1.
Aktiengesellschaft
–
Aktiengesellschaft is a German word for a corporation limited by share ownership and may be traded on a stock market. The term is used in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol and it is also used in Luxembourg, though the French-language equivalent, Société Anonyme, is more common. An English translation can therefore be share corporation, in German the use of the term Aktien for shares is restricted to Aktiengesellschaften. Shares in other types of German companies are called Anteile rather than Aktien, in Germany and Austria, the legal basis of the AG is the German Aktiengesetz or the Austrian Aktiengesetz. In Switzerland, the Company Limited by Shares is defined in Title Twenty-Six of the Code of Obligations, article 950 specifies that the business name must indicate the legal form. German AGs have a two-tiered board structure, consisting of a supervisory board, the supervisory board is generally controlled by shareholders, although employees may have seats, depending on the size of the company. The management board directly runs the company, but its members may be removed by the supervisory board, some German AGs have management boards which determine their own remuneration, but that situation is now relatively uncommon. The general meeting is the governing body of a Swiss company limited by shares. It elects the board of directors and the external auditors, the board of directors may appoint and dismiss persons entrusted with managing and representing the company. Chapter 4, The History of Corporate Ownership and Control in Germany, a History of Corporate Governance around the World, Family Business Groups to Professional Managers. Ownership and Control of German Corporations
Aktiengesellschaft
2.
Ticker symbol
–
A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
Ticker symbol
–
Stock
telegraph ticker machine by
Thomas Edison
3.
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
–
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange is the worlds 10th largest stock exchange by market capitalization. Located in Frankfurt, Germany, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is owned and operated by Deutsche Börse AG and it is located in the district of Innenstadt and within the central business district known as Bankenviertel. The trading indices are DAX, DAXplus, CDAX, DivDAX, LDAX, MDAX, SDAX, TecDAX, VDAX, through its Deutsche Börse Cash Market business section, Deutsche Börse AG now operates two trading venues at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Xetra is the market for exchange trading in German equities. In 2015,90 per cent of all trading in shares at all German exchanges was transacted through the Xetra, with regard to DAX listings, Xetra has 60 per cent market share throughout Europe. Trading times on trading days are from 9.00 a. m. to 5.30 p. m, the prices on Xetra serve as the basis for calculating the DAX, the best-known German share index. Over 200 trading participants from 16 European countries, plus Hong Kong, Börse Frankfurt is the trading venue for mainly private investors with more than one million securities of German and international issuers. So named Specialists on the trading floor attend to the trading of the securities, trading at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange is governed by clear rules, which apply equally for all trading participants. With a view to improving the continuity of prices and to avoid mistrades, several mechanisms are in place for the trading venues Xetra. These include volatility interruption, market order interruption, and liquidity interruption measures, the origins of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange go back to medieval trade fairs in the 11th century. By the 16th century Frankfurt developed into a wealthy and busy city with a based on trade. In 1585 a bourse was established to set up fixed currency exchange rates, during the following centuries Frankfurt developed into one of the worlds first stock exchanges - next to London and Paris. Bankers like Mayer Amschel Rothschild and Max Warburg had substantial influence on Frankfurts financial trade, in 1879 Frankfurt Stock Exchange moved into its new building at Börsenplatz. During the 1990s the Frankfurt Stock Exchange was also bourse for the Neuer Markt as part of the worldwide dot-com boom, in 1993 the Frankfurter Wertpapierbörse became Deutsche Börse AG, operating businesses for the exchange. Since then the profits from the presence of the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. In 2002 and 2004 Deutsche Börse was in advanced negotiations to take over London Stock Exchange, financial Market Integration in a Wider European Union International financial centres, rivals or partner
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
–
Building in the center of Frankfurt
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
–
The bear and the bull in front of the Exchange
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
–
Frankfurt Stock Exchange floor
4.
OTC Markets Group
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OTC Markets Group, is an American financial market providing price and liquidity information for almost 10,000 over-the-counter securities. The group has its headquarters in New York City, oTC-traded securities are organized into three markets to inform investors of opportunities and risks, OTCQX, OTCQB and Pink. The company was first established in 1913 as the National Quotation Bureau, for decades, the NQB reported quotations for both stocks and bonds, publishing the quotations in the paper-based Pink Sheets and Yellow Sheets respectively. The publications were named for the color of paper on which they were printed, in September 1999, the NQB introduced the real-time Electronic Quotation Service. The National Quotation Bureau changed its name to Pink Sheets LLC in 2000, the company eventually changed to its current name, OTC Markets Group, in 2010. Today, a network of over 100 broker-dealers price and trade a wide spectrum of securities on the OTC Markets platform, to be quoted on the platform, companies are not required to file with the SEC, although many choose to do so. A wide range of companies are quoted on OTC Markets, including firmly established foreign firms, in addition, many closely held, extremely small and thinly traded U. S. companies have their primary trading on the OTC Markets platform. Many foreign issuers adhere to the requirements of qualified foreign stock exchanges. Many of these issuers do not file periodic reports or make available audited financial statements, making it difficult for investors to find reliable. OTC Markets Group designates securities in one of three markets to indicate the level of financial and corporate disclosure provided by the companies using its quotation system. Apart from the OTCQX market, which has rules that include financial requirements, investors are encouraged to use caution when considering many of these companies for investment. The OTCQX market includes both multinational companies seeking access to U. S. investors and domestic growth companies, to be traded on this tier, companies must undergo a qualitative review by OTC Markets Group. Companies are not required to be registered with or reporting to the SEC, in addition, U. S. companies must be ongoing operations and may not be in bankruptcy, while foreign issuers must meet the requirements of qualified foreign exchanges. Additional oversight of OTCQX securities is provided by requiring every issuer to be sponsored by approved third-party investment banks or law firms, issuers and Designated Advisors For Disclosure for U. S. issuers. The OTCQB market contains a one penny bid price requirement intended to remove companies that are most likely to be the subject of stock fraud schemes. Investor confidence improves when there is information about a company’s ownership structure, professional advisors. International Reporting companies are allowed to upgrade from Pink to OTCQB if they publish their 12g3-2 compliant disclosure online. There is a fee for the OTCQB market of $10,000 per year
OTC Markets Group
–
R. Cromwell Coulson (President, Chief Executive Officer and Director)
5.
Automotive industry
–
The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called automakers. It is one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue, the term automotive was created from Greek autos, and Latin motivus to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry, the automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, at that time the U. S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U. S. produced about 75 percent of auto production. In 1980, the U. S. was overtaken by Japan, in 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U. S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U. S. production, with 10.3 million units, from 1970 over 1998 to 2012, the number of automobile models in the U. S. has grown exponentially. Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, in the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies there is no risk of damage. Safety in the industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international. The standard ISO26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety. In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle and this procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material, however, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres of gasoline, the automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the generations of people no longer want to own a car anymore
Automotive industry
–
Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916
Automotive industry
Automotive industry
–
Citroën assembly line in 1918
6.
Berlin
–
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
Berlin
7.
List of Volkswagen Group factories
–
This list of Volkswagen Group factories details the current and former manufacturing facilities operated by the automotive concern Volkswagen Group, and its subsidiaries. The German Volkswagen Group is the largest automaker in the world as of 2015, as of February 2010, it has 61 production plants and factories in fifteen European countries, along with six countries in the Americas, Asia, and Africa. The Group employs nearly 370,000 people around the world, who produce an output of over 26,600 motor vehicles. Component factories which do not produce complete vehicles do not have this factory ID code, component factories which do not produce complete vehicles do not have this factory ID code. Volkswagen Group China list of former manufacturing plants Volkswagen Group
List of Volkswagen Group factories
–
Panorama of the Volkswagen Mosel-Zwickau factory
List of Volkswagen Group factories
–
Overview of current locations of
Volkswagen Group factories around the world
List of Volkswagen Group factories
–
Volkswagen
Wolfsburg
List of Volkswagen Group factories
–
The
magnesium fire at the
Baunatal plant in May 2006
8.
Internal combustion engine
–
An internal combustion engine is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine, the force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859, firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine. Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft. Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as gasoline, there is a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol or methanol for spark ignition engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from fossil fuels or renewable energy. Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines, in 1791, John Barber developed a turbine. In 1794 Thomas Mead patented a gas engine, also in 1794 Robert Street patented an internal combustion engine, which was also the first to use liquid fuel, and built an engine around that time. In 1798, John Stevens built the first American internal combustion engine, in 1807, Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine ignited by electric spark. In 1823, Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially, in 1860, Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine. In 1864, Nikolaus Otto patented the first atmospheric gas engine, in 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fuelled internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nikolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, in 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine, in 1926, Robert Goddard launched the first liquid-fueled rocket. In 1939, the Heinkel He 178 became the worlds first jet aircraft, at one time, the word engine meant any piece of machinery — a sense that persists in expressions such as siege engine. A motor is any machine that produces mechanical power, traditionally, electric motors are not referred to as Engines, however, combustion engines are often referred to as motors. In boating an internal combustion engine that is installed in the hull is referred to as an engine, reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land and water vehicles, including automobiles, motorcycles, ships and to a lesser extent, locomotives
Internal combustion engine
–
Diagram of a cylinder as found in 4-stroke gasoline engines.: C –
crankshaft. E – exhaust
camshaft. I – inlet
camshaft. P –
piston. R –
connecting rod. S –
spark plug. V –
valves. red: exhaust, blue: intake. W –
cooling water jacket. gray structure –
engine block.
Internal combustion engine
–
Reciprocating engine as found inside a car
Internal combustion engine
–
Big Diesel generator used for backup power
Internal combustion engine
–
Combined cycle power plant
9.
Banking
–
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates credit. Lending activities can be performed either directly or indirectly through capital markets, due to their importance in the financial stability of a country, banks are highly regulated in most countries. Most nations have institutionalized a system known as fractional reserve banking under which banks hold liquid assets equal to only a portion of their current liabilities. In the history of banking, a number of banking dynasties — notably, the Medicis, the Fuggers, the Welsers, the Berenbergs, the oldest existing retail bank is Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena, while the oldest existing merchant bank is Berenberg Bank. Banking began with the first prototype banks of merchants of the ancient world and this began around 2000 BC in Assyria and Babylonia. Later, in ancient Greece and during the Roman Empire, lenders based in temples made loans, archaeology from this period in ancient China and India also shows evidence of money lending activity. The origins of modern banking can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the cities in the centre and north like Florence, Lucca, Siena, Venice. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th-century Florence, establishing branches in other parts of Europe. One of the most famous Italian banks was the Medici Bank, the earliest known state deposit bank, Banco di San Giorgio, was founded in 1407 at Genoa, Italy. Modern banking practices, including fractional reserve banking and the issue of banknotes, merchants started to store their gold with the goldsmiths of London, who possessed private vaults, and charged a fee for that service. The goldsmith paid interest on these deposits, since the promissory notes were payable on demand, and the advances to the goldsmiths customers were repayable over a longer time period, this was an early form of fractional reserve banking. Thus, the goldsmiths of London became the forerunners of banking by creating new money based on credit, the Bank of England was the first to begin the permanent issue of banknotes, in 1695. The Royal Bank of Scotland established the first overdraft facility in 1728, by the beginning of the 19th century a bankers clearing house was established in London to allow multiple banks to clear transactions. The Rothschilds pioneered international finance on a scale, financing the purchase of the Suez canal for the British government. The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from Old Italian banca, meaning table, from Old High German banc, bank bench, counter. Benches were used as makeshift desks or exchange counters during the Renaissance by Jewish Florentine bankers, the definition of a bank varies from country to country. See the relevant country pages under for more information, the business of banking is in many English common law countries not defined by statute but by common law, the definition above. In other English common law there are statutory definitions of the business of banking or banking business
Banking
–
The
Bank of England, established in 1694.
Banking
–
Personal finance
Banking
–
Among many other things, the
Code of Hammurabi from 1754 BC recorded interest-bearing loans.
Banking
–
The sealing of the
Bank of England Charter (1694).
10.
Financing
–
Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty, Finance can also be defined as the science of money management. Finance aims to price assets based on their level and their expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories, public finance, corporate finance and personal finance. g, health and property insurance, investing and saving for retirement. Personal finance may also involve paying for a loan, or debt obligations, net worth is a persons balance sheet, calculated by adding up all assets under that persons control, minus all liabilities of the household, at one point in time. Household cash flow totals up all the sources of income within a year. From this analysis, the financial planner can determine to what degree, adequate protection, the analysis of how to protect a household from unforeseen risks. These risks can be divided into the following, liability, property, death, disability, health, some of these risks may be self-insurable, while most will require the purchase of an insurance contract. Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance, business owners, professionals, athletes and entertainers require specialized insurance professionals to adequately protect themselves. Since insurance also enjoys some tax benefits, utilizing insurance investment products may be a piece of the overall investment planning. Tax planning, typically the income tax is the single largest expense in a household, managing taxes is not a question of if you will pay taxes, but when and how much. Government gives many incentives in the form of tax deductions and credits, most modern governments use a progressive tax. Typically, as ones income grows, a marginal rate of tax must be paid. Understanding how to take advantage of the tax breaks when planning ones personal finances can make a significant impact in which it can later save you money in the long term. Investment and accumulation goals, planning how to accumulate enough money - for large purchases, major reasons to accumulate assets include, purchasing a house or car, starting a business, paying for education expenses, and saving for retirement. Achieving these goals requires projecting what they will cost, and when you need to withdraw funds that will be necessary to be able to achieve these goals, a major risk to the household in achieving their accumulation goal is the rate of price increases over time, or inflation. Using net present value calculators, the planner will suggest a combination of asset earmarking. In order to overcome the rate of inflation, the investment portfolio has to get a higher rate of return, managing these portfolio risks is most often accomplished using asset allocation, which seeks to diversify investment risk and opportunity
Financing
–
London Stock Exchange, global center of finance.
Financing
–
Wall Street, the center of American finance.
11.
Fleet management
–
Fleet management includes commercial motor vehicles such as cars, aircraft, ships, vans and trucks, as well as rail cars. These functions can be dealt with by either an in-house fleet-management department or an outsourced fleet-management provider, even though the overall penetration level is just a few percent, some segments such as road transport will attain adoption rates above 31 percent. See more, Vehicle tracking system The most basic functions in all fleet management systems, is the vehicle tracking component and this component is usually GPS-based, but sometimes it can be based on GLONASS or a cellular triangulation platform. Once vehicle location, direction and speed are determined from the GPS components, methods for data transmission include both terrestrial and satellite. Satellite tracking communications, while expensive, are critical if vehicle tracking is to work in remote environments without interruption. Users can see actual, real-time locations of their fleet on a map and this is often used to quickly respond on events in the field. Advanced fleet management systems can connect to the onboard computer. Details such as mileage and fuel consumption are gathered into a global statistics scheme, by combining received data from the vehicle tracking system and the on-board computer, it is possible to form a profile for any given driver. All this data about vehicle behaviour might be apply for operating skills elaboration with high impact in mining operations. With high developed FMS mine management has a range of data in real-time, speeds, dumping engine speed, driving with a raised body. Collected and structured data may be applied as an KPI indicator or learning outcomes tracking, Fleet management software enables people to accomplish a series of specific tasks in the management of any or all aspects relating to a companys fleet of vehicles. These specific tasks encompass all operations from vehicle acquisition to disposal, software, depending on its capabilities, allows functions such as driver and vehicle profiling, trip profiling, dispatch, vehicle efficiency, etc. It can provide remote control features, such as Geo-fencing and active disabling, current vehicle diagnostic information can also be related to a management site, depending on the type of hardware installed in the vehicles. New platform, based on Fleet management software, is fleet controlling with higher amount of available for both drivers and dispatchers of a fleet. At this time online software platforms are popular, users no longer have to install software. Internet of Things is revolutionizing fleet management by allowing devices to communicate without human intervention, IoT is already being used for asset tracking, inventory management, filing of orders, and predictive maintenance. The economic impact of IoT is expected to reach $11 trillion by 2025, Fleet management also refers to the management of ships while at sea. Shipping fleet management contracts are given to fleet management companies that handle aspects like crewing, maintenance
Fleet management
–
Principle of geolocation based on the GPS for the position determination and the GSM/GPRS or telecommunication satellites network for the data transmission.
12.
Insurance
–
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss. It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, an entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, or insurance carrier. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as an insured or policyholder, the insured receives a contract, called the insurance policy, which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insured will be financially compensated. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the insured for the coverage set forth in the policy is called the premium. If the insured experiences a loss which is covered by the insurance policy. Methods for transferring or distributing risk were practiced by Chinese and Babylonian traders as long ago as the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC, Chinese merchants travelling treacherous river rapids would redistribute their wares across many vessels to limit the loss due to any single vessels capsizing. The Babylonians developed a system which was recorded in the famous Code of Hammurabi, c.1750 BC, and practiced by early Mediterranean sailing merchants. If a merchant received a loan to fund his shipment, he would pay the lender an additional sum in exchange for the guarantee to cancel the loan should the shipment be stolen. At some point in the 1st millennium BC, the inhabitants of Rhodes created the general average and this allowed groups of merchants to pay to insure their goods being shipped together. The collected premiums would be used to any merchant whose goods were jettisoned during transport. Separate insurance contracts were invented in Genoa in the 14th century, the first known insurance contract dates from Genoa in 1347, and in the next century maritime insurance developed widely and premiums were intuitively varied with risks. These new insurance contracts allowed insurance to be separated from investment, Insurance became far more sophisticated in Enlightenment era Europe, and specialized varieties developed. Property insurance as we know it today can be traced to the Great Fire of London, initially,5,000 homes were insured by his Insurance Office. At the same time, the first insurance schemes for the underwriting of business ventures became available, by the end of the seventeenth century, Londons growing importance as a center for trade was increasing demand for marine insurance. These informal beginnings led to the establishment of the insurance market Lloyds of London and several related shipping, the first life insurance policies were taken out in the early 18th century. The first company to offer life insurance was the Amicable Society for a Perpetual Assurance Office, founded in London in 1706 by William Talbot, edward Rowe Mores established the Society for Equitable Assurances on Lives and Survivorship in 1762. In the late 19th century, accident insurance began to become available and this operated much like modern disability insurance. The first company to offer accident insurance was the Railway Passengers Assurance Company, by the late 19th century, governments began to initiate national insurance programs against sickness and old age
Insurance
–
Financial market participants
Insurance
–
Merchants have sought methods to minimize risks since early times. Pictured, Governors of the Wine Merchant's Guild by
Ferdinand Bol, c. 1680.
Insurance
–
Lloyd's Coffee House was the first marine insurance company.
Insurance
–
Leaflet promoting the
National Insurance Act 1911.
13.
Euro
–
Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
Euro
–
The
central bank has
its seat in
Frankfurt (Germany) and is in charge of the monetary policy of the
euro area.
Euro
–
Euro banknotes as of 2015
Euro
–
Euro coins and banknotes of various denominations.
14.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
Accounting
15.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
Net income
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Accounting
16.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
Asset
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Accounting
17.
Equity (finance)
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In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
Equity (finance)
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Accounting
18.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE
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Porsche Automobil Holding SE, usually shortened to Porsche SE, is a German holding company with investments in the automotive industry. Porsche SE is headquartered in Zuffenhausen, a city district of Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg and is owned by the Porsche, the company was founded in Stuttgart as Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche GmbH in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche and his son-in-law Anton Piëch, Porsche SE was created in June 2007 by renaming the old Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche AG, and became a company for the families stake in Porsche Zwischenholding GmbH and currently is the major shareholder in Volkswagen AG. At the same time, the new Dr. Ing. h. c, F. Porsche AG was created for the car manufacturing business. In August 2009, Porsche SE and Volkswagen AG reached an agreement that the car manufacturing operations of the two companies would merge in 2011, to form an Integrated Automotive Group, as of the end of 2014, the 31. F. Porsche AG, as a 100% subsidiary of VW AG, is responsible for the actual production, in addition to Volkswagen AG, other subsidiaries of Porsche SE include Porsche Engineering and Porsche Design Group. Porsche SE has an investment in the US company INRIX, for the history as Porsche as an automobile manufacturer and brand, see Porsche AG. When the government-owned Volkswagenwerk GmbH was privatized in 1960 into Volkswagen AG, in order to maintain government control in the privately owned company, the law stipulated that the votes on major shareholder meeting resolutions will require 4/5th agreement. This effectively gave any shareholder with more than 20% ownership a veto of any resolution that is proposed and this not only secured government control, but also prevented the possibility of a hostile takeover in the future. When European Union was formed in 1993, European Union law was signed with the principles to promote movement of goods, people. In late 2005, Porsche took an 18. 65% stake in the Volkswagen Group, further cementing their relationship, and preventing a takeover of Volkswagen Group, hypothetical suitors included DaimlerChrysler AG, BMW, and Renault. Porsche then formally announced in a statement that it did not intend to take over Volkswagen Group. Porsches move came after the European Union announced that it intends to take steps against the Volkswagen Law, in October 2007, the European Court of Justice ruled against the law, potentially paving the way for a takeover. On 16 September 2008, Porsche increased its holdings to 35. 14%, in effect almost taking control of the company and it again triggered a takeover bid, but this time over Audi AG. Porsche dismissed the bid as a formality, since it was Porsches intention to keep the corporate structure of the Volkswagen Group. In October 2008, Porsche SE announced its intent to raise its stake in Volkswagen AG to 75% during 2009, at 75% ownership level, Porsche SE would have been able to bring VW AGs cash position onto Porsche SE books. Porsches move automatically triggered a bid for Scania AB, because VW AG already had a position in the Swedish truck-maker
Porsche Automobil Holding SE
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Porsche headquarters in
Stuttgart,
Germany
19.
Lower Saxony
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Lower Saxony is a German state situated in northwestern Germany and is second in area, with 47,624 square kilometres, and fourth in population among the sixteen Länder of Germany. In rural areas Northern Low Saxon, a dialect of Low German, and Saterland Frisian, a variety of Frisian, are still spoken, but the number of speakers is declining. Lower Saxony borders on the North Sea, the states of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, and the Netherlands. Furthermore, the state of Bremen forms two enclaves within Lower Saxony, one being the city of Bremen, the other, its city of Bremerhaven. In fact, Lower Saxony borders more neighbours than any other single Bundesland, the states principal cities include the state capital Hanover, Braunschweig, Lüneburg, Osnabrück, Oldenburg, Hildesheim, Wolfenbüttel, Wolfsburg and Göttingen. The northwestern area of Lower Saxony, which lies on the coast of the North Sea, is called East Frisia, in the extreme west of Lower Saxony is the Emsland, a traditionally poor and sparsely populated area, once dominated by inaccessible swamps. The northern half of Lower Saxony, also known as the North German Plains, is almost invariably flat except for the hills around the Bremen geestland. Towards the south and southwest lie the northern parts of the German Central Uplands, the Weser Uplands, between these two lie the Lower Saxon Hills, a range of low ridges. Thus, Lower Saxony is the only Bundesland that encompasses both maritime and mountainous areas, Lower Saxonys major cities and economic centres are mainly situated in its central and southern parts, namely Hanover, Braunschweig, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Salzgitter, Hildesheim and Göttingen. Oldenburg, near the coastline, is another economic centre. To the north, the Elbe river separates Lower Saxony from Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the banks just south of the Elbe are known as Altes Land. Due to its local climate and fertile soil, it is the states largest area of fruit farming. Most of the territory was part of the historic Kingdom of Hanover. It was created by the merger of the State of Hanover with several states in 1946. Lower Saxony has a boundary in the north in the North Sea. The state and city of Bremen is an enclave surrounded by Lower Saxony. The Bremen/Oldenburg Metropolitan Region is a body for the enclave area. To the southeast the state border runs through the Harz, low mountains that are part of the German Central Uplands, in northeast Lower Saxony is Lüneburg Heath
Lower Saxony
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Hannover
Lower Saxony
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Flag
Lower Saxony
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Braunschweig
Lower Saxony
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Lüneburg
20.
Qatar Investment Authority
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The Qatar Investment Authority is Qatars state-owned holding company that can be characterized as a National Wealth Fund. It specializes in domestic and foreign investment, the QIA was founded by the State of Qatar in 2005 to strengthen the countrys economy by diversifying into new asset classes. The fund is a member of the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds and is signed up to the Santiago Principles on best practice in managing sovereign wealth funds. The QIA was founded in 2005 by the then-Emir of Qatar Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani to manage the oil and natural gas surpluses by the government of Qatar. As a result of its strategy to minimize risk from Qatars reliance on energy prices. Prior to establishment of the Qatar Investment Authority in 2005, Qatars Ministry of Finance had a small team to invest revenue from budget surpluses. The Qatar National Vision 2030 foresees the shift from natural gas based revenue to QIA-type investments between now and then, the QIA wholly controls Qatari Diar, a property investment company. The QIA does not publish its holdings to the market, sayed held the post for 16 months. In January 2015 Sheikh Abdullah bin Mohamed bin Saud al-Thani, chairman of Qatar communication company Oredoo, was appointed new CEO, Khalifa Al Kuwari is the current Chief Operating Officer. Qatar Investment Authority owns Qatar Holding LLC, and is associated with Qatar National Bank, QIA is affiliated with Qatar Islamic Bank and with Ubac Curaçao NV. Qatar Holdings stake in Barclays rose to 12. 7% following Barclays capital raising in October 2008, Qatar Investment Authority holds a small stake in Fisker Automotive. It also holds about 17% stake in the Volkswagen Group, Porsche, Hochtief, in February 2009, France accorded special beyond-OECD investment privileges to Qatar and its State-Owned Enterprises, one example is capital gains exemptions in France. The QIA is also reported to hold part of Xstrata, on 8 May 2010, Qatar Holding, an indirect subsidiary of QIA, purchased the Harrods Group from Mohamed Al-Fayed, including the Knightsbridge department store. QIA are also the largest shareholder in Sainsburys, in February 2012, it completed the acquisition of Credit Suisses headquarters in London. QIA holds a 6% stake in Credit Suisse and owns shares in Apeldoorn, Qatari Diar, a property arm of the fund, along with Canary Wharf, won a £300mn deal to redevelop the Shell Centre in London that houses the Royal Dutch Shells London headquarters. The French government has offered tax exemptions for Qatari real estate investments in the country and have acquired almost $4 billion of property, in May 2012, it acquired a stake below 3% in Royal Dutch Shell. It has announced a plan to raise its stake to 7%, in late 2012 Qatar Sports Investments completed a buyout of the French football club Paris Saint-Germain F. C. which valued the club at $130 million. QSI invested a further $340 million in the club, they had bought the Paris Saint-Germain Handball team the previous year, nasser Al-Khelaifi is also the director of Qatari owned television network Al Jazeera Sports, which launched French television channels beIN Sport
Qatar Investment Authority
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Qatar Investment
Qatar Investment Authority
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Logo of Qatari Diar
21.
Audi
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Audi is a German automobile manufacturer that designs, engineers, produces, markets and distributes luxury vehicles. Audi is a member of the Volkswagen Group and has its roots at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, audi-branded vehicles are produced in nine production facilities worldwide. The modern era of Audi essentially began in the 1960s when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, the company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. Horch, meaning listen in German, becomes audi in Latin, the four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audis predecessor company, Auto Union. Audis slogan is Vorsprung durch Technik, meaning Advancement through Technology, however, since 2007 Audi USA has used the slogan Truth in Engineering. Audi, along with BMW and Mercedes are among the luxury automobile brands in the world. Originally in 1885, automobile company Wanderer was established, later becoming a branch of Audi AG, another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimlers four-wheeler. On 14 November 1899, August Horch established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne, three years later in 1902 he moved with his company to Reichenbach im Vogtland. On May, 10th,1904 he founded the August Horch & Cie. Motorwagenwerke AG, after troubles with Horch chief financial officer, August Horch left Motorwagenwerke and founded in Zwickau on 16 July 1909, his second company, the August Horch Automobilwerke GmbH. His former partners sued him for trademark infringement, the German Reichsgericht in Leipzig, eventually determined that the Horch brand belonged to his former company. Since August Horch was prohibited from using Horch as a name in his new car business, he called a meeting with close business friends, Paul and Franz Fikentscher from Zwickau. At the apartment of Franz Fikentscher, they discussed how to come up with a new name for the company, during this meeting, Franzs son was quietly studying Latin in a corner of the room. Horch. in German means Hark. or hear, which is Audi in the imperative form of audire – to listen – in Latin. The idea was accepted by everyone attending the meeting. On 25 April 1910 the Audi Automobilwerke GmbH Zwickau was entered in the register of Zwickau registration court. The first Audi automobile, the Audi Type A 10/22 hp Sport-Phaeton, was produced in the same year, followed by the successor Type B 10/28PS in the same year. Audi started with a 2,612 cc inline-four engine model Type A, followed by a 3,564 cc model and these cars were successful even in sporting events
Audi
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Audi head office in
Ingolstadt
Audi
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Audi AG
Audi
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Audi Type E
Audi
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IFA F9
22.
Lamborghini
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Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. is an Italian brand and manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in SantAgata Bolognese, Italy. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi, Ferruccio Lamborghini, an Italian manufacturing magnate, founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S. p. A. in 1963 to compete with established marques, including Ferrari. The company gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. The firms ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978, American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group VPower Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and VPower sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the groups Audi division, New products and model lines were introduced to the brands portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghinis sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent. Lamborghini produces sports cars and V12 engines for powerboat racing. Lamborghini currently produces the V12-powered Aventador and the V10-powered Huracán, the companys first models, such as the 350 GT, were released in the mid-1960s and were noted for their refinement, power and comfort. Lamborghini gained wide acclaim in 1966 for the Miura sports coupé, Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold ownership of the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer, the company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in the companys expansion, under the Mimrans management, Lamborghinis model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 high performance off-road vehicle. The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987, in 1998, Mycom Setdco and VPower sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the groups Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the portfolio and brought to the market. In the late 2000s, during the financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghinis sales saw a drop of nearly 50 percent. As of the 2015 model year, Lamborghinis automobile product range consists of two lines, both of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars. The V12-powered Aventador line consists of the LP 700–4 coupé and roadster, the V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4 coupé and roadster, as well as the less powerful rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 coupé. Lamborghini intends to double its car production by producing as many SUVs by 2018 as sports cars, motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in World Offshore Series Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately 8,171 cc, in the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a 1,000 cc sports motorcycle
Lamborghini
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Huracán
Lamborghini
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Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.
Lamborghini
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L900 marine engine
Lamborghini
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The Miura began as a clandestine prototype, a car that had racing pedigree in a company that was entirely against motorsport.
23.
Ducati
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Ducati Motor Holding S. p. A. is an Italian company that designs and manufactures motorcycles. Headquartered in Bologna, Italy, Ducati is owned by German automotive manufacturer Audi through its Italian subsidiary Lamborghini, in 1935 they had become successful enough to enable construction of a new factory in the Borgo Panigale area of the city. Production was maintained during World War II, despite the Ducati factory being a target of Allied bombing. Meanwhile, at the small Turinese firm SIATA, Aldo Farinelli began developing a small engine for mounting on bicycles. Barely a month after the liberation of Italy in 1944, SIATA announced its intention to sell this engine. In 1950, after more than 200,000 Cucciolos had been sold, in collaboration with SIATA and this first Ducati motorcycle was a 48 cc bike weighing 98 pounds, with a top speed of 40 mph, and had a 15 mm carburetor giving just under 200 mpg‑US. Ducati soon dropped the Cucciolo name in favor of 55M and 65TL, when the market moved toward larger motorcycles, Ducati management decided to respond, making an impression at an early-1952 Milan show, introducing their 65TS cycle and Cruiser. In 1953, management split the company into two entities, Ducati Meccanica SpA and Ducati Elettronica, in acknowledgment of its diverging motorcycle. Ducati Elettronica became Ducati Energia SpA in the eighties, dr. Giuseppe Montano took over as head of Ducati Meccanica SpA and the Borgo Panigale factory was modernized with government assistance. By 1954, Ducati Meccanica SpA had increased production to 120 bikes a day, in the 1960s, Ducati earned its place in motorcycling history by producing the fastest 250 cc road bike then available, the Mach 1. In the 1970s Ducati began producing large-displacement V-twin motorcycles and in 1973, in 1985, Cagiva bought Ducati and planned to rebadge Ducati motorcycles with the Cagiva name. By the time the purchase was completed, Cagiva kept the Ducati name on its motorcycles, in 1999, TPG issued an initial public offering of Ducati stock and renamed the company Ducati Motor Holding SpA. TPG sold over 65% of its shares in Ducati, leaving TPG the majority shareholder, in December 2005, Ducati returned to Italian ownership with the sale of Texas Pacifics stake to Investindustrial Holdings, the investment fund of Carlo and Andrea Bonomi. In April 2012, Volkswagen Groups Audi subsidiary announced its intention to buy Ducati for €860 million, Volkswagen chairman Ferdinand Piëch, a motorcycle enthusiast, had long coveted Ducati, and had regretted that he passed up an opportunity to buy the company from the Italian government in 1984. Italian luxury car brand Lamborghini was strengthened under VW ownership, AUDI AGs Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. subsidiary acquired 100 percent of the shares of Ducati Motor Holding S. p. A. on 19 July 2012 for €747 million. Since 1926, Ducati has been owned by a number of groups, AUDI AG acquired 100% of the voting rights of Ducati Motor Holding S. p. A. via Audis Automobili Lamborghini S. p. A. MotoTranss most notable machine was the 250 cc 24 Horas, Ducati is best known for high-performance motorcycles characterized by large-capacity four-stroke, 90° V-twin engines, with a desmodromic valve design. Ducati refers to this configuration as L-twin because one cylinder is vertical while the other is horizontal, modern Ducatis remain among the dominant performance motorcycles available today partly because of the desmodromic valve design, which is nearing its 50th year of use
Ducati
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The first Ducati logo, 1926–1930s
Ducati
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Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
Ducati
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Ducati Factory
Ducati
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Ducati "Cucciolo", 1950
24.
Bentley Motors
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Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs—and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998. The joining and eventual separation of Bentley and Rolls-Royce follows a series of mergers and acquisitions, beginning with the 1931 purchase by Rolls-Royce of Bentley, Rolls-Royce Motors was subsequently sold to engineering conglomerate, Vickers and in 1998, Vickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG. The aerospace company, Rolls-Royce Plc, ultimately sold both to BMW AG, at the DFP factory, in 1913, he noticed an aluminum paperweight and thought that aluminum might be a suitable replacement for cast iron to fabricate lighter pistons. The first Bentley aluminum pistons were fitted to Sopwith Camel aero engines during World War I, in August 1919, W. O. registered Bentley Motors Ltd. and in October he exhibited a car chassis, with dummy engine, at the London Motor Show. Ex–Royal Flying Corps officer Clive Gallop designed an innovative 4 valves per cylinder engine for the chassis, by December the engine was built and running. Delivery of the first cars was scheduled for June 1920, the durability of the first Bentley cars earned widespread acclaim and they competed in hill climbs and raced at Brooklands. Bentleys first major event was the 1922 Indianapolis 500, a race dominated by specialized cars with Duesenberg racing chassis and they entered a modified road car driven by works driver, Douglas Hawkes, accompanied by riding mechanic, H. S. Bertie Browning. Hawkes completed the full 500 miles and finished 13th with an speed of 74.95 mph after starting in 19th position. The team was rushed back to England to compete in the 1922 RAC Tourist Trophy. In ironic reference to his heavyweight boxers stature, Captain Woolf Barnato was nicknamed Babe, in 1925, he acquired his first Bentley, a 3-litre. With this car he won numerous Brooklands races, just a year later he acquired the Bentley business itself. The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd in 1922, which existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £100,000, saving the business, a financial reorganisation of the original Bentley company was carried out and all existing creditors paid off for £75,000. Existing shares were devalued from £1 each to just 1 shilling, Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business, £35,000 secured by debenture in July 1927, £40,000 in 1928, with renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars. The Bentley Boys were a group of British motoring enthusiasts that included Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry Tim Birkin, steeple chaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, sammy Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield. The Bentley Boys, favored Bentley cars, many were independently wealthy and often had a military background. They kept the reputation for high performance alive, Bentley was noted for its four consecutive victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1927 to 1930
Bentley Motors
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Bentley winged "B" badge bonnet (hood) ornament
Bentley Motors
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Bentley Motors Limited
Bentley Motors
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1929 Blower Bentley
Bentley Motors
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Bentley 8 Litre 4-door sports saloon
25.
Bugatti Automobiles
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Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. is a French high-performance luxury automobiles manufacturer and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG, with its head office and assembly plant in Molsheim, Alsace, France. Volkswagen purchased the Bugatti trademark in June 1998 and incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. in 1999. Bugatti presented several concept cars between 1998 and 2000 before commencing development of its first production model, the Veyron 16.4, at the urging of then-chairman Ferdinand Piëch, Volkswagen purchased the rights to produce cars under the Bugatti marque in June 1998. This followed the earlier Volkswagen purchases of the Lamborghini marque, the Rolls-Royce factory in Crewe, United Kingdom, on 22 December 2000, Volkswagen officially incorporated Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. with former VW drivetrain chief Karl-Heinz Neumann as president. The company purchased the 1856 Château Saint Jean, formerly Ettore Bugattis guest house in Dorlisheim, near Molsheim, the original factory was still in the hands of Snecma, who were unwilling to part with it. At the Pebble Beach Concours dElegance in August 2000, VW announced that they would build a new modern atelier next to. The atelier was officially inaugurated on 3 September 2005, Bugatti Automobiles S. A. S. is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Volkswagen AG After the Veyrons discontinuation in 2014, the new Bugatti model was revealed to be the Chiron in 2016. Volkswagen commissioned Italdesigns Giorgetto Giugiaro to design a series of cars to return the marque to prominence. The first example, the EB118, was a two-door coupé and was introduced at the Paris Motor Show in 1998 and it was followed by the four-door EB218 touring sedan, introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 1999. Later that year, the 18/3 Chiron was shown at the IAA in Frankfurt, Volkswagen designed the final Bugatti concept, the EB 18/4 GT in house. Bugatti introduced the EB 18/4 at the 1999 Tokyo Motor Show, all of these early concepts featured a 555 PS 18-cylinder engine. This was the first-ever W-configuration engine on a vehicle, with three blocks of 6 cylinders each. It shared many components with Volkswagens modular engine family, the 16C Galibier was first unveiled during Celebration of the Centenary of the Marque in Molsheim. The presentation was only for Bugatti customers, the car show in Molsheim showed the car in blue carbon fibre and aluminum parts. One year later Bugatti showed the world the 16C Galibier Concept at VW Group Night at the Geneva Auto Show in a new black and aluminum color combination. The Galibier, a 1000 HP sedan, was first shown as a concept in 2010 and it would use the same 16-cylinder 8. 0-litre engine as the Veyron but instead of four turbos, the 16C Galibier would instead use two superchargers to deliver better torque. Production would require new facilities in Molsheim, France, to be refitted, in 2013 it was announced that the car will never be produced as they wish to focus on a Veyron replacement. In the 1980s the Bugatti brand was back as Bugatti Automobili S. p. A. in Italy
Bugatti Automobiles
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Veyron 16.4
Bugatti Automobiles
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The Bugatti Logo
26.
MAN SE
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MAN SE, formerly MAN AG, is a German mechanical engineering company and parent company of the MAN Group. MAN SE is based in Munich and its primary output is for the automotive industry, particularly heavy trucks. Further activities include the production of engines for various applications, like marine propulsion. MAN supplies trucks, buses, diesel engines and turbomachinery, until September 2012 MAN SE was one of the top 30 companies listed on the German stock exchange. The company celebrated its 250th anniversary in 2008, in 2008, its 51,300 employees generated annual sales of around €15 billion in 120 different countries. The MAN Group currently operates its production output through three main subsidiaries, with each subsidiarys output destined for different locations, MAN Truck & Bus is one of Europes leading commercial vehicle manufacturers. MAN Diesel & Turbo is a leader in large diesel ship engines, stationary engines. MAN Latin America has a position in heavy trucks in Brazil. MAN traces its origins back to 1758, when the St. Antony ironworks commenced operation in Oberhausen, as the first heavy-industry enterprise in the Ruhr region. In 1808, the three ironworks St. Antony, Gute Hoffnung, and Neue Essen merged, to form the Hüttengewerkschaft und Handlung Jacobi, Oberhausen, which was later renamed Gute Hoffnungshütte. In 1840, the German engineer Ludwig Sander founded in Augsburg the first predecessing enterprise of MAN in Southern Germany, reichenbachsche Maschinenfabrik, which was named after the pioneer of printing machines Carl August Reichenbach, and later on the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg. The branch Süddeutsche Brückenbau A. G. was founded when the company in 1859 was awarded the contract for the construction of the bridge over the Rhine at Mainz. In 1898, the companies Maschinenbau-AG Nürnberg and Maschinenfabrik Augsburg AG merged to form Vereinigte Maschinenfabrik Augsburg und Maschinenbaugesellschaft Nürnberg A. G. Augsburg, in 1908, the company was renamed Maschinenfabrik Augsburg Nürnberg AG, or in short, M·A·N. While the focus remained on ore mining and iron production in the Ruhr region. Under the direction of Heinrich von Buz, Maschinenfabrik Augsburg grew from a business of 400 employees into a major enterprise with a workforce of 12,000 by the year 1913. Locomotion, propulsion and steel building were the big topics of this phase, the early predecessors of MAN were responsible for numerous technological innovations. The success of the early MAN entrepreneurs and engineers like Heinrich Gottfried Gerber, was based on a great openness towards new technologies. They constructed the Wuppertal monorail and the first spectacular steel bridges like the Großhesseloher Brücke in Munich in 1857, during 1921, the majority of M. A. N. was taken over by the Gutehoffnungshütte Actienverein für Bergbau und Hüttenbetrieb, Sterkrade
MAN SE
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This logo is on the front of all MAN trucks and buses. The lion comes from
Büssing AG, a company that MAN acquired in 1971. It resembles the coat of arms of the city of
Brunswick.
MAN SE
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MAN SE
MAN SE
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St. Antony
MAN SE
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Suspension railway in Wuppertal, Germany, construction MAN-Werk Gustavsburg
27.
Porsche
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F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche AG, is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans. Porsche AG is headquartered in Stuttgart, and is owned by Volkswagen AG, Porsches current lineup includes the 718 Boxster/Cayman,911, Panamera, Macan and Cayenne. Ferdinand Porsche founded the company called Dr. Ing. h. c, F. Porsche GmbH in 1931, with main offices at Kronenstraße 24 in the centre of Stuttgart. Initially, the company offered motor vehicle development work and consulting, One of the first assignments the new company received was from the German government to design a car for the people, that is a Volkswagen. This resulted in the Volkswagen Beetle, one of the most successful car designs of all time, the Porsche 64 was developed in 1939 using many components from the Beetle. During World War II, Volkswagen production turned to the version of the Volkswagen Beetle, the Kübelwagen,52,000 produced. Porsche produced several designs for heavy tanks during the war, losing out to Henschel & Son in both contracts that ultimately led to the Tiger I and the Tiger II. However, not all work was wasted, as the chassis Porsche designed for the Tiger I was used as the base for the Elefant tank destroyer. Porsche also developed the Maus super-heavy tank in the stages of the war. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Volkswagen factory at KdF-Stadt fell to the British, Ferdinand lost his position as Chairman of the Board of Management of Volkswagen, and Ivan Hirst, a British Army Major, was put in charge of the factory. On 15 December of that year, Ferdinand was arrested for war crimes, during his 20-month imprisonment, Ferdinand Porsches son, Ferry Porsche, decided to build his own car, because he could not find an existing one that he wanted to buy. He also had to steer the company through some of its most difficult days until his fathers release in August 1947, the first models of what was to become the 356 were built in a small sawmill in Gmünd, Austria. The prototype car was shown to German auto dealers, and when pre-orders reached a set threshold, production was begun by Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH founded by Ferry, many regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first model sold by the fledgling company. After the production of 356 was taken over by the fathers Dr. Ing. h. c. In 1952, Porsche constructed a plant across the street from Reutter Karosserie, the main road in front of Werk 1. The 356 was road certified in 1948, Porsches company logo was based on the coat of arms of the Free Peoples State of Württemberg of former Weimar Germany, which had Stuttgart as its capital. The arms of Stuttgart was placed in the middle as an inescutcheon, on 30 January 1951, not long before the creation of Baden-Württemberg, Ferdinand Porsche died from complications following a stroke. The 356, however, had several stages, A, B, and C, while in production
Porsche
–
Panzerjäger Elefant, after the loss of the contract to the Tiger I Porsche recycled his design into a
tank destroyer.
Porsche
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1952 Porsche 356 K/9-1 Prototype
Porsche
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The
Porsche 912, from the 1960s
Porsche
–
The second-generation Porsche 911 (
964), introduced in 1989, was the first to be offered with Porsche's
Tiptronic transmission and four-wheel drive.
28.
Scania (company)
–
Scania AB, formerly AB Scania-Vabis, is a major Swedish automotive industry manufacturer of commercial vehicles – specifically heavy trucks and buses. It also manufactures engines for motive power of heavy vehicles, marine. Today, Scania has production facilities in Sweden, France, Netherlands, India, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, in addition, there are assembly plants in ten countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scanias sales and service organisation and finance companies are worldwide, in 2012, the company employed approximately 42,100 people around the world. Scania was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm stock exchange from 1996 to 2014, Scanias logo shows a Griffin, from the coat of arms of the province of Scania. AB Scania-Vabis was established in 1911 as the result of a merger between Södertälje-based Vabis and Malmö-based Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania, Vabis was established as a railway car manufacturer in 1891, while Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania was established as a bicycle manufacturer in 1900. Both companies had tried their luck at building automobiles, trucks and engines, in 1910, Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania had succeeded in constructing reliable vehicles, while Vabis was at the brink of closing down. Development and production of engines and light vehicles were set to Södertälje, initially the headquarters were located in Malmö, but in 1912 they were moved to Södertälje. Prince Carl of Sweden owned a 1913 Scania-Vabis 3S, a type which was fitted with in-car buttons so the passenger could communicate with the driver, Scania-Vabis also built two-seat sports cars. For the next few years the companys profits stagnated, with around a third of their orders coming from abroad, the outbreak of the First World War, however, changed the company, with almost all output being diverted to the Swedish Army. By 1916, Scania-Vabis was making enough profit to invest in redeveloping both of their production facilities, following the war, in 1919, Scania decided to focus completely on building trucks, abandoning other outputs including cars and buses. However, they were hurt by the swamping of the market with decommissioned military vehicles from the war, after some economic difficulties in 1921, new capital came from Stockholms Enskilda Bank owned by the Wallenberg family, and Scania-Vabis became a solid and technically, high standing, company. Denmark Towards the end of 1913, the established a subsidiary in Denmark. The following year the first Danish-built car, a four-seater Phaeton, was built at the companys Frederiksberg factory in Copenhagen, in 1914, the factory produced Denmarks first Scania-Vabis truck, and following this developed a V8 engine, one of the first in the world. In 1921, having sold around 175 trucks, and 75 cars, Norway In 1917 an agreement was established with the newly formed Norwegian company Norsk Automobilfabrik A/S about production under license of Scania-Vabis cars and lorries. Production began in 1919, but was ended in 1921 after production of only 77 lorries, during the Second World War Scania produced a variety of military vehicles for the Swedish Army, including Stridsvagn m/41 light tanks produced under licence. During the 1950s, the company expanded its operations into new segments, becoming agents for the Willys Jeep and the Volkswagen Beetle. It also started to become a competitor to Volvo with their new L71 Regent truck which was introduced in 1954
Scania (company)
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Scania A1 1901
Scania (company)
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Scania Aktiebolag (publ)
Scania (company)
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Scania Type A Tonneau 1903
Scania (company)
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A vintage Scania truck (L80 successor to the Scania-Vabis L56)
29.
Volkswagen
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Volkswagen, shortened to VW, is a German automaker founded on May 28,1937 by the German Labour Front and headquartered in Wolfsburg. It is the flagship marque of the Volkswagen Group and is the largest automaker worldwide, Volkswagen is German for peoples car, and the companys current international advertising slogan is just Volkswagen. American English pronunciation is approximately volks wagon, for vehicle timeline tables, see, Volkswagen. Volkswagen was originally established in 1937 by the German Labour Front, in the early 1930s, the German auto industry was still largely composed of luxury models, and the average German could rarely afford anything more than a motorcycle. As a result, only one German out of 50 owned a car, seeking a potential new market, some car makers began independent peoples car projects – the Mercedes 170H, Adler AutoBahn, Steyr 55, and Hanomag 1. 3L, among others. The trend was not new, as Béla Barényi is credited with having conceived the design in the mid-1920s. Josef Ganz developed the Standard Superior, in Germany, the company Hanomag mass-produced the 2/10 PS Komissbrot, a small, cheap rear engined car, from 1925 to 1928. Also, in Czechoslovakia, the Hans Ledwinkas penned Tatra T77, Ferdinand Porsche, a well-known designer for high-end vehicles and race cars, had been trying for years to get a manufacturer interested in a small car suitable for a family. He felt the cars at the time were just stripped down big cars. He wanted his German citizens to have the access to a car as the Americans. The Peoples Car would be available to citizens of the Third Reich through a plan at 990 Reichsmark —about the price of a small motorcycle. Despite heavy lobbying in favor of one of the existing projects, thus, Hitler chose to sponsor an all-new, state-owned factory using Ferdinand Porsches design. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme, however, the entire project was financially unsound, and only the corruption and lack of accountability of the Nazi regime made it possible. Prototypes of the car called the KdF-Wagen, appeared from 1938 onwards, the car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine. The VW car was just one of many KdF programs, which included such as tours. The prefix Volks— was not just applied to cars, but also to products in Germany. On May 28,1937, Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH, more than a year later, on September 16,1938, it was renamed to Volkswagenwerk GmbH. Erwin Komenda, the longstanding Auto Union chief designer, part of Ferdinand Porsches hand-picked team, developed the car body of the prototype and it was one of the first cars designed with the aid of a wind tunnel—a method used for German aircraft design since the early 1920s
Volkswagen
–
Model of
Porsche Type 12 (Zündapp), Museum of Industrial Culture,
Nuremberg
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
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VW Type 82E
Volkswagen
–
Volkswagen factory
30.
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
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Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles is a German multinational commercial vehicles manufacturer headquartered in Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Volkswagen Group. Originally part of Volkswagen Passenger Cars, it has operated as a separate marque,1947 Volkswagen Dutch importer Ben Pon sketches a van based on Beetle components which becomes the legendary Type 2 Transporter range after seeing the Volkswagen Beetle-based Plattenwagen. 1949 Volkswagen General Director Heinrich Nordhoff approves Ben Pons sketch for production,1949 The first prototype was unveiled in Wolfsburg christened Bulli, On November 12 the production Bulli was launched officially to the public. 1950 Full production began, Bulli was renamed Type 2 Transporter due to Bulli being trademarked by another company,1954 Volkswagen celebrates production of 100, 000th Type 2 Transporter at Wolfsburg plant. 1956 The first Type 2 Transporter rolls off the Hanover plant,19621,000, 000th Transporter leaves production line in Hanover. 1967 The second-generation Type 2 Transporter is released,1968 The 2,000, 000th Transporter leaves production line in Hanover. 1975 The first generation of the LastenTransporter LT is released which opens the door to Volkswagen in the light truck sector,1977 The 4.5 millionth Transporter is produced. 1978 A six cylinder engine is introduced for the LT range in August expanding the range with the LT40. 1979 The third-generation Type 2 Transporter is released,1980 A diesel engine is added to the Type 2 Transporter range. 1981 Hanover celebrates 25 years of producing the Transporter range, in March the 5 millionth unit is produced. Volkswagen Caminhoes Ltd starts building medium sized trucks in Brazil,1982 Watercooled petrol engines are added to the German Transporter range. The Caddy Ute, which is based on the Golf, is launched to the public,1983 The luxurious Caravelle MPV is launched into the T3 range. 1985 VWCV launch the four-wheel drive syncro Transporter T3 Volkswagenwerk GmbH changes its name to VOLKSWAGEN AG,1986 The 6 millionth Transporter is produced. 1987 The Volkswagen California motorhome is introduced into the range,1989 The first Volkswagen Taro leaves the Hanover assembly lines. 1990 The fourth-generation Transporter/Multivan is released, VWCV celebrates 40 years of the Transporter,6 million have been produced since its 1950 introduction,1992 A joint venture with Ching Chung Motor Co. Ltd. is founded in Taipei, Taiwan. Volkswagen AG has 1/3 capital in the company and from 1993 the T4 Transporter is produced there,1994 The 500, 000th Transporter/Multivan leaves production line in Hanover. The Volkswagen L80 is launched onto the German market,1995 Dr Bernd Wiedemann, Chairman of the Management of Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, announces the formation of Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles as an independent Volkswagen Group marque. 1996 The Type 9K Caddy Panel Van and Type 9U Caddy are released on the market,2000 VWCV celebrate 50 years of building the legendary Transporter/Multivan range
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
–
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Volkswagen Nutzfahrzeuge
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
–
The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles assembly plant in
Hannover, Germany
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles
–
MAN-VW 8.136 Truck 1979–1987
31.
Here (company)
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HERE is a company which provides mapping data and related services to individuals and companies. It is owned by a consortium of German automotive companies, in December 2016, it was announced that a 10% stake is planned to be owned by Navinfo, Tencent and GIC Private Limited, while a 15% stake is planned to be acquired by Intel. Here captures location content such as networks, buildings, parks. It then sells or licenses that mapping content, along with services and location solutions to other businesses such as Alpine, Garmin, BMW, Oracle. It provides location services through its own Here applications, and also for GIS and government clients and other providers, such as Microsoft Bing, Facebook and Yahoo. Here has built its mapping and location business by acquiring location technology and know-how, Navteq, was an American company founded in 1985 as Karlin & Collins, Inc. later known as Navigation Technologies Corporation and eventually as Navteq. At the time of its acquisition by Nokia, Navteq was the largest maker of automotive grade map data used in car navigation equipment, Nokia Maps began in 2001 as Smart2Go, a generic 3D-map interface for access to tourist information on mobile terminals. It was developed by an EU consortium named TellMaris, Nokia gained the rights to the software when it acquired Berlin-based route planning software company Gate 5 in August 2006, which has become the cornerstone for the companys mapping business. It then made the Smart2Go application free to download, in October 2007, Nokia acquired the Chicago-based company Navteq, which brought 25 years of experience in creating automotive grade map content, and a deep footprint in the automotive industry. Nokia ran Navteqs business along with their own Nokia Maps, the two divisions remained as separate entities of Nokia Corporation until Navteq was amalgamated into the core Nokia operations in 2011. The service was rebranded as Here in 2012, bringing together mapping, location businesses, satellite navigation, in 2008, Nokia picked up geo social networking site Plazes and the following year it bought mobile applications developer Bit-Side, social location pioneer Plum, and social travel service Dopplr. In 2010, it acquired Metacarta a leading enterprise local search service used by security, in April 2011, Nokia released a beta version of 3D maps that covered 20 cities in the world. By August 2011, the coverage has expanded to 23 cities, and in 2012, Nokia bought EarthMine, in May 2011, Ovi Maps was renamed to Nokia Maps when Nokia streamlined its services offering under the HERE brand. In October 2011, Maps & Drive for Windows Phone 7 was announced, however, major features such as off-line routing and text-to-speech navigation of street names, compared to the Symbian version, were absent. These features were brought over to the Windows Phone platform in 2012. On 13 November 2012, Nokia announced that it would rebrand its location offering as Here to highlight its vision for the future of location-based services, in June 2014, HERE announced that it had acquired Medio a Seattle-based start-up that specialized in predictive analytics. In 2014, Windows Phones low market share, as well as the end of Nokias partnership with Microsoft, led to the company prioritizing Android, Here launched the Here beta app for Samsung Galaxy smartphones in August 2014. Later in October the app available on all Android devices running on 4.1 Jelly Bean or higher
Here (company)
–
Here Maps B.V.
32.
Italdesign Giugiaro
–
As of 2010, Italdesign employs 800 people. On August 09,2010, Volkswagen subsidiary AUDI AG’s subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S. p. A acquired 90. 1% of the shares of Italdesign Giugiaro S. p. A, including the brand name rights and patents. The remaining shares were sold to Audi on 28 June 2015, Giorgetto Giugiaro and Aldo Mantovani founded Studi Italiani Realizzazione Prototipi S. p. A, the company that would eventually become Italdesign, on February 13,1968, in Moncalieri, Italy. Volkswagen and Italdesign have a history of working together that dates back to the early 1970s, former Volkswagen AG Chairman Ferdinand Piëch apprenticed at Italdesign during the summer of 1972, learning about engineering and design. Italdesign is responsible for the design of several notable Volkswagen vehicles including the first generation Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Scirocco and Volkswagen Passat and the Audi 80. In May 2010, Italdesign agreed to transfer 90. 1% of its shares to Audi AG subsidiary Lamborghini Holding S. p. A. in order to keep Volkswagens Italian holdings bundled together, the purchase price was not disclosed. The Giugiaro family retained ownership of the remaining shares, both Giorgetto Guigiaro and his son, Fabrizio Guigiaro, continued to have active roles in the company. In July 2015 it was announced that Giorgetto Giugiaro had left, Italdesign created a new firm, Diseño Industrial Italdesign Srl, in Barcelona, Spain, in 1992 to design and construct models, master models and prototypes for the Spanish manufacturing industry. This subsidiary is known today as Italdesign Giugiaro Barcelona SL, Italdesign acquired SALLIG, a company founded in 1960 that designs and builds acrylic, cast iron and zamak matrices for automotive, auronautical and household appliance prototypes. Italdesign-Giugiaro S. p. A is headquartered 10 km south of Turin, Italy, best known for its automobile design work, Italdesign also offers project management, styling, packaging, engineering, modeling, prototyping and testing services. Italdesign has 993 employees and generated over €193 million revenue in 2015, under Volkswagen Group ownership, Rupert Stadler is the Chairman of the Board and Jörg Astalosch is CEO. Italdesign has been credited for the design of a variety of concept. Volkswagen says Italdesign purchase will boost its growth strategy, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Archived from the original on 2011-02-22, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Archived from the original on 2011-02-22, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. Statement of Interests Pursuant to Sections 285 and 313 of the German Commercial Code, archived from the original on 2012-07-30. Turin 90. 1% Volkswagen Group completes acquisition of majority shareholding in Italdesign Giugiaro, archived from the original on 2011-02-22. 2010-05-25 Volkswagen Group takes majority shareholding in Italdesign Giugiaro, archived from the original on 2011-02-22
Italdesign Giugiaro
–
A Ferrari concept car on display in the Italdesign-Giugiaro showroom in Moncalieri, Italy
33.
Volkswagen Group China
–
Volkswagen Group China is division of the German automotive concern Volkswagen Group in the Peoples Republic of China. Volkswagen Group China enjoys sales of about 2.81 million cars in the Chinese market and is the second-largest foreign carmaker after General Motors, the Chinese market is one of the main markets of the Group. Operations of Volkswagen in China include the production, sales and services of whole cars, parts and components, engines and transmission systems, and the sales and service of imported cars. The companys locally manufactured and imported vehicles are sold under brand names such as Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Škoda, Bentley. Volkswagen Group China is the largest, earliest, and the most successful international partner in Chinas Automotive Industry and it started its connection with China as early as in 1978, and has been taking the leading position in the Chinese automotive market for more than 25 years. Its first joint venture in China, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co. Ltd. was established in October 1984, the second joint venture, FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd. was established in Changchun in February 1991. In 1984, Volkswagen signed a 25-year contract to make cars in Shanghai. Since, at time, vehicle manufacturers could not own a majority stake in a manufacturing plant. Today, the Group has 16 representative companies in the country, undertaking parts delivery, vGCs tasks include supervision of the Chinese associated companies of the Volkswagen Group, and the set-up of new business segments. In 1984, a joint venture was established between Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation, creating Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co. Ltd, with its headquarters in Shanghai, equity holdings are split - Volkswagen AG, Volkswagen Invest, SAIC. This a fixed term venture, of 45 years, running until 2030, producing cars under the Volkswagen and the Škoda brands, SVW currently offers a total of twelve model series. By October 2009, SVW had turned out over five million cars in total, in April 2005, Škoda officially landed at Shanghai Volkswagen, ushering Shanghai Volkswagen into the dual brand era. In September 2006, Shanghai Volkswagen Škoda – the first Chinese manufactured Škoda - was launched, octavia, the first Shanghai Volkswagen Škoda model, hit the market on 6 June 2007. Octavia is the first of its class that exceeds its international prototype in real sense, following Octavias success, Shanghai Volkswagen launched Fabia in 2008 and Superb in 2009. It was the first modern car industrial base constructed with an economy of scale in China, with its development over the years, FAW-Volkswagen is producing thousands of vehicles on a daily basis. FAW-Volkswagen manufactures 10 products of two globally known brands, Volkswagen Passenger Cars and Audi, with advanced technology and equipment. Volkswagen Jetta, New Bora, Golf, Sagitar, Magotan, Volkswagen CC, Audi A6L, Audi A4L, Audi Q3, FAW-Volkswagen is a mature production base in China, with a complete portfolio of both A-, B- and C-grade cars. Audi AG, with more than 20 years of development experience in China, was the first global premium car brand to domestic production in China
Volkswagen Group China
–
Volkswagen Group China 大众汽车(中国)
34.
Volkswagen Group India
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Volkswagen Group Sales India Private Limited is the wholly owned subsidiary of Volkswagen Group in India. Its operations are spearheaded by four of Group division companies, They focus on manufacture and sales of Audi, Porsche, Volkswagen, Volkswagen subsidiaries, Lamborghini, also sell their cars in India through them. The Chakan Plant is also used by SAIPL to manufacture the Škoda Fabia, in the year 2010-11, VGSIPL recorded combined sales of 53,341 vehicles. In 2011-2012 the Volkswagen Group India clocked an impressive growth of 109. 3%. From January to December 2012 Volkswagen Group India sold 115,237 cars with a growth of 3.2 percent, Audi, Lamborghini and Škoda achieved impressive sales figures while the sales figures of Volkswagen and Bentley remained with a slight decrease. Volkswagen Group India has won awards and it was in the spotlight for winning four prestigious awards at CNBC-Overdrive Awards 2011. Here is the list of Awards won by Volkswagen Group India in the year 2011 in which passenger cars alone won 18 Awards which includes Best advertising, Best quality. Volkswagen Group Automobile industry in India Volkswagen India Private Limited Volkswagen International Homepage Audi India Audi Worldwide > Home
Volkswagen Group India
–
Volkswagen India showroom at
Anna Salai, Chennai
Volkswagen Group India
–
Volkswagen Group India
35.
Volkswagen Group of America
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Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. is the North American operational headquarters, and subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group of automobile companies of Germany. VWoA is responsible for five marques, Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini and it also controls VW Credit, Inc. Volkswagens financial services and credit operations, the company is headquartered in unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia, near Herndon. On July 16,2008, Volkswagen AG announced plans to build its first production facility in the United States since the closure of its Westmoreland Assembly Plant in 1988, the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant was inaugurated on May 24,2011 and currently builds the US-spec Volkswagen Passat. The Volkswagen Beetle was the companys best seller in the United States by a wide margin, as a result, the number of dealerships in the U. S. was also reduced to 630 by the mid-1990s. As of 2007, there were 596 operating Volkswagen dealerships in the country, vWoA inaugurated the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania, in 1978. This was the first modern venture by an automaker at making cars in the USA. In 1988, the plant was closed, in the early 1980s, the manufacturing division and the sales division were merged, and Volkswagen of America moved to Troy, Michigan, as a result, settling in Auburn Hills, Michigan, in 1991. Volkswagen of Americas sales hit rock bottom in 1993, with fewer than 50,000 cars sold that year, sales began to recover the following year with the introduction of the third generation of the Golf and Jetta. By the end of the decade, thanks to advertising and the launch of more competitive new products, including the New Beetle in 1998. Volkswagen of America went on to sell 355,648 cars in 2001, New models for the 2006 and 2007 model years, such as the Passat, Rabbit, and GTI resulted in a sales growth of 4. 9% for 2006 with sales of 235,140 vehicles. Profitability still remained an issue, though, Volkswagen of America had not turned a profit for its parent company since 2002, in January 2007, Volkswagen of America president Adrian Hallmark publicly stated that he planned to get the subsidiary back to profitability in two to three years. He hoped to introduce new models for North America, and develop new marketing to encompass the whole brand as well as individual cars, Stefan Jacoby soon replaced him, and Volkswagen of America continued to look at new products to add to its lineup. In the meantime, a new advertising agency, Crispin Porter + Bogusky, due to new air pollution rules promulgated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the diesel powered VWs with TDI-PD technology could no longer be produced after December 31,2006. For the 2009 model year, VW introduced a new generation of diesels and these would meet air pollution standards in all 50 states. The first of these units was available for sale in August 2008. VW sold 2050 Jetta Sedan TDIs and 361 Jetta Sportwagen TDIs that first month, on September 6,2007, Volkswagen of America announced it would relocate its North American headquarters to Herndon, Virginia. Volkswagen sales are particularly strong in the Mid-Atlantic region, as well as both coasts, the company indicated that it is important for them to locate in a region where their customer base is strongest
Volkswagen Group of America
–
Ownership
Volkswagen Group of America
–
Volkswagen Group of America, Inc.
36.
Volkswagen do Brasil
–
Volkswagen do Brasil Ltda. is a subsidiary arm of Volkswagen Group, established in 1953 with local assembly of the Volkswagen Type 1 from parts imported from Germany. They have produced over 20 million vehicles in Brazil, having been leader for the majority of their sixty years in existence. The Type 1 had a 24-year run as the one in sales in Brazil. From 1987 until today the Gol has been in first place in sales for 26 years straight, the Volkswagen assembly plant in Brazil was established after the Brazilian government prohibited the import of fully built-up vehicles in 1953. The first manager was Friedrich Schultz-Wenk, who had emigrated to Brazil in 1950 after a stint as a prisoner of war followed by some time in Wolfsburg. Their first plant was in Ipiranga, São Paulo and was a strict CKD operation, in two years 2268 Fuscas and 552 Kombis were assembled there by hand. After Kubitscheks import substitution programs began taking effect, Volkswagen were compelled to open a factory in São Bernardo do Campo. Work on the began in mid-1957. Originally only the Kombi was built locally, but from January 1959 the 1200 cc Fusca also entered local production, by 1961 Volkswagen had surpassed Willys-Overland to become the biggest producer of vehicles in Brazil. In 2012, Volkswagen built 852,086 units, making them the biggest producer in the country, Volkswagen operates four plants, in São Bernardo do Campo, Taubaté, and São Carlos. The São Carlos plant only makes engines, also of some interest in Volkswagen do Brasils history is the AutoLatina arrangement between Ford Motor Company and Volkswagen Group, from 1987 to 1995. Volkswagen do Brasil was also responsible for the development and creation of Volkswagen Caminhões Ltda, from 1979 until 1999, in December 2008 it was announced that Volkswagen Trucks and Buses was to be sold to MAN SE. Volkswagens Latin American truck operations have always built much heavier trucks than elsewhere in the world, Volkswagen entered a deal with PACCAR in 1986 to sell their trucks with Peterbilt or Kenworth badging in the United States. This would allow PACCARs dealers to offer Class 7 trucks without having to go the competition, the Peterbilt-Volkswagen 200 was affectionately known as Peter Rabbit. Friedrich Schulz-Wenk Rudolf Leiding Wolfgang Sauer Herbert Demel Paul S
Volkswagen do Brasil
–
The 2003
VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex was the first full flexible-fuel vehicle launched in
Brazil, capable of running on any blend of
gasoline and
ethanol (
E100).
Volkswagen do Brasil
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VW Type 2 TotalFlex (Known as "Kombi").
Volkswagen do Brasil
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VW Polo 2 TotalFlex.
37.
History of Volkswagen in Ireland
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Volkswagen began its involvement in Ireland when in 1949, Motor Distributors Limited, founded by Stephen OFlaherty secured the franchise for the country at that years Paris Motor Show. The vehicles were assembled in a tram depot at 162 Shelbourne Road in Ballsbridge. This is now the premises for Ballsbridge Motors who are still a Volkswagen dealer, the first Volkswagen ever built outside Germany was assembled here. This vehicle is now on display at the Volkswagen Museum in Wolfsburg, irish-assembled Beetles rose from an output of 46 units in 1950 to 2,155 units in 1952. This necessitated a move in 1955 to a new premises on the Naas Road. Assembly of the Beetle continued there until 1980 when production of the car ceased in Europe, Volkswagen vehicle assembly continued in Dublin until the mid-1980s. During the same period, the Volkswagen Transporter van was assembled at these premises. This premises remained as the headquarters for Motor Distributors Ltd, between 1950 and 1980, Beetle sales in Ireland averaged at 3,000 -4,000 units per annum peaking in 1972 when 5,288 units were sold. In 1953, OFlaherty acquired the Volkswagen franchise for the United Kingdom, in 1956, Volkswagen sales were high enough to cause concern in Dáil Éireann that it was adversely affecting the balance of payments. The Volkswagen Golf Mk1 was introduced in 1975 and the Beetle ceased to be sold in 1980, the rights to distribute the Audi brand were acquired in 1967 and the rights for Skoda acquired in 1993. In 2007, it was announced that Volkswagen AG would take control over its operations in Ireland from October 2008. This took effect on 10 October 2008 when the business became Volkswagen Group Ireland. This came about as result of the lifting of block exemption regulations in 2003, headquarter were moved from its premises on the Naas Road to Liffey Valley. In November 2009, Volkswagen Group Ireland also took control of the business of SEAT in Ireland. History of VW manufacturing in Ireland Volkswagen Ireland - History History of Ballsbridge Motors - Original Site of Assembly for VW in Ireland
History of Volkswagen in Ireland
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A
Type 1 similar to the vehicles first assembled in Ireland.
38.
Wolfsburg
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Wolfsburg is the fifth largest city in the German state of Lower Saxony. Located on the River Aller northeast of Braunschweig, it lies about 75 km east of Hanover and 230 km west of Berlin, in 2013, Wolfsburg ranked as the richest city in Germany with a GDP per capita of $128,000, due to its thriving auto industry. Wolfsburg is famous as the location of Volkswagen AGs headquarters and the worlds biggest car plant, Wolfsburg is one of the few German cities built during the first half of the 20th century. From its foundation on 1 July 1938 as a home for workers producing the KdF-Wagen until 25 May 1945, in 1972, the population first exceeded 100,000. Wolfsburg is located at the Southern edge of the ancient river valley of the Aller at the Mittellandkanal and it is bordered by the districts of Gifhorn and Helmstedt. The total annual precipitation is about 532 mm which is low as it belongs to the lowest tenth of the measured data in Germany. Only 7% of all stations of the Deutscher Wetterdienst record lower data. The driest month is October, most precipitation is measured in June where observation stations measure 1.9 times more precipitation than in October, precipitation hardly diversifies and is constantly distributed all over the year. Only 17% of observation stations measure lower annual deviation, the castle Wolfsburg was first mentioned in 1302 in a document as the domicile of the noble lineage of Bartensleben. Originally a keep next to the Aller, it was protected by a moat some centuries later, in 1372, the first documentary reference to the Burg Neuhaus near Wolfsburg appeared. After the extinction of the Bartensleben line in 1742, the property, the communal manor was an important employer for the nearby settlements Rothenfelde and Heßlingen. Some of todays urban districts, including Heßlingen, belonged to the Duke of Magdeburg during the 18th century, in 1932, these districts were detached from the Prussian province Saxony and integrated in the administrative district of Lüneburg belonging to Hannover. Other urban districts, like Vorsfelde and the transferred to Wolfsburg from the county of Helmstedt. Fallersleben and other villages belonged to the Electorate of Braunschweig - Lüneburg or the Kingdom of Hanover, during World War II military cars, aeroplanes, and other military equipment were built there, mainly by forced workers and POWs. In 1942, the Nazis established the Arbeitsdorf concentration camp in the city for a few months, at the urging of the British occupying power, the city was renamed as Wolfsburg on 25 May 1945, after the eponymous castle located there. In 1951, Wolfsburg was separated from the District of Gifhorn, in 1955 the one-millionth VW Beetle was manufactured in Wolfsburg. Postwar Beetle production ended in Wolfsburg in 1974, though German Beetle production continued in Emden until 1978, the factories in Wolfsburg remain a key part of Volkswagens production capacity. During the German economic miracle Wolfsburg experienced an influx of immigrant workers
Wolfsburg
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Wolfsburg from Above
Wolfsburg
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The
Volkswagen Arena
Wolfsburg
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Silver Metallic Bugatti Veyron at the Premium Clubhouse
Wolfsburg
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Wolfsburg Water Show, the biggest water show in the world.
39.
Toyota
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Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. Toyota is as of 2016 the second largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
Toyota
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Toyota's new headquarters building in Toyota City, Japan
Toyota
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Principal headquarters building of Toyota
Toyota
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Akio Toyoda, CEO of Toyota, at the annual results press conference, May 11, 2011
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Mass production of Toyoda automated loom, displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi Pref. Japan
40.
Bentley
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Bentley Motors Limited is a British manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs—and a subsidiary of Volkswagen AG since 1998. The joining and eventual separation of Bentley and Rolls-Royce follows a series of mergers and acquisitions, beginning with the 1931 purchase by Rolls-Royce of Bentley, Rolls-Royce Motors was subsequently sold to engineering conglomerate, Vickers and in 1998, Vickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG. The aerospace company, Rolls-Royce Plc, ultimately sold both to BMW AG, at the DFP factory, in 1913, he noticed an aluminum paperweight and thought that aluminum might be a suitable replacement for cast iron to fabricate lighter pistons. The first Bentley aluminum pistons were fitted to Sopwith Camel aero engines during World War I, in August 1919, W. O. registered Bentley Motors Ltd. and in October he exhibited a car chassis, with dummy engine, at the London Motor Show. Ex–Royal Flying Corps officer Clive Gallop designed an innovative 4 valves per cylinder engine for the chassis, by December the engine was built and running. Delivery of the first cars was scheduled for June 1920, the durability of the first Bentley cars earned widespread acclaim and they competed in hill climbs and raced at Brooklands. Bentleys first major event was the 1922 Indianapolis 500, a race dominated by specialized cars with Duesenberg racing chassis and they entered a modified road car driven by works driver, Douglas Hawkes, accompanied by riding mechanic, H. S. Bertie Browning. Hawkes completed the full 500 miles and finished 13th with an speed of 74.95 mph after starting in 19th position. The team was rushed back to England to compete in the 1922 RAC Tourist Trophy. In ironic reference to his heavyweight boxers stature, Captain Woolf Barnato was nicknamed Babe, in 1925, he acquired his first Bentley, a 3-litre. With this car he won numerous Brooklands races, just a year later he acquired the Bentley business itself. The Bentley enterprise was always underfunded, but inspired by the 1924 Le Mans win by John Duff and Frank Clement, Barnato had incorporated Baromans Ltd in 1922, which existed as his finance and investment vehicle. Via Baromans, Barnato initially invested in excess of £100,000, saving the business, a financial reorganisation of the original Bentley company was carried out and all existing creditors paid off for £75,000. Existing shares were devalued from £1 each to just 1 shilling, Barnato held 149,500 of the new shares giving him control of the company and he became chairman. Barnato injected further cash into the business, £35,000 secured by debenture in July 1927, £40,000 in 1928, with renewed financial input, W. O. Bentley was able to design another generation of cars. The Bentley Boys were a group of British motoring enthusiasts that included Woolf Barnato, Sir Henry Tim Birkin, steeple chaser George Duller, aviator Glen Kidston, sammy Davis, and Dr Dudley Benjafield. The Bentley Boys, favored Bentley cars, many were independently wealthy and often had a military background. They kept the reputation for high performance alive, Bentley was noted for its four consecutive victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1927 to 1930
Bentley
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Bentley winged "B" badge bonnet (hood) ornament
Bentley
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Bentley Motors Limited
Bentley
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1929 Blower Bentley
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Bentley 8 Litre 4-door sports saloon
41.
Scania AB
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Scania AB, formerly AB Scania-Vabis, is a major Swedish automotive industry manufacturer of commercial vehicles – specifically heavy trucks and buses. It also manufactures engines for motive power of heavy vehicles, marine. Today, Scania has production facilities in Sweden, France, Netherlands, India, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, in addition, there are assembly plants in ten countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scanias sales and service organisation and finance companies are worldwide, in 2012, the company employed approximately 42,100 people around the world. Scania was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm stock exchange from 1996 to 2014, Scanias logo shows a Griffin, from the coat of arms of the province of Scania. AB Scania-Vabis was established in 1911 as the result of a merger between Södertälje-based Vabis and Malmö-based Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania, Vabis was established as a railway car manufacturer in 1891, while Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania was established as a bicycle manufacturer in 1900. Both companies had tried their luck at building automobiles, trucks and engines, in 1910, Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania had succeeded in constructing reliable vehicles, while Vabis was at the brink of closing down. Development and production of engines and light vehicles were set to Södertälje, initially the headquarters were located in Malmö, but in 1912 they were moved to Södertälje. Prince Carl of Sweden owned a 1913 Scania-Vabis 3S, a type which was fitted with in-car buttons so the passenger could communicate with the driver, Scania-Vabis also built two-seat sports cars. For the next few years the companys profits stagnated, with around a third of their orders coming from abroad, the outbreak of the First World War, however, changed the company, with almost all output being diverted to the Swedish Army. By 1916, Scania-Vabis was making enough profit to invest in redeveloping both of their production facilities, following the war, in 1919, Scania decided to focus completely on building trucks, abandoning other outputs including cars and buses. However, they were hurt by the swamping of the market with decommissioned military vehicles from the war, after some economic difficulties in 1921, new capital came from Stockholms Enskilda Bank owned by the Wallenberg family, and Scania-Vabis became a solid and technically, high standing, company. Denmark Towards the end of 1913, the established a subsidiary in Denmark. The following year the first Danish-built car, a four-seater Phaeton, was built at the companys Frederiksberg factory in Copenhagen, in 1914, the factory produced Denmarks first Scania-Vabis truck, and following this developed a V8 engine, one of the first in the world. In 1921, having sold around 175 trucks, and 75 cars, Norway In 1917 an agreement was established with the newly formed Norwegian company Norsk Automobilfabrik A/S about production under license of Scania-Vabis cars and lorries. Production began in 1919, but was ended in 1921 after production of only 77 lorries, during the Second World War Scania produced a variety of military vehicles for the Swedish Army, including Stridsvagn m/41 light tanks produced under licence. During the 1950s, the company expanded its operations into new segments, becoming agents for the Willys Jeep and the Volkswagen Beetle. It also started to become a competitor to Volvo with their new L71 Regent truck which was introduced in 1954
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Scania A1 1901
Scania AB
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Scania Type A Tonneau 1903
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A vintage Scania truck (L80 successor to the Scania-Vabis L56)
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Scania R470 truck
42.
FAW-Volkswagen
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FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co. Ltd. is a joint venture between FAW Group and Volkswagen Group which manufactures Audi and Volkswagen marque passenger cars for sale in China. Ownership of the company is, FAW – 51%, Volkswagen AG – 20%, Audi AG – 10%, FAW-VW was founded on 6 February 1991. FAW-VW is headquartered in the fringes of Changchun, Jilin Province. It has an assembly plant in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. FAW-VW is capable of producing the cars based on the platforms of PQ34, PQ35, PQ46, FAW-VWs year-on-year production volume exceeded 513,000 units as of 31.07.2009. In 2011, FAW-VW sold just over 1,000,000 automobiles, on December 5,1991, the first Volkswagen Jetta Mk2 rolled off the line. Two years later, on February 7,1993, the 10, 000th car rolled off the line. In 1995 FAW Group, Volkswagen AG and Audi AG decided to integrate Audi to the line of the joint ventures. On May 20,1996, the first Audi 200 rolled off the line, on July 10,1996, the engine shop started running. By July 1996, the company was capable of producing 150,000 cars,270,000 engines and 180,000 gearboxes in one year, in 1997 FAW-Volkswagen Sales Company Ltd. By 2002 FAW-VW took the majority of the back from FAW Group. In 1998 the Jetta König became the first car equipped with ABS system in the Chinese A-class market. In 1999 the Jetta was registered in FIA Group N category, it entered a lot of Rally events in China with FRD Sport, in 2002 the Jetta became the first mass production passenger car in China to be available with a diesel engine. On January 7,2004, the 1,000,000 car rolled off the line, on December 7,2004, FAW-VWs second car plant began operating. On August 4,2009, the 3,000, 000th car rolled off the line in car plant #2, by 2010 FAW-VW had sold over 1,000,000 Audis in China. With the celebration, a sculpture named Ode to Audi from Gerry Judah was set at the entrance of the company, according to Chinese government policy, foreign auto manufactures should develop domestic brands with their local partners. Thus FAW-VW revealed its own brand Kaili in May 2011, on August 15,2011, FAW-VW celebrated its twentieth anniversary with its one millionth car in 2011. VI Volkswagen Golf GTI Volkswagen Golf Mk
FAW-Volkswagen
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FAW-Volkswagen Automobile Co., Ltd.
FAW-Volkswagen
FAW-Volkswagen
FAW-Volkswagen
43.
Volkswagen Beetle
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Hitler contracted Ferdinand Porsche in 1934 to design and build it. Porsche and his team took until 1938 to finalise the design, the influence on Porsches design of other contemporary cars, such as the Tatra V570 and the work of Josef Ganz remains a subject of dispute. The result was one of the first rear-engined cars since the Brass Era, with 21,529,464 produced, the Beetle is the longest-running and most-manufactured car of a single platform ever made. Although designed in the 1930s, the Beetle was only produced in significant numbers from 1945 on when the model was designated the Volkswagen Type 1. Later models were designated Volkswagen 1200,1300,1500,1302 or 1303, the model became widely known in its home country as the Käfer and was later marketed as such in Germany, and as the Volkswagen in other countries. For example, in France it was known as the Coccinelle, the original 25 hp Beetle was designed for a top speed around 100 km/h, which would be a viable speed on the Reichsautobahn system. As Autobahn speeds increased in the years, its output was boosted to 36, then 40 hp. The Beetle ultimately gave rise to variants, including the Karmann Ghia, Type 2, the 1948 Citroën 2CV and other European models marked a later trend to front-wheel drive in the European small car market, a trend that would come to dominate that market. In 1974, Volkswagens own front-wheel drive Golf model succeeded the Beetle and it remained in production through 2010, being succeeded in 2011 by the more aggressively styled Beetle. In the 1999 Car of the Century competition, to determine the worlds most influential car in the 20th century, the Type 1 came fourth, after the Ford Model T, the Mini, and the Citroën DS. In April 1934, Adolf Hitler gave the order to Ferdinand Porsche to develop a Volkswagen, the epithet Volks- literally, peoples- had been applied to other Nazi-sponsored consumer goods such as the Volksempfänger. The engine had to be powerful for sustained cruising on Germany’s new Autobahnen, everything had to be designed to ensure parts could be quickly and inexpensively exchanged. The engine had to be air-cooled because, as Hitler explained, the Peoples Car would be available to citizens of Nazi Germany through a savings scheme, or Sparkarte, at 990 Reichsmark, about the price of a small motorcycle. Ferdinand Porsche developed the Type 12, or Auto für Jedermann for Zündapp in 1931, Porsche already preferred the flat-four engine, and selected a swing axle rear suspension, while Zündapp insisted on a water-cooled five-cylinder radial engine. In 1932, three prototypes were running, all of those cars were lost during World War II, the last in a bombing raid in Stuttgart in 1945. The Zündapp prototypes were followed by the Porsche Type 32, designed in 1933 for NSU Motorenwerke AG, the Type 32 was similar in design to the Type 12, but it had a flat-four engine. NSUs exit from car manufacturing resulted in the Type 32 being abandoned at the prototype stage, initially designated Type 60 by Porsche, the design team included Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe. In October 1935, the first two Type 60 prototypes, known as the V1 and V2, were ready, in 1936, testing began of three further V3 prototypes, built in Porsches Stuttgart shop
Volkswagen Beetle
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Early 1966 Volkswagen Beetle
Volkswagen Beetle
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Dr. Ing. (h.c.) Ferdinand Porsche
Volkswagen Beetle
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A reconstruction of the Porsche Type 12 (1932)
Volkswagen Beetle
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Scale model of the W30 prototype
44.
Auto Union
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Auto Union AG, Chemnitz, was an amalgamation of four German automobile manufacturers, founded in 1932 and established in 1936 in Chemnitz, Saxony, during the Great Depression. It is the predecessor of Audi as it is known today. As well as acting as a firm for its four constituent brands. The companys distinctive logo, of four interlocking rings to represent the four members of the Auto Union. Horch – founded 1904 by August Horch in Zwickau and it built cars starting from straight-two engines to luxury models with V8- and V12 engines. Audi – because of disputes with the CFO, August Horch in 1909 left his namesake enterprise and founded Audi across town, building inline-four-, six-, in 1928 Audi became a subsidiary of Zschopauer Motorenwerke. In the same year, Rasmussen bought the remains of the US automobile manufacturer Rickenbacker, including the equipment for eight-. These engines were used in Audi Zwickau, Audi Imperator and Audi Dresden models, at the same time, six-cylinder and four-cylinder models were manufactured. Although all four continued to sell cars under their own names and brands. Auto Union chairman, Klaus, Baron von Oertzen, wanted a project to announce the new brand. Ferdinand Porsche, who had work for him before. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had developed their Mercedes-Benz W25. It resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the track between the two companies until World War II. Having garnered state funds, Auto Union bought Porsches Hochleistungsfahrzeugbau GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 RM, the Auto Union racing cars types A to D were built as Grand Prix racing cars from 1934 to 1939. They resembled the earlier Benz Tropfenwagen, also built in part by Rumpler engineers, The only Grand Prix racers to wear Auto Unions four-ringed logo, they were particularly dominant in 1936. From 1935 to 1937, Auto Union cars car won 25 races, driven by Ernst von Delius, Bernd Rosemeyer, Hans Stuck Sr. and Achille Varzi. Much has been written about the handling characteristics of this car. The cars used supercharged engines, eventually producing almost 550 hp
Auto Union
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The four ring logo
Auto Union
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Audi...
Auto Union
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DKW...
Auto Union
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Horch...
45.
Volkswagen Passat
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The Volkswagen Passat is a large family car produced by the German automaker Volkswagen since 1973, through eight design generations. In 2008, Volkswagen extended its range with the launch of the Passat CC, Volkswagen currently markets two variants of the Passat globally. In January 2011, Volkswagen announced that the new mid-size sedan being built at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant for the North American market would be named the Passat, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive also manufactures the Passat NMS in its Nanjing factory. The NMS is sold in the North American, South Korean, Chinese, the Volkswagen Passat NMS won the 2012 Motor Trend Car of the Year. A new Passat model entered production in Europe in 2014, based on the MQB platform, the original Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1973. The body types offered originally were two- and four-door sedans and similar looking three-, externally all four shared a modern fastback style design, styled by the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. In essence, the first Passat was a version of the mechanically identical Audi 80 sedan. A five-door station wagon was introduced in 1974, in Europe, the Passat was equipped with two rectangular, two round 7-inch, or four round 5. 5-inch headlights depending on specification. The Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, the only other European cars of its size to feature front-wheel drive and a hatchback were the Renault 16 and Austin Maxi. It had a MacPherson strut front suspension with a solid axle/coil spring setup at the rear, the SOHC1. 5-litre was enlarged to 1. 6-litre in August 1975 with unchanged power ratings and slightly higher torque ratings. In July 1978 the Passat Diesel became available, equipped with the VW Golfs 1. 5-litre diesel, in North America, the car was called the Volkswagen Dasher. The three- and five-door hatchback and a wagon model were launched in North America for. Sole available engine was a carburetted 1. 5-litre inline-four developing 75 hp, North American cars were equipped with single DOT standard headlights. In 1978 the Dasher received a facelift along the lines of the European Passat, with sealed beam headlights. The trim was upgraded and the ride softened. 1979 saw the introduction of the 1. 5-litre diesel engine, 0–100 km/h time for the Diesel was 19.4 seconds,6.2 seconds slower than the gasoline engine. All gasoline engines were dropped for North America in 1981 in preparation for the next generation, in Brazil, the Passat B1 was produced from June 1974 until 1988. Since the Audi 80 was not marketed in Brazil, the Passat received the Audis different front-end treatment after a facelift for 1979, a sports version, named Passat TS1.6 and later Passat GTS1.8 Pointer was also introduced
Volkswagen Passat
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2006 Volkswagen Passat B7 sedan
Volkswagen Passat
Volkswagen Passat
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Volkswagen Passat B1 3-door (Europe)
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VW Passat Variant LS 1980
46.
Volkswagen Polo
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The Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1975. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, sedan, related Volkswagen Group models include the Škoda Fabia, SEAT Ibiza and Audi A1. The Volkswagen Polo won the 2010 World Car of the Year, as of 2014, there have been five separate generations of the Polo, usually identified by a Series or Mark number. Some generations were facelifted midway through production, with the versions known unofficially by an addition of the letter F to the mark number. Some press and enthusiasts consider the facelifts to be separate models, each model of Polo is also identified by a two or three character Volkswagen Group Typ number. Official VW Polo history describes Mark I to Mark IV using either Roman numerals or Arabic numerals, the body style has been varied through the life of the car, originally as a hatchback which derived from the Audi 50. A saloon version was marketed as the Volkswagen Derby, Volkswagen vehicles built off different platforms have carried the Polo name plate. The current saloon is available in China, Latin America and South Africa. Starting in 1982, Volkswagen sold the Polo in Japan initially through an agreement with Japanese dealership Yanase that specializes in European and North American vehicles. Of all Volkswagens imported into Japan, only the Polo and the Golf, until 1997, Volkswagen helped consolidate the preeminence the so-called hot hatch genre of high-performance hatchbacks with their Golf GTI in 1975, and has produced a number of performance versions of the Polo. The first of these was the Polo GT version of the Mark 1F, the Mark II and IIF were available as supercharged G40 models. The GT G40 with its 1.3 litre 85 kW could reach 100 km/h in 8.1 seconds from standstill and had a speed of 196 km/h. It was used by Volkswagen to set a number of world speed records, such as the 1.3 litre class records for speed over 24 hours. The fastest version of the Mark III on the United Kingdom market was the 16-valve h 74 kW model. A88 kW Polo GTI model was produced, but only in a limited edition in Germany. A GTI version of the Mark IIIF Polo, with a 92 kW1.6 litre petrol engine was also produced, in 2004 Volkswagen Individual, a specialist division of Volkswagen, produced a limited number of Club Sports with a 1. 8T132 kW engine. Available only in Germany, this was based on the one racing series Polo Cup Racer hatchback. The Club Sport came with a cage inside the vehicle
Volkswagen Polo
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2014 Volkswagen Polo Type: 6C (Facelift)
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Mark II Polo "Wagon" shape
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Volkswagen Polo Mk1 (86)
Volkswagen Polo
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1979 Volkswagen Polo Mk1 facelift
47.
Volkswagen Golf
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The original Golf Mk1 was a front-wheel drive, front-engined replacement for the air-cooled, rear-engined, rear-wheel drive Volkswagen Beetle. Historically, the Golf is Volkswagens best-selling model and the worlds second best-selling model, initially, most Golf production was in the 3-door hatchback style. Other variants include a 5-door hatchback, station wagon, convertible, the cars have filled many market segments, from basic a personal car, to high-performance hot hatches. The Volkswagen Golf has won awards throughout its history. The Volkswagen Golf won the World Car of the Year in 2009, with the Volkswagen Golf Mk6 and in 2013 with the Volkswagen Golf Mk7. The Golf is one of three cars, the others being the Renault Clio and Opel/Vauxhall Astra, to have been voted European Car of the Year twice. The Volkswagen Golf has made the Car and Driver annual 10 Best list multiple times, later Golf variations included the Golf GTI hot hatch, a diesel-powered version, the Jetta notchback saloon version, the Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet and a Golf-based pickup, the Volkswagen Caddy. The Golf Mk1 was sold as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada, a facelifted version of the Golf Mk1 was produced in South Africa as the Citi Golf from 1984 to 2009. Although it was available on the market and indeed most other left-hand drive markets by the end of 1983. The Mk2 GTI featured a 1. 8-litre 8-valve fuel-injected engine from its launch, a Mk2-based second generation Jetta was unveiled in January 1984. There was no Mk2-based cabriolet model, instead, the Mk1 Cabriolet was continued over the Mk2s entire production run, the third-generation Golf made its home-market début in August 1991 and again grew slightly in comparison with its immediate predecessor, while its wheelbase remained unchanged. New engines included the first Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine in a Golf, US Environmental Protection Agency fuel consumption estimates are 9.0 L/100 km and 7.4 L/100 km, with 420 km per tank and 584 km per tank. For the first time ever, a Golf estate joined the line-up in September 1993, at the same time, a completely new Mk3-derived Cabriolet was introduced, replacing the 13-year-old Mk1-based version with a body style similar to that of the Mk3 Golf from 1994 to early 1999. The Mk3 Golf Cabrio received a Mk4-style facelift for the late 1999 model and was continued until 2002, the notchback version, called VW Vento, was presented in January 1992. It was European Car of the Year for 1992, ahead of the new Citroën ZX, the Mk3 continued to be sold until 1999 in the United States, Canada and parts of South America, also in Mexico as a special edition called Mi. The i in Mi is coloured red, which designates that multi-point fuel injection was equipped and the 1. 8-litre engine was upgraded to 2. 0-litres. Mk2 badges included, GL, CL, GLI, GTI, G60, VR6, 8V, the Golf Mk4 was first introduced in August 1997, followed by a notchback version in August 1998 and a new Golf Variant in March 1999. There was no Mk4-derived Cabriolet, although the Mk3 Cabriolet received a facelift in late 1999 that consisted of bumpers, grill, as with the earlier three versions of the Golf, the UK market received each version several months later than the rest of Europe
Volkswagen Golf
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Volkswagen Golf
Volkswagen Golf
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Volkswagen Golf Mk1 (17)
Volkswagen Golf
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Volkswagen Golf 2-door (Europe)
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Volkswagen Golf Mk2 (1G)
48.
Euro Stoxx 50
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The EURO STOXX50 is a stock index of Eurozone stocks designed by STOXX, an index provider owned by Deutsche Börse Group. According to STOXX, its goal is to provide a representation of Supersector leaders in the Eurozone. It is made up of fifty of the largest and most liquid stocks, the index futures and options on the EURO STOXX50, traded on Eurex, are among the most liquid such products in Europe and the world. The EURO STOXX50 was introduced on 26 February 1998 and its composition is reviewed annually in September. The index is available in several currency and return variant combinations, the EURO STOXX50 Index is derived from the 19 EURO STOXX regional Supersector indices and represents the largest super-sector leaders in the Eurozone in terms of free-float market capitalization. The EURO STOXX50 serves as the basis for single sub-indices such as the EURO STOXX50 ex Financials and it is one of the most liquid indices for the Eurozone, an ideal underlying for financial products or for benchmarking purposes. Additionally, the index serves as an underlying for many strategy indices, buffers are used to achieve the fixed number of components and to maintain stability of the indices by reducing index composition changes. Selection methodology ensures a stable and up-to-date index composition, fast-entry and fast-exit rules ensure the index accurately represents the performance of only the biggest and most liquid stocks. The following table shows the values of the Euro Stoxx 50 index since 1986. A record closing high of 5,464.43 was recorded on 6 March 2000. As of December 2016, Euro Stoxx 50 consists of the companies, STOXX Europe 50 EURO STOXX50 page EURO STOXX50 Fact sheet STOXX Index Methodology Guide Bloomberg page for SX5E. Finance page for ^STOXX50E Euro Stoxx 50 | Index |965814 | EU0009658145 | Börse Frankfurt
Euro Stoxx 50
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Stock market index
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A stock index or stock market index is a measurement of the value of a section of the stock market. It is computed from the prices of selected stocks and it is a tool used by investors and financial managers to describe the market, and to compare the return on specific investments. An index is a construct, so it may not be invested in directly. But many mutual funds and exchange-traded funds attempt to track an index, Stock market indices may be classified in many ways. A world or global stock market index — such as the MSCI World or the S&P Global 100 — includes stocks from multiple regions, regions may be defined geographically or by levels of industrialization or income. A national index represents the performance of the market of a given nation—and by proxy. Other indices may be regional, such as the FTSE Developed Europe Index or the FTSE Developed Asia Pacific Index, indexes may be based on exchange, such as the NASDAQ-100 or NYSE US100, or groups of exchanges, such as the Euronext 100 or OMX Nordic 40. The concept may be extended well beyond an exchange, russell Investment Group added to the family of indices by launching the Russel Global Index. More specialized indices exist tracking the performance of specific sectors of the market, some indices, such as the S&P500, have multiple versions. These versions can differ based on how the components are weighted. The difference between the full capitalization, float-adjusted, and equal weight versions is in how index components are weighted, an index may also be classified according to the method used to determine its price. In contrast, an index such as the Hang Seng Index factors in the size of the company. Thus, a small shift in the price of a large company will heavily influence the value of the index. Traditionally, capitalization- or share-weighted indices all had a full weighting, recently, many of them have changed to a float-adjusted weighting which helps indexing. An equal-weighted index is one in all components are assigned the same value. For example, the Barrons 400 Index assigns a value of 0. 25% to each of the 400 stocks included in the index. A modified capitalization-weighted index is a hybrid between capitalization weighting and equal weighting, moreover, in 2005, Standard & Poors introduced the S&P Pure Growth Style Index and S&P Pure Value Style Index which was attribute-weighted. For these two indexes, a score is calculated for every stock, be it their growth score or the value score, one argument for capitalization weighting is that investors must, in aggregate, hold a capitalization-weighted portfolio anyway
Stock market index
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Your stock index chart makes me feel much better...
Stock market index
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A comparison of three major U.S. stock indices: the
NASDAQ Composite,
Dow Jones Industrial Average, and
S&P 500. All three have the same height at March 2007. Notice the large
dot-com spike on the NASDAQ, a result of the large number of technology companies on that index.
10.41 million (2016)[3]
