Volcanic activity, or volcanism, has played a significant role in the geologic evolution of Mars. Scientists have known since the Mariner 9 mission in 1972 that volcanic features cover large portions
Mariner 9 image of Ascraeus Mons. This is one of the first images to show that Mars has large volcanoes.
THEMIS image of lava flows with lobate edges (from Arsia Mons volcano)
First X-ray diffraction view of Martian soil – CheMin analysis reveals minerals (including feldspar, pyroxenes and olivine) suggestive of "weathered basaltic soils" of volcanoes in Hawaii (Curiosity rover at "Rocknest", 2012). Each ring is a diffraction peak that corresponds to a specific atom-atom distance, which are unique enough to identify minerals. Smaller rings corresponds to larger features and vice versa.
Viking orbiter image of the three Tharsis Montes: Arsia Mons (bottom), Pavonis Mons (center), and Ascraeus Mons (top)
Alba Mons is a volcano located in the northern Tharsis region of the planet Mars. It is the biggest volcano on Mars in terms of surface area, with volcanic flow fields that extend for at least 1,350 k
Viking image of Alba Mons. The volcano's relief is barely visible in orbital photographs. The broad system of fractures on the volcano's eastern side (right) is called Tantalus Fossae. The narrower fracture system on the western flank is Alba Fossae. (Viking color MDIM 2.1)
MOLA exaggerated relief view of Alba Mons central edifice and summit dome viewed from south (top) and north (bottom). Vertical exaggeration is 10x.
Central caldera complex of Alba Mons. The calderas are shallow compared to those on other Tharsis volcanoes. Within the larger caldera is a small shield capped by a concentric circular feature (near center). Image is about 200 km (120 mi) across (THEMIS daytime IR mosaic).
Dust mantle at the SW edge of small caldera on Alba Mons (HiRISE).