1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
2.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
3.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
4.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
5.
Davenport, Iowa
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Davenport was founded on May 14,1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend, George Davenport, a colonel during the Black Hawk War stationed at nearby Fort Armstrong. According to the 2010 census, the city had a population of 99,685, located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines, Davenport is on the border of Iowa and Illinois. The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River, there are two main universities, Saint Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic, which is where the first chiropractic adjustment took place. Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport, including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival, The Mississippi Valley Fair, an internationally known 7-mile foot race called the Bix 7 is run during the festival. The city has a Class A minor league team, the Quad Cities River Bandits. Davenport has 50 plus parks and facilities, as well as over 20 miles of paths for biking or walking. Four interstates and two major United States Highways serve the city, Davenport has seen steady population growth since its incorporation, with an exception being the 1980s, when the population decreased due to job loss. The Quad Cities was ranked as the most affordable metropolitan area in 2010 by Forbes, in 2007, Davenport, along with neighboring Rock Island, won the City Livability Award in the small-city category from the U. S. In 2012, Davenport as well as the Quad Cities Metropolitan Area was ranked among the areas in the nation in the growth of high-tech jobs. The current mayor of Davenport is Frank Klipsch, the land was originally owned by the Sauk people, Meskwaki, and Ho-Chunk – indigenous peoples of the Americas. In 1803 France sold it to the United States under the Louisiana Purchase, lieutenant Zebulon Pike was the first United States representative to officially visit the Upper Mississippi River area. On August 27,1805, Pike camped on the present day site of Davenport, in 1832, a group of Sauk, Meskwaki, and Kickapoo people were defeated by the United States in the Black Hawk War. The United States government then concluded the Black Hawk Purchase, sometimes called the Forty-Mile Strip or Scotts Purchase, the purchase was made for $640,000 on September 21,1832 and contained an area of some 6 million acres, at a price equivalent to 11 cents/acre. Although named after the defeated chief Black Hawk, he was being held prisoner at the time, the purchase was therefore agreed to by Sauk chief Keokuk, who had remained neutral in the war. It was made on the site of present-day Davenport, army General Winfield Scott and Governor of Illinois, John Reynolds, acted on behalf of the United States, with the future Davenport founder, half-Native, Antoine Le Claire serving as translator. Chief Keokuk gave a portion of land to Antoine Le Claires wife, Marguerite. Antoine built their home on the spot where the agreement was signed. Antoine did so, finishing the Treaty House in the spring of 1833, Davenport was established on May 14,1836 by Le Claire, and named after his friend Colonel George Davenport, who was stationed at Fort Armstrong during the war
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Contributing property
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Government agencies, at the state, national, and local level in the United States, have differing definitions of what constitutes a contributing property but there are common characteristics. Local laws often regulate the changes that can be made to contributing structures within designated historic districts, the first local ordinances dealing with the alteration of buildings within historic districts was in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931. Properties within a district fall into one of two types of property, contributing and non-contributing. A contributing property, such as a 19th Century mansion, helps make a historic district historic, while a non-contributing property, such as a medical clinic. The contributing properties are key to a districts historic associations, historic architectural qualities. A property can change from contributing to non-contributing and vice versa if significant alterations take place, the ordinance declared that buildings in the district could not have changes made to their architectural features visible from the street. By the mid-1930s, other U. S. cities followed Charlestons lead, an amendment to the Louisiana Constitution led to the 1937 creation of the Vieux Carre Commission, which was charged with protecting and preserving the French Quarter in the city of New Orleans. The city then passed an ordinance that set standards regulating changes within the quarter. Other sources, such as the Columbia Law Review in 1963, the Columbia Law Review gave dates of 1925 for the New Orleans laws and 1924 for Charleston. The same publication claimed that two cities were the only cities with historic district zoning until Alexandria, Virginia adopted an ordinance in 1946. The National Park Service appears to refute this, in 1939, the city of San Antonio, Texas, enacted an ordinance that protected the area of La Villita, which was the citys original Mexican village marketplace. In 1941 the authority of local controls on buildings within historic districts was being challenged in court. In City of New Orleans vs Pergament Louisiana state appellate courts ruled that the design, beginning in the mid-1950s, controls that once applied to only historic districts were extended to individual landmark structures. The United States Congress adopted legislation that declared the Georgetown neighborhood in Washington, by 1965,51 American communities had adopted preservation ordinances. By 1998, more than 2,300 U. S. towns, contributing properties are defined through historic district or historic preservation zoning laws, usually at the local level. Zoning ordinances pertaining to historic districts are designed to maintain a historic character by controlling demolition and alteration to existing properties. It can be any property, structure or object that adds to the integrity or architectural qualities that make the historic district, either local or federal. Definitions vary but, in general, they maintain the same characteristics, another key aspect of a contributing property is historic integrity
8.
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad
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The eastern half of the system merged into the Soo Line Railroad on January 1,1986. The company went through several names and faced bankruptcy several times in that period. The company incorporated in 1847, but changed its name to the Milwaukee and its first line, all of 5 miles, opened between Milwaukee and Wauwatosa, on November 20,1850. Extensions followed to Waukesha in February 1851, Madison, and finally the Mississippi River at Prairie du Chien in 1857. As a result of the panic of 1857, the M&M went into receivership in 1859. In 1867, Alexander Mitchell combined the M&PdC with the Milwaukee and St. Paul under the name Milwaukee, critical to the development and financing of the railroad was the acquisition of significant land grants. Prominent individual investors in the line included Alexander Mitchell, Russell Sage, Jeremiah Milbank, in 1874, the name was changed to Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul. By 1887, the railroad had lines running through Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, South Dakota, the company General Offices were later located in Chicagos Railway Exchange building until 1924, at which time they moved to Chicago Union Station. In the 1890s the Milwaukees directors felt they had to extend the railroad to the Pacific in order to remain competitive with other roads, a survey in 1901 estimated costs to build to the Pacific Northwest as $45 million. In 1905 the board approved the Pacific Extension, now estimated at $60 million, the contract for the western part of the route was awarded to Horace Chapin Henry of Seattle. Construction began in 1906 and was completed in 1909, the two main mountain ranges that had to be crossed required major civil engineering works and additional locomotive power. The completion of 2,300 miles of railroad through some of the most varied topography in the nation in three years was a major feat. Some historians question the choice of route, since it bypassed some population centers, much of the line paralleled the Northern Pacific Railway. It was primarily a long-haul route, Trains magazine called the building of the extension egregious and a disaster. George H. Drury listed the Pacific Extension as one of several decisions made by the Milwaukees management which contributed to the companys eventual failure. Operating conditions in the regions of the Pacific Extension proved difficult. In winter, temperatures dropped to −40 °F, making it challenging for steam locomotives to generate sufficient steam, the line snaked through mountainous areas, resulting in long steep grades and sharp curves. Electrification provided an answer, especially with abundant hydroelectric power in the mountains, between 1914–1916, the Milwaukee implemented a 3,000 volt direct current overhead system between Harlowton, Montana and Avery, Idaho, a distance of 438 miles
9.
Camp McClellan (Iowa)
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Camp McClellan is a former Union Army camp in the U. S. state of Iowa that was established in Davenport in August 1861 after the outbreak of the American Civil War. The camp was the grounds for recruits and a hospital for the wounded. In 1863 it became a camp called Camp Kearney for members of the Sioux, or Dakota. The camp was decommissioned after the release of the prisoners in 1866, the land the camp was built on belonged to Thomas Russel Allen of St. Louis, Missouri and consisted of over 300 acres. The property was directly across the Mississippi River from the Rock Island Arsenal, baker moved his offices to Davenport and established Camp McClellan as a training camp for the volunteer soldiers. Lieutenant William Hall was responsible for organizing and running the camp, the camp was named in honor of General George B. McClellan. It was the largest of the five camps that were in,40,000 of the nearly 80,000 Iowa troops that fought the war passed through its gates. They were also treated in the hospital and mustered out from the camp when the war was over. J. W. Willard was given the contract to construct the necessary buildings and they built a dozen frame buildings with 52 double berths for bunks, a mess hall, a commissary, a canteen, a granary and officers quarters. There were enough stalls for over 100 horses, more barracks were completed as quickly as possible because of the large number of recruits that were coming into the camp. A thousand recruits would have been at Camp McClellan at one time after it first opened, because of the haste, the quarters were poorly constructed and started to leak. Lieutenant Colonel Hall was put in charge to bring the camp up to standards, maximize security. Colonel Hare of Muscatine, Iowa took over for Lieutenant Colonel Hall on October 11,1861, Camp McClellan was the rendezvous of the Eighth, Eleventh, Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Sixteenth regiments of infantry, and also of recruits for the older regiments. The number of troops at the camp was diminished by April 1862, however, it was thought the war would soon be over and it was decided that the camp was needed as a prison camp and so walls were built. Despite these plans the war raged on and the number of recruits increased, as the sick and wounded returned from the war, they were brought to the camps hospital. It contained a pharmacy, clean rooms, and a kitchen that were influenced by Iowa Sanitary Agent Annie Wittenmyer. Camp McClellan became a camp of a different kind in 1863. The federal government imprisoned 277 male members of the Sioux tribe,16 women, the men were involved in the Dakota War of 1862 in Minnesota and were held in the camp as prisoners because President Abraham Lincoln commuted their death sentences
10.
Sioux
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The Sioux /ˈsuː/ are groups of Native American tribes and First Nations peoples in North America. The term can refer to any group within the Great Sioux Nation or to any of the nations many language dialects. The Sioux comprise three major divisions based on divisions, the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota. The Santee Dakota reside in the extreme east of the Dakotas, Minnesota, the Yankton and Yanktonai Dakota, collectively also referred to by the endonym Wičhíyena, reside in the Minnesota River area. They are considered to be the middle Sioux, and have in the past been erroneously classified as Nakota, the actual Nakota are the Assiniboine and Stoney of Western Canada and Montana. The Lakota, also called Teton, are the westernmost Sioux, known for their hunting, the name Sioux was adopted in English by the 1760s from French. It is abbreviated from Nadouessioux, first attested by Jean Nicolet in 1640, the name is sometimes said to be derived from an Ojibwe exonym for the Sioux meaning little snakes. The spelling in -x is due to the French plural marker, the Proto-Algonquian form *na·towe·wa, meaning Northern Iroquoian, has reflexes in several daughter languages that refer to a small rattlesnake. An alternative explanation is derivation from an exonym na·towe·ssiw, from a verb meaning to speak a foreign language. The current Ojibwe term for the Sioux and related groups is Bwaanag, presumably, this refers to the style of cooking the Sioux used in the past. The alternative English spelling of Ogallala is considered improper, the historical Sioux referred to the Great Sioux Nation as the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ, meaning Seven Council Fires. Each fire was a symbol of an oyate, the seven nations that comprise the Sioux are, Bdewákaŋthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ, Waȟpékhute, Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ, Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna, and the Thítȟuŋwaŋ. The Seven Council Fires would assemble each summer to hold council, renew kinships, decide tribal matters, the seven divisions would select four leaders known as Wičháša Yatápika from among the leaders of each division. The last meeting of the Seven Council Fires was in 1850, today the Teton, Santee and the Minnesota Dakota, and Yankton/Yanktonai are usually known, respectively, as the Lakota, Eastern Dakota, or Western Dakota. In any of the three dialects, Lakota or Dakota translate to mean friend or ally, referring to the alliance that once bound the Great Sioux Nation. The Dakota are first recorded to have resided at the source of the Mississippi River during the seventeenth century, by 1700 some had migrated to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota entered into an alliance with French merchants, the French were trying to gain advantage in the struggle for the North American fur trade against the English, who had recently established the Hudsons Bay Company. The first recorded encounter between the Sioux and the French occurred when Radisson and Groseilliers reached what is now Wisconsin during the winter of 1659–60
11.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
12.
Weyerhaeuser
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Weyerhaeuser is one of the worlds largest private owners of timberlands. It owns more than 13 million acres of timberlands, primarily in the U. S. the company also manufactures wood and cellulose fiber products. Weyerhaeuser is a real estate investment trust, fifteen partners and 900,000 acres of Washington timberland were involved in the founding, and the land was purchased from James J. Hill of the Great Northern Railway. In 1929, the company built what was then the worlds largest sawmill in Longview, Weyerhaeusers pulp mill in Longview, which began production in 1931, sustained the company financially during the Great Depression. In 1959, the company eliminated the word Timber from its name to reflect its operations. In 1965, Weyerhaeuser built its first bleached kraft pulp mill in Canada, Weyerhaeuser implemented its High Yield Forestry Plan in 1967 which drew upon 30 years of forestry research and field experience. It called for the planting of seedlings within one year of a harvest, soil fertilization, thinning, rehabilitation of brushlands, Weyerhaeuser consolidated its core businesses in the late 1990s and ended its services in mortgage banking, personal care products, financial services, and information systems consulting. Weyerhaeuser also expanded into South America, Australia, and Asia, in 1999, Weyerhaeuser purchased MacMillan Bloedel Limited, a large Canadian forestry company. Then in 2002 after a hostile buyout, the company acquired Willamette Industries, Inc. of Portland. In March 2008, Weyerhaeuser Company announced the sale of its Containerboard Packaging and Recycling business to International Paper for $6 billion in cash, the transaction included nine containerboard mills,72 packaging locations,10 specialty-packaging plants, four kraft bag and sack locations and 19 recycling facilities. The transaction affected approximately 14,300 employees, Weyerhaeuser converted into a real estate investment trust when it filed its 2010 tax return. In 2013, Weyerhaeuser purchased Longview Timber for $2.65 billion including debt from Brookfield Asset Management, the acquisition added 645,000 acres of timberland to Weyerhaeusers holdings in Oregon and Washington. In 2014, Weyerhaeuser spun off its home building unit to TRI Pointe Homes in a $2.8 billion transaction, the company also announced its intention to sell its Federal Way headquarters and relocate to Seattles Pioneer Square in 2016. The sale and move were completed in 2016, on November 8,2015, it was announced that Weyerhaeuser would buy Plum Creek Timber for $8.4 billion, forming the largest private owner of timberland in the United States. The companys operations are divided into three business segments, Timberlands — Growing and harvesting trees in renewable cycles. Wood products — Manufacturing and distribution of building materials for homes, cellulose fiber — Research and development, manufacturing and distribution of pulp products. Doyle Simons is the CEO and president of Weyerhaeuser Company, the Weyerhaeuser board of directors consists of, Debra A. Cafaro, Mark Emmert, John I. Kieckhefer, Wayne W. Murdy, Nicole Piasecki, Doyle R. Simons, Richard Sinkfield, D. Michael Steuert, Kim Williams, hidy, Ralph W, Hill, Frank Ernest, Nevins, Allan
13.
Standard Oil
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Standard Oil Co. Inc. was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 by John D. Rockefeller as a corporation in Ohio and its controversial history as one of the worlds first and largest multinational corporations ended in 1911, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that Standard Oil was an illegal monopoly. The Standard Oil trust streamlined production and logistics, lowered costs, trust-busting critics accused Standard Oil of using aggressive pricing to destroy competitors and form a monopoly that threatened other businesses. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and major shareholder and its successors such as ExxonMobil, BP, and Chevron are still counted among the companies with the largest income worldwide. By 1882, his top aide was John Dustin Archbold, after 1896, Rockefeller disengaged from business to concentrate on his philanthropy, leaving Archbold in control. Other notable Standard Oil principals include Henry Flagler, developer of the Florida East Coast Railway and resort cities, and Henry H. Rogers, Standard Oils name came from the companys manufacturing standards, which preceded todays ASTM standards. In 1870 Rockefeller incorporated Standard Oil in Ohio, of the initial 10,000 shares, John D. In the early years, John D. Rockefeller dominated the combine and he quickly distributed power and the tasks of policy formation to a system of committees, but always remained the largest shareholder. Authority was centralized in the main office in Cleveland. In response to state trying to limit the scale of companies, Rockefeller and his associates developed innovative ways of organizing. On January 2,1882, they combined their disparate companies, spread across dozens of states and this organization proved so successful that other giant enterprises adopted this trust form. The company grew by increasing sales and also through acquisitions, after purchasing competing firms, Rockefeller shut down those he believed to be inefficient and kept the others. Smaller companies decried such deals as unfair because they were not producing enough oil to qualify for discounts, in 1872, Rockefeller joined the South Improvement Co. which would have allowed him to receive rebates for shipping and receive drawbacks on oil his competitors shipped. But when this became known, competitors convinced the Pennsylvania Legislature to revoke South Improvements charter. No oil was shipped under this arrangement. Standards actions and secret transport deals helped its kerosene price to drop from 58 to 26 cents from 1865 to 1870, competitors disliked the companys business practices, but consumers liked the lower prices. Standard Oil, being formed well before the discovery of the Spindletop oil field, the company was perceived to own and control all aspects of the trade. In 1885, Standard Oil of Ohio moved its headquarters from Cleveland to its permanent headquarters at 26 Broadway in New York City
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St. Katherine's Historic District
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St. Katherines Historic District is located on the east side Davenport, Iowa, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is the location of two built by two lumber barons until it became the campus of an Episcopal girls school named St. Katharines Hall. The name was altered to St. Katharine-St, marks School when it became coeducational. It is currently the location of a living facility called St. Katherines Living Center. The historic district is a campus of 9.37 acres, at the time of its nomination to the National Register it was made up of six buildings. Two of the buildings were built as houses, Cambria Place, the other buildings include a large combination classroom and dormitory building, a chapel, and a combination classroom and gymnasium building. The sixth building was a dormitory that was not a contributing property and has subsequently been torn down. The district is located in the southeast corner of the LeClaire Reserve, the landscaped grounds are on the side of a hill overlooking a mixed residential and light industrial area along the Mississippi River to the south. To the east is the Bridge Avenue Historic District, a neighborhood dating from the 1870s to the 1910s. The LeClaire Reserve, which is made up of residential neighborhoods, is located to the north. Rev. William Stevens Perry, the second Bishop of Iowa announced his intention to build a school for girls in Davenport, the diocese already operated Griswold College in Davenport. It was founded on property of the former Iowa College, now known as Grinnell College after it moved to Grinnell, the school had been founded in 1859 by the Rt. Rev. Henry Washington Lee, the first Bishop of Iowa, a high school for boys, called Kemper Hall, was created later on the campus in 1885. The school was closed in 1899. The college property today is the location of Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, St. Katharines Hall replaced Trinity School for girls, which was located in the parish hall of the cathedral. The diocese was able to consider opening a new school for girls based on the will of Sarah Burr from New York City and she had bequeathed $30,000 for such a purpose. They chose a residence on the east side of Davenport called Cambria Place, adelia Rice was the schools first principal. Its initial enrollment was 25 students, the institution was considered a superior church boarding school with a college preparatory curriculum
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Episcopal Church (United States)
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The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, in 2014, the Episcopal Church had 1,956,042 baptized members. In 2011, it was the nations 14th largest denomination, in 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States, or 3 million people, self-identify as mainline Episcopalians/Anglicans. The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant, yet Catholic, the Episcopal Church is an apostolic church, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. The Book of Common Prayer, a collection of traditional rites, blessings, liturgies, the Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the church has pursued a more liberal course. It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement, some of its leaders and priests are known for marching with influential civil rights demonstrators such as Martin Luther King Jr. The Church calls for the legal equality of gay and lesbian people. Due to the process of editing or making additions to the Prayer Book, the BCP still describes marriage as being the union of a man. The Episcopal Church ordains women and LGBT people to the priesthood, the diaconate, in 2003, Gene Robinson was the first non-celibate openly gay person ordained as a bishop in documented Christian history. There are two names of the Episcopal Church specified in its constitution, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The latter is the commonly used name. In other languages, an equivalent is used, until 1964, the only official name in use was The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name and they were opposed by the churchs evangelical wing, which felt that the Protestant Episcopal label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. After 1877, alternative names were proposed and rejected by the General Convention. A commonly proposed alternative was the American Catholic Church, by the 1960s, opposition to dropping the word Protestant had largely subsided. The 66th General Convention voted in 1979 to use the name The Episcopal Church in the Oath of Conformity of the Declaration for Ordination, the evolution of the name can be seen in the churchs Book of Common Prayer. The alternate name The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has never been a name of the church but is commonly seen in English
16.
Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands
17.
Hose Station No. 4
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Hose Station No.4 is located in the Village of East Davenport in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is a property of the Davenport Village Historic District that has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980. The fire station was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993. It is one of two old fire stations on the east side of the city that are still in existence, the other one is Hose Station No.3. The building sits adjacent to Lindsay Park and now houses the International Fire Museum, the first group of volunteer firefighters in Davenport were organized in 1856 and called the Independent Fire Engine and Hose Company. The city’s first fire house, Hose Station No,1, was built on Perry Street in 1877 for the Fire King Engine 2nd Hose Company. In the first decades of the 20th century the city built other small stations throughout the city such as Hose Station No.4. The Davenport Fire Antique & Restoration Society was formed by four members of the Davenport Fire Department in 1984 and they acquired Hose Station No.4 and opened the museum in 1986. The museum contains artifacts and photographs pertaining to firefighting throughout the world and it includes a 1951 Mack pumper from Riverdale, Iowa. The station was designed in the Italianate style and it features a rectangular plan, hipped roof covered in tile and a short tower in back where the hoses dried. The red brick exterior features quoined corners in brick, a single pair of fire-house doors, behind which the firefighting equipment was stored, fronted Eleventh Street. The pedestrian entrance was along the side of the building, two large rectangular windows are above the fire-house doors and a dormer is on the roof above the main façade
18.
Pierce School No. 13
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Pierce School No.13 is a historic building located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. Pierce School Lofts, as the building is now called, contains 41 market-rate apartments and it was included as a contributing property in the Village of East Davenport Historic District in 1980. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The building was constructed in 1899 as School No.13 and it was one of eight schools that opened during the 30 year administration of Superintendent J. B. Young. It replaced School #1, which was located at Mound and 11th Streets, the schools name was changed to Pierce in 1908. Around 1919 the Davenport schools adopted the 6-3-3 system and Pierce continued as a school serving the east side of Davenport. The building ceased being a school in 1940, by the end of the 1940s Mast Development Company, a research and development firm, made the building its headquarters. They built an addition onto the back of the building in 1977 that more than doubled the size of the structure, Mast moved out of the building in 1986. The following year the building was converted into Pierce School Mall, the back addition was used by a local appliance store as a warehouse. A2005 plan to convert the building into condominiums faltered, in 2015 a $10 million renovation project to convert the facility into 41 market-rate apartments was begun. The project received historic tax credits and workforce housing tax credits from the Iowa Economic Development Authority and it was completed the following year. The Pierce School building was designed by Davenport architect Parke T, Burrows of the local firm Clausen & Burrows. The square block building is high on a raised basement. In the center of each elevation is a pavilion that is capped with a triangular pediment. It is built with red bricks and the basement is faced with blocks of dressed limestone. The building features a roof with bracketed eaves. It has round windows on the main floor and rectangular windows on the second floor. A columned canopy covers the main entrance, the grouping of windows beneath round-arched brick arcades reflect the Richardsonian Romanesque style that was popular in the late 19th century
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Lindsay Park (Davenport, Iowa)
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Lindsay Park is a 31-acre park. Located in the Village of East Davenport in Davenport, Iowa, the whole park was individually listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1998. Lindsay Park is owned by the city of Davenport and features a playground, baseball diamonds and views of the Mississippi River, there is a group of architectural sculptures along the Riverfront Parkway, of which Lindsay Park is a part. The park also hosts the annual Riverssance Festival of Fine Art, the park served as the parade grounds for the Union Army stationed at Camp McClellan during the American Civil War. Camp McClellan was laid out in August 1861 and it was the largest of the five camps that were in and around the city of Davenport. After the war the area became an area, named McClellan Heights. The park held a Civil War Muster and Mercantile Exposition annually in the 1980s
20.
Indian Springs Park (Davenport, Iowa)
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Indian Springs Park is a public park located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The park is located on 3 acres in a natural depression north of East River Drive, the land was donated to the city in 1921 by Mrs. D. N. Richardson with the expressed purpose of creating a park. The property contains a spring that was used by Native Americans, from which the park derives its name, the spring itself was capped in 1929 and a pipe 6 inches in diameter directs the water into a storm drain. During the high season in the spring the parks basin fills with spring water. The park, which is undeveloped, has served as a play area for the neighborhood children and students from neighboring Hoover Elementary School. The park is a property in the Village of East Davenport Historic District. It was added to the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 2005
21.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
22.
Quad-City Times
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The Quad-City Times is a daily morning newspaper based in Davenport, Iowa, and circulated throughout the Quad Cities metropolitan area. According to the Iowa Newspaper Association, the Quad-City Times has a circulation of 61,366, the newspaper is owned by Lee Enterprises, which is also located in Davenport. The Quad-City Times grew from several predecessors, including the Democratic Banner, the Democratic Banner was founded in 1848, was sold in 1855 to a group of businessmen and rechristened the Iowa State Democrat. The Iowa State Democrat published its first edition on October 15 of that year, the newspaper underwent many changes through its early history, and by 1899, its circulation was 1,300 daily and 2,500 weekly. The newspaper was sold to Lee Enterprises in 1915, thereafter Cram become editor and publisher, the Blue Ribbon News began publication in 1878, by 1886, it was known as the Davenport Daily Times. The newspaper, which struggled for years, was sold in 1899 to A. W. Both newspapers continued to grow in circulation, before combining operations in 1964, the formerly separate newspapers became known as the Times-Democrat. By 1974, with circulation expanding throughout eastern Iowa and western Illinois, in December 1989, the Quad-City Times moved into its current building at 500 E. The facility, completed at a cost of $23.8 million, includes a press room, mail room, warehouse. The facility also houses Trico, the commercial printing business. The Quad-City Times has been on the edge of technology. Electronic pagination began in 1988, with all-digital photography taking root by 1994, current Quad-City Times columnists include Don Doxsie, Alma Gaul, Barb Ickes and Bill Wundram. The current editor is Autumn Phillips, deb Anselm is the publisher of the Quad-City Times. The newspaper receives Iowa political news from Lee Enterprises Des Moines bureau, previously, the Quad-City Times published additional editions, which have since been discontinued, An Afternoon Edition that circulated for many decades only in Davenport and Bettendorf. An Illinois Edition that circulated in the Illinois Quad Cities, and throughout Rock Island, Henry and this edition went to Clinton and Jackson counties in Iowa, and Carroll and Whiteside counties in Illinois during the week. All separate editions have since been discontinued, the Quad-City Times is available on the Amazon Kindle book reader, however without ads, classifieds and most photos and tables. On Thursdays, the Bettendorf News is published, and the tabloid-sized included in newsstand and subscriber copies in Bettendorf, Le Claire, Pleasant Valley, from 1927 through sometime in the 2000s decade, the Bettendorf News was a stand-alone weekly newspaper. Since 1975, the newspaper has been owned by Lee Enterprises, and during the 2000s decade, in the past, special weekly sections were also published for the Clinton, and both the upper and lower Rock Island County markets, but these have since been discontinued
23.
Bridge Avenue Historic District
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The Bridge Avenue Historic District is located in a residential neighborhood on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983, the historic district stretches from River Drive along the Mississippi River up a bluff to East Ninth Street, which is near the top of the hill. The historic district is made up of fourteen houses on the end of Bridge Avenue. The street itself rises steeply to the north from River Drive and it is located along the east side of a ravine that separates it from the St. Katherines Historic District on the west. To the north and west is the LeClaire Reserve, a residential area built on property that had belonged to city founder Antoine LeClaire. A residential neighborhood to the east that dates from the early 20th Century includes the Prospect Park Historic District, the houses along this section of Bridge Avenue were largely built from the 1870s to 1910. The oldest house, however, was built in 1860, ten of the houses are on the west side of the street and four are on the east side, which also includes the larger property of the Ambrose Fulton House. All but two of the houses are of frame construction, the two noncontributing elements in the district are a modern apartment building and a parking lot located at the foot of Bridge Avenue and Oneida Street. The most prominent of the residences was built by Ambrose Fulton and he was an early and aggressive promoter of the new town. Fulton was involved in industries including flour mills, railroads, river commerce, land speculation. Of the four oldest houses in the district, three are Italianate, including the Fulton House, and one is Second Empire, three of the four houses feature quoined corners similar to that of the Fulton residence even though they are built of wood. Quoining is rare in Davenport’s residential architecture and its noticeable incidence here suggest others were emulating Fulton, besides Fulton three other prominent members of the Davenport community built houses on Bridge Avenue. John B. Carmichael dealt in books, stationary and wallpaper, Josiah Dow owned a grain mill, Forrest is also responsible for the Forrest Block downtown. Josiahs wife Maggie built a duplex on Bridge Avenue after her husbands death, nine of the more significant houses include, Herman Andresen House 732 Bridge Avenue. The two-story frame residence features a bellcast mansard roof, and a cornice on the gable end. John B. Carmichael House 820 Bridge Avenue, the two-story, three bay, front gable frame house possesses Italianate characteristics that are found in the curved window heads and false wood quoining that is designed to look like masonry. Josiah Dow House 908 Bridge Avenue, the Second Empire frame house is a 2½-story structure with a mansard roof, rectangular plan and an addition that was added to the back of the house. Maggie Dow House 815-815½ Bridge Avenue, a two-story double house with a high hipped roof in the Georgian Revival style
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College Square Historic District
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College Square Historic District is located on a bluff north of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the area received its name because a large portion of the area was the campus of two different colleges in the 19th century. Iowa College was founded in 1846 by members of the Congregational Church on Western Avenue in Davenport, the land was donated by Antoine LeClaire, one of the citys founders. The school started as a preparatory school and eventually added a collegiate department. The city decided to extend Western Avenue through the campus so the school moved further east in 1855 to where the College Square Historic District is now located and that year they built a new stone building and boarding house for $22,000. Once again the city voted to extend Main Street through the campus and in 1858 the trustees decided to move to Grinnell. The following year the property was purchased by Henry Washington Lee. He established Griswold College on the west side of the property and it too contained preparatory and collegiate divisions as well as a seminary department. The college started well at the beginning, but began to have problems as a result of the panic of 1872. Kemper Hall, a preparatory school for boys, was founded on the property. By the end of the 19th century the schools were closed by the diocese. On the east side of the property Bishop Lee built Grace Cathedral, the diocese sold the property on the west side of Main Street to the Davenport Board of Education for $53,000. They built Davenport High School on the property between 1904-1907, the north part of the district is largely occupied by houses that were built largely in the two decades following the American Civil War. In the middle of the district is the citys Civil War soldiers monument, also adjacent to the historic district is Palmer College of Chiropractic. The College Square Historic District is part of the larger Hilltop Neighborhood, in 2010 community planners held workshops and other meetings to revitalize the area. They are focused on the district on Harrison Street, which just to the west of the historic district. The cornerstone for the cathedral was laid in 1867 and it was completed in 1873, except for its bell tower, the church was designed by a New York City architect, Edward Tuckerman Potter and was completed for $80,000. It was only the second Episcopal Church in the United States built exclusively as a cathedral, the attached parish house was completed in 1993, and the bell tower and spire were completed in 1998 after Potters original design
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Columbia Avenue Historic District
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Columbia Avenue Historic District is located in the central part of the city of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the district lies north and west of Vander Veer Botanical Park. The area is residential and it contains brick apartment buildings that were built between 1930 and 1939. It is one of the city’s smallest districts and it is unique among the historic districts in that it contains primarily apartment buildings. The historic district is quite possibly the earliest apartment complex in the city of Davenport, the city has a long history of multiple-family housing. There is at least one row house from the 1860s still in existence, the double-house, or duplex, was popular in the city throughout the 19th century and were designed in the same styles as single-family dwellings. Larger apartment blocks of three to five floors were built in and around the city center for middle and upper-middle class households around the turn of the 20th century, during the 1910s and 1920s most residential construction in the city was devoted to single-family homes. Harrison Manor was built from 1925 to 1926 and it is a 46-unit building on Harrison Street, across from Vander Veer Park. At the time it was the largest apartment building constructed in Davenport and was similar to the apartment blocks that were being built in Chicago during the time period. The apartment complex centered on Columbia Avenue was begun in 1930 by Mclnnes Brothers and it is located a block northwest of Vander Veer Park. They had several buildings of the complex under construction when they went bankrupt in 1931, otto Behrens and John F. Steffen stepped in and completed the buildings begun by Mclnnes Brothers. Archie Mclnnes reorganized the firm, and completed the five remaining buildings in the complex. The buildings form a complex along city streets, eight of the buildings face both sides of West Columbia Avenue, which runs through the middle of the district between Harrison and Ripley Streets. Three of the buildings flank Columbia facing Harrison, four more building face West Hayes Street to the north, and six buildings face Ripley Street on the west. There are several characteristics that are basic to each structure and they are all two stories with a raised basement-level unit. All of the buildings follow a plan with a symmetrical three or five bay main facade. They are all frame construction and the exteriors are covered with tapestry brick. For the most part, the detail of each building is restrained with the main entrance as the primary decorative element
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Cork Hill District
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The Cork Hill District is located on a bluff northeast of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, the historic district covers 18. 7-acre and stretches from the campus of Palmer College of Chiropractic on the west to the Sacred Heart Cathedral Complex on the east. It is the half of a neighborhood of the same name. When listed, the district included 12 contributing buildings and it includes Greek Revival, Italianate, and Victorian architecture. The property was covered in a 1982 study of Davenport MRA and/or its 1983 follow-on, Cork Hill itself is the western section of a larger area of Davenport known as the LeClaire Reserve, named after the landowner and city founder Antoine LeClaire. It was a large Yankee-Irish neighborhood on the east side of town, the houses of the Cork Hill District reflect the long history of development of the LeClaire Reserve. The area developed in a fashion that resulted in a mixture of architectural forms. LeClaire himself built his home in the Reserve in 1855 and St. Margaret’s Church in 1856, other prominent families, such as the French’s, also moved to the area. The family of industrialists were also patrons of the arts and literature in the city, alice French, whose pen name was Octave Thanet, was known as the first Iowa author with a national reputation. The Irish started moving to Davenport after the Great Famine in Ireland of the 1840s and 1850s, because large numbers of Irish immigrants settled around St. Margaret’s Church, the area became known as Cork Hill. Many of the Irish who located here were laborers who worked for the railroads or in the mills along the Mississippi River, most of the houses belonging to the Irish families were replaced at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century by larger dwellings. However, because of this association with the Irish the area surrounding Sacred Heart Cathedral. The homes built in the Cork Hill District reflect most of the architectural styles of the 19th century. They are, however, simpler than the found in the Hamburg Historic District. The contrast shows how the various styles were adapted to suit different income levels, for the most part the houses here are two stories tall and frame construction. They are mostly single-family dwellings, or were at the time they were built, double houses were also built in the district and distinguishable by their double entrances. The earliest houses on Cork Hill were built in the Greek Revival style that was popular in early Davenport architecture, the Italianate style started to appear in the 1850s, and its use was popularized by LeClaires house. It was followed by the Queen Anne and Gothic Revival styles, as the 19th century came to a close the Colonial Revival style became more popular, as did the American Craftsman and Victorian styles
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Crescent Warehouse Historic District
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The Crescent Warehouse Historic District is a 10. 5-acre historic district in Davenport, Iowa, United States. The district is associated with the commercial and industrial development that happened on the east side of the area between 1900 and 1950. This was a period for the citys economy as it moved from a lumber-based economy to a more diverse industrial and commercial base. During this time new factories, warehouses and railroad buildings were constructed in the district and this collection of multi-story industrial based buildings is rare within the state of Iowa. The historic district is a rectangular area with East Fourth Street on the south and East Fifth Street on the north, Iowa Street on the east. The southwest corner of the district widens to include the railroad viaduct over the intersection of East Fourth Street, the area was located between two “crescents” that were created by elevated railroad tracks. The tracks that remain are the main line of the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad. The second crescent was created by a branch of the tracks from the line to the Rock Island’s railroad yards north of East Fourth Street. The second crescent and the yards have subsequently been removed, the Crescent Warehouse Historic District is located in what is known as LeClaire’s Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Additions to the original city of Davenport, which lies to the west. That plot of land is known as the LeClaire Reserve, the city was founded in 1836 and its early economy was based on serving the settlers who moved to and through the area. The main business interests included flour mills, foundries, sawmills, in the 1850s the economy increasingly became based on woodworking operations. Logs from the forests in Minnesota and Wisconsin were floated down the Mississippi River. Other businesses such as planning mills, barrel factories, furniture factories, cigar box factories, many were located along the Mississippi River and the main line of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in the decades immediately before and after the American Civil War. The area that would become the Crescent Warehouse Historic District was sparsely developed through the 1870s, in 1872 a new double-deck wagon and railroad bridge was built at the foot of Iowa Street across the Mississippi River. The new mainline of the Rock Island Railroad spurred development in the area and they built a new rail yard between Iowa Street and Front Street in the 1880s. Car repair shops and a roundhouse were begun in 1887, the woodworking industries hit their peak in the mid-1890s and as other industries moved into the area the land around the Rock Island Railroad’s main line became more desirable. Also, after the decline in the industries the riverfront property in the downtown area where some of the mills were located became LeClaire Park in the early 20th century. The riverfront property on the east side of town reverted to other industries, west of Iowa Street were found small warehouses, small frame houses, larger rooming houses, a tavern, a lumber yard and the former location of Trinity Episcopal Church
28.
East 14th Street Historic District
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East 14th Street Historic District is located on a bluff northeast of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It consists of 67 houses in the 300-800 blocks of East 14th Street in the LeClaire Reserve, the historic district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983. The historic district is located in a part of the city known as the LeClaire Reserve and it covers the 300 to the 800 blocks of East 14th Street and includes 67 houses. The earliest homes were built in the 1870s and the newest around 1910, however, the district is located in the heart of the non-German residential area. The Germans largely resided to the west of Harrison Street, several prominent entrepreneurs, industrialists and professionals lived along East 14th Street. Their families, however, lived here for several decades unlike the Germans who would spend a lifetime in their neighborhoods, the homes on East 14th Street are described as “solid, reasonably prosperous, and unostentatious. ”For the most part they are large and of frame construction. The house are located on long, narrow lots and are set back 20–30 feet from the street, many of the lots are slightly elevated and terraced. Most of the houses are single-family dwellings, or they were when they were built, there are also several double houses where the two sides of the main facade are a mirror image of each other. The houses follow changing tastes and architectural styles, the earliest style found in the district is the Italianate with its emphasis on symmetry and the horizontal. It was followed by the Queen Anne with its plan, towers, variegated roofs, projecting bays and dormers. Closer to the turn of the 20th century the symmetry of the Colonial Revival style became more predominate, some of the houses show the influence of the Prairie Style. There is also evidence that older homes were remodeled with the features and textures of the later styles, East 14th Street also has several houses built in a vernacular style that was popular in 19th century Davenport. They are two-story, three-bay, front gable houses with an entrance that is off center
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Hamburg Historic District (Davenport, Iowa)
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Hamburg Historic District is a residential neighborhood located on a bluff northwest of downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States. It is listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties and on the National Register of Historic Places, the historic district is where the city’s middle and upper income German community lived in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Germans were the largest ethnic group to settle in Davenport, Hamburg is located to the northwest of Davenports central business district. The neighborhood itself goes as far north as Locust Street and to the west as far as Division Street, the historic districts boundaries were reduced to the section between Fifth and Ninth and Ripley and Vine. It includes the highest concentration of buildings and some of the best examples of architectural styles in the neighborhood. The Mississippi River is located five blocks to the south, there is a gradual slope to the land as one travels to the north. After the alley north of Fifth Street it dramatically rises into a bluff and it peaks at about Seventh Street and descends less dramatically to Ninth Street. The southern part of this provides a prominent view of the cityscape. For this reason it became a location for the middle. The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad tracks built along Fifth Street are yet another boundary for the area, the north side of Sixth Street that extends from Ripley Street to Gaines Street is known as the Gold Coast. German immigrants started moving into the city in numbers starting in the late 1840s. In 1848,250 Germans came to Davenport and by 1850, German immigration remained strong through the 1880s. The Iowa census of 1890 showed that a quarter of Scott Countys residents were natives of Germany, a disproportionate number of those immigrants came from Schleswig-Holstein, which was in a border and personal rights dispute with Denmark in the 1840s. German “free thinkers” from the two states were leaving in large numbers and many came to Davenport and their political and philosophical thinking tended to be anti-clerical and secular. It would eventually dominate Davenport politics and set the city apart from communities of size in the Midwest. Other German immigrants to Davenport came from Bavaria, Hamburg, Hanover, Davenport’s small Hungarian community, refugees from the revolution against Austria in the 1840s, generally lived in the German neighborhoods, as well. Initially, the citizens of Davenport resented the large numbers of Germans coming to the city. They were also opposed to separate German societies, schools, cultural organizations, supporting the Temperance movement was one way opponents expressed anti-German sentiments
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Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home
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Annie Turner Wittenmyer was a Sanitation Agent for Iowa whose job was to oversee the needs of Union Army soldiers during the American Civil War. Iowa contributed approximately 76,237 men to the army, and one of them wrote a letter saying, but we prefer you should forget us. If you will but look after our wives and children, our mothers and sisters, who are dependent upon us for support. Succor them, the letter was read at a convention after which a board was convened to create a residence for the orphans of Iowa soldiers. Wittenmyer, a trustee and Board member, managed to raise money for the construction of the home with some donations reaching $500. After the Civil War ended, over 13,500 children were in need of assistance as a result of the war deaths of Iowans—with many more badly wounded. An orphans fair was held asking branches be built in three different Iowa cities and Farmington was soon considered inadequate to the Davenport home, Davenport was a center for Union volunteer units and after the War ended, soldier camps were not needed. Camp Kinsman was donated to be used for the home, on November 11,1865, the Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home received its first occupants by steamboat, when 150 children were delivered to matron Annie Wittenmyers care. On June 6,1866, the home was taken over by the State of Iowa, eventually the Civil War orphans were grown and left the Home. From 1870, the home began to accept children from all Iowa 99 counties, the Home was soon expanded and redesigned with small, home-like cottages replacing the barrack style dorms. In 1876, the Iowa State Legislature required that residents have employment before they left the home, in the interest of the residents, starting in 1890, the Home was given custody of the children, so as to help place the children in good homes. The Home functioned on its own and was part of the community. The Orphans Band began marching in parades and gave concerts starting in the early 1900s, in 1949, the facility was renamed The Annie Wittenmyer Home by the Iowa State Legislature. In 1960, the focus of the home shifted from that of orphanage to a special education. In 1975, the Wittenmyer Home closed having helped an estimated 12,000 children, from 1976 until November 2005, the Administration Building became a branch of the Davenport Public Library until the new Fairmount Branch was opened in January 2006. The historic district is made up of 25 resources, which includes 22 buildings and it is located on the east side of the city to the south of Garfield Park and the Duck Creek Parkway, which are across East 29th Street. Oakdale Memorial Gardens where the graves are located is to the east across Eastern Avenue. The former right of way for the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad is to the west, the railroad right of way is still active and in use by another railroad company. John P. Irish, trustee Map of the complex
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Marycrest College Historic District
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Marycrest College Historic District is located on a bluff overlooking the West End of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The district encompasses the campus of Marycrest International University, which was a small, the school closed in 2002 because of financial shortcomings. The campus has been listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties, Marycrest was founded as a Catholic womens college in 1939 by the Congregation of the Humility of Mary at the request of Bishop Henry Rohlman of Davenport. Mother Mary Geraldine Upham, CHM, who had been the congregations Mother Superior at that time, became the schools first president and she had previously founded St. Josephs Junior College, later renamed Ottumwa Heights College, in 1925. Sister Hazel Marie Roth, CHM was the first Dean, initially, Marycrest was organized as a division of St. Ambrose College, and it was incorporated as a separate college in 1954. The North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools independently accredited Marycrest in 1955, St. Ambrose and Marycrest planned to merge in the early 1970s. They chose a new name for the school, Newman College, before the merger was discontinued, Marycrest opened with 76 students in 1939 and it grew to 935 students in 1961, the year that Mother Geraldine died. The facility in the time period grew from 21 members to 67. As early as the mid-1940s, international students were welcomed to the campus, in 1969, educational opportunities were extended to men when the college became coeducational. In 1990, Marycrest College became affiliated with the Teikyo Yamanashi Education and it was networked with Teikyo campuses around the world and its mission was dedicated to international education without prejudice. The institution ended its association with the Catholic Church at this time, though many of the Sisters continued to teach. During the early 1990s, Japanese students formed a part of the enrollment of the university. When Japans economy declined in the mid-1990s, enrollment at Marycrest also declined, in 1996, the institutions name was changed to Marycrest International University. This was an attempt to fully reflect the global mission of the institution. It was also part of an effort to re-market the university in order to boost enrollment, the campus was closed at the end of its 2001–2002 school year, as a result of continued enrollment declines and persistent financial difficulties. Many of the students transferred to nearby schools, including Augustana College in Rock Island. All of the records are now housed at the University of Iowa in Iowa City. Marycrest International University was respected for its programs in education, social work
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McClellan Heights Historic District
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The McClellan Heights Historic District is a 188. 2-acre historic district in Davenport, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, McClellan Heights is the largest neighborhood in the east end of Davenport. It is located east of the Village of East Davenport and it runs from Jersey Ridge Road to the Bettendorf city limits, and from River Drive to Middle Road. Dating from 1905-1940, four hundred houses make up the McClellan Heights neighborhood, the neighborhood is made up of many hills and ravines. The streets follow the topography which requires many winding roads and odd-shaped lots, the southern portion of McClellan Heights is very wooded which adds to the attractiveness of the neighborhood. Developed from south to north, including four large mansions built before World War I. The area was settled by Dutch and New England immigrants. The park-like setting, and proximity to and view of the river, have kept this neighborhood fashionable even today, the houses remain in good to excellent condition. The few brick streets that run through the neighborhood remain in excellent condition. The area was known as Camp McClellan during the American Civil War and it was the largest of the five Union Army training camps in and around the city of Davenport. The land the camp was built on belonged to Thomas Russel Allen of St. Louis, Missouri, the men were involved in the Dakota War of 1862 in Minnesota and were held in the camp as prisoners because President Abraham Lincoln commuted their death sentences. After the war ended in 1865 the camp was decommissioned, the land was returned to Ann R. Allen, Thomas Allen’s widow. In June 1900 the Grand Army of the Republic held an encampment on the site, a proposal was submitted to the Iowa Legislature to turn the former camp into a state park. It had the support of Iowa’s Civil War veterans groups, the GAR, and local citizens, by the early 20th century the Allen family had relocated to Belgium. There had been attempts to purchase the land and develop it. A promoter made a trip to Belgium to visit with the family. William Richter was president of the company and Amos Cutter, who had developed what in now the Oak Lane Historic District, was placed in charge of developing McClellan Heights, there were several restrictions imposed on those who built in the subdivision. One house could not obstruct the view of another, each house was to be double the cost of the lot it was built on, and commercial activity was not permitted
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Oak Lane Historic District
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The Oak Lane Historic District is located on the east side of Davenport, Iowa, United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1984, the historic district is a residential area that stretches along Oak Lane between High Street on the north and East Locust Street on the south. There are 27 houses that make up the district, twenty-three houses are located on Oak Lane and four are on Locust Street, the three immediately to the west of Oak Lane and one immediately to the east. Amos Cutter, a real estate entrepreneur, developed the Oak Lane Addition from about 1900 to 1910. Previously the land had been used for agricultural purposes, Oak Lane reflected a prosperous, middle-class reputation. It also marked the expansion of the city away from the Mississippi River and this was possible, in part, due to the expansion of the citys streetcar lines. Locust Street, on the side of the neighborhood, was a major streetcar route in the city. The houses closer to Locust Street are larger, more stylish and were home to fairly well-to-do professionals and they included William Kellenberger, who was the manager of Tri-City Litho and Printing Co. Parker & Company department store, and Oscar C, Woods, who was the president of a wholesale fruit and produce business the Martin-Woods Company. At the other end of Oak Lane near High Street are the location of the more modest houses that were built on narrower lots and they housed families who were headed by salesmen, clerks, and blue-collar workers. There are two known architect-designed houses in the district, chicago architect William A. Otis designed a Georgian Revival house at 17 Oak Lane. Davenport architect Gustav Hanssen designed the Georgian Revival Oscar Woods House at 720 East Locust Street and he may have also designed the neighboring Julia Roberts House and the George Johnson House based on similarities of form and facade treatment, but that cannot be confirmed. For his part, Cutter would go on to develop the McClellan Heights neighborhood beginning in 1906, like Oak Lane he would move into a house in the new development as he sold and developed the other lots. The architecture of the Oak Lane neighborhood reflects the styles that were popular at the turn of the 20th century in Davenport and this was a period of transition from the Victorian styles, especially Queen Anne, to the Colonial Revival styles. The three prominent houses along East Locust are noteworthy examples of Davenports Georgian Revival/Federal style houses, the oldest house in the neighborhood is an Italianate house at 10 Oak Lane that was built about 1875 and came with the property. It became Cutters residence as the addition was being developed, the newest house in the neighborhood was built at 36 Oak Lane around 1922. It is one of the more modest houses on the side of the development
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Oakdale Memorial Gardens
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Oakdale Memorial Gardens, formerly Oakdale Cemetery, is located in east-central Davenport, Iowa, United States. It contains a section for the burial of pets called the Love of Animals Petland, in 2015, the cemetery was listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places, and as a local landmark on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties. It is also listed on the Network to Freedom, a National Park Service registry for sites associated with the Underground Railroad. The cemetery board hired Captain George F. de la Roche and it was designed as a rural or garden cemetery, but it transitioned to a landscape-lawn cemetery beginning in the late 19th century. It covers more than 78 acres, some of the graves in the cemetery had been transferred from the overcrowded City Cemetery in the west end. The cemetery is located across Eastern Avenue from the former Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home, there are also at least 11 graves of former slaves who escaped to freedom by way of the Underground Railroad, which led to its inclusion on the Network to Freedom. Two special receiving vaults were built in the cemetery, although neither exists anymore, a brick vault was constructed in 1873 for those who died in the winter when the ground was frozen. A wooden vault was built next to it in 1918 because of the number of deaths as a result of the Spanish flu epidemic. The cemetery entrance is marked by a set of monumental gates, construction of the gates was completed in 1896. The cemetery is home to several private mausoleums. William D. Petersen was the son of J. H. C, Petersen who founded a department store in Davenport that has become Von Maur. He also was responsible for the development of the citys riverfront and his mausoleum was designed in the Gothic Revival style by Davenport architects Rudolph Clausen & Walter Kruse. It was inspired by his wife Saras desire for a similar to the ones she saw in Europe. It was constructed by Presbrey Leland of Valhalla, New York in 1921 for $60,000, the exterior is composed of limestone from Greece. The interior features crypts that were carved from Greek marble and a ceramic tile ceiling that was designed and completed by the Guastavino Tile Company of Woburn, joseph W. Bettendorf was an industrialist for whom the city of Bettendorf, Iowa is named. His mausoleum was built in 1923 in the Egyptian Revival style for $150,000 and its exterior is composed of Barre Granite from Vermont. The interior features crypts carved from marble and Egyptian-inspired stained glass windows. The mausoleum built for Johannna Schricker, widow of Davenport lumber magnate Lorenzo Schricker, was designed in the Neoclassical style by Davenport architect John W. Ross and it was built by the Vermont Marble Company in 1899 at a cost of $6,489
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Prospect Park Historic District (Davenport, Iowa)
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The Prospect Park Historic District in Davenport, Iowa, United States, is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In its 23. 2-acre area, it included 23 contributing buildings in 1984, the Prospect Park hill was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993. The historic district is a neighborhood located on the western border of the Village of East Davenport. It runs along Mississippi Avenue from Eleventh Street down to East River Drive, for the most part the land was platted in 1894 by the Prospect Park Company. Several prominent Davenport businessmen were counted among its primary investors, the park land was acquired by the Davenport Board of Parks Commissioners in the same year. It was part of a city program to public parks throughout Davenport. Other parks in the program included Vander Veer, Riverview Terrace, the neighborhood itself was developed from 1895 to 1910, and is one of many Davenport neighborhoods around the start of the 20th century to focus around a park. The neighborhood housed many prominent figures, including contractors, physicians, the proximity to and commanding view of the Mississippi River kept this neighborhood fashionable long after the original families had departed. Unlike similar west end and central neighborhoods, Prospect Park has retained mostly single family usage, the neighborhood included three family enclaves that are associated with individuals who were active in Davenports commercial and industrial history in the late 19th and early 20th century. The Lanes lived on the end of Mississippi Avenue. Joseph R. Lane was an attorney, businessman, investor, representative from Iowas 2nd congressional district. His carriage house is one of the few of its size that remain in the city, one of his sons, Dick, had a large cross-gambrel house to the south. Another son, Reed, lived across the street in a multi-gabled house, the Richardson family lived beyond Prospect Park. They were involved with the Davenport Democrat and the Lee newspaper syndicate, jenness, who was secretary and treasurer of the Democrat Company, lived in a frame Neoclassical house at 1802 East River Drive. His brother Morris, secretary of the Richardson Land and Timber Company, the McClellands were involved in a major 19th century contracting firm of T. W. McClelland & Company. Wilson, who was heir to the estate, lived at 1820 East River Drive, other significant people to Davenport economic life who lived in the neighborhood included Charles J. von Maur and Rowland Harned. They were partners in a department store, Harned-Von Maur. Davenport architect Parke T. Burrows, of the prominent local firm of Temple and Burrows and he lived next door to lumber baron Edward S. Crossett in another Burrows-designed Tudor house
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Riverview Terrace Historic District
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The Riverview Terrace Historic District is a 15. 2-acre historic district in Davenport, Iowa that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993, the neighborhood was originally named Burrows Bluff and Lookout Park and contains a three-acre park on a large hill. In 1984, the district included 21 buildings deemed to contribute to the character of the area. The district is significant for its architectural styles, which are representative of late-19th century, the neighborhood has local significance as being one of the few developed at the turn of the twentieth century with a park as the focal point. Riverview Terrace runs along Clay Street from Fillmore Street northwest a few blocks to the edge of the former Marycrest College campus, on the south side of the neighborhood is Riverview Terrace Park. The park is a steep hill, and offers a view of the river and Rock Island. The area around the park contains large Italianate, Georgian, beyond the park are smaller houses in the Bungalow and American Craftsman styles along with brick streets. The first house built in the district was J. M. D, named Clifton, it is an Italianate house that was built in 1853. It remained the house in the area until the 1880s. At that time it was joined by two Italian Villa-style homes, the Samuel Hoffman House and the Henry Petersen House, many of these families had previously settled in the Hamburg neighborhood. The Schrickers built two of the citys finest examples of the Georgian Revival style, the John C, Schricker House and the Selma Schricker House. The land that the park sits on was acquired by the Davenport Board of Parks Commissioners in 1894, at that time it was called Lookout Park and was renamed Riverview Terrace shortly after 1900. It, along with Prospect Park, was part of a city program to public parks throughout Davenport
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Vander Veer Park Historic District
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The Vander Veer Park Historic District is a historic district in Davenport, Iowa that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. Over its 70. 8-acre area, in 1985 it included 66 contributing buildings,2 other contributing structures, one contributing site, the historic district consists of houses surrounding Vander Veer Park. The park is bounded on the north by Central Park Avenue, to the east by Brady Street, south by Lombard Street, middle- and upper- middle-class houses were built between 1895 and 1915 and are Queen Anne and Tudor Revival style. The neighborhood is anchored on the south by St. Paul Lutheran Church, the focal point of the historic district is Vander Veer Park, which is a trapezoid of 33 acres. The beautiful atmosphere of the neighborhood is marred only by the density of traffic on Brady, in 1885 the city of Davenport acquired the property that had been the Scott County Fairgrounds. It is a significant example of landscape planning, and of the improvements that were being made by the city in the late 19th. Five years after the land was purchased and improved it was named Central Park after New York Citys park of the same name, like its namesake it featured naturalistic landscaping, a glasshouse, floral gardens, a large pond, picnic pavilion and a picturesque bridge. Central Park was the first major park established by the City of Davenport, the year that it opened the city established the Board of Parks Commissioners. They acquired other properties and established residential parks similar to Central Park, the parks included both Lookout Park, later renamed Riverview Terrace, and Prospect Park that were brought into the citys system in 1894. Fejervary Park was acquired in 1902, Central Park was renamed Vander Veer after an early Davenport park commissioner in 1911. In the 1930s Civil Works Administration crews altered the plan by removing the corner entrances at Brady and Lombard Streets and at Harrison. The original street lights and the fountain were replaced with modern light standards. The establishment of Central Park increased the desirability and cost of the land for residential development. On the east side of Brady Street are the Central Park and Central Park Second additions that were platted in 1891 and 1896, respectively. The Outing Club and Temple Lane additions on the side of the park. Davenports streetcar system was electrified and expanded into areas beyond the original city core near the river in 1888. The Brady Street line, which traveled from Second Street to Central Park, established as a horsecar line in 1870, it was one of Davenports first streetcar routes and connected the central business district with the county fairgrounds. By the end of the 19th century it became a route for businessmen
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Cody Road Historic District
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Cody Road Historic District is located in Le Claire, Iowa, United States. It includes 60 structures along a stretch of U. S. Route 67, Cody Road. The district contains Le Claires main commercial district on the side of the district. The district has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979, the first settlers who came to the area that is now Le Claire arrived in the mid-1830s. Two towns were platted on the Mississippi River by the end of decade, Parkhurst to the north. The narrow strip of land between the two towns was called Middletown, Parkhurst and Middletown were incorporated into Le Claire in the 1850s. The economic life of the area was dependent on the Mississippi, Le Claire sits at the head of a 15-mile stretch of river down to Davenport that is strewn with rocks and was known as the Upper Rapids. Knowledgeable river pilots were required to guide steamboats through the rapids, the home of William Rambo, who was engaged in this endeavor, is located in the district. Other industries included stone quarries and brickyards that were able to utilizes the areas wealth of limestone, grist and lumber mills were also an important element of the economy. The homes of John McCaffrey and George Tromley, Sr. who made their living in the industry, are located here. The Le Claire Marine Railway boatyards were established by Thomas Lancaster, the boatyards and the accompanying Old Mill House were bought by J. W. Van Sant in 1862. It grew to become the second largest employer after the river. J. W. s son Samuel Rinnah Van Sant made his living off the river at Le Claire before moving to Minnesota where he became the states governor. Samuels house was located at 322 N. Cody Road, the decades at the end of the 19th century saw a decline in Le Claires economic fortunes. The mills closed and the replaced the steamboat as the primary form of passenger. The forests of northern Minnesota and Wisconsin became depleted so the industry declined along the Mississippi. Small-scale commercial ventures continued in Le Claire and the commercial blocks along Cody Road were built. The town itself declined in population from 1,121 in 1875 to about 700 by 1910, the town stagnated until the 1950s when the continued growth of the Quad Cities down river turned Le Claire into a bedroom community of the larger metro area
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History of Davenport, Iowa
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Davenport, Iowa, was part of the Louisiana Purchase. In 1814, during the War of 1812 the British military, along with the Saux, in August, Major Zachary Taylor, later President, fought a battle east of what is now Credit Island Park, in Davenport. An outpost was set up at Fort Armstrong and George Davenport, Davenport was established in 1836 by Antoine LeClaire and named after his good friend Colonel George Davenport. The first settlers of Davenport were mostly Germans, after a county seat dilemma with neighboring town Rockingham in 1840, Davenport was established as the county seat of Scott County. Davenport was declared to be Iowas first military headquarters just before the Civil War by Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood, in November 1865, the Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home was opened in Davenport to take in children left orphaned by the Civil War. In 1895, the city hall was built, and in 1897, Davenport experienced an economic and building boom in the 1920s and early 1930s. The Kahl Building and the Capitol Theatre, the stadium, the Parker Building. The Great Depression brought economic tough times to the city, the inclusion of new factories in the 1940s and 1950s helped turn the economy around after World War II. Davenport was on hard times again with the farm crisis of the 1980s. The city was rejuvenated once again in the 1990s and present by renovations, in 1832, Chief Keokuk and General Winfield Scott signed a treaty to end the Black Hawk War. Antoine LeClaire, who was part French and part Pottawattamie, served as translator, a generous portion of land was given by Chief Keokuk to Marguerite LeClaire, Antoines wife, as she was the granddaughter of a Sac chief. Keokuk stipulated that Antoine build their home on the spot where the treaty was signed or forfeit the land. Antoine did so, finishing the Treaty House in the spring of 1833, Davenport was established in 1836 by Antoine LeClaire and named after his good friend Colonel George Davenport. Colonel Davenport arrived in 1816 with the establishment of Fort Armstrong and he acted as a sutler, or supplier, for the armys Fort Armstrong. Fort Armstrong was located on the tip of Arsenal Island with the purpose of monitoring fur trade traffic in the area. He contributed to the organization and mapping out of the community and he also aided in establishing plans for the first railroad bridge to cross the Mississippi River. In 1837, shortly after Scott County was formed Davenport, as stated by the Iowa Territory, the city with the most votes at the February 1838 election, would become the county seat. On the eve of the election, Davenporters secured the temporary service of Dubuque laborers so that they could vote in the election, Rockingham supporters however, did not like this
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Central Fire Station (Davenport, Iowa)
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The Central Fire Station is located in downtown Davenport, Iowa, United States and serves as the headquarters of the Davenport Fire Department, as well as the downtown fire station. Built from 1901 to 1902, it is the oldest active fire station west of the Mississippi River and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The first group of firefighters in Davenport were organized in 1856 and called the Independent Fire Engine. The citys early fire fighting corps were all volunteer hook and ladder and hose companies, which were paid a fee to extinguish a fire. They were located throughout the city in makeshift quarters and generally possessed poor equipment, by 1880 the city determined it needed a professional, paid fire department. The Davenport City Council authorized the formation of a fire department in 1882. Marsh Noe was the first fire chief and twelve men made up the first paid fire department, the city’s first fire house, Hose Station No. 1, had built on Perry Street in 1877 for the Fire King Engine 2nd Hose Company. Before the turn of the 20th century the city built other small stations throughout the city. By 1901 the city decided it needed a new and larger fire station downtown, at this time there were six hose companies located throughout the city, a citywide alarm system was in place as well as a fire hydrant network. The city and its buildings in the area continued to grow in size. The fire department also grew in size so a station was needed to care for all of these realities. Local architect Gustav Hanssen was contracted to build the new station and he had designed several homes in the city including Sacred Heart Rectory, which is also on the National Register of Historic Places. The location of a double engine firehouse across West Fourth Street from the Scott County Court House was selected as the location for the new building, the building was opened in 1902, which makes it the oldest active fire station west of the Mississippi River. It was built at a cost of $21,000, as the city and the fire department grew a two-story annex was added to the rear of the building around 1940. It added three truck bays. The building continues to serve as a fire although it does have space. The station itself houses Engine 1, Engine 2, Truck 1, in 2015 the city addressed the space problems of the facility
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Davenport City Hall
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Davenport City Hall is the official seat of government for the city of Davenport, Iowa, United States. The building was constructed in 1895 and is situated on the northeast corner of the intersection of Harrison Street and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1993. Davenport started to outgrow its previous city hall, which had built on Brady Street from 1857-1858. The role of city government expanded during the administration of Henry Vollmer. Among his major achievements were several public works projects, streets were paved in the older sections of the city and developers laid out new subdivisions around the perimeter. In 1895, in the midst of a national economic depression. The cost was about $90,000 — an astronomical sum at that time —, the bulk of the funds came from a new state law which applied to the citys 150 illegal saloons and amounted to around $50,000 per year. This tax allowed for not only of City Hall, but also paved streets and a new sewer system, and from 1902–08. Besides Vollmer there were two other noteworthy Davenport mayors associated with city hall. Alfred C. Mueller served the city during two separate periods and he was responsible for initiating the citys building code, sewer planning and construction, street paving, and planning and implementing improvements to the riverfront. Barewald was the citys first Socialist mayor and they were also opposed to the Republican Partys support for national prohibition of alcohol so they threw their support behind the Socialist Party of America. Two years prior to Barewalds election as mayor two Socialists were elected as aldermen and they were reelected in 1920, during his term as mayor Barewald began several public works projects that put people to work and enhanced city improvements. The municipal natatorium was built, new streets were opened and a sewer was completed. Barewald and the other two Socialists were overwhelmingly voted out of office in 1922 because of the debts these projects, the prohibition of alcohol was a major issue in the city of Davenport from the 1840s until national prohibition became official in 1919. The activities of the temperance movement thrived in the 1880s and were renewed during the Progressive Era. Local ordinances were passed that exempted the city of Davenport from state laws and mayors, especially Ernst Claussen. Debates were held in the city council and among other groups until Iowas prohibition amendment was passed in 1916. It was reinforced by the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1919, however, the illegal production and consumption of alcohol continued in the city
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Davenport Public Library
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The Davenport Public Library is a public library located in Davenport, Iowa. With a history dating back to 1839, the Davenport Public Librarys Main Library is currently housed in a 1960s building designed by Kennedy Center architect Edward Durell Stone, the library began with a reading room in the Le Claire Hotel established in 1839. Another reading room and circulating library were announced in an 1853 article in the Davenport Gazette, the library eventually leased an entire building. Although then named the Young Mens Library Association, it was managed by the communitys women, in 1877, one of them—Clarissa Cook—pledged $10,000 to the library for the construction of its own building if property were obtained for the construction by the citizens. After successfully raising the funds to purchase a lot, the city laid the cornerstone for the Cook Memorial Building on November 7,1877, the library eventually outgrew its space. Even though the Library Association no longer had to pay rent and charged a fee for borrowing books, it was struggling financially, local author Alice French requested the assistance of her personal friend Andrew Carnegie, who was already becoming known for his philanthropic assistance of libraries. Carnegie promised to donate $50,000 to construct a new public library if the library were tax supported, the question was successfully put to the vote at the April 1900 election, the first in Iowa which permitted women voters. The city opened its Carnegie library, the largest west of the Mississippi River in 1904, the building was designed by Boston architect Calvin Kiessling. By 1960, the library had outgrown the Carnegie Building as well and it was expanded in 1963 to provide space for further services for children, but the expansion caused displacement of the sand on which the building was founded, leading to structural damage. In 1966, the Carnegie Building had to be demolished, the subsequent Davenport Public Library building, designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, was opened on October 6,1968. While the library had long maintained branches in area schools, it opened its first official branch and this branch was located in the historic Annie Wittenmyer Complex, in rooms that were used as the kitchen and dining room of the former Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home. However, due to the growth of the area and the proximity of this branch to the Main Library, the citizens of Davenport passed a referendum in 2003 that supported the building and operation of two new library branches. The Annie Wittenmyer Branch closed in November 2005, the Fairmount Branch Library opened on Saturday, January 14,2006, and the Eastern Avenue Branch Library opened on Saturday, July 10,2010, completing the library expansion project. Notes Official website Official Site of the Richardson-Sloane Special Collections Center Official City of Davenport site
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Davenport Register of Historic Properties
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This is a list of the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in Davenport, Iowa, United States. The historic preservation movement began in the city of Davenport in the mid-1970s with the renovation of historic structures. A comprehensive study of the neighborhoods, districts and architecture was begun in 1978. The study was conducted in three phases, the first two phases were carried out from 1979 to 1982 and the third phase from 1982 to 1983. The results were published in two volumes, davenport—Where the Mississippi Runs West reported on the first two phases and Davenport Architecture—Tradition and Transition reported on the third phase. A Multiple Resource nomination was submitted to the National Register of Historic Places that included 12 districts, by March 1985 all the districts and 249 properties were listed on the national register. The Historic Preservation Commission was established in 1992, and the historic preservation ordinance was passed the same year, Davenport became a Certified Local Government in the state of Iowa. It was now responsible to review local projects participating in state and it was also able to exercise some control over the modification and/or demolition of historic buildings in the city. The historic preservation ordinance also allowed the establishment of a register of historic properties. The first four properties were added in 1992, the list below contains properties on the Davenport Register of Historic Places in alphabetical order, National Register of Historic Places listings in Davenport, Iowa
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