1.
Giuliano Amato
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Giuliano Amato OMRI is an Italian politician who twice served as Prime Minister of Italy, first from 1992 to 1993 and again from 2000 to 2001. Later, he was Vice President of the Convention on the Future of Europe that drafted the European Constitution and he is commonly nicknamed dottor Sottile. From 2006 to 2008, he was the Minister of the Interior in Romano Prodis government, on 12 September 2013, President Giorgio Napolitano appointed him to the Constitutional Court of Italy, where he has served since then. Born in Turin into a Sicilian family, Amato grew up in Tuscany, after teaching at the Universities of Modena, Perugia and Florence, he worked as professor of Italian and Comparative Constitutional Law at the University of Rome La Sapienza from 1975 to 1997. Amato began his career in 1958, when he joined the Italian Socialist Party. He was a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 1993 and he was Undersecretary of State to the Prime Ministers office from 1983 to 1987, Deputy Prime Minister from 1987 to 1988, and Minister for the Treasury from 1987 to 1989. From June 1992 to April 1993, Amato served as Prime Minister, during those ten months, a series of corruption scandals rocked Italy and swept away almost an entire class of political leaders. Amato himself was never implicated, notwithstanding how close he was to Bettino Craxi, fearing that the new system would have effectively blocked investigations on political corruption, Italians took to the streets in massive, spontaneous rallies. President Oscar Luigi Scalfaro refused to sign the decree, deeming it blatantly unconstitutional, while his justice minister Giovanni Conso took the blame, it has been disputed whether Amato was a victim of circumstances or whether he really wanted to save the corruption-ridden system. However, this promise was short-lived, Amato has regularly come under criticism for having such a solemn commitment. Amato was nearly nominated for the Presidency of the Republic and was a contender to replace Michel Camdessus as head of the International Monetary Fund. Amato served as Prime Minister again from April 2000 to May 2001 and he promoted economic competitiveness as well as social protection. In addition to reforms, he pushed ahead with political and institutional reforms, trying to deal with a weak executive. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts, Amato was a Member of the Senate representing the constituency of Grosseto in Tuscany from 2001 to 2006. In 2006, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the Olive Tree list, since 2010, he also leads advanced seminar classes at the Master in International Public Affairs of the LUISS School of Government. Amato is married to Ms Diana Amato, a professor of Family Law at the University of Rome and they have two children, Elisa and Lorenzo, and five grandchildren, Giulia, Marco, Simone, Elena and Irene. Giuliano Amato serves as an Honorary Co-Chair for the World Justice Project, the World Justice Project works to lead a global, multidisciplinary effort to strengthen the Rule of Law for the development of communities of opportunity and equity. In 2012 Giuliano Amato was appointed as President of the SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, as alumnus of SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, he guarded close contact with the university, previously heading SantAnna Alumni Association
2.
Giulio Andreotti
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Andreotti is widely considered the most powerful and prominent politician of the so-called First Republic. In foreign policy, he guided Italys European Union integration, admirers of Andreotti saw him as having mediated political and social contradictions, enabling the transformation of a substantially rural country into the fifth-biggest economy in the world. Critics said he had nothing against a system of patronage that had led to pervasive corruption. At the height of his prestige as a statesman, Andreotti was subjected to damaging criminal prosecutions, charged with colluding with Cosa Nostra, courts found he had broken the links by the 1980s, and ruled the case out of time. The most sensational allegation came from prosecutors in Perugia, who charged him with ordering the murder of a journalist and he was found guilty at a trial, which led to complaints that the justice system had gone mad. Definitively acquitted by the court, Andreotti remarked, Apart from the Punic Wars, for which I was too young. Andreotti served as the 41st Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and he also served as Minister of the Interior, Defence Minister and Foreign Minister and was a Senator for life from 1991 until his death in 2013. He was also a journalist and author, Andreotti was sometimes called Divo Giulio. During the 16th term of the Senate in 2008–13, he opted to join the parliamentary group UDC – independence, Giulio Andreotti, the youngest of three children, was born on 14 January 1919 in Rome. His father was a school teacher from Segni, a small town in Lazio. Andreotti attended the Liceo Torquato Tasso in Rome and graduated in Law at the University of Rome and he showed some ferocity as a youth, once stubbing out a lit taper in the eye of another altar boy who was ridiculing him. His mother was described as not very affectionate, and an aunt is said to have advised him to remember that few things in life are important, as an adult he was described as having a somewhat unusual demeanor for an Italian politician, being mild-mannered and unassuming. Andreotti did not use his influence to advance his children to prominence, see all, tolerate much, and correct one thing at a time, was a quote that emphasised what has been called his art of the possible view of politics. Andreotti was known for his discretion and retentive memory, and also a sense of humour, Andreotti did not shine at his school and started work in a tax office while studying law at the University of Rome. In this period he became a member of the Italian Catholic Federation of University Students and its members included many of the future leaders of the Italian Christian Democracy. In 1938 while researching the papal navy in the Vatican library, he met Alcide De Gasperi, De Gasperi asked Andreotti if he had nothing better to do with his time, inspiring him to become politically active. Speaking of De Gasperi, Andreotti said, He taught us to search for compromise, in July 1939, while Aldo Moro was president of FUCI, Andreotti became director of its magazine Azione Fucina. In 1942, when Moro was enrolled in the Italian Army, Andreotti succeeded him as president of FUCI, during his early years Andreotti suffered violent migraines that forced him to sporadically make use of psychoactive drugs and opiates
3.
Antonio Gava
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Antonio Gava was an Italian politician and member of Christian Democracy. Together with Arnaldo Forlani and Vincenzo Scotti, he was the leader of DCs current known as Alleanza Popolare, Gava was born in Castellammare di Stabia in the Province of Naples and graduated in law. After holding some provincial and regional positions in Campania for DC, in 1980 he was appointed Minister of the Relationships with Parliament in the cabinet led by Arnaldo Forlani. Later he was for three times Minister of Mail and Telecommunications and two times Minister of the Minister of the Interior, from 1988 to 1990 and he had to abandon the latter position when he was struck by a stroke. On September 21,1994, he was arrested for conspiring in a circuit of criminal enterprise with the Camorra. Gava was accused of trading favors for votes mustered by the Camorra, gavas alleged contacts in the Camorra were said to be primarily with first the group headed by Raffaele Cutolo and later with the group headed by Carmine Alfieri of Nola. According to the pentito Pasquale Galasso, both Gava and his father initially had strong ties with Alfonso Rosanova, the father of Cutolo. A large ransom was paid to win Cirillo’s release, despite numerous accusations, Antonio Gava was acquitted after 13 years of judicial fights of all charges of being associated with the Neapolitan Camorra. He died on August 8,2008, in Rome at the age of 78 after a long illness and he was nicknamed the Viceroy of Naples, due to his long reign in local politics, which was his power base for his national political career. Gava was known for his trade-mark large-brimmed hat, ivory-handled walking stick, gold ring, the Camorra, London, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09987-0 Stille, Alexander. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York, Vintage ISBN 0-09-959491-9
4.
Nicola Mancino
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Nicola Mancino is an Italian politician. He was President of the Italian Senate from 1996 to 2001 and he was also president of Campanias regional parliament from 1965 to 1971, governor of Campania from 1971 to 1972 and Minister of the Interior from 1992 to 1994. Relationship, Joe Mancino nips long time senior associated of Gambinos family and nephew of Nicola Mancino 1985 - Present Mancino was born in Montefalcione and he became first provincial and then regional secretary of Democrazia Cristiana, being elected for the first time in the Italian Senate in 1976. So far he had been reconfirmed in all subsequent elections and he was Minister of the Interior from 1992 to 1994. On 1 July 1992 Borsellino had a meeting with Mancino, who at the time had just been named as Minister, Mancino however always denied that he had met Borsellino. In a television interview of 24 July 2009, judge Giuseppe Ayala said that, more, Mancino showed me his meeting agenda with the name of Borsellino on it However, later Ayala refuted these words in an interview to magazine Sette. A personal agenda in possess of Borsellinos family, has an annotation by the saying,1 July h 19,30. Vittorio Aliquò, the magistrate who was interviewing Mutolo at the time of ministrys phone call. In 2007 a letter from Paolo Borsellinos brother, Salvatore, was published, entitled 19 luglio 1992, Una strage di stato, the letter supports the hypothesis that Minister of Interiors Nicola Mancino knew the causes of the magistrates assassination. In that meeting is surely the key to his death and the Massacre of Via DAmelio, in 1994, after the dissolution of Democrazia Cristiana, Mancino adhered to the Italian Peoples Party, as the most faithful collaborator of its secretary, Mino Martinazzoli. In July of the year he opposed the alliance with the right coalition led by Silvio Berlusconi. Later he was a member of The Daisy, born of the wing of the PPI. After the victory of the coalition led by Romano Prodi in the 1996 elections. On 24 July 2006, he left the Senate and became deputy-president of the Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura, Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura Nicola Mancino at Italian Senate, XIII Legislature Nicola Mancino at Italian Senate, XIV Legislature Nicola Mancino at Radio Radicale
5.
Naples
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Naples is the capital of the Italian region Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy, after Rome and Milan. In 2015, around 975,260 people lived within the administrative limits. The Metropolitan City of Naples had a population of 3,115,320, Naples is the 9th-most populous urban area in the European Union with a population of between 3 million and 3.7 million. About 4.4 million people live in the Naples metropolitan area, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Bronze Age Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, a larger colony – initially known as Parthenope, Παρθενόπη – developed on the Island of Megaride around the ninth century BC, at the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. Naples was the most-bombed Italian city during World War II, much of the citys 20th-century periphery was constructed under Benito Mussolinis fascist government, and during reconstruction efforts after World War II. The city has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades, and unemployment levels in the city, however, Naples still suffers from political and economic corruption, and unemployment levels remain high. Naples has the fourth-largest urban economy in Italy, after Milan, Rome and it is the worlds 103rd-richest city by purchasing power, with an estimated 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe, numerous major Italian companies, such as MSC Cruises Italy S. p. A, are headquartered in Naples. The city also hosts NATOs Allied Joint Force Command Naples, the SRM Institution for Economic Research, Naples is a full member of the Eurocities network of European cities. The city was selected to become the headquarters of the European institution ACP/UE and was named a City of Literature by UNESCOs Creative Cities Network, the Villa Rosebery, one of the three official residences of the President of Italy, is located in the citys Posillipo district. Naples historic city centre is the largest in Europe, covering 1,700 hectares and enclosing 27 centuries of history, Naples has long been a major cultural centre with a global sphere of influence, particularly during the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras. In the immediate vicinity of Naples are numerous culturally and historically significant sites, including the Palace of Caserta, culinarily, Naples is synonymous with pizza, which originated in the city. Neapolitan music has furthermore been highly influential, credited with the invention of the romantic guitar, according to CNN, the metro stop Toledo is the most beautiful in Europe and it won also the LEAF Award 2013 as Public building of the year. Naples is the Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, Naples sports scene is dominated by football and Serie A club S. S. C. Napoli, two-time Italian champions and winner of European trophies, who play at the San Paolo Stadium in the south-west of the city, the Phlegraean Fields around Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. The earliest Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, sailors from the Greek island of Rhodes established a small commercial port called Parthenope on the island of Megaride in the ninth century BC
6.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
7.
Italians
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Italians are a nation and ethnic group native to Italy who share a common culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a native tongue. The majority of Italian nationals are speakers of Standard Italian. Italians have greatly influenced and contributed to the arts and music, science, technology, cuisine, sports, fashion, jurisprudence, banking, Italian people are generally known for their localism and their attention to clothing and family values. The term Italian is at least 3,000 years old and has a history that goes back to pre-Roman Italy. According to one of the common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The Etruscan civilization reached its peak about the 7th century BC, but by 509 BC, when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan monarchs, its control in Italy was on the wane. By 350 BC, after a series of wars between Greeks and Etruscans, the Latins, with Rome as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and they managed to unite the entire Italian peninsula. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, in the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the Third Punic War, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, octavian, the final victor, was accorded the title of Augustus by the Senate and thereby became the first Roman emperor. After two centuries of rule, in the 3rd century AD, Rome was threatened by internal discord and menaced by Germanic and Asian invaders. Emperor Diocletians administrative division of the empire into two parts in 285 provided only temporary relief, it became permanent in 395, in 313, Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity, and churches thereafter rose throughout the empire. However, he moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople. The last Western emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy and his defeat marked the end of the western part of the Roman Empire. During most of the period from the fall of Rome until the Kingdom of Italy was established in 1861, Odoacer ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by Theodoric, the king of another Germanic tribe, Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian, after the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak
8.
Christian Democracy (Italy)
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Christian Democracy was a Christian democratic political party in Italy. The DC was founded in 1943 as the successor of the Italian Peoples Party, which had the same symbol. The party was nicknamed the White Whale, from 1946 until 1994 the DC was the largest party in Parliament, governing in successive coalitions. It originally supported governments based on political positions, before moving to centre-left coalitions. The party was succeeded by a string of parties, including the Italian Peoples Party, the Christian Democratic Centre, the United Christian Democrats. Former Christian Democrats are also spread among other parties, including the centre-right Forza Italia and the New Centre-Right, the DC was a founding member of the European Peoples Party in 1976. The party was founded as the revival of the Italian Peoples Party, a party created in 1919 by Luigi Sturzo. In December 1945 Christian Democrat Alcide De Gasperi was appointed Prime Minister of Italy, in the 1946 general election the DC won 35. 2% of the vote. In May 1947 De Gasperi broke decisively with his Communist and Socialist coalition partners under pressure from U. S. President Harry Truman. This opened the way for a centrist coalition that included the Italian Workers Socialist Party, a centrist break-away from the PSI, as well as its allies, the PLI. In the 1948 general election the DC went on to win a victory, with the support of the Catholic Church and the United States. Under De Gasperi, major reforms were carried out in the poorer rural regions in the early postwar years, with farms appropriated from the large landowners. De Gasperi served as Prime Minister until 1953 and would die a year later. No Christian Democrat would match his longevity in office and, despite the fact that DCs share of vote was always between 38 and 43% from 1953 to 1979, the party was more and more fractious, as a result, Prime Ministers changed more frequently. From 1954 the DC was led by progressive Christian Democrats, such as Amintore Fanfani, Aldo Moro and Benigno Zaccagnini, supported by the influential left-wing factions. In 1963 the party, under Prime Minister Aldo Moro, formed a coalition with the PSI, which returned to ministerial roles after 16 years, the PSDI, similar Organic Centre-left governments became usual through the 1960s and the 1970s. From 1976 to 1979 the DC governed with the support of the PCI. Moro, who was the party leader and who had inspired the Compromise, was abducted and murdered by the Red Brigades
9.
Sapienza University of Rome
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The Sapienza University of Rome, also called simply Sapienza or the University of Rome, is a collegiate research university located in Rome, Italy. Formally known as Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, it is the largest European university by enrollments and one of the oldest in history, the University is also the most prestigious Italian university and also the best ranked in Southern Europe. The biggest part of the Italian ruling class studied at this University and he introduced a new tax on wine in order to raise funds for the university, the money was used to buy a palace which later housed the SantIvo alla Sapienza church. However, the Universitys days of splendour came to an end during the sack of Rome in 1527, when the studium was closed and the professors dispersed, Pope Paul III restored the university shortly after his ascension to the pontificate in 1534. In the 1650s the university known as Sapienza, meaning wisdom. University students were newly animated during the 19th-century Italian revival, in 1870, La Sapienza stopped being the papal university and became the university of the capital of Italy. In 1935 the new university campus, planned by Marcello Piacentini, was completed, Sapienza University has many campuses in Rome but its main campus is the Città Universitaria, which covers 439,000 m2 near the Roma Tiburtina Station. The university has satellite campuses outside Rome, the main of which is in Latina. In 2011 a project was launched to build a campus residence halls near Pietralata station. The Department of Philosophy is located in this building, since the 2011 reform, Sapienza University of Rome has eleven faculties and 65 departments. Today Sapienza, with 140,000 students and 8,000 among academic and technical, the university has significant research programmes in the fields of engineering, natural sciences, biomedical sciences and humanities. It offers 10 Masters Programmes taught entirely in English, as of the 2016 Academic Ranking of World Universities, Sapienza is positioned within the 151-200 group of universities and among the top 3% of universities in the world. In 2015, the Center for World University Rankings ranked the Sapienza University of Rome as the 112th in the world, in order to cope with the large demand for admission to the university courses, some faculties hold a series of entrance examinations. The entrance test often decides which candidates will have access to the undergraduate course, for some faculties, the entrance test is only a means through which the administration acknowledges the students level of preparation. Students that do not pass the test can still enroll in their chosen degree courses but have to pass an additional exam during their first year, the title of the speech would have been The Truth Makes Us Good and Goodness is Truth. Some students and professors protested in reaction to a 1990 speech that Pope Benedict XVI gave in which he, in their opinion, endorsed the actions of the church against Galileo in 1633
10.
Italian Confederation of Workers' Trade Unions
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The Confederazione Italiana Sindacati Lavoratori is an Italian trade union association representing various Roman Catholic-inspired groups linked with Christian Democracy. It was founded on 30 April 1950, when Catholics in the Italian General Confederation of Labour left after they clashed with the communists on the issue of a general strike provoked by the latter. As the French Force Ouvrière union, it received support from Irving Brown, leader of the international relations of the US AFL-CIO. The CISL is formed on two levels, a one, grouping workers according to employment, and the confederation itself. The base of the latter is formed by districts, grouped in regions, on the national level, CISL ensures cooperation of various branch organisms within the territorial hierarchy. The confederation holds regular Congresses that elect members to leadership positions, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the confederation coordinated strike actions of the metalworkers and workers in electromechanics, as well as the labor dispute in Milan. Its great success came in 1963, when it negotiated with electromechanics employers new bonuses, means of promotion, nonetheless, trade union activities on factory grounds remained exceptionally difficult, and workers attempting them risked being sacked. When the Italian economy sunk in the mid-1960s, CISL suffered a crisis as numerous of its branches believed the political function of the union to be incompatible with its labor goals. The 6th Congress it held in 1969 sanctioned the view, CISL doubled its specific activism with an advocacy of democracy, siding with the civil society. In July 1972, it co-founded the Federazione unitaria, meant as a transitional group, CISL signed an agreement with other national federations in 1975, calling for a readjustment of the salary-pension balance, as well as for a new minimum wage. Federazione unitaria also proposed a new tactic at its Congress in 1978, in 1983 CISL founded ISCOS, Trade Union Institute for Development Cooperation. The gradual decrease of inflation in the 1980s and 1990s, the CISL was part in two protocols with the Italian executive, in 1992 and 1993, both of which agreed to allow tight control of the inflation rate and government debt
11.
Italian Parliament
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The Italian Parliament is the national parliament of the Italian Republic. The Parliament is the body of Italian citizens and is the successor to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia. It is a legislature with 950 elected members and a small number of unelected members. The two houses are independent from one another and never meet jointly except under circumstances specified by the Constitution, on the other hand, no distinction is made between deputies and senators. The Chamber of Deputies has 630 elected members, while the Senate has 315 elected members, the Senate of the Republic also includes a small number of unelected members. There are two categories of senators for life, former Presidents of the Republic are senators for life by law, unless they renounce this privilege. Furthermore, Presidents of the Republic can appoint up to five Italian citizens as senators for life for outstanding merits in the social, scientific, artistic or literary field. Similarly, the two houses have a different age of candidacy, deputies are required to be 25 or older, no explicit age limit is required to be appointed senator for life. The main prerogative of the Parliament is the exercise of legislative power, for a bill to become law, it must receive the support of both houses independently in the same text. A bill is first introduced in one of the houses, amended, and then approved or rejected, if approved, it is passed to the other house, if approved without amendments, the bill is then promulgated by the President of the Republic and becomes law. If approved with amendments, it is back to the other house. The process continues until the bill is approved in the text by both houses or is rejected by one house. The Council of Ministers, which is led by the Prime Minister and is the executive of Italy. If the President of the Republic is unable to find a new Prime Minister able to receive the support of both houses, he or she can dissolve one or both houses and new elections are held. The process by which the Italian Parliament makes law, the iter legis, is as follows, proposals can be made by the Government, individual Members of Parliament, private citizens, individual Regional Councils, and the National Council for Economics and Labour. Once a proposal is introduced in one of the two Chambers, it is assigned to a committee to carry out preliminary inspection of the proposal. At this point, two different procedures can be taken and this must be completed in no more than four months for the Chamber of Deputies and two months for the Senate. Once the bill has come before one of the chambers, a discussion takes place, followed by the review article by article, and finally a vote on the whole bill
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Minister for Cultural Assets and Activities
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The Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism is the culture ministry of the Italian Republic. MiBACs headquarters are located in the historic Collegio Romano Palace and the current minister is Dario Franceschini and it was set up in 1974 as the Ministry for Cultural Assets and Environments by the Moro IV Cabinet through the decree read on 14 December 1974, n. 657, converted from the law of 29 January 1975, n, the new ministry largely has the remit and functions previously under the Ministry of Public Education. To this remit and functions it some of those of the Ministry of the Interior, the ministry is principally concerned with culture, the protection and preservation of artistic sites and property, landscape, and tourism. At the end of 2006, the departments were abolished. The eight General Directorates continue to be supported by high level scientific bodies. 477-501
13.
Camorra
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The Camorra is an Italian Mafia-type crime syndicate, or secret society, which arose in the region of Campania and its capital Naples. It is one of the oldest and largest criminal organizations in Italy, unlike the pyramidal structure of the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorras organizational structure is more horizontal than vertical. Consequently, individual Camorra clans act independently of other, and are more prone to feuding among themselves. The origins of the Camorra are not entirely clear and it may date back to the 16th century as a direct Italian descendant of a Spanish secret society, the Garduña, founded in 1417. However, recent historical research in Spain suggests that the Garduña never really existed and was based on a fictional 19th century book, the first official use of the word dates from 1735, when a royal decree authorised the establishment of eight gambling houses in Naples. The word is almost certainly a blend, or portmanteau, of capo and a Neapolitan street game and this activity was prohibited by the local government, and some people started making the players pay for being “protected” against the passing police. The first official mention of the Camorra as an organization dates from 1820, when police records detail a disciplinary meeting of the Camorra and that year a first written statute, the frieno, was also discovered, indicating a stable organisational structure in the underworld. Another statute was discovered in 1842, including initiation rites and funds set aside for the families of those imprisoned, the organization was also known as the Bella Società Riformata, Società dell’Umirtà or Onorata Società. Another qualitative leap was the agreement of the opposition and the Camorra. The liberals realized that they needed support to overthrow the king. They turned to the Camorra and paid them, the camorristi being the leaders of the city’s poor, the Camorra effectively had developed into power brokers in a few decades. The Camorra was never a coherent whole nor a centralised organization, instead, it has always been a loose confederation of different, independent groups or families. Each group was bound around kinship ties and controlled economic activities which took place in its particular territory, each family clan took care of its own business, protected its territory, and sometimes tried to expand at another group’s expense. Although not centralized, there was some minimal coordination, to avoid mutual interference, the families competed to maintain a system of checks and balances between equal powers. One of the Camorras strategies to gain social prestige is political patronage, the family clans became the preferred interlocutors of local politicians and public officials, because of their grip on the community. In turn, the family used their political sway to assist. They granted privileges and protection, and intervened in favour of their clients in return for their silence and connivance against local authorities, compared to the Sicilian Mafias pyramidal structure, the Camorra has more of a horizontal than a vertical structure. As a result, individual Camorra clans act independently of each other and this however makes the Camorra more resilient when top leaders are arrested or killed, with new clans and organizations germinating out of the stumps of old ones
14.
Giovanni Falcone
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Giovanni Falcone was an Italian judge and prosecuting magistrate. From his office in the Palace of Justice in Palermo, he spent most of his life trying to overthrow the power of the Sicilian Mafia. After a long and distinguished career, culminating in the famous Maxi Trial in 1986-1987, he was killed by the Corleonesi Mafia in May 1992 and his life parallels that of his close friend Paolo Borsellino. They both spent their early years in the neighborhood in Palermo. And though many of their childhood friends grew up in the Mafia background and they were both killed in 1992, a few months apart. In recognition of their tireless effort and sacrifice during the anti-mafia trials and they were also named as heroes of the last 60 years in the November 13,2006, issue of Time Magazine. His father, Arturo Falcone, the director of a chemical laboratory, was married to Luisa Bentivegna. Giovanni had two sisters, Anna and Maria. Falcones parents emphasised the importance of work, bravery and patriotism. At school Falcone would get into fights with larger children if he thought his friends were being picked on, as boys, Falcone and Borsellino, who were born in the same neighbourhood, played soccer together on the Piazza Magione. Both had classmates who ended up as mafiosi, after a classical education, Giovanni studied law at the University of Palermo following a brief period of study at Livornos naval academy. Falcone and Borsellino met again at Palermo University, however, neither ever joined a political party, and although the ideologies of their political movements were diametrically opposed, they shared a history of opposing the Mafia. Their different political leanings did not thwart their friendship, Falcone wanted a naval career but his father thought him too independent-minded for the armed forces, and sent him to study law. Graduating in 1961, Falcone began to practice law before being appointed a judge in 1964, Falcone eventually gravitated toward penal law after serving as a district magistrate. He was assigned to the office in Trapani and Marsala. In early 1980, Falcone joined the ‘Office of Instruction’, the branch of the Prosecution Office of Palermo. He started to work at a tense moment. Taking Terranova’s place was Rocco Chinnici, who was murdered by the Mafia in 1983, on May 5,1980, Giulianos successor in investigating the heroin network, Carabinieri captain Emanuele Basile, was killed
15.
Rudy Giuliani
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Rudolph William Louis Rudy Giuliani is an American lawyer, businessman, public speaker, former mayor of New York City, and an informal adviser on cybersecurity to the White House. Politically a Democrat, then an Independent in the 1970s, Giuliani prosecuted pivotal cases against the American Mafia, and against corrupt corporate financiers. Within several years, Giuliani was widely credited for major improvements in the quality of life. While still Mayor, Giuliani ran for the U. S. Senate in 2000, however, in 2002, Giuliani founded Giuliani Partners, acquired and later sold Giuliani Capital Advisors, and joined a Texas firm while opening a Manhattan office for the firm renamed Bracewell & Giuliani. Giuliani was considered a candidate for New York Governor in 2010. Giuliani declined all races, and instead remained in the business sector, on January 12,2017, then President-elect Trump named Giuliani his informal cybersecurity adviser. He was raised a Roman Catholic, Harold Giuliani, a plumber and a bartender, had trouble holding a job, and was convicted of felony assault and robbery, serving time in Sing Sing. After his release he worked as an enforcer for his brother-in-law Leo DAvanzo, the family lived in East Flatbush, Brooklyn until Harold died of prostate cancer in 1981, after which time Helen moved to Manhattans Upper East Side. Helen was featured in a commercial to promote her son in the 1993 Mayoral Election. In 1951, when Giuliani was seven, his family moved from Brooklyn to Garden City South, later, he commuted back to Brooklyn to attend Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School, graduating in 1961 with an 85 percent average. Giuliani attended Manhattan College in Riverdale, Bronx, where he majored in science with a minor in philosophy. There he considered becoming a priest, Giuliani was elected president of his class in his sophomore year, but was not re-elected in his junior year. He joined the Phi Rho Pi fraternity, Giuliani started his political life as a Democrat. He volunteered for Robert F. Kennedys presidential campaign in 1968 and he also worked as a Democratic Party committeeman on Long Island in the mid-1960s, and voted for George McGovern for president in 1972. Upon graduation, Giuliani clerked for Judge Lloyd Francis MacMahon, United States District Judge for the Southern District of New York, Giuliani did not serve in the military during the Vietnam War. His conscription was deferred while he was enrolled at Manhattan College, upon graduation from the latter in 1968, he was classified by the Selective Service System as 1-A, available for military service. He applied for a deferment but was rejected, in 1970, Giuliani received a high draft lottery number, he was not called up for service although by then he had been reclassified 1-A. In 1970, Giuliani joined the United States Attorneys Office for the Southern District of New York, in 1973, he was named Chief of the Narcotics Unit and became executive U. S. attorney
16.
18th G7 summit
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The 18th G7 Summit was held in Munich, Germany between July 6 to 8,1992. The venue for the meetings was at the Residenz palace in central Munich. The G7 is an annual forum for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom. The 18th G7 summit was the first summit for Italian Prime Minister Giuliano Amato and it was also the last summit for Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and U. S. President George H. W. Bush. These summit participants are the current core members of the international forum, as a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Hanging in There, The G7 and G8 Summit in Maturity, ISBN 978-0-7546-1185-1, OCLC43186692 Reinalda, Bob and Bertjan Verbeek. Autonomous Policy Making by International Organizations, ISBN 978-0-415-16486-3, ISBN 978-0-203-45085-7, OCLC39013643 No official website is created for any G7 summit prior to 1995 -- see the 21st G7 summit. University of Toronto, G8 Research Group, G8 Information Centre G71992, delegations & documents
17.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
18.
Link Campus University
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Link Campus University, formerly Link Campus -- University of Malta, is a proprietary, for-profit Italian university located in Rome, Italy. It used to be the Italian branch of the University of Malta and is now accredited by the Italian Ministry of Education, founded in 1999, it was the first foreign university authorized to operate in Italy. Since 2011, the institution has also been part of the Italian university system, the school offers the following undergraduate and graduate degrees, Link Academy, directed by the Italian actor Alessandro Preziosi, is Link Campus Universitys Department of Performing Arts. The academy provides an environment that fosters the artistic and personal growth of its students so that they may achieve their fullest potential as actors
19.
University of Malta
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The University of Malta is the highest educational institution in Malta. It offers undergraduate degrees, postgraduate masters degrees and postgraduate doctorates. In post-nominals the Universitys name is abbreviated as Melit, a form of Melita. The administrative set up of the university academic and administrative. The main governing bodies are the Council, the Senate and the Faculty Boards, as the supreme governing body of the University, the Council is responsible for the administration of the University. Faculties group together departments concerned with an area of knowledge. The council is responsible for appointing staff members to academic posts. The senate is responsible for the academic matters of the University primarily regulating studies, research, documentation. The senate also establishes the entry regulations, the faculty board directs the academic tasks of the faculty. The board presents plans and proposals to the senate and the council, besides, it determines the studies, teaching and research within the faculty. In March 2016, it was announced that Professor Alfred J. Vella was elected by the members of the University Council as the next Rector of the University of Malta, Grade 1 is awarded for the highest level of achievement, whereas Grade 7 indicates the minimum satisfactory performance. However, entry on basis of maturity and experience is granted for certain courses in the arts, the Faculty of Dental Surgery allows for a maximum of six European students per year chosen according to merit and only after the students have passed an admissions interview. Full-time undergraduate courses are free-of-charge to citizens of Malta and the European Union, maltese students enrolled in higher education in Malta are entitled to a stipend. Fees are charged in the case of higher courses and to nationals from non-EU states, there are 600 international students studying at the university, comprising around 7% of the student population. There are 11,500 students including 750 international students from 82 countries, following full-time or part-time degree and diploma courses, the university hosts Erasmus and other exchange students. There are a further 2,500 pre-tertiary students at the Junior College, the university has fourteen Faculties, a number of institutes and centres and the School of Performing Arts. The floor area occupied by the building is between 5,000 and 6,000 square metres. A collection of one million volumes is housed throughout the Main Library, the library subscribes to 60,000 e-journals,308 print journal titles and a collection of e-books
20.
Campania
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Campania is a region in Southern Italy. Located on the Italian Peninsula, with the Mediterranean Sea to the west, it includes the small Phlegraean Islands, Campania was colonised by Ancient Greeks and was part of Magna Græcia. During the Roman era, the area maintained a Greco-Roman culture, the capital city of Campania is Naples. Campania is rich in culture, especially in regard to gastronomy, music, architecture, archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii, Herculaneum, Paestum and Velia. The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin, as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix, the rich natural sights of Campania make it highly important in the tourism industry, especially along the Amalfi Coast, Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri. During the 8th century BC, people from Euboea in Greece, known as Cumaeans, another Oscan tribe, the Samnites, moved down from central Italy into Campania. The Roman consul Quintus Publilius Filo recaptured Neapolis by 326 BC, the Second Samnite War ended with the Romans controlling southern Campania and additional regions further to the south. Campania was a part of the Roman Republic by the end of the 4th century BC, valued for its pastures. Its Greek language and customs made it a centre of Hellenistic civilization, during the Pyrrhic War the battle took place in Campania at Maleventum in which the Romans, led by consul Curius Dentatus, were victorious. They renamed the city Beneventum, which grew in stature until it was only to Capua in southern Italy. During the Second Punic War in 216 BC, Capua, in a bid for equality with Rome, the rebellious Capuans were isolated from the rest of Campania, which remained allies of Rome. Naples resisted Hannibal due to the imposing walls, Capua was eventually starved into submission in the Roman retaking of 211 BC, and the Romans were victorious. The rest of Campania, with the exception of Naples, adopted the Latin language as official and was Romanised. As part of the Roman Empire, Campania, with Latium, Roman Emperors chose Campania as a holiday destination, among them Claudius and Tiberius, the latter of whom is infamously linked to the island of Capri. It was also during this period that Christianity came to Campania, Two of the apostles, St. Peter and St. Paul, are said to have preached in the city of Naples, and there were also several martyrs during this time. Unfortunately, the period of calm was violently interrupted by the epic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 which buried the cities of Pompeii. The area had many duchies and principalities during the Middle Ages, in the hands of the Byzantine Empire, under the Normans, the smaller independent states were brought together as part of the Kingdom of Sicily, before the mainland broke away to form the Kingdom of Naples. It was during this period elements of Spanish, French
21.
Ciro Cirillo
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On April 27,1981, the Red Brigades kidnapped the 60-year-old Christian Democrat politician Ciro Cirillo and killed his two-man escort in the garage of his Naples apartment building. At the time Cirillo directed reconstruction efforts in Campania devastated by the earthquake in the Irpinia region on November 23,1980 and he was released after a controversial deal with the Camorra. Cirillo was a key figure in the Campanian regional DC hierarchy, as the regional councillor for urban planning, he was in charge of the reconstruction after the 1980 earthquake. Cirillo was, therefore, a target for the Neapolitan column of the Red Brigades led by Giovanni Senzani. After two and a half months, the Red Brigades threatened to execute Cirillo unless the Naples city government accepted demands it refused in the past, the Red Brigades demanded that the authorities requisitioned housing for thousands of Naples families left homeless by the earthquake. They also demanded increased benefits for the unemployed, none of the political demands of the Red Brigades were met and in the end they accepted that a ransom was enough to release Cirillo. He was released after 89 days on July 25,1981, against the payment of a ransom of one, both these last concessions were granted. Cutolo overplayed his hand in the Cirillo affair, when Cutolo’s main ‘military’ chief, Vincenzo Casillo was killed in January 1983 by the allies of Alfieri, it was clear Cutolo not only had lost his political protection but the war as well. Many other Camorra gangs understood the shift in the balance of power caused by the death of Casillo and they abandoned the NCO and allied themselves with Alfieri. The outcome of the Cirillo kidnap stood in sharp contrast to the kidnap of the Italian former Prime Minister Aldo Moro. When Moro was abducted by the Red Brigades in 1978, the Christian Democrats in government immediately took a hardline position, Allum, Percy & Felia Allum, The resistible rise of the new Neapolitan Camorra, in Stephen Gundle & Simon Parker, The New Italian Republic. From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi, New York, Routledge ISBN 0-415-12161-2 Behan, Tom, See Naples and Die, The Camorra and Organized Crime, London/New York, tauris Publishers, ISBN 1-86064-783-9 Haycraft, John. The Italian Labyrinth, Italy in the 1980s, London, Secker & Warburg Stille, the Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York, Vintage ISBN 0-09-959491-9
22.
Red Brigades
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Formed in 1970, the organization sought to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle, and to remove Italy from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The Red Brigades attained notoriety in the 1970s and early 1980s with their violent attempts to destabilise Italy by acts of sabotage, bank robberies, kidnappings, models for the Red Brigades included the Latin American urban guerrilla movements. The kidnappers killed five members of Moros entourage, and murdered Moro himself 54 days later, in the 1980s, the group was broken up by Italian investigators, with the aid of several leaders under arrest who turned pentito and assisted the authorities in capturing the other members. After the mass arrests in the late 1980s, the group slowly faded into insignificance, a majority of those leaders took advantage of a law that gave credits for renouncing the doctrine and contributing to efforts by police and judiciary to prosecute its members. The Red Brigades were founded in August 1970 by Renato Curcio and Margherita Cagol, who had met as students at the University of Trento and later married, and Alberto Franceschini. Franceschinis grandmother had been a leader of the peasant leagues, his father a worker, in the beginning the Red Brigades were mainly active in Reggio Emilia, and in large factories in Milan, and in Turin. Members sabotaged factory equipment and broke into offices and trade union headquarters. In 1972, they carried out their first kidnapping, a foreman for Sit Siemens was held for around 20 minutes whilst pictures were taken of him wearing a placard declaring him to be a fascist. The foreman was then released unharmed, during this time the Red Brigades activities were denounced by far left political groups such as Lotta Continua and Potere Operaio. In June 1974, the Red Brigades committed their first homicide, two members of the Italian neo-fascist party, Movimento Sociale Italiano were killed in Padua during a raid on the MSI headquarters. Most of the Italian leftish political parties of the time, including the Italian Communist Party, denied the Red Brigades involvement in the murder and even the Red Brigades existence itself. In September 1974, Red Brigades founders Renato Curcio and Alberto Franceschini were arrested by General Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, the arrest was made possible by Frate Mitra, alias Silvano Girotto, a former monk who had infiltrated the BR for the Italian security services. Curcio was freed from prison by a commando of the Red Brigades, led by his wife Mara Cagol. The Red Brigades then operated some high-profile political kidnappings and kidnapped industrialists in order to obtain ransom money which were their source of income. After 1974, the Red Brigades expanded into Rome, Genoa, bank robberies, kidnappings, drugs and arms trafficking were the major crimes. Its 1975 manifesto stated that its goal was a strike against the heart of the State. The SIM became a primary target, in 1975, the Italian police discovered the farmhouse where industrialist Vallarino Gancia was kept prisoner by the Brigades. In the ensuing gunfight, two officers were killed, as was Mara Cagol, Curcios wife
23.
Raffaele Cutolo
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Raffaele Cutolo is an Italian crime boss and the charismatic leader of the Nuova Camorra Organizzata, an organisation he built to renew the Camorra. Cutolo has a variety of nicknames including o Vangelo, o Principe, o Professore, apart from 18 months on the run, Cutolo has lived inside maximum-security jails or psychiatric prisons since 1963. He is serving life sentences for murder. Cutolo was born in Ottaviano, a municipality in the hinterland of Naples and his fatherless youth was spent in a close-knit Catholic environment. His father was a labourer who for years tilled a field as a sharecropper as a means to support his family. While still a child, the landowner told Cutolos father that the year the field would be used for a different purpose. In desperation, his turned to the local Camorra boss. The boss invited the Cutolo family to his home and promised to settle everything, a short time later, the landowner changed his mind and the contract was renewed. A bad student, violent and inattentive, at 12 Cutolo was already roaming the streets with a gang of teenagers, committing petty burglaries, as soon as he could drive he bought a car, both for prestige and because it allowed him greater mobility in his raids. At the age of 21, on February 24,1963 and he killed a man whose girlfriend had been slapped by Cutolo due to an alleged insult. In the ensuing fight, Cutolo pulled out a gun and shot him to death and he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, reduced to 24 years after appeal. He was sent to Poggioreale prison in Naples, entering the prison world on a murder conviction made Cutolo a “tough guy”. He never lost sight of his ambition and his desire to one of the biggest bosses of the Neapolitan underworld. Cutolo had established himself as a ringleader, when Antonio Spavone and he challenged Spavone to a knife fight in the courtyard, but Spavone refused. The challenged boss allegedly limited himself to a reply, Todays young men want to die young by whatever means, Spavone was released from prison shortly after this event. From his prison cell, Cutolo ordered the murder of Spavone, a hitman, allegedly Cutolos friend, shot Spavone in the face from short range with a shotgun. Spavone survived the ambush, but the shotgun blast left considerable damage to his facial structure, Spavone immediately resigned from his highly visible role as a Camorra boss. Cutolo was soon able to gather under him a group of prisoners
24.
Ascoli Piceno
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Ascoli Piceno is a town and comune in the Marche region of Italy, capital of the province of the same name. Its population is around 49,500 but the area of the city has more than 100,000. The town lies at the confluence of the Tronto River and the small river Castellano and is surrounded on three sides by mountains, two natural parks border the town, one on the northwestern flank and the other on the southern. Ascoli has good connections to the Adriatic coast and the city of San Benedetto del Tronto, by highway to Porto dAscoli. In 268 BC it became a civitas foederata, a city with nominal independence from Rome. In 91 BC, together with cities in central Italy, it revolted against Rome. Its inhabitants acquired Roman citizenship, following the developments and the fall of the Roman Republic. During the Middle Ages Ascoli was ravaged by the Ostrogoths and then by the Lombards of King Faroald, in 1189 a free republican municipality was established but internal strife led dramatically to the demise of civic values and freedom and to unfortunate ventures against neighboring enemies. This unstable situation opened the way to foreign dictatorships, like those of Galeotto I Malatesta, initially recruited as a mercenary in the war against Fermo, Sforza was ousted in 1482, but Ascoli was again compelled to submit to the Papal suzerainty. In 1860 it was annexed, together with Marche and Umbria, many of the buildings in the central historical part of the city are built using marble called travertino, a grey-hued stone extracted from the surrounding mountains. Its central Renaissance square, Piazza del Popolo is surrounded by a number of buildings utilizing this stone, according to traditional accounts, Ascoli Piceno once housed some two hundred towers in the Middle Ages, today some fifty can still be seen. Main sights include, Cathedral of SantEmidio, dedicated to Saint Emygdius, Tempietto di SantEmidio alle Grotte Tempietto di SantEmidio Rosso San Francesco, Gothic style church begun in 1258). The dome was completed in 1549, a monument to Pope Julius II is in the side portal, while the central portal is one of the finest examples of local travertine decoration. Adjacent to the church is the 16th-century Loggia dei Mercanti, in Bramantesque style of the Roman High Renaissance, convent of San Francesco, adjacent to the above-named church, of which two noteworthy cloisters remain today. The rectangular façade has a 1547 portal similar to that of SantEmidio, the convent houses the town library, the Contemporary Art Gallery and an auditorium. San Domenico, former convent, now school, has a Renaissance cloister with 17th-century frescoes, santa Maria Inter Vineas, 13th century church San Pietro Martire, 13th century church with a 1523 side portal by Nicola Filotesio, known locally as Cola dAmatrice. The interior contains the precious reliquary of the Holy Thorn, a gift of Philip IV of France, San Tommaso,1069 Romanesque-style church built with spolia from the neighboring Roman amphitheater. San Vittore, Romanesque church documented from 996 with a low bell tower, edicola di Morelli, Monumental baroque niche attached to the exterior of the church of San Francesco at the Piazza del Popolo
25.
1990 FIFA World Cup
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The 1990 FIFA World Cup was the 14th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament. It was held from 8 June to 8 July 1990 in Italy, teams representing 116 national football associations entered, and qualification began in April 1988. A total of 22 teams qualified from this process, along with host nation Italy, the tournament was won by West Germany, their third World Cup title. They beat Argentina 1–0 in the final, a rematch of the final four years earlier. Italy finished third, and England fourth, after both lost their semi-finals in penalty shootouts and this was the last tournament to feature a team from the divided Germany, with the country being reunified later in 1990. Costa Rica, Ireland and the UAE made their first appearances in the finals, the official match ball was the Adidas Etrusco Unico. The 1990 World Cup is widely regarded as one of the poorest World Cups and it generated an average 2.21 goals per game – a record low that still stands – and a then-record 16 red cards, including the first ever dismissal in a final. This World Cup saw the introduction of the pre-match Fair Play Flag to encourage fair play, negative tactics led to the introduction of the back-pass rule in 1992, and three points for a win instead of two at future World Cups. Nonetheless, the 1990 World Cup stands as one of the most watched events in television history and this was the first World Cup to be officially recorded and transmitted in HDTV by the Italian broadcaster RAI in association with Japans NHK. At the time it was the most watched World Cup in history in non-unique viewers, the vote to choose the hosts of the 1990 tournament was held on 19 May 1984 in Zürich, Switzerland. Here, the FIFA Executive Committee chose Italy ahead of the rival bid. This awarding made Italy only the nation to host two World Cup tournaments, after Mexico had also achieved this with their 1986 staging. Italy had previously had the event in 1934, where they had won their first championship, Austria, England, France, Greece, West Germany and Yugoslavia also submitted initial applications for 31 July 1983 deadline. A month later, only England, Greece, Italy and the Soviet Union remained in the hunt after the other contenders all withdrew, all four bids were assessed by FIFA in late 1983, with the final decision over-running into 1984 due to the volume of paperwork involved. In early 1984, England and Greece also withdrew, leading to a race in the final vote. 116 teams entered the 1990 World Cup, including Italy as host nation and Argentina as reigning World Cup champions, thus, the remaining 22 finals places were divided among the continental confederations, with 114 initially entering the qualification competition. Due to rejected entries and withdrawals,103 teams eventually participated in the qualifying stages, thirteen places were contested by UEFA teams, three by CONMEBOL teams, two by CAF teams, two by AFC teams, and two by CONCACAF teams. The remaining place was decided by a play-off between a CONMEBOL team and a team from the OFC, chile were also banned from the 1994 qualifiers for this offence
26.
SISDE
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Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Democratica, was the domestic intelligence agency of Italy. With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007, since the end of World War II, Italian intelligence agencies have been reorganized many times in an attempt to increase their effectiveness and bring them more fully under civilian control. This re-organization mainly consisted of, The split of SID, the agency at that time. The creation of CESIS, with a role between the two intelligence agencies and the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. The creation of the Parliamentary Committee, COPACO, to oversee the activities of the two agencies, in spite of these changes, in the early 1980s several members of SISDE were involved in the Propaganda 2 masonic lodge scandal. In 1992, SISDE member Bruno Contrada, who had led some intelligence cells in Palermo, was arrested for involvement with Sicilian mafia, the service was also involved in the massacre of judge Paolo Borsellino in 1992. The circumstance was discovered by analyzing the phone calls of a boss, Gaetano Scotto. After the revelation, Genchi was removed from investigations and the Castello Utveggio case archived by the Tribunal of Caltanissetta, Borsellino had also met Contrada in the Ministry of Interiors, in Rome, two days before his death. Since 1 August 2007, with Legislative Act n, sISDEs last director was prefect Franco Gabrielli. SISDEs mission was targeted to the defense of the State and its Institutions against whoever tries to threaten them and it shared responsibility for this task with SISMI, except in matters involving organized crime. SISDE reported to the Ministry of the Interior, which attended to its regulations, supervised its activities, and designated its directors. It was depicted for the first time only in the version of its official logo, in 1982
27.
Marco Travaglio
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Marco Travaglio is an Italian investigative journalist, writer and opinion leader, director of the independent journal Il Fatto Quotidiano. Perry Anderson has called him arguably Europe’s greatest journalist, Travaglio was born in Turin and earned a degree in history from the University of Turin. In 1992 he began to pursue journalism as a career and he uses a more refined and not legally punishable weapon, the archives. Since 2006, Marco Travaglio has been a regular guest in the TV program AnnoZero, recently, Travaglio has contributed as a columnist to prominent national newspapers and magazines, such as La Repubblica, LUnità and Micromega. He still contributes to Lespresso writing a column by the name Signornò, in September 2009 he contributed to the founding of the independent newspaper Il Fatto Quotidiano. He became editor in chief of the paper in 2015, political and judicial events of national importance, from Mani pulite to the troubles of controversial political figure Silvio Berlusconi, have been Travaglios main area of interest. The journalist gained public attention in 2001, after participating in a TV show on state-owned national channel Raidue called Satyricon and he then introduced his bestseller book Lodore dei soldi, which investigates the origin of Mr Berlusconis early fortunes. Berlusconi filed a lawsuit for slander, but since the information was accurate and well documented, the show, aired during the campaign for the Italian general election, was heavily criticized by Berlusconi and his party and labeled by them as a politically motivated, non-objective personal attack. After Mr Berlusconis victory at the elections, Berlusconi banned Luttazzi from state-owned TV shows, causing a debate about freedom of information. Some called for chief executives at RAI to be dismissed, the political commentator Beppe Grillo supported Travaglio, while Schifani announced he would go to Court and sue Travaglio for slander
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Alexander Stille
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Alexander Stille is an American author and journalist. He is the son of Ugo Stille, a well-known Italian journalist, alexander Stille graduated from Yale and later the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He has written articles on the subject of Italy, in particular its politics. The book was dedicated to the memory of anti-mafia judges Giovanni Falcone, the events outlined in the book were made into a 1999 movie of the same name. In 2003 he wrote The Future of the Past, about the efforts to preserve historical monuments and documentary evidence of ancient times. In 2006 he wrote The Sack of Rome, How a Beautiful European Country with a Fabled History and his book The Force of Things, A Marriage in War and Peace was published in February 2013. Stille also writes for The Boston Globe, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times, for a short time, Stille lived in Milan, Italy, but currently resides in New York City and is the San Paolo Professor of International Journalism at Columbia. He was married to poet Lexi Rudnitsky until her death in January 2005 and they had one son, Samuel, who was born in October 2004. Stille was named a Guggenheim Fellow in 2008
30.
Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
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The Chamber of Deputies is a house of the bicameral Parliament of Italy. The two houses form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to article 56 of the Italian Constitution, the Chamber of Deputies has 630 seats, of which 618 are elected from Italian constituencies, Deputies are styled The Honourable and meet at Palazzo Montecitorio. Previously, the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy had been briefly at the Palazzo Carignano in Turin and the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, from 1939 to 1943, the Chamber is composed of all members meeting in session at the Montecitorio. The assembly also has the right to meetings of the Government. If required, the Government is obligated to attend the session, conversely, the Government has the right to be heard every time it requires. The term of office of the House is five years,61.2 of the Constitution, states that representatives whose term has expired shall continue to exercise their functions until the first meeting of the new Chamber. An extension of the term, provided for by art,60.2, can be enacted only in case of war. Election of members to the Chamber of Deputies is by voluntary, universal, terms last for a total of five years, unless an early dissolution of the Chamber is called by the President of the Republic, at which point a snap election is held. Unlike the Senate, which members to be 40 years of age. The current system for elections to the Chamber of Deputies has been in operation since 2015, the territory of Italy is divided into 100 constituencies electing between 3 and 9 deputies depending on their size. For each constituency, the parties designate a list of candidates, head of list candidates can run in up to 10 constituencies, if two preference votes are expressed, they must be of a different sex, otherwise, the second preference is discarded. Only parties passing a 3% minimum threshold in the first round are assigned seats, if the party receiving the plurality of the votes passes a 40% threshold, it is attributed a minimum of 340 seats. The remaining 277 seats are allocated to the other parties using the largest remainder method. This provision was however rendered null and void by a Constitutional Courts judgment in January 2017, the President of the Chamber of Deputies performs the role of speaker of the house and is elected during the first session after the election. During this time the prerogatives of speaker are assumed by the vicepresident of Chamber of Deputies of the legislature who was elected first. If two were elected simultaneously, the oldest deputy serves as president of Chamber of Deputies, the President of Chamber of Deputies has also the role of President during the Parliament joint sessions, when the upper and lower houses have to vote together
31.
Salvatore Lima
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Salvatore Achille Ettore Lima was an Italian politician from Sicily who was associated with, and murdered by, the Mafia. He is often just referred to as Salvo Lima, according to the pentito Tommaso Buscetta, Lima’s father, Vincenzo Lima, was a member of the Mafia, but it is not known whether Lima himself was a made member of Cosa Nostra. In the final report of the first Italian Antimafia Commission Lima was described as one of the pillars of Mafia power in Palermo and that shift earned him a seat in the national parliament in 1968. Lima was often referred to as Andreottis proconsul on Sicily, under Andreotti Lima once held a cabinet post. At the time of his death he was a member of the European Parliament, Lima rarely spoke in public or campaigned during elections, but usually he would manage to gain large support from seemingly nowhere when it came to voting day. From 1958 to 1963 Salvo Lima was mayor of Palermo, his birthplace, between 1951 and 1961 the population of Palermo had risen by 100,000. Under Lima and Ciancimino an unprecedented construction boom hit the city and they supported Mafia-allied building contractors such as Palermo’s leading construction entrepreneur Francesco Vassallo – a former cart driver hauling sand and stone in a poor district of Palermo. Vassallo was connected to mafiosi like Angelo La Barbera and Tommaso Buscetta, in five years, over 4,000 building licences were signed, more than half of them in the names of three pensioners who had no connection with construction at all. In the meantime Palermo’s historical centre was allowed to crumble, in 1964, during an investigation, Lima had to admit that he knew Angelo La Barbera, one of Palermos most powerful mobsters. Limas election was supported by the La Barbera clan, from 1965-1968 Lima again was mayor of Palermo. The Salvo’s were allowed 10 percent of the take – three times as much as the average of 3.3 percent. The La Barbera brothers helped Salvo Lima getting elected, Buscetta himself met Salvo Lima many times and they became good friends. Every year Lima provided Buscetta with tickets for the Teatro Massimo in Palermo, at the time, the public and authorities did not know these connections. Buscetta only revealed facts about the relations between mafiosi and politicians after judge Giovanni Falcone was killed in 1992, however, already in 1964 one of Falcone’s predecessors, judge Cesare Terranova, unequivocally demonstrated Lima’s connections with the La Barberas. In an indictment in 1964, Terranova wrote, it is clear that Angelo, knew former mayor Salvatore Lima and maintained relations in such a way as to ask for favours. The undeniable contacts of the La Barbera mafiosi with the one who was the first citizen of Palermo, the infiltration of the Mafia in several sectors of public life. Nevertheless, Lima was allowed to continue in politics as if nothing had happened, in 1968 Lima was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, suddenly surpassing established politicians in Sicily. The alliance between Lima and Andreotti proved beneficial to both, although Andreotti had a strong electoral base in and around Rome, his faction had no power base in the rest of Italy
32.
Tina Anselmi
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Tina Anselmi Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was a member of the Italian resistance movement during World War II who went on to become an Italian politician. She was the first woman to hold a position in an Italian government. Anselmi was born in Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso and her father was an assistant pharmacist, and her mother and grandmother ran an inn together. She attended the high school, and then the Teaching Institute in Bassano del Grappa. In September 1944, Nazi soldiers forced her and a group of students to witness the hanging of a group of 31 young Partisans. As a result, she joined the Italian Resistance movement and became part of the Cesare Battisti brigade and that year she also joined the Christian Democracy Party. After World War II, she studied literature at the Catholic University of Milan, while working as a teacher, Anselmi held positions in Christian trade unions, including the primary teachers union from 1948-55. In 1959 she joined the council of the Christian Democracy Party. In 1963, she was elected vice-president of the Female Board of the European Union, from 1958-64 she was head of the Christian Democracy partys youth programmes. From 1968 to 1987 she was a Member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and she held this position from 1976-79. She served as Minister for Health from 1978 to 1979, Anselmi is best known for having been the main proposer of Italian laws on equal opportunities, a matter she always fought for in her political life. For example, in 1977 she passed a bill which recognised fathers as primary caregivers for their children, in the same year, a major piece of legislation was passed on gender parity in employment conditions, of which Anselmi was a key supporter. She chaired the National Equal Opportunities Commission until 1994, and played a significant role in the introduction of Italys National Health Service. In 1981, she headed the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry into the illegal P2 Masonic Lodge, anslemi wrote the Commissions final majority report that was approved in 1984, and all activity of the lodge ceased the following year. Anselmi was the chair of a commission of inquiry into the work of Italian soldiers in Somalia and she was an honorary vice president of the National Institute for the History of the Liberation Movement in Italy. Later in her life, she began to write about her experiences in the Resistance, in 2003, she wrote Aunt, a book explaining the Italian Resistance to young people. In 2004, she wrote a book for young people, Bella ciao. In 2006, she published her memoirs, with Anna Vinci, Anselmi died at home in Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso on 31 October 2016, aged 89
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