1.
Uppsala
–
Uppsala is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden, after Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö. It had 149,245 inhabitants in 2015, located 71 km north of the capital Stockholm, it is also the seat of Uppsala Municipality. Since 1164, Uppsala has been the centre of Sweden. Uppsala is home to Scandinavias largest cathedral – Uppsala Cathedral, founded in 1477, Uppsala University is the oldest centre of higher education in Scandinavia. Among many achievements, the Celsius scale for temperature was invented there, Uppsala was originally located a few kilometres north of its current location at a place now known as Gamla Uppsala. Todays Uppsala was then called Östra Aros, Uppsala was, according to medieval writer Adam of Bremen, the main pagan centre of Sweden, and the Temple at Uppsala contained magnificent idols of the Norse gods. The Fyrisvellir plains along the south of Old Uppsala, in the area where the modern city is situated today, was the site of the Battle of Fyrisvellir in the 980s. The present-day Uppsala was at that time known as Östra Aros and was a town of Gamla Uppsala. In 1160, King Eric Jedvardsson was attacked and killed outside the church of Östra Aros, the cathedral is built in the Gothic style and is one of the largest in northern Europe, with towers reaching 118.70 metres. Uppsala is also the site of the 16th century Uppsala Castle, the city was severely damaged by a fire in 1702. The arms bearing the lion can be traced to 1737 and have been modernised several times, the meaning of the lion is uncertain but is likely connected to the royal lion, also depicted on the Coat of Arms of Sweden. Situated on the fertile Uppsala flatlands of muddy soil, the city features the small Fyris River flowing through the landscape surrounded by lush vegetation. Parallel to the runs the glacial ridge of Uppsalaåsen at an elevation of circa 30 metres. The central park Stadsskogen stretches from the south far into town, only some 70 kilometres or 40 minutes by train from the capital, many Uppsala residents work in Stockholm. The train to Stockholm-Arlanda Airport takes only 17 minutes, rendering the city accessible by air. The commercial centre of Uppsala is quite compact, during recent decades, a significant part of retail commercial activity has shifted to shopping malls and stores situated in the outskirts of the city. Meanwhile, the areas have expanded greatly, and some suburbanization has taken place. Uppsala lies on the 59th parallel north and has a continental climate, with cold winters
2.
Sweden
–
Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
3.
George Tabori
–
George Tabori was a Hungarian writer and theater director. Tabori was born in Budapest as György Tábori, a son of Kornél and his father Cornelius died in Auschwitz in 1944, but his mother and his brother Paul Tabori, managed to escape the Nazis. He adopted the three children of Viveca Lindfors, John, Lena and Kristoffer, as a young man, Tabori went to Berlin but was forced to leave Nazi Germany in 1935 due to his Jewish background. He first went to London, where he worked for the BBC, in 1947 he immigrated to the United States, where he became a translator and a screenwriter including Alfred Hitchcocks movie I Confess. His first novel, Beneath The Stone, was published in America in 1945, in the late 1960s, Tabori brought his own and the work of Brecht to many colleges and universities. At the University of Pennsylvania he taught classes in writing which resulted in Werner Liepolts The Young Master Dante. Two of Taboris plays in English -- The Cannibals and Pinkville—were produced by Wynn Handman at the American Place Theatre in New York City from 1968 through 1970. In 1970 his play The Prince was filmed by John Boorman as Leo the Last with Marcello Mastroianni and Billie Whitelaw, in 1971, Tabori moved to Germany, where his new emphasis was theater work, and mainly worked in Berlin, Munich, and Vienna. He was stepfather to actor Kristoffer Tabori, publisher Lena Tabori and he died in Berlin, aged 93. / Schulz, Renate A. Transcultural German Studies / Deutsch als Fremdsprache, Building Bridges / Brücken bauen
4.
Don Siegel
–
Donald Siegel was an American film director and producer. His name variously appeared in the credits of his films as both Don Siegel and Donald Siegel, born to a Jewish family in Chicago, he attended schools in New York and later graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge in England. For a short time he studied at Beaux Arts in Paris, France, in 1945 two shorts he directed, Star in the Night and Hitler Lives, won Academy Awards, which launched his career as a feature director. He directed whatever material came his way, often transcending the limitations of budget and script to produce interesting and he made the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers in 1956. He directed two episodes of The Twilight Zone, The Self-Improvement of Salvadore Ross and Uncle Simon and he was a considerable influence on Eastwoods own career as a director, and Eastwoods film Unforgiven is dedicated for Don and Sergio. He had a collaboration with composer Lalo Schifrin, who scored five of his films, Coogans Bluff, The Beguiled, Dirty Harry, Charley Varrick. Schifrin composed and recorded what would have been his sixth score for Siegel on Jinxed, but it was rejected by the studio despite Siegels objections. This was one of several fights Siegel had on this, his last film, Siegel was also important to the career of director Sam Peckinpah. In 1954, Peckinpah was hired as a coach for Riot in Cell Block 11. His job entailed acting as an assistant to the director, Siegel, the film was shot on location at Folsom Prison. Siegels location work and his use of prisoners as extras in the film made a lasting impression on Peckinpah. He worked as a coach on four additional Siegel films, Private Hell 36, An Annapolis Story, Invasion of the Body Snatchers. 25 years later, Peckinpah was all but banished from the due to his troubled film productions. Siegel gave the director a chance to return to filmmaking and he asked Peckinpah if he would be interested in directing 12 days of second unit work on Jinxed. Peckinpah immediately accepted, and his earnest collaboration with his friend was noted within the industry. While Peckinpahs work was uncredited, it would lead to his hiring as the director of his final film The Osterman Weekend. He has a role as a bartender in Eastwoods Play Misty for Me, and in Philip Kaufmans 1978 Invasion of the Body Snatchers. In Charley Varrick starring Walter Matthau, he has a cameo as a ping-pong player, from 1948 to 1953 he was married to actress Viveca Lindfors, with whom he had a son, Kristoffer Tabori
5.
Moab
–
Moab is the historical name for a mountainous tract of land in Jordan. The land lies alongside much of the shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archaeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, according to the Hebrew Bible, Moab was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west. Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet above the Dead Sea, the northern boundary varied, but generally is represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea. In Ezekiel 25,9 the boundaries are given as being marked by Beth-jeshimoth, Baal-meon, the principal rivers of Moab mentioned in the Bible are the Arnon, the Dimon or Dibon, and the Nimrim. The limestone hills which form the almost treeless plateau are generally steep, in the spring they are covered with grass and the table-land itself produces grain. In the north are a number of long, deep ravines, the rainfall is fairly plentiful and the climate, despite the hot summer, is cooler than the area west of the Jordan river, snow falling frequently in winter and in spring. The plateau is dotted with hundreds of dolmens, menhirs, and stone circles, the land is now occupied chiefly by Bedouin, though it contains such towns as al-Karak. The country of Moab was the source of natural resources, including limestone, salt. The Moabites occupied a place along the Kings Highway, the ancient trade route connecting Egypt with Mesopotamia, Syria. Like the Edomites and Ammonites, trade along this route gave them considerable revenue, the Moabites likely settled in the Transjordanian highlands. Whether they were among the nations referred to in the Egyptian language as Shutu or Shasu is a matter of debate among scholars. According to the account, Moab and Ammon were born to Lot and Lots elder and younger daughters, respectively, in the aftermath of the destruction of Sodom. The Bible refers to both the Moabites and Ammonites as Lots sons, born of incest with his daughters and these Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King Sihon, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary. God renewed his covenant with the Israelites at Moab before the Israelites entered the promised land, Moses died there, prevented by God from entering the promised land. He was buried in a location in Moab and the Israelites spent a period of thirty days there in mourning. According to the Book of Judges, the Israelites did not pass through the land of the Moabites, after the conquest of Canaan the relations of Moab with Israel were of a mixed character, sometimes warlike and sometimes peaceable. With the tribe of Benjamin they had at least one severe struggle, in union with their kindred the Ammonites and the Amalekites
6.
The Story of Ruth
–
The Story of Ruth is a 1960 American historical romance film directed by Henry Koster, shot in CinemaScope and DeLuxe Color, and released by 20th Century Fox. The screenplay, written by Norman Corwin, is an adaptation of the biblical Book of Ruth. The film stars Stuart Whitman as Boaz, Tom Tryon as Mahlon, Peggy Wood as Naomi, Viveca Lindfors as Eleilat, Jeff Morrow as Tob, high-priestess Eleilat, along with Ruth, instruct Mahlon, a Judean artisan, to polish Tebahs ritual crown. Mahlon delivers the crown to Ruth at the temple, and he begins to question her about the existence of Chemosh, Ruth becomes doubtful of her religion and ultimately falls in love with Mahlon, sharing an interest in monotheism. This fictional non-biblical part ends with the sight of the Moabite girl being sacrificed, the Moabites condemn Mahlon, his father Elimelech, and brother Chilion. Chilion and Elimelech die in the prison, while Mahlons punishment is to work at the quarries for the rest of his life. Ruth, however, attempts to escape with Mahlon, but he is wounded before he flees the quarries and dies in a cave afterwards, the biblical storyline begins as Naomi, Orpah, and Ruth are widowed. As the next of kin after him, Boaz successfully obtains Ruths hand in marriage, as the film concludes, the final verses of the Book of Ruth are quoted. Susan Strasberg, a contender for the role Ruth, was tested in September 1959, other actresses who tested for the role were Susan Kohner, Tina Louise, Diane Baker, and Millie Perkins. Israeli actress Elana Cooper and Swedish actress Ulla Jacobsson arrived in Los Angeles in September 1959 to test for the role, myrna Fahey, who had recently signed a contract with 20th-Century Fox, was also tested. In October 1959, Cooper was cast as Ruth, changed her name from Elana Cooper to Elana Eden, stephen Boyd was first cast as Boaz but later turned down the role and said, I think the picture would be much better without me. Boyd later played Nimrod in John Hustons The Bible, In the Beginning, another biblical epic released by 20th-Century Fox. Stuart Whitman replaced Boyd as Boaz in December 1959, helen Hayes and Irene Dunne were offered the role of Naomi before Peggy Wood was cast. The Story of Ruth received favorable reviews upon release, Variety called it a refreshingly sincere and restrained Biblical drama, a picture that elaborates on the romantic, political and devotional difficulties encountered by the Old Testament heroine. Daniel A. Poling, editor of the Christian Herald, described the film as loriously cast and she could have been no other. Poling believed Edens portrayal of Ruth was worthy of an Oscar, Peggy Woods performance also received high commendation from critics. Variety noticed her excellent characterization of Naomi and acknowledged that her timing is always sharp, lane thought she creates an unforgettable character. Patience, faith, wisdom, all mature within her as the story progresses
7.
Bob Fosse
–
Robert Louis Bob Fosse was an American dancer, musical theatre choreographer, director, screenwriter, film director and actor. He won eight Tony Awards for choreography, more than anyone else and he was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning for his direction of Cabaret. Fosse was born in Chicago, Illinois on June 23,1927, to a Norwegian American father, Cyril K. Fosse, and Irish-born mother, Sara Alice Fosse, the second youngest of six. He teamed up with Charles Grass, another dancer. They toured theaters throughout the Chicago area, after being recruited, Fosse was placed in the variety show Tough Situation, which toured military and naval bases in the Pacific. Fosse moved to New York City with the ambition of being the new Fred Astaire and his appearance with his first wife and dance partner Mary Ann Niles in Call Me Mister brought him to the attention of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Fosse was signed to a MGM contract in 1953 and his early screen appearances included Give A Girl A Break, The Affairs of Dobie Gillis and Kiss Me Kate, all released in 1953. A short sequence that he choreographed in the latter brought him to the attention of Broadway producers, although Fosses acting career in film was cut short by typecasting, he was reluctant to move from Hollywood to theater. Nevertheless, he made the move, and in 1954, he choreographed his first musical, The Pajama Game and it was while working on the latter show that he first met the rising star whom he was to marry in 1960, Gwen Verdon. Verdon won her first Tony Award for Best Actress in Damn Yankees, in 1957 Fosse choreographed New Girl in Town, also directed by Abbott, and Verdon won her second Leading Actress Tony. That year he also choreographed the film version of Pajama Game starring Doris Day, in 1960, Fosse was, for the first time, both director and choreographer of a musical called simply Redhead. With Redhead, Verdon won her third Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical, Verdon starred in Sweet Charity in 1966, with Fosse again the choreographer-director, and she starred in Chicago in 1975, with Fosse as director and choreographer. Fosse performed a song and dance number in Stanley Donens 1974 film version of The Little Prince, according to AllMusic, Bob Fosse stops the show with a slithery dance routine. In 1977, Fosse had a role in the romantic comedy Thieves. Notable distinctions of Fosses style included the use of turned-in knees, the famous Fosse Amoeba, sideways shuffling, rolled shoulders, with Astaire as an influence, he used props such as bowler hats, canes and chairs. His trademark use of hats was influenced by his own self-consciousness, according to Martin Gottfried in his biography of Fosse, His baldness was the reason that he wore hats, and was doubtless why he put hats on his dancers. He used gloves in his performances because he did not like his hands, some of his most popular numbers include Steam Heat and Big Spender. The Rich Mans Frug scene in Sweet Charity is another example of his signature style and his first, Sweet Charity, starring Shirley MacLaine, is an adaptation of the Broadway musical he had directed and choreographed
8.
Broadway theatre
–
Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
9.
Pal Joey (musical)
–
Pal Joey is a musical with a book by John OHara and music and lyrics by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart. The musical is based on a character and situations OHara created in a series of stories published in The New Yorker. The title character, Joey Evans, is a manipulative small-time nightclub performer whose ambitions lead him into an affair with the wealthy and it includes two songs that have become standards, I Could Write a Book and Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered. The original 1940 Broadway production was directed by George Abbott and starred Vivienne Segal, though it received mixed reviews, the show ran for 10 months, the third-longest run of any Rodgers and Hart musical. There have been several revivals since, including a 2008–09 Broadway run, author John OHara offered his stories of Pal Joey to Rodgers and Hart for adaptation as a new musical. Title character Joey Evans, an unsympathetic but charming antihero, was a departure from the usual musical comedy formula. Joey was amoral, but he was not presented as a villain, Richard Rodgers said, Joey was not disreputable because he was mean, but because he had too much imagination to behave himself, and because he was a little weak. Theres one for play and one for show and they chose Gene Kelly, who was at the time playing a dancing role, Harry the Hoofer, in the play The Time of Your Life. Kelly had made his Broadway debut in 1938 in the chorus of Cole Porters Leave It to Me, Pal Joey would be his first lead role. Segal, who would be 43 when the show opened on Broadway, appreciated the opportunity to play a worldly, mature character, using Segals initials, OHara gave her character the name Vera Simpson. OHara was not present during the tryouts, and director George Abbott took over the rewriting. When the show opened in New York, the critics were divided, Richard Watts called it brilliant, but other critics and members of the theatre-going public disliked the subject matter. Nonetheless, it became the longest running Rodgers-Hart show up to that time, based on original 1940 book Act I In Chicago in the late 1930s, singer/dancer Joey Evans, a charming heel with big plans, schemes to get his own nightclub. He auditions for a job at a second-rate nightclub. Joey gets the job and begins rehearsals with the chorus girls, Joey meets young and naïve Linda English outside a pet shop, and he impresses her with grandiose lies about his career. Linda innocently falls for Joeys line, as the chorus girls are doing a song-and-dance number at the club that night, Linda arrives with a date. Wealthy married socialite Vera Simpson arrives at the club and shows a definite interest in Joey, Joey plays hard-to-get and insults Vera, who walks out. Mike, the owner, fires Joey, but Joey, believing Vera will be back, strikes a deal, if Vera doesnt come back within the next few days
10.
Swedes
–
Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
11.
Warner Bros.
–
Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
12.
Night Unto Night
–
Night Unto Night is a 1949 Film Noir drama film directed by Don Siegel and written by Kathryn Scola. It is based on the 1944 novel by Philip Wylie, the film stars Ronald Reagan, Viveca Lindfors, Broderick Crawford, Rosemary DeCamp, Osa Massen and Art Baker. The film was released by Warner Bros. on June 10,1949, fifteen years later, Siegel would direct Reagans final film, 1964s The Killers. John Gaylord is in Florida, looking for a new place to live, Gaylord is a former scientist who now suffers from epilepsy, a fact he keeps hidden from Ann Gracie, a widow who rents him her house. Ann has introduced him to her friends C. L. and Thalia Shawn, Ann is upset because she believes she can still hear the voice of her late husband Bill, who was killed in the war. A doctor tells him his condition is worsening and he and C. L. an artist, have discussions of whether there is life after death. Anns sister Lisa develops a romantic interest in him, but John falls for Ann instead, as a hurricane threatens, John contemplates suicide. Ronald Reagan as John Viveca Lindfors as Ann Broderick Crawford as C. L, Shawn Rosemary DeCamp as Thalia Shawn Osa Massen as Lisa Art Baker as Dr. Poole Craig Stevens as Tony Maddox Erskine Sanford as Dr
13.
Dark City (1950 film)
–
Dark City is a 1950 American film noir crime film directed by William Dieterle starring Charlton Heston in his screen debut, and produced by Hal B. The film features Lizabeth Scott, Dean Jagger, Jack Webb, Webb and Morgan both went on to co-star in the popular police drama television series Dragnet. Heston made his first professional appearance in the movie, having starred in two amateur college films a decade before. In interviews much later, he would refer to Dark City as definitely not an A picture, a group of hustlers take a man for $5000 in a poker game. When the man ends up killing himself, the heat is put on the gamblers in the game, the dead mans vengeful brother begins picking off the gamblers one by one. The production dates were from April 5 to May 12,1950, additional scenes and retakes were from May 9 to May 11,1950. in the San Fernando Valley, California. In addition, background shots were filmed in Las Vegas, Nevada and Chicago, apparently Mr. Heston, who has worked for the stage and video, has something more than appearance to recommend him to dramatic roles. He has a quiet but assertive magnetism, a youthful dignity, but in this clutching hand chiller, he is called upon to play nothing more complex or demanding than a crooked gambler marked for doom. The dark mood is set by Victor Milners excellent B&W photography, hestons finely tuned nuanced performance, as a guy gone bad but who can be saved by love, gives the melodrama enough film noir qualities to get over but not enough to relieve it of its tedium
14.
King of Kings (1961 film)
–
King of Kings is a 1961 American Biblical epic film made by Samuel Bronston Productions and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Directed by Nicholas Ray, the film is a dramatization of the story of Jesus Christ from his birth and ministry to his crucifixion and resurrection, in 63 BC, Pompey conquers Jerusalem and the city is sacked. He enters the Temple to seize the treasure of Solomon and massacres the priests there and he discovers that the treasure is only a collection of scrolls of the Torah. These he holds over a fire until an old priest reaches for them imploringly, a carpenter named Joseph and his wife Mary, who is about to give birth, arrive in Bethlehem for the census. Not having found accommodation for the night, they take refuge in a stable, the shepherds, who have followed the Magi from the East, gather to worship him. However, Herod, informed of the birth of a child-king, orders the centurion Lucius to take his men to Bethlehem, Mary and Joseph flee to Egypt with the child. The Massacre of the Innocents occurs, Herod dies, killed in his death throes by his son Herod Antipas, who then takes power. In Nazareth, Jesus, who is now twelve years old, is working with Joseph when soldiers arrive under the command of Lucius, but he does nothing and only asks that Mary and Joseph register their sons birth before the years end. Years pass and Jewish rebels led by Barabbas and Judas Iscariot prepare to attack a caravan carrying the next governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate, the ambush fails, partly due to the diligence of Lucius, and Barabbas and Judas flee for their lives. Pilate and Herod Antipas meet on the banks of the River Jordan, Jesus arrives here, now 30 years of age. He is baptized by John, who recognizes that he is the Messiah, Jesus goes into the desert, where he is tempted by Satan. After forty days, Jesus travels to Galilee, where he recruits his Apostles, in Jerusalem, Herod Antipas arrests John the Baptist, who is visited by Jesus in prison. Judas leaves the rebel Barabbas and joins the Apostles, Jesus begins to preach and gather crowds, among which are Claudia, Pilates wife, and Lucius. Herod reluctantly beheads John on a whim of his stepdaughter, Salome, Herod, Pilate and the High Priest Caiaphas are terrorized by the works and miracles of Jesus. Barabbas plots a revolt in Jerusalem during Passover, during which time Jesus enters the city in triumph. The rebels storm the Antonia Fortress, but the legions of Pilate, having learned of the plot, ambush and crush the revolt, Jesus meets the disciples on the evening of Thursday, having supper one last time with them and after goes to pray at Gethsemane. In the meantime, Judas wants Jesus to free Judea from the Romans, Jesus is brought before Caiaphas and then to Pilate. Pilate starts the trial, but sensing that the issue is one of Jewish sensibilities, sends him to Herod Antipas, Pilate is infuriated by Antipass returning of Jesus and commands his soldiers to scourge him
15.
Creepshow
–
Creepshow is a 1982 American black comedy horror anthology film directed by George A. Romero and written by Stephen King, making this film his screenwriting debut. The films ensemble cast included Hal Holbrook, Adrienne Barbeau, Fritz Weaver, Leslie Nielsen, Ted Danson, the film was shot on location in Pittsburgh and its suburbs, including Monroeville, where Romero leased an old boys academy to build extensive sets for the film. The film consists of five short stories, the film is an homage to the EC and DC horror comics of the 1950s, such as House of Mystery, House of Secrets, Tales from the Crypt, The Vault of Horror, and The Haunt of Fear. In order for the film to give viewers a comic book feel, the film earned $21,028,755 in the US. It has since become a cult film among horror fans, a young boy named Billy gets yelled at and slapped by his father, Stan, for reading a horror comic titled Creepshow. Stan reminds his wife that he had to be hard on Billy because he not want their son to be reading such crap. The first story, Fathers Day, is a story by King written for the film. When she accidentally spills her whiskey bottle in front of the headstone, suddenly, Nathans putrefied, maggot-infested corpse emerges from the burial plot in the form of a revenant who has come back to claim the Fathers Day cake he never got. Based on the short story Weeds, Jordy Verrill, a dimwitted backwoods yokel, thinks that a newly discovered meteorite will provide enough money from the local college to pay off his $200 bank loan. As the meteorite is too hot to touch, he douses it with water, causing it to crack open and he then finds himself being overcome by a rapidly spreading plant-like organism that begins growing on his body. Jordy is eventually cautioned by the ghost of his father not to take a bath, but when the itching from the growth on his skin becomes unbearable, Jordy succumbs to temptation and collapses into the bathwater. By the next morning, Jordy and his farm have been covered with dense layers of the hideous alien vegetation. In despair, he reaches for a shotgun and blows the top of his head off and he explains that they have a chance of survival—if they can hold their breath long enough for the sand to loosen once the seawater covers them, they could break free and escape. Vickers sets up closed-circuit TV cameras so he can watch them die from the comfort of his beach house. However, Richard is in for a surprise of his own when the two lovers he murdered return as a pair of waterlogged, seaweed-covered revenants intent on revenge. He tries to shoot them, but they remind him, You cant shoot us dead, Richard, the final scene reveals that Richard is now the one buried in the beach, facing the approaching tide— and the sight of two sets of footprints disappearing into the surf. While the tide is rising, he laughs hysterically, his sanity shattered by the experience, the frame freezes into animation and the flipping comic pages stop on the title of the next story, one of the longer entries at nearly 30 minutes. Based on the short story The Crate, a college custodian, Mike, drops a quarter and finds a wooden storage crate, hidden under some basement stairs for 147 years
16.
The Sure Thing
–
The Sure Thing is a 1985 American romantic comedy film written by Steven L. Bloom and Jonathan Roberts and directed by Rob Reiner. The film stars John Cusack, Daphne Zuniga, and Viveca Lindfors, the origins of the film came from an experience writer Steven L. Bloom had while attending Brown University. During this time, his best friend was attending Emory University in Atlanta, GA and was constantly recounting the good times he was having while absolutely nothing was going on for Bloom. Out of pity over his situation his friend arranged for him to meet a sure thing over spring break, so Bloom found a ride through a ride board and drove to Atlanta with a number of other students. High school senior Walter Gibson and his best friend Lance are celebrating the fact they are moving on to college, Lance heads to UCLA while Walter moves on to college in New England. The two keep in touch by writing letters, but Walters luck has not changed and his attempt to get close to Alison Bradbury from his English class by tricking her into tutoring him only results in his angering and alienating her. Eventually he receives a call from Lance telling him to come to California for Christmas break because he has set him up with the beautiful girl. Walter finds a ride from a ride share board to make the trip and he meets Gary Cooper and Mary Ann Webster, the couple providing the ride, they are extroverted and upbeat to a fault. Things go from bad to worse when he realizes he will be sitting next to Alison as she heads to UCLA to visit her boyfriend Jason. Upon arriving in California, Alison discovers the real reason Walter is making the trip is to meet his Sure Thing and that night at a college mixer Lance has arranged for Walter to meet his Sure Thing. Meanwhile, Alison is spending a night with Jason when she drags him to the same mixer for some fun. Alison and Walter see each other at the party, but jealousy leads to a confrontation between the two, Walter takes the Sure Thing to Lances room, but cannot stop thinking about Alison. Back on campus after the break, Alison and Walter are obviously uncomfortable around each other, in their English class, Professor Taub reads an essay composed by Walter as a writing assignment, which is a description of his night with the Sure Thing. The girl in the essay asks the protagonist if he loves her, Alison realizes what actually happened that night, and they kiss. When casting for the part of Walter Gibson began, director Rob Reiner initially refused to meet with John Cusack because the actor was under-aged, casting directors Jane Jenkins and Janet Hirshenson convinced Reiner to audition Cusack, after which Reiner knew he had to have him for the part. At the time Anthony Edwards was seriously being considered for the lead, at the time of his casting, Cusack was still 16 and had not yet graduated from high school, so producer Roger Birnbaum had to go to court to have him emancipated. During the filming of the movie, Birnbaum then became Cusacks legal guardian, reviews for The Sure Thing were mostly positive with a rating of 87% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 31 reviews. Film critic Roger Ebert praised the film and called it a miracle for its handling of teenage material in an era when movies like Porkys were the norm
17.
Stargate (film)
–
Stargate is a 1994 American French science fiction adventure film released through Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Carolco Pictures. Created by Dean Devlin and Roland Emmerich, the film is the first release in the Stargate franchise, directed by Roland Emmerich, the film stars Kurt Russell, James Spader, Jaye Davidson, Alexis Cruz, Mili Avital, and Viveca Lindfors. The plot centers on the premise of a Stargate, an ancient ring-shaped device that creates a wormhole enabling travel to a similar device elsewhere in the universe, the films central plot explores the theory of extraterrestrial beings having an influence upon human civilization. The film had a mixed critical reception, earning both praise and criticism for its atmosphere, story, characters, and graphic content. Nevertheless, Stargate became a success worldwide. Devlin and Emmerich gave the rights to the franchise to MGM when they were working on their 1996 film Independence Day, and MGM retains the domestic television rights. Egyptologist and linguist Daniel Jackson, Ph. D. is invited by Catherine Langford to translate Egyptian hieroglyphs on cover stones that her father had unearthed in Giza, Egypt in 1928. Jackson is taken to a U. S. Air Force installation, Jackson determines that the hieroglyphs refer to a stargate which uses constellations as spatial coordinates. On this revelation, Jackson is shown that the base has this Stargate and they use Jacksons coordinates to align the Stargates metal ring with markings along its outside, and once all seven are locked in, a wormhole opens, connecting the Stargate with a distant planet. Jackson joins ONeil and other soldiers as they pass through the wormhole, on the arid desert planet, they find themselves in a pyramid-like structure. Jackson locates the Stargate and its controls, but lacks the coordinates to return home, ONeil orders some men to stay behind to guard the Stargate. Nearby, they discover a tribe of humans working to mine a mineral from the planet. Jackson is able to communicate with them as they speak a variation of Ancient Egyptian, the tribes chieftain Kasuf presents Jackson with his daughter Shauri as a gift, and though Jackson initially refuses her, he becomes romantically attached to her. ONeil befriends the teenaged boy Skaara and his friends, in part because Skaara reminds him of his long-deceased son, Ra enslaved these humans and brought some to this planet through the Stargate to mine the mineral that is used in the alien technology. The humans on Earth revolted, overthrew Ras overseers, and buried the Stargate to prevent its use, Ra forbade the humans in the tribe from becoming literate, fearing another revolt. During this investigation, Jackson comes across a cartouche containing six of the seven symbols for the Stargate and that night, Ras ship lands atop the pyramid structure, and ONeils men there are captured or killed by Ras soldiers. When Jackson, ONeil, and the men return, they end up in a firefight against Ras soldiers. Jackson is killed and the others captured, Ra places Jacksons body in a sarcophagus-like device that regenerates him
18.
Ronald Reagan
–
Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
19.
Jeffrey Hunter
–
Jeffrey Hunter was an American film and television actor and producer known for his roles in classic films such as The Searchers, and King of Kings. On television, Hunter was known following his death for his 1965 role as Capt. Christopher Pike in the pilot episode of Star Trek. Hunter was born Henry Herman “Hank” McKinnies, Jr. in New Orleans, Louisiana, and after 1930 reared in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and he was very involved in school sports and began acting in local theater and radio in his early teens. He worked for Station WTMS-FM and the Childrens Theatre of the Air, from 1942 to 1945 he spent his summers appearing in small roles for a touring summer stock company from New York, the Northport Players. He made his radio debut in his senior year in high school on a program called Those Whose Serve. After graduating high school in 1945, Hunter went into the US Navy and he completed a naval radar course at the Radio Technical School and was assigned to Communications Division, Headquarters of the Ninth Naval District, Great Lakes, Illinois. At college he appeared in two NWU stage productions, including Ruth Gordons Years Ago and he did radio work with the NWU Radio Workshop and Radio Guild, and worked summers with the NBC Radio Institute in Chicago. Hunters first film came in 1949. While at Northwestern he was one of a number of students who were cast in David Bradleys version of Julius Caesar, the movie is best remembered today for starring a young Charlton Heston as Marc Antony. He graduated from NWU on August 26,1949, then moved to the University of California at Los Angeles to get his Masters degree in radio. In 1950, he was appearing in a production of All My Sons and was spotted by talent scouts from 20th Century Fox. Paramount tested him - doing two scenes from All My Sons with Ed Begley and they were impressed and offered him an option, Darryl F. Zanuck of Fox heard about this and offered him a long term contract. The young actor agreed and the studio changed his name to Jeffrey Hunter on 1 June 1950, Hunter was then a campus Casanova in a Jeanne Craine musical, Take Care of My Little Girl, directed by Jean Negulesco. Fan response to these appearances was positive and Hunter moved into leading roles with Red Skies of Montana and he had a more conventional male juvenile lead in Belles on Their Toes, a sequel to Cheaper by the Dozen, which reunited him with Crane. Marilyn Monroe later gave a interview where she discussed Hunters appeal, To me, why, he looks like he just stepped off a college campus. Hes extremely handsome, but this is not what impresses me and he has sort of a—well. an all-encompassing type of magnetism. And hes a walking advertisement for marriage and you cant be with Jeff more than two minutes without realizing that he takes his marriage seriously, and adores his wife and child. He talks about them constantly, and with extreme pride and you would be certain to guess, even without knowing, that Jeff is the real athletic type
20.
Charlton Heston
–
Charlton Heston was an American actor and political activist. As a Hollywood star, he appeared in 100 films over the course of 60 years and he played Moses in the epic film, The Ten Commandments, for which he received his first Golden Globe Award nomination. He also starred in Touch of Evil with Orson Welles, Ben-Hur, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, El Cid and he also starred in the films The Greatest Show on Earth, Secret of the Incas, and The Big Country. A supporter of Democratic politicians and civil rights in the 1960s, Heston later became a Republican, founding a political action committee. Hestons most famous role in politics came as the president of the National Rifle Association. After being diagnosed with Alzheimers disease in 2003, he retired from acting and the NRA presidency. Heston died on April 5,2008, aged 84, from pneumonia, Charlton Heston was born on October 4,1923, to Russell Whitford Carter, a sawmill operator and Lilla. Many sources indicate he was born in Evanston, Illinois, Hestons autobiography, however, and some other sources, place his birth in No Mans Land, Illinois, which usually refers to a then-unincorporated area now part of Wilmette, a wealthy Chicago suburb. Heston said in a 1995 interview that he was not very good at remembering addresses or his early childhood, Heston was partially of Scottish descent, including from the Clan Fraser, but the majority of his ancestry was English. His earliest immigrant ancestors arrived in America from England in the 1600s and his maternal great-grandparents, William Charlton and Mary Drysdale Charlton, were English. They emigrated to Canada, where his grandmother, Marian Emily Charlton, was born in 1872, in his autobiography, Heston refers to his father participating in his familys construction business. When Heston was an infant, his fathers work moved the family to St. Helen and it was a rural, heavily forested part of the state, and Heston lived an isolated yet idyllic existence, spending much time hunting and fishing in the backwoods of the area. When Heston was 10 years old, his parents divorced, shortly thereafter, his mother remarried and the new family moved back to Wilmette. Heston attended New Trier High School and he recalled living there, All kids play pretend games, but I did it more than most. Even when we moved to Chicago, I was more or less a loner and we lived in a North Shore suburb, where I was a skinny hick from the woods, and all the other kids seemed to be rich and know about girls. Contradictions on paper and in an interview surround when Charlton became Hestons first name, the 1930 United States Census record for Richfield, Michigan, in Roscommon County, shows his name as being Charlton J. Carter at age six. Later accounts by sources and movie studio biographies say he was born John Charles Carter, interestingly, Charlton was his maternal grandmother Marians maiden name, not his mother Lillas. This is contrary to how 20th century references read and what Heston said, when Hestons maternal grandmother and his true maternal grandfather Charles Baines separated or divorced in the early 1900s, Marian Baines married William Henry Lawton in 1907
21.
Lizabeth Scott
–
Lizabeth Virginia Scott was an American actress, known for her smoky voice and being the most beautiful face of film noir during the 1940s and 1950s. Of her 22 films, she was the lady in all. In addition to stage and radio, she appeared on television from the late 1940s to early 1970s, Emma Matzo born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the oldest of six children born to Mary and John Matzo. There have been conflicting accounts as to her parents ethnic origins, with most mentioning English, Russian. Her family lived in the Pine Brook section of Scranton, where her father owned Matzo Market, Scott characterized her father as a lifelong Republican, which influenced her own capitalistic views. The family was immersed in all cultural, especially music. This love of music influenced Scotts voice, Scotts accent, timbre, and tempo were molded beginning in first grade. Her parents sent her to lessons at a local elocution school. As a result, she lost the Northeast Pennsylvania English spoken in the Scranton area and her trademark broad A is characteristic of Mid-Atlantic English. Scott herself attributed the tone of her voice to heredity, as a sister had a similarly deep voice. In addition, she received six years of lessons and two of voice. As a young girl, working in her fathers store, she dreamed of being a journalist, then an opera singer, at the age of 11, Scott played the Fairy Godmother in Cinderella at summer camp. During Christmas season, she took part in pageants at the local Catholic church her family attended, when asked what was the best advice she was given, Scott replied, I dont know, but I sure didnt take it. Her mother told her to subdue her emotions and be a lady, however, Scott mentioned adolescent favorites such as Ralph Waldo Emersons Essays as having the greatest influence on her. Scott attended Marywood Seminary, a local Catholic girls school and she transferred to Scrantons Central High School, where she performed in several plays. After graduating, she spent the summer working with the Mae Desmond Players at a theater in the nearby community of Newfoundland. She then worked at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia and that autumn, she attended Marywood College, but quit after six months. Mary Matzo wanted her daughter to become a journalist, but when Scott said she would become either a stage actress or a nun, in 1939, with her fathers help, the 17-year-old Scott moved to New York City, where she stayed at the Ferguson Residence for Women
22.
Errol Flynn
–
Errol Leslie Flynn was an Australian-born actor who achieved fame in Hollywood after 1935. He was known for his romantic roles in Hollywood films, as well as frequent partnerships with Olivia De Havilland. Errol Leslie Flynn was born in a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania and his mother was born Lily Mary Young, but shortly after marrying Theodore at St. Johns Church of England, Birchgrove, Sydney, on 23 January 1909, she changed her first name to Marelle. Flynn described his mothers family as seafaring folk and this appears to be where his lifelong interest in boats, both of his parents were native-born Australians of Irish, English, and Scottish descent. Despite Flynns claims, the evidence indicates that he was not descended from any of the Bounty mutineers and his formal education ended with his expulsion from Shore for theft, and, he later claimed, for a sexual encounter with the schools laundress. He spent the five years oscillating between the New Guinea frontier territory and Sydney. In January 1931, he engaged to Naomi Campbell-Dibbs, the youngest daughter of Mr and Mrs R Campbell-Dibbs of Temora and Bowral NSW. Chauvel was looking for someone to play the role of Fletcher Christian, there are different stories how Errol Flynn was cast. According to one, Chauvel saw his picture in an article about a wreck involving Flynn. The most popular account is that he was discovered by cast member John Warwick, the film was not a strong success at the box office, but it was the lead role and seemed to ignite Flynns interest in acting. In late 1933 he returned to Britain to pursue a career in acting, Northampton is home to an art-house cinema named after him, the Errol Flynn Filmhouse. He performed at the 1934 Malvern Festival and in Glasgow, in 1934 Flynn was dismissed from Northampton Rep. after he threw a female stage manager down a stairwell. Asher cast him as the lead in Murder at Monte Carlo, the movie was not widely seen ), but Asher was enthusiastic about Flynns performance and cabled Warner Bros in Hollywood, recommending him for a contract. Executives agreed, and Flynn was sent out to Los Angeles, on the ship from London, Flynn met Lili Damita, an actress five years his senior whose contacts proved valuable when Flynn arrived in Los Angeles. Warner Bros publicity described him as an Irish leading man of the London stage and his first appearance was a small role in The Case of the Curious Bride. Flynn had two scenes, one as a corpse and one in flashback and his next part was slightly bigger, in Dont Bet on Blondes, a B-picture screwball comedy. Warner Bros were preparing a big budget movie, Captain Blood, based on the novel by Rafael Sabatini. They originally intended to cast Robert Donat but he turned down the role, Warners considered a number of other actors, including Leslie Howard and conducted screen tests of those they had under contract, such as Flynn
23.
Frankenstein's Aunt
–
Frankensteins Aunt is the protagonist of three novels - two by Allan Rune Pettersson and a seven-episode TV miniseries based on the first one. The story is a homage to the Universal Horror Frankenstein films. The book is a sequel to the first novel and therefore does not revive the story of the TV series. A novel by Werner Meier was published in German in Austria in 1987 which retells the story of the TV series with almost no differences, the book has the title Frankensteins Tante which means Frankensteins Aunt. Similar to the first book by Allan Rune Pettersson, Aunt Hannah comes to Frankenstein with the aim of finding a bride for her nephew so that the family will gain some little Frankensteins and he, however, is too busy for anything like that. He tries to create a man with the power of a machine, unlike in the novel, Aunt Hannah meets more spooks like a merman, a fire spirit and a White Lady and the orphan Max, who is running away from a circus. The makers of Frankensteins Aunt Jaroslav Dietl and Juraj Jakubisko interpreted the classic Frankenstein theme in a humourful way tending to parody, but they did not only want to entertain the audience, but to emphasize the triumph of reason and sanity over human aggressiveness and intolerance. The director J. Jakubisko about the production, This seven country co-production was a challenge for me, the producers wish was to see spooks from every single culture so it would be familiar for children around the world. Filming location were Hallstatt, the environ of Salzburg, Dachstein, Boskovice, jacques Herlin, who played Igor, said in an interview, that the filming was a lot of fun, the only bad side being Viveca Lindfors who hated the director from the first day. According to him, she said to the director, As far as Im concerned, ive signed the contract, but wont agree with you. My character will smoke a cigar, even if you dont like it, nevertheless, Herlin added that he actually liked Viveca. He described the director as crazy - a poet, ex painter, the character of the White Lady was inspired in Elizabeth Bathory. She is thought to have tortured hundreds of maids to death and her character in the series was moderated, similarities are still the same first name and some insinuations. The series director, Juraj Jakubisko made also Bathory, a movie about her, ferdy Mayne, who played Count Dracula, played a similar character as Count Krolock in The Fearless Vampire Killers. A musical for schools is based on the novel of Allan Rune Petterson, in 1988 it was nominated best film in the International Fantasy Film Awards. The series was first released on DVD in Germany on March 17,2008 and this is currently the only release of the series on video so far and includes only the German-language version. cz entry Intro of Frankensteins Aunt
24.
Emmy Award
–
An Emmy Award, or simply Emmy, recognizes excellence in the television industry, and corresponds to the Academy Award, the Tony Award, and the Grammy Award. Because Emmy Awards are given in various sectors of the American television industry, Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year, recognizing excellence in local and statewide television. In addition, International Emmys are awarded for excellence in TV programming produced, each is responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy ceremonies. The Los Angeles-based Academy of Television Arts & Sciences established the Emmy Award as part of an image-building and public relations opportunity. The first Emmy Awards ceremony took place on January 25,1949, at the Hollywood Athletic Club, shirley Dinsdale has the distinction of receiving the very first Emmy Award for Most Outstanding Television Personality, during that first awards ceremony. In the 1950s, the ATAS expanded the Emmys into a national event, in 1955, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences was formed in New York City as a sister organization to serve members on the East Coast, and help to also supervise the Emmys. The NATAS also established regional chapters throughout the United States, with each one developing their own local Emmy awards show for local programming, the ATAS still however maintained its separate regional ceremony honoring local programming in the Los Angeles Area. Originally there was only one Emmy Awards ceremony held per year to honor shows nationally broadcast in the United States, in 1974, the first Daytime Emmy Awards ceremony was held to specifically honor achievement in national daytime programming. Other area-specific Emmy Awards ceremonies soon followed, also, the International Emmy Awards, honoring television programs produced and initially aired outside the U. S. was established in the early 1970s. Meanwhile, all Emmys awarded prior to the emergence of these separate, in 1977, due to various conflicts, the ATAS and the NATAS agreed to split ties. However, they agreed to share ownership of the Emmy statue and trademark. With the rise of television in the 1980s, cable programs first became eligible for the Primetime Emmys in 1988. The ATAS also began accepting original online-only web television programs in 2013, the Emmy statuette, depicting a winged woman holding an atom, was designed by television engineer Louis McManus, who used his wife as the model. The TV Academy rejected a total of forty-seven proposals before settling on McManus design in 1948. The statuette has become the symbol of the TV Academys goal of supporting and uplifting the art and science of television, The wings represent the muse of art. When deciding a name for the award, Academy founder Syd Cassyd originally suggested Ike, however, Ike was also the popular nickname of World War II hero and future U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and the Academy members wanted something unique. Finally, television engineer and the third president, Harry Lubcke, suggested the name Immy. After Immy was chosen, it was feminized to Emmy to match their female statuette
25.
American Broadcasting Company
–
The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
26.
Life Goes On (TV series)
–
Life Goes On is an American television series that aired on ABC from September 12,1989, to May 23,1993. Reruns aired on The Family Channel from 1992 until about 1995, FX from about 1995 until about 1998, and PAX from 1998 until about 1999. The show centers on the Thatcher family living in suburban Chicago, Drew, his wife Elizabeth, and their children Paige, Rebecca, and Charles, Life Goes On was the first television series to have a major character with Down syndrome. The drama featured the Thatcher family, whose son, Charles Corky Thatcher, has Down syndrome, tony Award-winning stage actress Patti LuPone played the mother Elizabeth and Bill Smitrovich played the father Drew. Eldest sister Paige Thatcher was played by Monique Lanier during the 1989–1990 seasons, Beccas boyfriend and Corkys buddy, Tyler Benchfield, was played by Tommy Puett. Jerry Berkson was Libbys quirky boss, in the last two seasons, Beccas boyfriend Jesse McKenna was played by Chad Lowe. Executive Producer Michael Braverman first cast Chris Burke in the 1987 television movie Desperate, based on Bravermans favorite book, after seeing Burkes work, ABC executives asked Braverman to create a show around Burke. The show is set in the Chicago suburb Glenbrook, Illinois, the name itself is a blend of the real suburbs served by the school, Glenview and Northbrook. Each episodes opening credits end with a shot of Arnold, the family dog, apparently forgotten by the family in their rush to get ready for the day, he sits forlornly in the kitchen with his empty food bowl in his mouth and lets it drop to the floor. During the shows first year, the focus was on Corky. Much of the show examined the challenges of a family whose son had Down Syndrome, the Thatchers sought to have Corky interact with regular society after spending years socializing him amongst other kids with Down syndrome in special classes. In addition, during the first three seasons, episodes included Tyler Benchfield, Beccas high school crush, who also had a brother with Down syndrome, Corky eventually got a job as an usher at a local movie theater. He later found a girlfriend, Amanda Swanson, who also had Down Syndrome, by the second season, the writers had begun to expand the shows scope beyond Corky, and the third and fourth seasons centered on Becca and a new character named Jesse. Jesse, a junior, met Becca through the theatre department. As the two friends, Jesse told Becca he was HIV-positive. Tyler became a prominent figure in Beccas life, and was jealous of Beccas closeness with Jesse. The character of Tyler was soon out of the show. Much to the surprise of those around them, Becca and Jesse began a relationship despite his HIV, the writers began to explore life with HIV through Jesses character, and the difficulties the disease causes with romantic relationships
27.
Berlin Film Festival Award for Best Actress
–
The Silver Bear for Best Actress is the Berlin International Film Festivals award for achievement in performance by an actress. It is selected by the jury of the festival for films in the competition slate. The award was first presented in 1956, and can be for lead or supporting roles, the award was not presented in 1969,1970,1973, and 1974. Sachiko Hidari won the award for two films in the 1964 competition, in 2011 the award was given to the entire female cast of A Separation. Shirley MacLaine is the actress that has won the award more than once. ‡ - indicates the performance was nominated for an Academy Award Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress Volpi Cup for Best Actress Berlinale website Berlin Film Festival at IMDb
28.
Rita Gam
–
Rita Gam was an American film and television actress and documentary filmmaker. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. Gam was born Rita Eleanore MacKay in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Belle, who was born in Romania, and Milton A. MacKay, who was born in Alsace-Lorraine, to parents from Romania. Her father died in 1931, and her mother remarried, and Rita took the surname of her stepfather, Benjamin J. Gam. Gam was a model before she ventured into acting and her acting career began on Broadway and in television, after which she moved on to films. Her Broadway credits included Theres a Girl in My Soup, The Insect Comedy, A Flag is Born and she appeared first in the 1952 film noir The Thief, which starred Ray Milland. In October 1952, she signed a long-term MGM contract, another notable role was Herodias in 1961s King of Kings. She shared the Silver Bear for Best Actress award with Viveca Lindfors at the 1962 Berlin Film Festival, in 1963, Gam was a leading member of The Minnesota Theatre Company in the opening season of The Tyrone Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis. Gam appeared in a few more American films before working in Europe and she returned to the U. S. to appear in small parts in films, including Klute in 1971, before taking up documentary film making. In 2003, she appeared in the rotating cast of the Off-Broadway stage reading of Wit & Wisdom, in 2004, she appeared in one of a series of ads for the Royal Bank of Scotland. Gams first husband was director Sidney Lumet, whom she married in 1949, the marriage ended in divorce in 1955, and Lumet married socialite Gloria Vanderbilt. In 1956 she married publisher Thomas Guinzburg and this marriage also ended in divorce in 1963. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of her friend, Grace Kelly. Gam died on March 22,2016 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from respiratory failure and she was survived by a daughter and a son
29.
No Exit (1962 film)
–
No Exit, also known as Sinners Go to Hell, is a 1962 American-Argentine dramatic film adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartres play No Exit directed by Tad Danielewski. The film stars Morgan Sterne, Viveca Lindfors and Rita Gam, the Valet enters a hotel room with Joseph Garcin in tow. The windowless room has an entrance and no mirrors. Two women, Inès Serrano and Estelle Rigault, are led in, afterwards. Realizing that they are in hell, the trio expects to be tortured, however, no torturer is forthcoming. While waiting, they strike up a conversation and discuss each others sins, desires and it later becomes apparent that Joseph, once a journalist, was executed for cowardice and the betrayal of the French Resistance. Estelle, who has a sexual appetite, was a gold digger. Meanwhile, the lesbian Inès abused her partners love for her, the three at first continue to see events happening on Earth, but eventually, as the living move on, they are left with only their own thoughts and the company of the other two. Towards the end of the film, Garcin demands he be let out, in response and they resign themselves to their fate. Sartre did not know about the film while it was in production, Viveca Lindfors, at the time married to screenwriter George Tabori, was chosen to play Inès. The film uses dialogue-free flashbacks when the characters talk about their lives. Alison Darren in the Lesbian Film Guide notes that Inès is a typical screen lesbian of the early 1960s, Darren calls the film an excellent psychological drama with a surprisingly overt depiction of lesbianism. Sinners Go to Hell at the Internet Movie Database
30.
FIDE
–
It is usually referred to as FIDE, its French acronym. FIDE was founded in Paris, France, on July 20,1924 and its motto is Gens una sumus, Latin for We are one people. As of 2015, FIDEs president is Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Ilyumzhinov suspended some of his authority at a December 6,2015 Presidential Board meeting, at which Deputy President Georgios Makropoulous received these powers, following the statutes. FIDEs most visible activity is organizing the World Chess Championship, and most particularly the Chess Olympiad and it is recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the supreme body responsible for the organization of chess and its championships at global and continental levels. Since 1980 FIDE is a member of UNESCO, FIDE oversees few other tournaments, although other top-level events, almost without exception, respect FIDE rules and regulations. It defines the rules of chess, both for playing games and for the conduct of international competitions. The international competition rules are the basis for local competitions, although local bodies are allowed to modify these rules to a certain extent, FIDE awards a number of organisational titles, including International Arbiter, which signifies that the recipient is competent and trusted to oversee top-class competitions. It also awards Master and Grandmaster titles for achievement in problem and study composing and solving, Correspondence chess is regulated by the International Correspondence Chess Federation, an independent body that co-operates with FIDE where appropriate. The proposed FIDE budget for 2016 lists 2.73 million dollars in expected income, mostly for tournament registration, entry fees, in 2015, the latter two were replaced by the World Cup rights as a source of funds. For 2014, the largest expenditure is combined staff costs of the Athens, Elista, unexpectedly high legal costs were third on the list, just ahead of presidential travel. In April 1914, an initiative was taken in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1920, another attempt to organize an international federation was made at the Gothenburg Tournament. Alekhine, Bogoljubow, Maróczy, Réti, Rubinstein, Tartakower, the only match played under those rules was Capablanca vs Alekhine in 1927. On July 20,1924 the participants at the Paris tournament founded FIDE as a kind of players union, in its early years, FIDE had little power, and was poorly financed. FIDEs congresses in 1925 and 1926 expressed a desire to become involved in managing the world championship, FIDEs third congress, in Budapest in 1926, also decided to organize a Chess Olympiad. The invitations were, however, late in being sent, with the result that four countries participated. The winner was Hungary, followed by Yugoslavia, Romania, in 1927, FIDE began organizing the First Chess Olympiad during its 4th Congress in London. The official title of the tournament was the Tournament of Nations, or World Team Championship, the event was won by Hungary, with 16 teams competing. In 1928 FIDE recognized Bogoljubow as Champion of FIDE after he won a match against Max Euwe. e, including the requirement for a purse of at least $10,000
31.
School of Visual Arts
–
School of Visual Arts is a for-profit art and design college located in Manhattan, New York, founded in 1947. The college is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design, SVA was established by co-founders Silas H. Rhodes and Burne Hogarth in 1947, as the Cartoonists and Illustrators School. The school began with three teachers and 35 students, most of whom were World War II veterans who had a part of their tuition underwritten by U. S. governments G. I. The college was renamed the School of Visual Arts in 1956 and it offered its first degrees in 1972. In 1983, the college introduced its first graduate offering, a Master of Fine Arts in painting, drawing, today the school has a faculty of more than 1,000 and a student body of over 3,000. The BFA interior design program is accredited by the Council for Interior Design Accreditation, the MPS art therapy program is approved by the American Art Therapy Association, and the MA art education program is accredited by the Council for the Accreditation of Educator Preparation. The colleges logo, seen on its banners, publications and merchandise, was created in 1997 by designer George Tscherny for SVAs 50th anniversary, SVA Arts Abroad offers short-term study abroad programs in various creative fields. In 2014, LinkedIn named SVA #2 in its best schools for designers list, payScale included the college in its Top 10 Art & Design Schools by Salary Potential list for 2013 -2014. SVA is ranked 18th among the art schools in U. S. News & World Report, with its MFA Photography, Video. Since 2012, SVA has been included on the Military Friendly Schools list, SVA operates out of several buildings located in the Gramercy Park neighborhood, on Manhattans east side, and in the Chelsea neighborhood, on the citys west side. Additionally, the college maintains a hall on Ludlow Street. From 1994 to 1997, the also had a branch campus in Savannah. However, the campus was closed following a lawsuit from the Savannah College of Art, the colleges 209 East 23rd Street building, located between Second Avenue and Third Avenue, features classrooms, administrative offices, a cafeteria and an amphitheater. The upper floors are designated for the film, video, graphic design, advertising, illustration. The building also houses the SVA Gramercy Gallery, on the ground floor, both archives are available to the public via appointment. This building is where classrooms and studios used for undergraduate and graduate photography classes are located, as well as the radio station, WSVA. It also features classrooms and studios for classes in interior design, printmaking, the building also houses the SVA Flatiron Gallery, on the ground floor, and a cafeteria on the lower level. The building at 132 West 21st Street houses the Visible Futures Lab, a workshop featuring traditional and emerging fabrication technology, located at 335 West 16th Street, this building houses the BFA Fine Arts Department, including sculpture studios and digital lab
32.
Actors Studio
–
The Actors Studio is a membership organization for professional actors, theatre directors and playwrights at 432 West 44th Street in the Hells Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded October 5,1947, by Elia Kazan, [[Cheryl Crawford, lee Strasberg joined later and took the helm in 1951 until his death on February 17,1982. It is currently run by Al Pacino, Ellen Burstyn, the Studio is best known for its work refining and teaching method acting. The approach was developed by the Group Theatre in the 1930s based on the innovations of Konstantin Stanislavski. While at the Studio, actors work together to develop their skills in an environment where they can take risks as performers without the pressure of commercial roles. After an initial meeting held on October 5,1947, at the Labor Stage, before settling in its current location in 1955, the Studio moved regularly over an eight-year period, In January 1948, it was a dance studio on East 59th Street. In April of that year, a move to the CBS Building at 1697 Broadway, near 53rd Street, established some semblance of stability and this it did at the Malin Studios at 1545 Broadway, room 610. This arrangement would persist throughout the 1954-1955 theatrical season, even as the Studio was acquiring and renovating its current venue, in 1955 it moved to its current location in the former Seventh Associate Presbyterian Church, built in 1859. From September 1994 through May 2005, the Studio collaborated with The New School in the education of masters-level theatre students at the Actors Studio Drama School, after ending its contact with the New School, the Actors Studio established The Actors Studio Drama School at Pace University in 2006. ISBN 0-02-542650-8 Foster Hirsch, A Method to their Madness, The History of the Actors Studio, New York, WW Norton & Co Inc,1984. ISBN 0-393-01783-4 Shelly Frome, The Actors Studio, a History, david Garfield research files on the Actors Studio, 1947-2003, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
33.
Liberalism
–
Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a philosophical tradition. Locke argued that man has a natural right to life, liberty and property. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy, prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution, the 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state, today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world. Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means free. One of the first recorded instances of the word occurs in 1375. The words early connection with the education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someones generosity or indiscretion, in Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of a liberal villaine who hath. confest his vile encounters. With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as free from narrow prejudice in 1781, in 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English. In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the label in a political context. From 1820 to 1823, during the Trienio Liberal, King Ferdinand VII was compelled by the liberales to swear to uphold the Constitution, by the middle of the 19th century, liberal was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide. Over time, the meaning of the word began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, In the United States, liberalism is associated with the policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres
34.
Democratic Party (United States)
–
The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
35.
Jimmy Carter
–
James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
