weak Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II under their protection, however, this uprising was doomed from the start, and was crushed by the British with ferocity, marking the end of the Mughal Empire
11.
Prime Minister of India
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The Prime Minister of India is the Head of Government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is also the adviser to the President of India. He or she can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament, but has to be the leader of the party, having a majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is the member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, allocates posts to members within the Government, is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive, Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75. The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha, India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding, actual head of the government and chief of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The Prime Minister shall become a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure, he/She is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament. There shall be a Council of Ministers with the minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Like most parliamentary democracies, a Presidents duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet, the Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power. The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the government of India. President of India invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form government at the federal level, in practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers as in-charge of the important functions, some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. Per Article 78 of the constitution, the communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet. Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha
12.
Jawaharlal Nehru
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Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and a central figure in Indian politics before and after independence. He is considered to be the architect of the modern Indian nation-state, a sovereign, socialist, secular and he was also known as Pandit Nehru due to his roots with the Kashmiri Pandit community while many Indian children knew him as Chacha Nehru. The son of Motilal Nehru, a prominent lawyer and nationalist statesman and Swaroop Rani, Nehru was a graduate of Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple, where he trained to be a barrister. Upon his return to India, he enrolled at the Allahabad High Court, and took an interest in national politics, a committed nationalist since his teenage years, he became a rising figure in Indian politics during the upheavals of the 1910s. He became the prominent leader of the factions of the Indian National Congress during the 1920s. As Congress President in 1929, Nehru called for independence from the British Raj. Nehru and the Congress dominated Indian politics during the 1930s as the country moved towards independence, but these achievements were seriously compromised in the aftermath of the Quit India Movement in 1942, which saw the British effectively crush the Congress as a political organisation. The Muslim League under his old Congress colleague and now bête noire, negotiations between Nehru and Jinnah for power sharing failed and gave way to the independence and bloody partition of India in 1947. As Prime Minister, he set out to realise his vision of India, the Constitution of India was enacted in 1950, after which he embarked on an ambitious program of economic, social and political reforms. Chiefly, he oversaw Indias transition from a colony to a republic, while nurturing a plural, in foreign policy, he took a leading role in Non-Alignment while projecting India as a regional hegemon in South Asia. Under Nehrus leadership, the Congress emerged as a party, dominating national and state-level politics and winning consecutive elections in 1951,1957. He remained popular with the people of India in spite of troubles in his final years. In India, his birthday is celebrated as Childrens Day, Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14 November 1889 in Allahabad in British India. His father, Motilal Nehru, a barrister who belonged to the Kashmiri Pandit community. His mother, Swaruprani Thussu, who came from a well-known Kashmiri Brahmin family settled in Lahore, was Motilals second wife, Jawaharlal was the eldest of three children, two of whom were girls. The elder sister, Vijaya Lakshmi, later became the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly, the youngest sister, Krishna Hutheesing, became a noted writer and authored several books on her brother. Nehru described his childhood as a sheltered and uneventful one and he grew up in an atmosphere of privilege at wealthy homes including a palatial estate called the Anand Bhawan. His father had him educated at home by governesses and tutors
13.
Karnataka High Court
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The Karnataka High Court is the High Court of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located in Bangalore, the city of Karnataka. The High Court functions out of a red brick building known as Attara Kacheri and it is in front of Vidhana Soudha, which is the seat of the legislature of Karnataka. The Karnataka High Court is currently functional in Bangalore, Hubli-Dharwad and Gulbarga. In 1881, the office of the Chief Judge was created, in 1930, it was renamed as the High Court of Mysore and the Chief Judge was given the new name of Chief Justice. In 1973, it got its present name of Karnataka High Court, the High Court is located in a building called as Attara Kacheri. The construction of the building was supervised by Rao Bahadur Arcot Narayanaswami Mudaliar and it was he who conceived and prepared the plans for a full-fledged secretariat building in the city area. The construction was taken up in 1864 and completed at a cost of Rs.4.5 lakhs in 1868, there was a proposal to demolish this building in the year 1982. However, a public interest litigation was filed in order to save this old building from getting demolished and this was the first PIL to be filed in the Karnataka High court and the case was heard in the very building that was supposed to be demolished. In August 1984, the judges M. N. Venkatachaliah, the High Court has a sanctioned judge strength of 62. Raja Dharma Praveena Diwan Bahadur P Mahadevayya, M Sadasivayya, Nittoor Srinivasa Rau, Sam Piroj Bharucha, presently, Justice Subhro Kamal Mukherjee is the Chief Justice. The Karnataka High Court is currently functional in Bangalore, Dharwad, there was a long-standing demand for an additional bench in the northern region of Karnataka. The main reason being the location of Bangalore in south-east corner of the state causes great hardship for people who have to visit the High Court from the distant northern regions of the state. This issue led to lot of agitations including boycott of proceedings by lawyers in the northern region of Karnataka. The demand was met in the year 2006 when it was decided that circuit benches of the High Court would be set up in Dharwad. Accordingly, circuit benches were set up in Dharwad and Gulbarga and they were inaugurated on 4 July 2008 and 5 July 2008 respectively. There was vocal demand to make both Dharwad and Gulbarga benches as permanent benches, consequently, Dharwad circuit bench became a permanent bench from 25 August 2013 and Gulbarga circuit bench became a permanent bench from 31 August 2013. In late 2002,14 newspapers and periodicals reported that judges from the High Court of Karnataka were allegedly involved in a sex scandal in Mysore. A high-level judicial inquiry committee was established by the Chief Justice, later, the committee acquitted the judges as they could not find any substantive evidence
14.
Kannada
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The language has roughly 40 million native speakers who are called Kannadigas, and a total of 50.8 million speakers according to a 2001 census. It is one of the languages of India and the official. The Kannada language is written using the Kannada script, which evolved from the 5th-century Kadamba script, Kannada is attested epigraphically for about one and a half millennia, and literary Old Kannada flourished in the 6th-century Ganga dynasty and during the 9th-century Rashtrakuta Dynasty. Kannada has a literary history of over a thousand years. Based on the recommendations of the Committee of Linguistic Experts, appointed by the ministry of culture, in July 2011, a centre for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language. Kannada is a Southern Dravidian language, and according to Dravidian scholar Sanford B, steever, its history can be conventionally divided into three periods, Old Kannada from 450–1200 CE, Middle Kannada from 1200–1700, and Modern Kannada from 1700 to the present. Kannada is influenced to an extent by Sanskrit. Influences of other such as Prakrit and Pali can also be found in the Kannada language. Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in Karnataka since ancient times, the vernacular Prakrit-speaking people may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purposes. Kannada phonetics, morphology, vocabulary, grammar and syntax show significant influence from these languages, some examples of naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are, baṇṇa derived from vaṇṇa, hunnime from puṇṇivā. Examples of naturalized Sanskrit words in Kannada are, varṇa, arasu from rajan, paurṇimā, Kannada has numerous borrowed words such as dina, kopa, surya, mukha, nimiṣa and anna. Pre-old Kannada was the language of Banavasi in the early Common Era, the Ashoka rock edict found at Brahmagiri has been suggested to contain words in identifiable Kannada. According to Jain tradition, Brahmi, the daughter of Rishabhadeva, the first Tirthankara of Jainism, invented 18 alphabets, including Kannada, which points to the antiquity of the language. Supporting this tradition, an inscription of about the 9th century CE, containing specimens of different alphabets and it has been claimed that the Greek dramatists of the 5th–4th century BCE were familiar with the Kannada country and language. This would show a far more intimate contact of the Greeks with Kannada culture than with Indian culture elsewhere, the palm manuscripts contained texts written not only in Greek, Latin and Hebrew, but also in Sanskrit and Kannada. In the 150 CE Prakrit book Gaathaa Saptashati, written by Haala Raja, Kannada words like tIr, tuppa, on the Pallava Prakrit inscription of 250 CE of Hire Hadagalis Shivaskandavarman, the Kannada word kOTe transforms into koTTa. In the 350 CE Chandravalli Prakrit inscription, words of Kannada origin like punaaTa, in one more Prakrit inscription of 250 CE found in Malavalli, Kannada towns like vEgooraM, kundamuchchaMDi find a reference. Pliny the Elder was a naval and army commander in the early Roman Empire and he writes about pirates between Muziris and Nitrias
15.
Satyameva Jayate
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Satyameva Jayate is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka Upanishad. Upon independence of India, it was adopted as the motto of India. It is inscribed in script at the base of the national emblem, the emblem and the words Satyameva Jayate are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency. The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath and it is inscribed on all currency notes and national documents. The origin of the motto is well-known mantra 3.1.6 from the Mundaka Upanishad
16.
George Voinovich
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George Victor Voinovich was an American politician from the state of Ohio and born in Cleveland. Voinovich spent more than 46 years in public service – first as assistant attorney general of Ohio in 1963 and he is the only person to have served as both chairman of the National Governors Association and president of the National League of Cities. In his 2004 re-election to the U. S. Senate, Voinovich garnered more than 3.4 million votes, Voinovich was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Josephine and George S. Voinovich. He was the oldest of six children and his father was of Serbian descent, and his mother was of Slovenian ancestry. Voinovich grew up in the Collinwood neighborhood of Cleveland and graduated from Collinwood High School in 1954, Voinovich was raised Catholic and was a lifelong member of his neighborhood parish, Our Lady of the Lake in Collinwood. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in government from Ohio University in 1958 where he served as President of the Student Body, Voinovich received a law degree in 1961 from the Moritz College of Law at the Ohio State University. He was also a part of the fraternity Phi Kappa Tau at Ohio University, Voinovich began his political career in 1963 as an Assistant Attorney General of Ohio. He then served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1967 until 1971, from 1971 until 1976, he served as County Auditor of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. In 1971, he made a run for the Republican nomination for Mayor of Cleveland against Ralph J. Perk. From 1977 to 1978, Voinovich served as a member of the Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners, in 1978, Voinovich was elected Lieutenant Governor of Ohio on the ticket with James A. Rhodes. By 1979, elections in Cleveland had become nonpartisan, and with then-Mayor Dennis J. Kucinich about to enter a tough re-election campaign, finally, on July 26, he made one of the most difficult decisions in life. He held his office as lieutenant governor until he won the election, aside from Kucinich, Voinovichs other opponents included State Senator Charles Butts and city council majority leader Basil Russo. As the election drew closer, The Plain Dealer announced its endorsement of Voinovich, voter turnout in the primary was greater than that of the 1977 race among Perk, Kucinich and Edward F. Feighan. In the 1979 nonpartisan primary election, Voinovich led with 47,000 votes to 36,000 for Kucinich, Russo and Butts did not qualify for the general election. The biggest surprise was Voinovichs showing in predominantly African American wards and he trailed only Butts, with Kucinich last. On October 8,1979, a few days after the primary, Voinovichs nine-year-old daughter Molly was struck by a van, the event brought the Voinovich campaign to a virtual halt and made it difficult for Kucinich to attack his opponent. Still, he challenged Voinovich to a series of debates to be held in various Cleveland neighborhoods, Voinovich declined the invitations, saying they would be unproductive, although they eventually did meet in a debate on November 3 at the City Club. Voinovich went on to win the election with 94,541 votes to Kucinichs 73,755, Voinovich went on to be re-elected twice by landslides
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Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
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With God, all things are possible
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With God, all things are possible is the motto of the U. S. state of Ohio. Quoted from the Gospel of Matthew, verse 19,26 and it is defined in section 5.06 of the Ohio Revised Code and sometimes appears beneath the Seal of Ohio. The motto was adopted in 1959 and survived a constitutional challenge in 2001. The state maintains that it is an expression of optimism rather than an endorsement of a particular religion. The motto appears beneath the Seal of Ohio on the letterhead of some state agencies. A large-scale version is displayed in a plaza near the Ohio Statehouse, the state motto appears on the flag of Franklin County, beneath the county seal, which is based on the state seal. School districts in Ohio are required to accept and display any donated copy of the motto that meets certain criteria, the motto is also one of 46 phrases printed on the Ohio Pride license plate design introduced on April 15,2013. It is located on two lines in the center-left of the baseplate, below Inventors Hall of Fame and above Beautiful Ohio, until 1997, the motto was found most commonly on income tax forms issued by the Ohio Department of Taxation. The department stopped using the motto in its report in 2002. Ohio is considered the successor to the Northwest Territory, whose seal bore the Latin motto Meliorem lapsa locavit and this motto, which may have come from the Seal of South Carolina, celebrated the internal improvements that succeeded in pushing back the wilderness. The seals first recorded use was on a proclamation on July 26,1788, Ohios statehood in 1803 left it without a motto, though Meliorem lapsa locavit remains the motto of Belmont County. It was apparently thought that a motto of classical origin would be more dignified than one in English, on April 6, a Republican General Assembly passed 57 SB172, adopting an elaborate new state seal and coat of arms. The coat of arms bore the motto Imperium in Imperio, Latin for An Empire Within an Empire or Sovereignty Within Sovereignty, governor Jacob Dolson Cox used the new seal and motto for the first time in a proclamation on November 5. Though it was intended to extol the states grandeur, the motto was thought to be too pretentious, the historian Rush R. Sloane would later describe it as a sort of climax of absurdity. On May 9,1868, facing significant cost overruns associated with the new seal, despite these legislators efforts, the state was once again left without an official motto. After 1868, there were hundreds of unsuccessful attempts to designate a new state motto, on June 29,1933, the Senate passed a resolution declaring Gateway to the West to be the motto, but it did not pass the House of Representatives. In the early 1950s, the General Assembly sponsored a contest to choose a motto, in 1953, Representative Anna F. Heise ONeil introduced a bill to designate a state motto in time for Ohios sesquicentennial, but it was tabled. A1957 proposal to place Home of Light and Flight on the seal would have celebrated Thomas Edisons birthplace in Milan, the same year, State Senator Lowell Fess sponsored a bill backed by the Ohio American Legion that would have restored Imperium in Imperio
19.
Ohio Statehouse
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The Ohio Statehouse, located in Columbus, Ohio, is the house of government for the state of Ohio. The Greek Revival building houses the Ohio General Assembly and the offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer. When the state government relocated to the new city of Columbus in 1816, it occupied a modest two-story building on the corner of High and State Streets. This early capitol had chambers for the Ohio House of Representatives and Ohio Senate, efforts to relieve the cramped quarters with additional small buildings were ineffective and it soon became apparent that the government would require a larger facility. In 1838, Ohios government announced a competition to select the design for a new Statehouse and this strategy was not unusual at the time, as important public buildings such as the U. S. Capitol had resulted from similar contests. However, the commission responsible for choosing the winners was unable to agree on a final design for construction. When the cornerstone was laid on July 4,1839, the commission was still without a final design. Consultation with New York architect Alexander Jackson Davis resulted in a design that merged some key features of the three winning entries, but it was rejected as being too expensive. Cole had a friendship with one of the commissioners, a man named William A. Adams who was from Steubenville. Coles nephew, William Henry Bayless, coincidentally a Steubenville native, was apprenticed in the office of Alexander Jackson Davis, work on the buildings foundation and lower level had only just begun when the Statehouse project encountered the first of many difficulties. The legislation that made Columbus the official city of Ohio was set to expire. While various factions within the government engaged in debate over relocating the capitol to another city, open excavations were refilled with earth, and Capitol Square became open pasture for livestock. The Statehouse remained neglected until February,1848, when William Russell West and J. O. Sawyer of Cincinnati were appointed architects, by May of that same year construction had resumed. Unfortunately, an epidemic began in Columbus, prompting widespread flight to the countryside by residents. Once the epidemic subsided, work on the Statehouse continued, interrupted only by intermissions during the harsh Ohio winters, while some suspected arson, the exact cause of the fire remains a mystery to this day. With the Statehouse exterior nearing completion by 1854, Columbus architect Nathan Kelley was hired to supervise the design, one of his major tasks would be to provide a system for heating and ventilation in the building, which had not been considered previously. With great fanfare, the new Statehouse opened to the public on January 7,1857, by now, most of the building was completed, with the notable exception of the rotunda. Although actual work on the building was proceeding smoothly, government officials were deeply dissatisfied with Mr. Kelley, citing problems with his working methods and aesthetic choices
20.
2001 Indian Parliament attack
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The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was an attack at the Parliament of India in New Delhi on 13 December 2001. The perpetrators were Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists, on 13 December 2001, nine terrorists infiltrated the Parliament House in a car with Home Ministry and Parliament labels. More than 100 people, including major politicians were inside the parliament building at the time, the gunmen used a fake identity sticker on the car they drove and thus breached the security deployed around the parliamentary complex. The terrorists carried AK47 rifles, grenade launchers, pistols and grenades, Delhi Police officials claimed that gunmen received instructions from Pakistan and the operation was carried out under the guidance of Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence agency. The gunmen drove their vehicle into the car of the Indian Vice-President Krishan Kant, got out, the Vice-Presidents guards and security personnel shot back at the terrorists and then started closing the gates of the compound. A similar attack was carried out on assembly of Srinagar, Kashmir, during November 2001, constable Kamlesh Kumari Yadav, of CRPF was the first to spot the terrorists and was shot by them as she raised the alarm. One gunmans suicide vest exploded when he was dead, the other four gunmen were also killed. Five policemen, a Parliament security guard, and a gardener were killed and 18 others were injured, the ministers and MPs escaped unhurt. The total number of deaths was 14 and at least 22 people were injured in the attack, Delhi Police claimed that five militants carried out the attack and the names given by them were 1. Hamza,2. Mohammed all of whom were killed by the security, Indian court observed that three more people from across the border, namely, Maulana Masood Azhar, Ghazi Baba alias Abu Jehadi and Tariq Ahmed were also involved in preparing the attack. The attack triggered extensive investigations which revealed possible involvement of four accused namely Mohammad Afzal Guru, Shaukat Hussain Guru, gilani and Shaukats wife Afsan Guru. Some other proclaimed offenders said to be the leaders of the militant organisation known as Jaish-e-Mohammed. After the conclusion of investigation, investigating agency filed the report under Section 173 of Criminal Procedure Code,1973 against four accused persons on 14 May 2002. Charges were framed under various sections of Indian Penal Code, the Prevention of Terrorism Act,2002, the designated Special Court was presided over by S. N. Dhingra. The accused were tried and the trial concluded within a period of about six months. 80 witnesses were examined for the prosecution and 10 witnesses were examined on behalf of the accused S. A. R, Afzal Guru, Shaukat Hussain and S. A. R. The accused 1 and 2 were also convicted under Section 3 of POTA, accused 4, namely Navjot Sandhu a. k. a. Afsan, was acquitted of all the charges except the one under Section 123 IPC for which she was convicted and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for five years
21.
S. M. Krishna
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Somanahalli Mallaiah Krishna is an Indian politician who served as Minister of External Affairs of India from 2009 to October 2012. A member of the Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha, Krishna was the 16th Chief Minister of Karnataka from 1999 to 2004, S. M. Krishna is son of S. C. He was born in a village named Somanahalli in the Maddur Taluk of Mandya District to a Vokkaliga family and he completed his Bachelors in Arts from Maharajas College, Mysore and obtained a Law degree from University Law College, which was then known as Government Law College in Bangalore. Soon after his return to India, he was elected to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly in 1962 and his son-in-law is Siddarth Hegde, who is a businessman. Krishna started his career with Praja Socialist Party in the year 1962. He later joined the Congress and served as minister under Indira Gandhi between 1983–84 and Rajiv Gandhi between 1984 and 1985 as minister of state for industry and finance respectively and he was member of the Rajya Sabha in the years 1996 and 2006. He was member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and council at different times, between 1989 and 1992 he was Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly and Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka. In 1999, as Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee president, he led his party to victory in the polls and took over as Chief Minister of Karnataka. He was also instrumental in creating power reforms with ESCOMS and digitization of land records and he encouraged private public participation and was a fore bearer of the Bangalore Advance Task Force. He later became the Governor of Maharashtra, Krishna resigned as Governor of Maharashtra on 5 March 2008. It was reported that this was due to his intention to return to politics in Karnataka. President Pratibha Patil accepted his resignation on 6 March, Krishna entered the Rajya Sabha and subsequently took the oath of office as Union Cabinet Minister of External Affairs in the Council of Ministers under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 22 May 2009. Krishna resigned as External Affairs Minister on 26 October 2012 indicating a return to Karnataka state politics, Krishna resigned as a member of INC on 29 January 2017 quoting that the party was in a state of confusion on whether it needed mass leaders or not. He also complained of having been sidelined by the party and that the party was dependent on managers, after speculations on his joining the Bharatiya Janata Party, he formally joined the party in March. On 2 July 2012, Krishna paid a visit to Tajikistan to strengthen its economic
22.
Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)
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Raj Bhavan is the official residence of the Governor of Karnataka. It is located in the city of Bangalore, Karnataka. The present governor of Karnataka is Shri Vajubhai Rudabhai vala, the building was home to the Resident and was the Residency during British rule. Situated at the highest point in Bangalore, High Grounds, it was built by Sir Mark Cubbon between 1840 and 1842 when he was the Commissioner of Mysore territories of the British. In 1881, when power over the territory was transferred back to the Mysore Royal family, the building became the official residence of the Resident and came to be called the Residency till the Independence of India when the Residency was abolished. The Constitution of Independent India created the office of the Raj Pramukh, the Maharaja of Mysore was made the first Raj Pramukh of Mysore. Although the Residency was converted to the residence of the Raj Pramukh. Hence, the Residency was converted to a guesthouse by the Government of India. State guests such as the President of India, the Vice President of India, central government ministers, the Chief Minister of Karnataka hosted parties at the Residency. On Independence Day and Republic Day, parties were hosted by the Raj Pramukh, the Residency was also used by the Congress party for its legislature party meetings. During Franklin D. Roosevelts visit to India, the first lady of the United States Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt stayed at the Residency, in 1964, the then Maharaja of Mysore, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar, became the Governor of Madras, and relinquished his gubernatorial post in Mysore. General S M Srinagesh succeeded him, and moved into the Raj Bhavan and it has been the residence of the Governor of the state since. A ballroom was constructed in 1874 when the Prince of Wales visited India and it was named Serapis Room after the ship which brought the Prince to Bombay. Many changes were made to the building during its existence in the British Raj, originally a single storeyed building, the Raj Bhavan was expanded by the addition of a first floor in 1967, built carefully to adhere to the architectural style of the original structure. The art collection comprises paintings of a variety of Indian schools of art, the residence is surrounded by beautiful gardens stretching over 16 acres. The garden is fringed with century old pine and fir trees, Government Houses of the British Indian Empire The official web site of Governor of Karnataka Photographic tour of Raj Bhavan, Karnataka
23.
Bangalore City railway station
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Bangalore City railway station, officially known as Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna railway station, is the main railway station serving the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It is located across the Kempegowda Bus Station, the station has 10 platforms and two entrances. Platforms 1 to 7 connect to the Chennai and Salem railway lines, on platforms 8 to 10, service trains arrive via Yeshwantpur from Hubballi-Dharwad. Platforms 1 to 4 terminate at Bangalore, on platforms 5 to 10, service trains depart towards Mysuru. There are railway lines between Platforms 4 and 5 that are used as the railway yard, there are 5 railway lines passing from Bangalore City railway station - to Hyderabad via Guntakal, Chennai via Krishnarajapuram, Salem via Hosur, Mysuru, Hubballi-Dharwad via Tumkur, Birur. The Bangalore-Chennai railway line via Bangalore Cantonment, Bangarpet, is fully electrified, the Bangalore- Mysore line is yet to be electrified since the doubling work at SriRanga Pattana is going on. The station handles 88 trains a day, including 63 express trains, the railway station is served by City Railway Station metro station on the Namma Metros Purple Line, which opened on 30 April 2016. The foot-over-bridge is expected to open in June 2017, the railway station is also served by Kempegowda Bus Station
24.
Kempegowda Bus Station
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Kempegowda Bus Station, more commonly known as Majestic Bus Station, is a large bus station in central Bangalore, India. It is located opposite the Bangalore City Railway Station and it is bordered by Seshadri Road to the north, Danavanthri Road to the east, Tank Bund Road to the south and Gubbi Thotadappa Road to the west. This bus station provides connectivity to almost all the areas of Bangalore, former chief minister of Karnataka R. Gundu Rao is credited with building the station. The bus station not only eased congestion with buses and helped streamline the transport system, the station acquired the name Majestic Bus Station or Majestic from a popular cinema theatre of the same name located nearby. It was later named as Kempegowda Bus Station in honour of Kempe Gowda I, however, Majestic continues to be the most commonly used name for the station. Buses terminating at the station usually display signs that show Kempegowda Bus Station or KBS, the Kempegowda Bus Station was opened in the 1960s. The semi-circular city bus terminal was built in 1980s, the station is located on the site of the Dharmambudhi Lake, which dried up in the early 20th century. Mysore Road Satellite Bus Station Shantinagar Bus Station
25.
M G Road, Bangalore
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Mahatma Gandhi Road also known as M. G. Road is a road in Bengaluru, India and it runs east from Trinity circle at one end to Anil Kumble circle at the other. Known as South Parade in pre-independence era, it was renamed as Mahatma Gandhi Road on 26 February 1948, M. G. Road is also one of the busiest roads in the city and is lined on one side with retail stores, food outlets and restaurants. It has many buildings, shops and theatres. It is also a home to a number of buildings. There are two Metro stations on M. G. Road, the station and Trinity. Presently, the M. G Road Boulevard is being reconstructed after construction of the MG Road Metro station was completed, the Bangalore Metro line that runs through MG Road, connects the eastern part of Bengaluru with the west
26.
Cubbon Park
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Cubbon Park is a landmark lung area of the Bengaluru city, located within the heart of city in the Central Administrative Area. It has a recorded history of abundant flora and fauna plantations coupled with numerous impressive and aesthetically located buildings and statues of famous personages. To commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Sri Krishnaraja Wodeyar’s rule in Mysore State, in 1927, Chamarajendra Park, in memory of the 19th-century ruler of the state Sri Chamarajendra Wodeyar, during whose rule the park came into existence. Tourists visiting this park in the city of Bengaluru have nicknamed the city itself as Garden City, the importance of the park to the citys environment is best stated by two urban architects who have won the national competition to design Freedom Park. The park is accessible from M. G, road, Kasturba road, Hudson Circle and Ambedkar Veedhi. The motorable roads which run through the park are allowed for light vehicles only. All locations of the park are accessible through walking paths, indigenous and exotic botanical species found in the park are about 68 genera and 96 species with a total of around 6000 plants/trees. From the Attara Kacheri towards the East, terrace garden developed on a gradient provides a beautiful sight. Other attractions at the Park are the Ringwood circle, lotus pond and bamboo grove nook. The formal gardens, from the hall of the original Attara Kacheri now the Karnataka High Court, extends along the ceal promenade developed symmetrically with avenues. Another impressive artistic structure in Iyer Hall, which houses the Central Library with a garden as a frontage. A bandstand, in a shape made with cast-iron, was built in the early part of the 1900s. Before India’s Independence, the British Royal Air Force used to play western band music at the band stand every Saturday evening, a 20-million-year-old fossilized tree — a gift from the Geological Survey of India, is also reported at the park. The Public offices were located here from 1868 AD to 1956 AD, the building now accommodates the Karnataka High Court. In the Central Hall a portrait of Sir Mark Cubbon decorates the ceiling, an equestrian statue of Cubbon by Baron Marochetti is located at the back of the building. The State Archeological Museum, one of the oldest in India, built in 1876 by Colonel Sankey, located within the Park, is similar in design to the Attara Kacheri in its architectural style and hue. While the original collection in the museum belonged to Benjamin L. Rice of the Mysore Gazetteer, exhibits in the Museum include specimens of Vijaynagara and Halebid architecture, ancient coins and stone inscriptions as old as 5000 years. It houses the Seshadri Memorial library, the memorial building is ensconced in the middle of the park, framed by the greenery of the park and with a beautiful frontage of the rose garden. The Library has an area of 300 km² and functions as the Apex of the Karnataka Public Libraries system, the library has presently a collection of 2.65 lakh books and also a Braille section. ’
27.
Karnataka Rajyotsava
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Kannada Rajyotsava is celebrated on 1 November of every year. This was the day in 1956 when all the Kannada language-speaking regions of South India were merged to form the state of Karnataka, the Rajyotsava day is listed as a government holiday in the state of Karnataka and is celebrated by Kannadigas across the world. Aluru Venkata Rao was the first person who dreamt of unifying the State as early as 1905 with the Karnataka Ekikarana movement, North Karnataka, Malnad and old Mysore were thus the three regions of the newly formed Mysore state. The newly unified state initially retained the name Mysore, which was that of the princely state which formed the core of the new entity. But the people of North Karnataka did not favour the retention of the name Mysore, as it was associated with the erstwhile principality. In deference to this logic, the name of the state was changed to Karnataka on 1 November 1973, devaraj Urs was the Chief Minister of the state when this landmark decision was taken. Other people credited for the unification of Karnataka include littérateurs like K. Shivaram Karanth, Kuvempu, Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, A. N. Krishna Rao, Rajyotsava day is celebrated with great joy and vigour all over the state of Karnataka. The entire state wears a look on this day as the red and yellow Kannada flags are hoisted at different strategic locations across the state. The flag is hoisted at political party offices and several localities even as youth in many areas take out processions on two-wheelers, religion not being a factor, the Rajyotsava is celebrated by Hindus, Muslims and Christians as well. The state government asserts Rajyotsava awards on this day, which are awarded to people responsible for great contributions in the development of Karnataka, the Chief Minister of the State inaugurates the cultural show which is normally held at Kanteerava Stadium, Bangalore. Awards are presented to students who have won medals in national games. The celebrations are marked by multicoloured tableaux carrying the picture of the Goddess Bhuvaneshwari mounted on a decorated vehicle, the colourful procession is also accompanied by performances of the folk artists in the fields of drama, traditional dance and classical carnatic music. Since 1 November is a holiday, it is celebrated at commercial establishments in the following days of the week. Kannada flags are hoisted and displayed at almost all office. The IT crowd show their support by wearing Kannada-themed T-shirts to workplaces, educational institutions also hold such events at schools along with flag-hoisting and the rendering of naadageethe. Apart from celebrations in Karnataka, it is observed in other regions of India with significant Kannadiga population like Mumbai, New Delhi, Gurgaon
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Deccan Chronicle
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Deccan Chronicle is an Indian English-language daily newspaper. It is published in Hyderabad, Telangana by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited, the newspapers name derives from the originating place, the Deccan regions of India. Deccan Chronicle is also published from Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, supplements are TV Guide, Sunday Chronicle, Hyderabad Chronicle, Chennai Chronicle, Bengaluru Chronicle and Kerala Chronicle. It also supplies other weekly features like School Chronicle and Teen Chronicle, the newspaper has a total readership of over 10.88 lakhs. Since May 2004, it started printing the International Herald Tribune in Hyderabad It has started the operations as a concern in 1938 by Karai Rajagopal. The Indian Premier League cricket franchise of the Deccan Chargers was owned by Deccan Chronicle, the Deccan Chargers represented the city of Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League. Gayatri Reddy was the owner of Deccan Chargers, the media group acquired the franchise from IPL auction for $107 million on 24 January 2008. The franchise was terminated by BCCI on 12 October 2012 due to failure of the franchise to provide a guarantee of ₹1 billion. This franchise has now acquired by Sun TV Group and is called Sunrisers Hyderabad known as SRH
30.
The Hindu
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The Hindu is an English-language Indian daily newspaper. Headquartered at Chennai, The Hindu was published weekly when it was launched in 1878 and it is the second most circulated English-language newspaper in India, with average qualifying sales of 1.45 million copies as of Jan−Jun 2016. The Hindu has its largest base of circulation in southern India, the newspaper and other publications in The Hindu Group are owned by a family-held company, Kasturi and Sons Ltd. In 2010, The newspaper employs over 1,600 workers, most of the revenue comes from advertising and subscription. The Hindu became, in 1995, the first Indian newspaper to offer an online edition, started in order to support the campaign of Sir T. About 80 copies of the issue were printed at Srinidhi Press, Georgetown on one rupee. Subramania Iyer became the first editor and Veera Raghavacharya, the first managing director of the newspaper, the paper initially printed from Srinidhi Press but later moved on Scottish Press, then, The Hindu Press, Mylapore, and finally to the National Press on Mount Road. Started as a newspaper, the paper became a tri-weekly in 1883. A single copy of the newspaper was priced at four annas, the offices moved to rented premises at 100 Mount Road on 3 December 1883. The newspaper started printing at its own press there, named The National Press, the Hindu was initially liberal in its outlook and is now considered left leaning. Its editorial stances have earned it the nickname, the Maha Vishnu of Mount Road, in between, there were more views than news. The partnership between Veeraraghavachariar and Subramania Iyer was dissolved in October 1898, Iyer quit the paper and Veeraraghavachariar became the sole owner and appointed C. However, The Hindus adventurousness began to decline in the 1900s and so did its circulation, Kasturi Ranga Iyengars ancestors had served the courts of Vijayanagar and Mahratta Tanjore. Since then the newspaper has been owned entirely by the members of the Kasturi Ranga Iyengar family, in the late 1980s, when its ownership passed into the hands of the familys younger members, a change in political leaning was observed. Worldpress. org lists The Hindu as an independent newspaper. Joint managing director N. Murali said in July 2003, It is true that our readers have been complaining that some of our reports are partial, but it also depends on reader beliefs. On 3 and 23 September 2003, the letters column carried responses from readers saying the editorial was biased. In 1987–88, The Hindus coverage of the Bofors arms deal scandal, the investigation was led by a part-time correspondent of The Hindu, Chitra Subramaniam, reporting from Geneva, and was supported by Ram in Chennai
31.
Rupee
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In the Maldives, the unit of currency is known as the rufiyah, which is a cognate of the Sanskrit rupya. The Indian rupees and Pakistani rupees are subdivided into one hundred paise or pice, the Mauritian and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents. The Nepalese rupee subdivides into one hundred paisas or four sukas or two mohors and it is derived from the noun rūpa shape, likeness, image. The word rūpa is further identified as having sprung from the Dravidian root uruppu, rūpiya was first named to a silver coin weighing 178 grains minted in northern India by Emperor Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule between 1540 and 1545. Suri also introduced copper coins called dam and gold coins called mohur that weighed 169 grains, the Indian rupee was first introduced, issued and termed as rupiya, the silver coin, by Sher Shah Suri, continued by the Mughal rulers. The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC, Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen. The term is from rūpya, a Sanskrit term for silver coin, from Sanskrit rūpá, both the Kabuli rupee and the Kandahari rupee were used as currency in Afghanistan prior to 1891, when they were standardized as the Afghan rupee. The Afghan rupee, which was subdivided into 60 paisas, was replaced by the Afghan afghani in 1925, until the middle of the 20th century, Tibets official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee. The Indian rupee was the currency of Dubai and Qatar until 1959. The Gulf rupee was legal tender until 1966, when India significantly devalued the Indian rupee, in East Africa, Arabia, and Mesopotamia, the rupee and its subsidiary coinage was current at various times. The usage of the rupee in East Africa extended from Somalia in the north, in Mozambique, the British India rupees were overstamped, and in Kenya, the British East Africa Company minted the rupee and its fractions, as well as pice. The rise in the price of silver immediately after the first world war caused the rupee to rise in value to two shillings sterling. In 1920 in British East Africa, the opportunity was taken to introduce a new florin coin. Shortly after that, the florin was split into two East African shillings and this assimilation to sterling did not, however, happen in British India itself. In Somalia, the Italian colonial authority minted rupia to exactly the same standard, the Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the 19th century, the East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place. Formerly, the rupee was divided into 16 annas,64 paise, each circulating coin of British India, until the rupee was decimalised, had a different name in practice. A paisa was equal to two dhelas, three pies and six damaris, other coins for two paisas, two annas, four annas, eight annas were widely in use until decimalization in 1961
32.
Crore
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A crore denotes ten million and is equal to 100 lakh in the Indian numbering system. It is widely used in South Asia, and is written in Indian numbering system as 1,00,00,000 with the style of digit group separators. Large amounts of money in India are often written in terms of crores, for example,150,000,000 Indian rupees is written as fifteen crore rupees, ₹15 crore or Rs 15 crore. Trillions of ₹ are often written or spoken of in terms of lakh crore, the crore is known by various regional names. Kapampangan, katâ / kata-katâ Persian, کرور Krur / Korur Tagalog, thai, โกฏิ kot or kot̩i Myriad Names of large numbers Names of numbers in English Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Crore
33.
Ashoka Chakra
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The Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the dharmachakra, represented with 24 spokes. It is so called because it appears on a number of edicts of Ashoka, indias highest peacetime military decoration awarded for valour, courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield is also called Ashoka Chakra. When Gautama Buddha achieved nirvana at Bodh Gaya, he came to Sarnath, there, he found his five disciples Assaji, Mahānāma, Kondañña, Bhaddiya and Vappa, who had earlier abandoned him. He introduced his first teachings to them, thereby establishing the dharmachakra and this is the motive taken up by Ashoka and portrayed on top of his pillars. However,12 out of the 24 spokes represent the twelve causal links taught by the Buddha, the first 12 spokes represent 12 stages of suffering. Next 12 spokes represent no cause no effect, so, due to awareness of mind formation of mental conditioning stops. This process stops the process of birth and death i. e. nibbana and these 12 in reverse represent a total 24 spokes representing the dharma
34.
History of Bangalore
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Bengaluru is the capital city of the state of Karnataka. Bengaluru was founded by Kempe Gowda I, who built a mud fort at the site in 1537 and it has been developed over the years into an industrial and IT hub in India. The Gangas ruled Gangavadi from Kolar starting c.350 and later shifted their capital to Talakadu. Their rule often extended over parts of Tamil Nadu. An article, published in The Hindu, states, ) An inscription, dating back to 890 AD, but it stands neglected at the Parvathi Nageshwara Temple in Begur near the city. Written in hale Kannada of the 9th Century, the epigraph refers to a Bengaluru war in 890 AD in which Buttanachetty, though this has been recorded by historian R. Narasimhachar in his Epigraphia of Carnatica, no efforts have been made to preserve it. The inscription stone found near Begur reveals, that the district was part of the Ganga Kingdom ruled from Gangavadi until 1024 C. E and was known as Benga-val-oru, the City of Guards in old Kannada. In the year 1120 AD, the Hoysala King, Veera Ballala ruled the Deccan plateau or the South of India, on a hunting trip in the forest he lost his way. After a long search he met an old lady in the forest who offered him shelter for the night, to show his gratitude to this lady for having saved his life, the King constructed a town and named it as Benda Kalooru which means town of boiled beans. Later in 1537, a chieftain, Kempe Gowda helped design this town. In 1024 C. E, the Chola Empire captured the city, today, little evidence can be seen of this period. A small village in south Bengaluru and one in Anantapur district bear the Chola name, the later Gangas often fought alongside the Chalukyas, Rastrakutas and the Hoysalas. In 1117 C. E, the Hoysala king Veera Ballala II defeated the Cholas in the battle of Talakad which led to the downfall of the Chola empire. A popular anecdote recounts that the 11th-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled ladys finger. The grateful king named the place benda kaal-ooru, which was eventually colloquialised to Bengalūru, there are also theories that the name has a floral origin and is derived from the tree Benga or Ven-kai, also known as the Indian Kino Tree. The city as it is today was named by Kempe Gowda I. There is an inscription dated 1628 C. E in the Ranganatha Temple in Telugu, Kempe Gowda I, Modern Bengaluru was founded by a feudatory of the Vijayanagara Empire, who built a mud fort in the year 1537. Kempe Gowda also referred to the new town as his gandu bhoomi or Land of Heroes, within Bangalore, the town was divided into petes or market. The town had two streets, Chickkapete Street ran east-west and Doddapete Street ran north-south
35.
Bangalore Cantonment
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The Bangalore Cantonment was a military cantonment of the British Raj based in the Indian city of Bangalore. The cantonment covered an area of 13 square miles, extending from the Residency on the west to Binnamangala on the east, by area, it was the largest British military cantonment in South India. The Bangalore Cantonment was directly under the administration of the British Raj, prior to the arrival of the British, Bangalore had been the stronghold of several Hindu dynasties including the Gangas, Cholas, Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara Empire. In the 18th century, the dominion of Bangalore passed on to Haider Ali, after a series of successive wars known as the Anglo-Mysore Wars with Haider Alis son, Tipu Sultan, the British captured the city and all of the Kingdom of Mysore in 1799. Bangalore was the strongest fort of Tipu Sultan and during the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu Sultan followed Cornwallis army, placing him in the awkward position of having an undefeated enemy army at his back while besieging the a strong fortification. Tipu kept away hoping to take assault when underway in flank, over the next twelve days, two companies of the Madras Pioneers provided sappers for eight batteries, dug several parallels and a trench up to the fort ditch. Cornwallis attacked secretly on the night of March 21,1791, the Madras Pioneers, led by Lt Colin Mackenzie, crossed the ditch with scaling ladders, mounted the breach and entered the fort, while the artillery engaged the fort with blank ammunition. With a breach made, the main stormers rushed in and the fort was captured after a hand-to hand fight in which a thousand defenders were killed, Cornwallis captured the fort and secured the force against Tipu. The Madras Pioneers, went on to make Bangalore their permanent home, the British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their garrison to Bangalore from Srirangapatna. The origin of the word cantonment comes from the French word canton, each cantonment was essentially a well-defined and clearly demarcated unit of territory set apart for the quartering and administering of troops. The heart of the Bangalore Cantonment was the Parade Ground, the Civil and Military Station grew around the Parade Ground. The installation of the Bangalore Cantonment attracted a number of migrant workers from Tamil Nadu. Bangalore rapidly became the largest city in the Kingdom of Mysore, in 1831, the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore was moved from Mysore city to Bangalore. The Bangalore Cantonment grew independent of its twin-city, referred to as Bangalore pete, in the 19th century, the Bangalore Cantonment had clubs, churches, bungalows, shops and cinemas. The Bangalore Cantonment had a strong European influence with public residence and life centered on the South Parade, marks Cathedral was built on the South Parade grounds. The settlements adjacent to the South Parades was known as Mootocherry which was occupied by Tamil settlers from the North Arcot, the names of many of the cantonments streets were derived from military nomenclature such as Artillery Road, Brigade Road, Infantry Road and Cavalry Road. The city of Bangalore still retains many of the names of its streets. A resident to the King of Mysore, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV lived within the cantonment area and his quarters was called the Residency, areas around the South Parade that essentially were public living areas were named after their European residents
36.
Bangalore Fort
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Bangalore Fort began in 1537 as a mud fort. The builder was Kempe Gowda I, a vassal of the Vijaynagar Empire, haider Ali in 1761 replaced the mud fort with a stone fort. The army of the British East India Company, led by Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 captured the fort in the siege of Bangalore during the Third Mysore War, at the time the fort was a stronghold for Tipu Sultan. Today, the forts Delhi gate, on Krishnarajendra Road, a marble plaque commemorates the spot where the British breached forts wall, leading to its capture. The old fort area also includes Tipu Sultans Summer Palace, the fort has provided the setting for the treasure hunt in the book Riddle of the Seventh Stone. He persevered with his vision and got permission from the King Achutaraya, the King gifted 12 hoblis with an annual income of 30,000 varahas to Kempe Gowda to meet the expenses of his venture of building a new city. Kempe Gowda moved from his land of Yelahanka to establish his new principality. Thereafter, he constructed a mud fort, with a moat surrounding it, the building of the mud fort is also steeped in a legend. During the construction of the Fort it was said that the gate would collapse no sooner than it was built. Thereafter, the fort was completed without any mishap, in her memory, Kempe Gowda built a temple in her name in Koramangala. Thus, Kempe Gowdas dream fructified and the Bengaluru Pete evolved around the Mud fort called the Bangalore Fort, in 1637-38, the Bangalore Fort under Kempe Gowda’s rule was very prosperous. Rustam i Zaman, the commander under the Bijapur Sultanate who was on a war campaign, and after he had captured the Sira Fort close to Bangalore, wanted to capture the Bangalore Fort, Kempe Gowda managed to get Nayak withdraw the troops. Soon enough he prevailed on Kempe Gowda to surrender the fort with all its riches without any battle, rustom-i-Zaman then took over the fort and handed over its management to Shahji along with other territories, which he had recently conquered, with Bangalore as his headquarters. This mud fort was enlarged during Chikkadeva Raya Wodeyars rule between 1673 AD –1704 AD, in 1761, it was renovated by Hyder Ali, who made it strong with stones. A part of the fort was subject to bombardment by the British when they fought a battle against Tipu Sultan, Tipu Sultan repaired the fort later. Inside the fort, there is dedicated to Lord Ganapathy. In March 1791 the army of the British East India Company led by Lord Cornwallis laid siege to the Bangalore fort during the Third Mysore War. In the words of the British chronicler Mark Wilks “Resistance was everywhere respectable. ”With the capture of the Bangalore Fort the Army of British East India Company replenished supplies and obtained a base from where it could attack Srirangapatna
37.
Bengaluru Pete
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Bengaluru Pete is an area of Bangalore city which was established by Kempegowda I in 1537 with roads laid out in the cardinal directions, and entrance gates at the end of each road. Kempegowda also termed the Pete he built as his gandu bhoomi or Land of Heroes, Pete forms a well–defined body of markets which were associated with various trades and professions of the populace in the locality markets and given the names of trades pursued in such markets. The other nicknames of the city also reflect the direction of the city, such as the Silicon Valley of India, the Fashion Capital of India. The place has left its mark on literature with novels like Riddle of the Seventh Stone being set in part of Bangalore. These attributes have been further accentuated in the present day Bangalore city and it is now the third largest metropolis in India, the largest city in Karnataka state and the 28th largest city in the world. He was the grand son of Jaya Gowda who established the Yelahankanada Prabhu clan, in 1418 AD and whose principality was in Yelahanka. He persevered with his vision and got permission from the King Achutaraya, the King gifted 12 hoblis with an annual income of 30,000 varahas to his Chieftain Kempegowda to meet the expenses of his venture of building a new city. Kempegowda moved from his land of Yelahanka to establish his new principality. Following this event, on a day in 1537 A. D. Thereafter, he constructed a mud fort, with a moat surrounding it. Building of the mud fort is also steeped in a legend which is a tragic but heroic story. During the construction of the Fort it was said that the gate would fall off no sooner than it was built. Kempe Gowda could not accept such a situation nor permit any such event to occur, but his daughter-in-law, Lakshamma, realising her father-in-Laws predicament, beheaded herself with a sword at the southern gate in the darkness of night. Thereafter, the fort was completed without any mishap, in her memory, Kempegowda built a temple in her name in Koramangala. Thus, Kempegowdas dream fructified and the Bengaluru Pete evolved around the Mud fort called the Bangalore Fort and this mud fort was converted and enlarged into the present stone fort during Chikkadeva Raya Wodeyars rule between 1673 AD –1704 AD and Hyder Alis rule, in 1761. It has also reported that Guru Nanak, the 1st Sikh Guru. Kempegowda met him and sought his blessings, Guru Nanak not only blessed Kempegowda but also advised him to develop the place. The Pete The Pete as built by Kempegowda I had two streets, namely the Chikkapete Street, which ran east–west, and the Doddapete Street. Their intersection formed the Doddapete Square, the heart of Bangalore, halasoor, also called Ulsoor, Sondekoppa, Yelahanka, and Anekal were the four gates erected at the cardinal directions
38.
Chalukya dynasty
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The Chalukya dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties, the earliest dynasty, known as the Badami Chalukyas, ruled from Vatapi from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the Kadamba kingdom of Banavasi, after the death of Pulakeshin II, the Eastern Chalukyas became an independent kingdom in the eastern Deccan. They ruled from Vengi until about the 11th century and these Western Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani until the end of the 12th century. The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of South India, the political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the Kaveri and the Narmada rivers, the rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called Chalukyan architecture. Kannada literature, which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas in the Jain, the 11th century saw the birth of Telugu literature under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas. While opinions vary regarding the origins of the Chalukyas, the consensus among noted historians such as John Keay. Sircar, Hans Raj, S. Sen, Kamath, K. V. Ramesh, a theory that they were descendants of a 2nd-century chieftain called Kandachaliki Remmanaka, a feudatory of the Andhra Ikshvaku was put forward. This according to Kamath has failed to explain the difference in lineage, the Kandachaliki feudatory call themselves Vashisthiputras of the Hiranyakagotra. The Chalukyas, however, address themselves as Harithiputras of Manavyasagotra in their inscriptions, which is the lineage as their early overlords. This makes them descendants of the Kadambas, the Chalukyas took control of the territory formerly ruled by the Kadambas. A later record of Eastern Chalukyas mentions the northern origin theory and claims one ruler of Ayodhya came south, defeated the Pallavas and she had a child called Vijayaditya who is claimed to be the Pulakeshin Is father. However, according to the historians K. V. Ramesh, Chopra and Sastri, there are Badami Chalukya inscriptions that confirm Jayasimha was Pulakeshin Is grandfather and Ranaranga, his father. Kamath and Moraes claim it was a practice in the 11th century to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom. The Badami Chalukya records themselves are silent with regards to the Ayodhya origin, while the northern origin theory has been dismissed by many historians, the epigraphist K. V. Ramesh has suggested that an earlier southern migration is a distinct possibility which needs examination. Hence, the place of origin of their ancestors may have been of no significance to the kings of the empire who may have considered themselves natives of the Kannada speaking region. The writing of 12th century Kashmiri poet Bilhana suggests the Chalukya family belonged to the Shudra caste while other sources claim they were Kshatriyas, the historians Jan Houben and Kamath, and the epigraphist D. C
39.
Hoysala Empire
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The Hoysala empire was a prominent Southern Indian Kannadiga empire that ruled most of the modern-day state of Karnataka between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur but was moved to Halebidu. The Hoysala rulers were originally from Malnad Karnataka, a region in the Western Ghats range. By the 13th century, they governed most of present-day Karnataka, minor parts of Tamil Nadu and parts of western Andhra Pradesh, the Hoysala era was an important period in the development of art, architecture, and religion in South India. The empire is remembered primarily for its temple architecture. Over a hundred surviving temples are scattered across Karnataka, well known temples which exhibit an amazing display of sculptural exuberance include the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, the Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu, and the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura. The Hoysala rulers also patronised the arts, encouraging literature to flourish in Kannada. Kannada folklore tells a tale of a young man Sala, who saved his Jain guru Sudatta by striking dead a Tiger he encountered near the temple of the Goddess Vasantika at Angadi, the word strike literally translates to hoy in Hale Kannada, hence the name Hoy-sala. This legend first appeared in the Belur inscription of Vishnuvardhana, early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas were descendants of the Yadava by referring to the Yadava vamsa as Hoysala vamsa. But there are no early records directly linking the Hoysalas to the Yadavas of North India, historians refer to the founders of the dynasty as natives of Malnad Karnataka, based on numerous inscriptions calling them Maleparolganda or Lord of the Male chiefs. This title in the Kannada language was used by the Hoysala kings as their royal signature in their inscriptions. Literary sources from that time in Kannada and Sanskrit have also helped confirm they were natives of the region known today as Karnataka, the first Hoysala family record is dated 950 and names Arekalla as the chieftain, followed by Maruga and Nripa Kama I. The next ruler, Munda, was succeeded by Nripa Kama II who held titles as Permanadi that show an early alliance with the Western Ganga dynasty. From these modest beginnings, the Hoysala dynasty began its transformation into a subordinate of the Western Chalukyas. Through Vishnuvardhanas expansive military conquests, the Hoysalas achieved the status of a kingdom for the first time. He wrested Gangavadi from the Cholas in 1116 and moved the capital from Belur to Halebidu, Vishnuvardhanas ambition of creating an independent empire was fulfilled by his grandson Veera Ballala II, who freed the Hoysalas from subordination in 1187–1193. During this time, peninsular India saw a four way struggle for hegemony – Pandya, Kakatiya, Veera Ballala II defeated the aggressive Pandya when they invaded the Chola kingdom. He assumed the title Establisher of the Chola Kingdom, Emperor of the south and he founded the city of Bangalore according to Kannada folklore
40.
Kadamba dynasty
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Kadamba was an ancient royal brahmin dynasty of Karnataka, India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, the Kadambas of Banavasi ruled large parts of modern Karnataka state, King Mayurasharma defeated the armies of Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with help of some native tribes. The Kadamba fame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, tiring of the endless battles and bloodshed, one of the later descendants, King Shivakoti adopted Jainism. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynasty and together formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy. The Kadambas were the first indigenous dynasty to use Kannada, the language of the soil and their legacy was so impressive that even the Vijayanagar rulers who fought Deccan Sultanates hired descendants of the Kadambas to manage their Goa military naval fleet. There is no shortage of myths about the origin of the Kadambas, according to one account the dynasty was founded by one Trilochana Kadamba also known from the Halsi and Degamve records as Jayanta who had three eyes and four arms. He was born out of the sweat of Shiva, which had fallen under a Kadamba tree, according to another myth, Mayurasharma himself was born to Lord Shiva and mother earth and had three eyes. An inscription of the Nagarakhanda Kadambas, a later descendent dynasty, gives a legendary account, there are two theories to the origin of the Kadamba dynasty, a native Kannadiga origin and the other a north Indian origin. Mention of the north Indian origin of the Kadambas are only found in their records of their offshoot descendent dynasty and is considered legendary. But this theory has not found popularity as there is no indication of this account in any of their early records, on the contrary, the family derives its name from the Kadamba tree that is common only to the South India region. A claim has made that the Kadambas were none other than a tribe called the Kadambu. The Kadambus find mention in the Tamil Sangam literature as totemic worshippers of the Kadambu tree, being native Kannadigas, the Kadambas promptly gave administrative and political importance to their language, Kannada, after coming to power. It is thus claimed that the family of the Kadambas were undoubtedly of Kanarese descent, the Naga descent of the Kadambas has been stated in early inscriptions of King Krishna Varma I too, which confirms the family was from present day Karnataka. Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Kannada are the sources of the Kadamba history. The Talagunda, Gundanur, Chandravalli, Halasi and Halmidi inscription are some of the important inscriptions that throw light on this ancient ruling family of Karnataka. They belonged to the Manavya Gotra and were Haritiputras, which connects them to the native Chutus of Banavasi, inscriptions of the Kadambas in Kannada and Sanskrit ascribed to the main dynasty and branch kingdoms have been published by historians. The Kadambas minted coins with Nagari, Kannada and Grantha legends which provide additional evidence of their history. Kadambas were the first rulers to use Kannada as an official administrative language
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Kempe Gowda I
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Hiriya Kempe Gowda, well known as Kempe Gowda I, was a feudatory ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire. The city of Bangalore itself was established by Kempe Gowda in 1537 and he is considered to be the founder of Bangalore, currently the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. Kempe Gowda was one of the educated and successful rulers of his time. Being a successor of Kempananje Gowda, descendants of Gowda lineage started as Yelahankanadu Prabhus, the Yelahankanadu Prabhus were Gowdas or tillers of the land. Jaya Gowda accepted the sovereignty of the Vijayanagar emperor and he later left Yelankanadu and was successful in planning and building Bangalore Fort and Bengaluru Pete, the origins of the current city of Bangalore. He is also noted for his reforms and contribution to building temples. Hiriya Kempe Gowda was born in Yelahanka and was the son of Kempananje Gowda, Kempe Gowda, who is reputed to have shown leadership skills during his childhood, was educated at Gurukula in Aivarukandapura, a village near Hesaraghatta, for nine years. He envisioned the city to have a fort, a cantonment, tanks, temples and people of all trades and he conquered Sivaganga principality,48 kilometres from Bangalore on Bangalore-Pune highway. Next he annexed Domlur, which is on the road from Bangalore to the old Bangalore airport, Kempe Gowda built a red fort with eight gates and a moat surrounding it. Inside the fort two wide roads ran from North to South and East to West, the other roads were made parallel or perpendicular to them. One ran from Halasoor Gate to Sondekoppa Road from East to West and these roads are the present Nagarthapete and Chikka pete, and Doddapete respectively. The streets and the Blocks were demarcated for the purpose they were meant, halasoorpete, Manava-rthepete, Mutyalapete etc. were meant for other groups of the society. The Agraharas were for the priests and learned classes and he got skilled artisans and craftsmen from the neighboring as well as far off places and got them settled so that they could pursue their vocations. Temples of Vinayaka and Anjaneya were built at the Northern Yelahanka Gate of the fort, Dodda Basavannanagudi and in its neighbourhood, Dodda Vinayaka and Dodda Anjaneya and Veerabhadhra temples were also built outside the fort on the southern side. Gavi Gangadhareshwara temple was built by Kempe Gowda. Tanks were built for the supply to the town, to the moat around the fort. Inside the fort, a big pond enclosed by masonry of dressed granite stones was dug, dhar-mambudhi tank, which supplied water to the town, Kempambudhi tank, in Gavi-pura Guttahalli and Samp-igambudhi tank, which were meant for irrigation, were also built. Irrigational facilities gave much impetus to agriculture and horticulture and also encouraged laying of gardens, the Emperor of Vijayanagar pleased with his activities bestowed him with near-by villages of Halasooru, Begur, Varthur, Jigani, Thalagattapura, Kumbalgodu, Kengeri and Banavara
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Kingdom of Mysore
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The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India, traditionally believed to have been founded in 1399 in the vicinity of the modern city of Mysore. The kingdom, which was ruled by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, the kingdom became independent, the kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto ruler Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. During this time, it came into conflict with the Marathas, the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Kingdom of Travancore, success in the first two Anglo-Mysore wars was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. Following Tipus death in the war of 1799, large parts of his kingdom were annexed by the British. The British restored the Wodeyars to their throne by way of a subsidiary alliance, the Wodeyars continued to rule the state until Indian independence in 1947, when Mysore acceded to the Union of India. Even as a state, Mysore came to be counted among the more developed and urbanized regions of India. This period also saw Mysore emerge as one of the important centers of art, the Mysore kings were not only accomplished exponents of the fine arts and men of letters, they were enthusiastic patrons as well, and their legacies continue to influence music and art even today. According to traditional accounts, the kingdom originated as a state based in the modern city of Mysore and was founded by two brothers, Yaduraya and Krishnaraya. Their origins are mired in legend and are still a matter of debate, while some historians posit a northern origin at Dwaraka, Yaduraya is said to have married Chikkadevarasi, the local princess and assumed the feudal title Wodeyar, which the ensuing dynasty retained. The kings who followed ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara empire until the decline of the latter in 1565, by this time, the kingdom had expanded to thirty-three villages protected by a force of 300 soldiers. Raja Wodeyar Is reign also saw expansion with the annexation of Channapatna to the north from Jaggadeva Raya – a development which made Mysore a regional political factor to reckon with. This was in marked contrast to the chiefs of Tamil country who continued to pay off Chandragiri well into the 1630s. The invasion of the Keladi Nayakas of Malnad was also dealt with successfully and this period was followed by one of complex geo-political changes, when in the 1670s, the Marathas and the Mughals pressed into the Deccan. Chikka Devaraja, the most notable of Mysores early kings, who ruled during much of period, managed to not only survive the exigencies. He achieved this by forging alliances with the Marathas and the Mughals. The kingdom soon grew to include Salem and Bangalore to the east, Hassan to the west, Chikkamagaluru and Tumkur to the north, the conflict brought mixed results with Mysore annexing Periyapatna but suffering a reversal at Palupare. According to historians Sanjay Subrahmanyam and Sethu Madhava Rao, Mysore was now formally a tributary of the Mughal empire, mughul records claim a regular tribute was paid by Mysore
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Rashtrakuta dynasty
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Rashtrakuta was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian Subcontinent between the sixth and 10th centuries. The earliest known Rashtrakuta inscription is a 7th-century copper plate grant detailing their rule from Manapura, other ruling Rashtrakuta clans from the same period mentioned in inscriptions were the kings of Achalapur and the rulers of Kannauj. Several controversies exist regarding the origin of these early Rashtrakutas, their native home and this clan came to be known as the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, rising to power in South India in 753. At the same time the Pala dynasty of Bengal and the Prathihara dynasty of Malwa were gaining force in eastern and northwestern India respectively, an Arabic text, Silsilat al-Tawarikh, called the Rashtrakutas one of the four principal empires of the world. The early kings of this dynasty were influenced by Hinduism and the kings by Jainism. During their rule, Jain mathematicians and scholars contributed important works in Kannada, Amoghavarsha I, the most famous king of this dynasty wrote Kavirajamarga, a landmark literary work in the Kannada language. Architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, the finest example of which is seen in the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora in modern Maharashtra. Other important contributions are the Kashivishvanatha temple and the Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal in modern Karnataka, the origin of the Rashtrakuta dynasty has been a controversial topic of Indian history. The relationship of these medieval Rashtrakutas to the most famous later dynasty, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, the sources for Rashtrakuta history include medieval inscriptions, ancient literature in the Pali language, contemporaneous literature in Sanskrit and Kannada and the notes of the Arab travellers. Scholars debate over which ethnic/linguistic groups can claim the early Rashtrakutas, possibilities include the north western ethnic groups of India, the Kannadiga, Reddi, the Maratha, or the tribes from the Punjab region. Scholars however concur that the rulers of the dynasty in the 8th to 10th century made the Kannada language as important as Sanskrit. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use both Kannada and Sanskrit, and the rulers encouraged literature in both languages, the earliest existing Kannada literary writings are credited to their court poets and royalty. Though these Rashtrakutas were Kannadigas, they were conversant in a northern Deccan language as well, the heart of the Rashtrakuta empire included nearly all of Karnataka, Maharashtra and parts of Andhra Pradesh, an area which the Rashtrakutas ruled for over two centuries. He then helped his father-in-law, Pallava King Nandivarman regain Kanchi from the Chalukyas and defeated the Gurjaras of Malwa, dantidurgas successor Krishna I brought major portions of present-day Karnataka and Konkan under his control. During the rule of Dhruva Dharavarsha who took control in 780 and he led successful expeditions to Kannauj, the seat of northern Indian power where he defeated the Gurjara Pratiharas and the Palas of Bengal, gaining him fame and vast booty but not more territory. He also brought the Eastern Chalukyas and Gangas of Talakad under his control, according to Altekar and Sen, the Rashtrakutas became a pan-India power during his rule. The ascent of Dhruva Dharavarshas third son, Govinda III, to the throne heralded an era of success like never before, there is uncertainty about the location of the early capital of the Rashtrakutas at this time. During his rule there was a three way conflict between the Rashtrakutas, the Palas and the Pratiharas for control over the Gangetic plains and his military exploits have been compared to those of Alexander the Great and Arjuna of Mahabharata
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Vijayanagara Empire
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The Vijayanagara Empire was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty, the empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. It lasted until 1646, although its power declined after a military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates. The empire is named after its city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka. The writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Fernão Nunes, and Niccolò Da Conti, Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagara have revealed the empires power and wealth. The empires legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi, the previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan, efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empires patronage enabled fine arts and literature to new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor, differing theories have been proposed regarding the origins of the Vijayanagara empire. Others claim that they were Telugu people, first associated with the Kakatiya Kingdom, irrespective of their origin, historians agree the founders were supported and inspired by Vidyaranya, a saint at the Sringeri monastery to fight the Muslim invasion of South India. He created the Kampili kingdom, but this was a short lived kingdom during this period of wars, Kampili existed near Gulbarga and Tungabhadra river in northeastern parts of the present-day Karnataka state. It ended after a defeat by the armies of Delhi Sultanate, the triumphant army led by Malik Zada sent the news of its victory, over Kampili kingdom, to Muhammad bin Tughluq in Delhi by sending a straw-stuffed severed head of the dead Hindu king. Within Kampili, on the day of certain defeat, the populace committed a jauhar in 1327/28 CE, eight years later, from the ruins of the Kampili kingdom emerged the Vijayanagara Kingdom in 1336 CE. In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, Harihara I gained control over most of the south of the Tungabhadra river. The original capital was in the principality of Anegondi on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in todays Karnataka. The next ruler, Deva Raya I, emerged successful against the Gajapatis of Odisha, italian traveler Niccolo de Conti wrote of him as the most powerful ruler of India. Deva Raya II succeeded to the throne in 1424 and was possibly the most capable of the Sangama dynasty rulers and he quelled rebelling feudal lords as well as the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south. He invaded the island of Lanka and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu, the Sultanate invaded Vijayanagara in 1417 when the latter defaulted in paying the tribute
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Western Ganga dynasty
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Western Ganga was an important ruling dynasty of ancient Karnataka in India which lasted from about 350 to 1000 CE. They are known as Western Gangas to distinguish them from the Eastern Gangas who in later centuries ruled over Kalinga. The Western Ganga sovereignty lasted from about 350 to 550 CE, initially ruling from Kolar and later, after the rise of the imperial Chalukyas of Badami, the Gangas accepted Chalukya overlordship and fought for the cause of their overlords against the Pallavas of Kanchi. The Chalukyas were replaced by the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta in 753 CE as the dominant power in the Deccan, after a century of struggle for autonomy, the Western Gangas finally accepted Rashtrakuta overlordship and successfully fought alongside them against their foes, the Chola Dynasty of Tanjavur. In the late 10th century, north of Tungabhadra river, the Rashtrakutas were replaced by the emerging Western Chalukya Empire, the defeat of the Western Gangas by Cholas around 1000 resulted in the end of the Ganga influence over the region. Though territorially a small kingdom, the Western Ganga contribution to polity, the kings of this dynasty encouraged the fine arts due to which literature in Kannada and Sanskrit flourished. Chavundarayas writing, Chavundaraya Purana of 978 CE, is an important work in Kannada prose, many classics were written on various subjects ranging from religion to elephant management. Multiple theories have been proposed regarding the ancestry of the founders of the Western Ganga dynasty, some mythical accounts point to a northern origin, while theories based on epigraphy suggest a southern origin. These regions encompass an area of the southern Deccan where the three modern states merge geographically, the area they controlled was called Gangavadi and included regions of the modern districts of Mysore, Hassan Chamarajanagar, Tumkur, Kolar, Mandya and Bangalore in Karnataka state. At times, they controlled some areas in modern Tamil Nadu. The founding king of the dynasty was Konganivarma Madhava who made Kolar his capital around 350, by the time of Harivarma in 390, the Gangas had consolidated their kingdom with Talakad as their capital. Their move from the early capital Kolar may have been a one with the intention of containing the growing Kadamba power. In 529, King Durvinita ascended the throne after waging a war with his brother who was favoured by his father. Some accounts suggest that in this struggle, the Pallavas of Kanchi supported Avinitas choice of heir. From the inscriptions it is known that these battles were fought in Tondaimandalam, considered the most successful of the Ganga kings, Durvinita was well versed in arts such as music, dance, ayurveda and taming wild elephants. Some inscriptions sing paeans to him by comparing him to Yudhishthira and Manu – figures from Hindu mythology known for their wisdom, politically, the Gangas were feudatories and close allies who also shared matrimonial relations with the Chalukyas. This is attested by inscriptions which describe their joint campaigns against their arch enemy, from the year 725 onwards, the Gangavadi territories came to be called as the Gangavadi-96000 comprising the eastern and western provinces of modern south Karnataka. King Sripurusha fought the Pallava King Nandivarman Pallavamalla successfully, bringing Penkulikottai in north Arcot under his control temporarily for which he earned the title Permanadi
Vidhan Soudha
