Volhynians
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The Volhynians were an East Slavic tribe of the Early Middle Ages and the Principality of Volhynia in 987–1199.
Volynians (Polish: Wołynianki)
Saqaliba
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Saqaliba is a term used in medieval Arabic sources to refer to Slavs, and other peoples of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe. The term originates from the Medieval Greek slavos/sklavenos, which in
Volhynians
…in ancient times the Walitābā and their king Mājik, which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians, were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured" and dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but due to "dissent" their "original organization was destroyed" and "the people…
The Rus trading slaves with the Khazars: Trade in the East Slavic Camp by Sergei Ivanov (1913). Many saqaliba slaves came from Europe to the Abbasid Caliphate by the Volga trade route from Eastern Europe via the Khazars and the Caspian Sea.
Slavic and Black slaves in Córdoba; illustration from the Cantigas de Santa Maria
Iron restraints, 11th or 12th century, from Neu Niekohr
Hoard of Islamic silver coins (circa 820CE) discovered at Anklam, West Pomerania