1.
List of cities in Croatia
–
Grad is the local administrative equivalent of općina, with the only distinction being that the former usually comprise urban areas whereas the latter commonly consist of a group of villages. Croatian cities are subdivided into city districts and/or local committee areas with elected councils. The City of Zagreb, as the capital, not being part of any county, is subdivided into city districts/boroughs, in 1991 there were 70 cities and towns and 419 municipalities in Croatia organized into 20 counties. In 2001 there were 122 cities and towns and 423 municipalities and this was the territorial division used for the 2001 census. In 2006 the latest revision was made, which listed a total of 127 cities and this division was used for the latest 2011 census. In 2013 the municipality of Popovača was upgraded to town, bringing the total to 128 cities, according to the Constitution, the city of Zagreb, as the capital of Croatia, has a special status. As such, Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of city and county. Big cities and cities that are county seats, in addition to these tasks, are responsible for tasks regarding public roads maintenance and issuing of building. City council is the body of citizens and the body of local self-government. The councillors are elected for a term on the basis of universal suffrage in direct elections by secret ballot using proportional system with dHondt method. The executive head of the city is the mayor, also elected in elections by majoritarian vote for a four-year term. He/She can be recalled by a referendum, City administrative departments and services manage administrative procedures in their areas of jurisdiction. The mayor names heads of the departments and service, who are chosen on the basis of a public competition, the following is a complete list of all officially designated 128 cities/towns in Croatia, sorted by population according to the 2011 population census. In addition, the table data for Popovača, also a former municipality which was re-designated as town in the latest administrative revision in April 2013. The Municipal column in the lists total population within the geographical boundary of the local administrative subdivision. This means that the figure often includes other settlements such as villages or hamlets located on the outskirts or near the city/town proper. In contrast, the Town proper column lists only population of the city/town proper, both numbers are given as in some cases the figures may vary dramatically. Its town council is located in Kaštel Sućurac, another set of exceptions arises from the special status of the City of Zagreb, which is considered both a county and a city, and is further subdivided into districts and into settlements
List of cities in Croatia
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Zagreb, #1
List of cities in Croatia
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Split, #2
List of cities in Croatia
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Rijeka, #3
List of cities in Croatia
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Zadar, #5
2.
Arcade (architecture)
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An arcade is a succession of arches, each counter-thrusting the next, supported by columns, piers, or a covered walkway enclosed by a line of such arches on one or both sides. In warmer or wet climates, exterior arcades provide shelter for pedestrians, the walkway may be lined with stores. A blind arcade superimposes arcading against a solid wall, blind arcades are a feature of Romanesque architecture that was taken into Gothic architecture. European shopping malls generally resemble the bazaars and souks of Asia, the word arcade comes from French arcade from Provençal arcada or Italian arcata, based on Latin arcus, ‘bow’. One of the earliest examples of a European shopping arcade, the Covered Market, Oxford, the Covered Market was started in response to a general wish to clear untidy, messy and unsavoury stalls from the main streets of central Oxford. John Gwynn, the architect of Magdalen Bridge, drew up the plans, twenty more soon followed, and after 1773 meat was allowed to be sold only inside the market. From this nucleus the market grew, with stalls for garden produce, pig meat, dairy products, Gostiny Dvor in St Petersburg, Russia is another early shopping arcade. Throughout the following century, Gostiny Dvor was augmented, resulting in ten indoor streets, during the post-World War II reconstructions, its inner walls were demolished and a huge shopping mall came into being. This massive 18th-century structure got a recently and entered the 21st century as one of the most fashionable shopping centres in Eastern Europe. An early French arcade is the Passage du Caire created in 1798 as a tribute to the French campaign in Egypt and it was appreciated by the public for its protection from the weather, noise and filth of the streets. A year later American architect William Thayer created the Passage des Panoramas with a row of shops passing between two panorama paintings, shopping arcades increasingly were built in the second Bourbon Restoration. Upper levels of arcades often contained apartments and sometimes brothels. S. W, australia Great Gostiny Dvor St. Petersburg, Russia The Passage St
Arcade (architecture)
–
Arcades inside the
Mosque of Uqba also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan, located in
Kairouan,
Tunisia.
Arcade (architecture)
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Arcades inside the
Bonne-Espérance Abbey.
Arcade (architecture)
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Gallery with arcades on
High Medieval square in
Metz,
France.
Arcade (architecture)
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Mozaffarieh:
Tabriz Bazaar,
Iran, devoted to carpet selling.
3.
Eltz Manor
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Eltz Manor is a Baroque castle in Vukovar, Croatia. The 18th-century manor is the location of the Vukovar City Museum, the manor, as it previously appeared, is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 20 kuna banknote, issued in 1993 and 2001. The castle was destroyed in 1991 in the Croatian War of Independence, however, after four years of restorations, it was completely restored to its pre-war appearance in October 2011. The castle was built between 1749 and 1751 by the Archchancellors descendants of the German Catholic noble House of Eltz and was gradually extended over time. The estates near the Military Frontier were, however, exposed to raids by Ottoman troops, in 1990, he returned from Eltville to the newly established state of Croatia and became a member of the Sabor parliament at Zagreb. Eltz Manor, however, suffered a great deal of damage during the Croatian War of Independence, when it was bombarded by the Yugoslav Peoples Army during the Battle of Vukovar
Eltz Manor
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Eltz Manor after renovation (2012)
Eltz Manor
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Parts of the manor were nearly destroyed
Eltz Manor
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Damaged tower and destroyed building
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
5.
Croatia
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Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
Croatia
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Branimir Inscription
Croatia
–
Flag
Croatia
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Tanais Tablet B, name Khoroáthos highlighted
Croatia
–
The
walls of Dubrovnik helped to defend the city since
Middle Ages until the
1991–1992 siege.
6.
Regions of Croatia
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The Republic of Croatia is administratively organised into twenty counties, and is also traditionally divided into four historical and cultural regions, Croatia proper, Dalmatia, Slavonia, and Istria. These are further divided into other, smaller regions, Banovina is a region in central Croatia, situated between the rivers Sava, Una and Kupa. Baranja forms an enclave between the region of Slavonia and the Republic of Hungary, it lies in the north east of Croatia. The rest of the known as Baranja is located in Hungary. Croatian Littoral the maritime region of Croatia proper Gorski kotar the region occupies the area between the cities of Karlovac and Rijeka The regions main city is Delnice. The river Kupa separates the region from the Republic of Slovenia in the north, konavle forms a small subregion of Dalmatia in the very south of Croatia and stretches from the town of Cavtat up to the Prevlaka peninsula near Montenegro border. Kordun is a region in central Croatia, situated between Lika and Banovina, Lika lies at the cross-roads between continental and coastal Croatia. Apart from those that go through narrow region of Gorski Kotar to the north all Croatian roads that lead to the sea from Zagreb pass through Lika, one of Croatias most famous national parks, the Plitvice Lakes National Park is located in this region. Međimurje is a region in northern Croatia, situated between rivers Mura and Drava. Moslavina is a located in the Croatian counties of, Zagreb County, Sisak-Moslavina County. Its main cities are Kutina and Ivanić-Grad, Podravina is the Croatian region that lies around the river Drava along Croatias northern border with Hungary. Podunavlje this region lies along the Croato-Serbian border in eastern Slavonia, the border follows the flow of the river Danube giving the region its name. Posavina the region is located around the river Sava that runs through central Croatia, prigorje the region around Zagreb, roughly between Žumberak and Moslavina. Syrmia this region is divided between Serbia and Croatia, in Croatia it is in the very east of the country. Turopolje a microregion in the Sava river valley south of Zagreb, Hrvatsko Zagorje Hrvatsko Zagorje lies to the north of the Croatian capital city, Zagreb. Other major cities include the world-famous archeological site of Krapina and the town of Varaždin. Its northern border is the Republic of Slovenia and the regions of Podravina and Međimurje, to the east lies Slavonia and to the west lies Kordun, dalmatinska Zagora the hinterland region of Dalmatia
Regions of Croatia
–
Croatia
7.
Podunavlje
–
Also see, Podunavlje Podunavlje is the name of the Danube river basin parts located in Serbia and Croatia. Podunavlje is located on the edge of Pannonian Basin. In its wider meaning, the term is used in Serbian and Croatian as a description for the area around the flow of the river Danube. In the first half of the 18th century, Sava-Danube section of the Habsburg Military Frontier existed in the area. Podunavlje segment of the Frontier comprised parts of southern Bačka and northern Syrmia including towns of Petrovaradin, Šid, Bačka Palanka, Bački Petrovac, Petrovaradinski Šanac, between 1922 and 1929, Podunavlje Oblast was one of the administrative units of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It included parts of Šumadija and Banat regions and its seat was in Smederevo, between 1929 and 1941, one of the provinces of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was known as the Danube Banovina. The province consisted of the regions of Syrmia, Bačka, Banat, Baranja, Šumadija. The capital city of the Danube Banovina was Novi Sad, in 1941, the World War II Axis Powers occupied the province. Bačka and Baranja regions were attached to Miklós Horthys Hungary, while Syrmia was attached to the Independent State of Croatia, the remaining rump Danube Banovina existed as part of German-occupied Serbia until the end of 1941 with its capital at Smederevo. Today, Smederevo is seat of the Podunavlje District of Serbia, between 1980 and 1989, Podunavlje was a name of one of the former seven municipalities of Novi Sad City in Serbia. Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia, the portion of the Republic of Serbian Krajina, was sometimes called Podunavska Krajina by Serbs or Croatian Podunavlje by Croats. List of cities and towns located on the river Danube in Podunavlje, Cities and towns in Serbia, Cities and towns in Croatia, List of municipal areas connected to the river Danube in Podunavlje. Municipalities in Serbia, Municipalities in Croatia, Northern part of Serbian Podunavlje is mostly flat, important rivers in Serbian Podunavlje that flowing into Danube are Tisa, Sava, Tamiš, and Morava. Two largest cities of Serbia, Belgrade and Novi Sad, are located in Podunavlje, Podunavlje includes parts of several traditional geographical regions in Serbia, such are Bačka, Banat, Syrmia, Šumadija, Braničevo, and Timočka Krajina. Serbian Podunavlje is mainly populated by Serbs, while other ethnic groups in the area are Slovaks, Hungarians, Croats, Rusyns, Romanians, Vlachs, Roma people. Slovaks forming the majority of population in the municipality of Bački Petrovac, main religion in the area is Orthodox Christianity, while other smaller religious groups are Catholic Christians, Protestant Christians and Muslims. It was also a core of the Tribal State of Celtic Scordisci, Serbian Podunavlje was also a border region of Roman Empire and there are archaeological remnants of Roman civilization in the area. Although, Serbo-Croatian speaking South Slavs settled in Serbian Podunavlje in the 6th century, Kingdom of Syrmia ruled by Serb king Stefan Dragutin included southern Podunavlje and had its capitals in Debrc and Belgrade
Podunavlje
–
Freedom Bridge across the
Danube,
Novi Sad
Podunavlje
–
Danube Banovina map
Podunavlje
–
Veternik
Podunavlje
–
Petrovaradin fortress
8.
Counties of Croatia
–
The counties of Croatia are the primary administrative subdivisions of the Republic of Croatia. Since they were re-established in 1992, Croatia has been divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. As of 2015, the counties are subdivided into 128 cities and 428 municipalities, County assembly is a representative and deliberative body in each county. Assembly members are elected for a term by popular vote in local elections. The executive branch of each countys government is headed by a county prefect, Administrative departments and services are managed by heads nominated by the county prefect on the basis of a public competition. In each county exists a State Administration Office which performs the tasks of the central government, head of State Administration Office is appointed by the Croatian Government. The counties are funded by the government, as well as from county-owned businesses, county taxes. County taxes include a five percent inheritance and gift tax, a vehicle tax, a vessel tax. The Croatian County Association was set up in 2003 as a framework for inter-county cooperation, the Croatian term županija was originally applied to territory controlled by a župan. Since the 12th century, the counties have also referred to by the Latin term comitatus. Croatia was first subdivided into counties in the Middle Ages, counties were first introduced in Croatia during the House of Trpimirovićs rule. It is generally thought that the Pannonian counties were subject to the Croatian monarchy. Other forms of administration that overlapped with county administration in this included the Roman Catholic Church and the free royal cities. After Croatia became a land of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1527, the importance of counties faded even further. This layout largely remained in effect until the Croatian counties were abolished in 1922, the counties were set up as self-governmental units in contrast to earlier county incarnations since the Middle Ages. Each had an assembly with the wealthiest taxpayers comprising half the assembly members, supreme prefect was appointed by the king and county officials by the ban. Managing board of each county had 6 members elected by the county assembly, counties were divided into districts, while municipalities and cities were units of local self-government. Communist-ruled Croatia, as a constituent part of post-World War II Yugoslavia, međimurje County was established in the eponymous region acquired through the 1920 Treaty of Trianon
Counties of Croatia
–
Bjelovar-Križevci
Counties of Croatia
Counties of Croatia
–
Virovitica
9.
Vukovar-Syrmia County
–
Vukovar-Srijem County is the easternmost Croatian county. It includes the parts of the region of Slavonia and the western parts of the region of Syrmia, as well as the lower Sava river basin. The county seat is Vukovar, on Danube river, and the biggest town is Vinkovci with 33,328 inhabitants, the whole county has 204,768 inhabitants. Other notable towns include Ilok, Otok and Županja, the area of Vukovar has been inhabited since Neolithic times. It is a rich archaeological site, listed among the most important sites of southern Europe. Vukovar–Srijem County lies in the far part of Croatia, in the regions of eastern Slavonia. Total area of the county is 2,454 km2, two major rivers run through the county, the Danube and the Sava, and two smaller rivers, the Bosut and the Vuka. The Bosut is a tributary of the Sava river, while the Vuka is a tributary of the Danube, the Countys highest point is Čukala, on the Fruška Gora, at 294 meters, and its lowest point is on the Spačva River at 78 meters. Vukovar–Srijem County has a continental climate, with a yearly average of 11 °C. The County has an annual rainfall of 650 mm in the east. Vukovar–Srijem County borders Osijek-Baranja County in the northwest, Brod-Posavina County on the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina across the river Sava in the south, the Croatian Government has claims on the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar on the Danube river, which are under Serbian control. The population of Vukovar–Srijem County in the 2011 census was 179,521 inhabitants, according to the 2001 census, Croats with 160,227 people make up 78. 27% of the countys population, while the ethnic Serbs are the largest ethnic minority with 31,644. Other ethnic groups are Hungarians 2,047, Rusyns 1,796, Slovaks 1,338, one third of Serbs in the county lives in Vukovar, while municipalities of Borovo, Markušica, Negoslavci and Trpinja, have a Serb majority. The largest Hungarian community is in Tordinci, for Rusyns is Bogdanovci, Serbs form majority of population in municipalities Negoslavci-97. 19%, Markušica-90. 10%, Trpinja-89. 75% and Borovo-89. 73%. Outside of these municipalities Serbs form majority in villages Banovci, Vinkovački Banovci, Orolik, Srijemske Laze, Serbian minority communities live in Vukovar, Mirkovci, Tovarnik, Stari Jankovci, Novi Jankovci, Ilok, Bogdanovci, Tompojevci and Vinkovci. There are 12 elementary schools with 8 additional brunch schools and 4 secondary schools in the county that offer education in Serbian language, many Serbian minority organizations have headquarters in the county. There is a school in Korog that offers education in the Hungarian language. The oldest mosque in Croatia in continuous use is located in the village of Gunja in this county, Vukovar-Srijem County has 85 settlements, and it is divided into 5 towns and 26 municipalities
Vukovar-Syrmia County
–
Church of St. Nicholas, Vukovar
Vukovar-Syrmia County
–
Flag
Vukovar-Syrmia County
–
changes in population by municipalities in census of 2011 in comparison to the 2001 census
10.
HDZ
–
The Croatian Democratic Union is a conservative political party and the main centre-right political party in Croatia. It is one of the two major political parties in Croatia, along with the centre-left Social Democratic Party. It is currently the largest party in the Sabor with 56 seats, the HDZ ruled Croatia from 1990 after the country gained independence from Yugoslavia until 2000 and, in coalition with junior partners, from 2003 to 2011 as well as since 2016. The party is a member of the European Peoples Party, the HDZ was founded on 17 June 1989 by Croatian dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman. It was officially registered on 25 January 1990, the HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Franjo Tuđman was elected its president. When the party was founded, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia just introduced a multi-party system in Croatia, President Tuđman and other HDZ officials traveled abroad and gathered large financial contributions from Croatian expatriates. On the eve of the 1990 parliamentary elections, the ruling League of Communists of Croatia saw such tendencies within the HDZ as an opportunity to remain in power. May 30,1990 - the day the HDZ formally took power - was later celebrated as Statehood Day, the presidential elections followed in 1992 and Tuđman, who would remain as undisputed party leader until his death in 1999, was elected president. The party ruled Croatia throughout the 1990s and under its leadership, Croatia became independent, was internationally recognized, during that period, the HDZ won both the 1992 and 1995 parliamentary elections. As it strongly advocated Croatian independence, the HDZ was quite unpopular with the Serb minority and this was one of the factors contributing to the creation of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the subsequent armed conflict in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, the policies of Tuđman and the HDZ shifted according to the circumstances, the HDZ also began to lead Croatia toward political and economic transition from communism to capitalism. Notably, HDZ governments implemented privatization in the country, in a manner that critics consider sub-optimal, according to the HDZ, this process proved a useful distraction from dealing with the baggage of post World War II communist nationalizations. This model was widely abused, not only by the HDZ, not all of the nationalized property was dealt with in this way. The property of those who could lobby the HDZ, or who had influence in Croatian politics, was returned without much delay. Restitution for land seized during the break-up of Yugoslavia is still of great public concern, all this, together with Tuđmans death in December 1999, affected the 2000 parliamentary elections. This period proved to be a low point for the HDZ and those included Mate Granić, who, together with Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, left to form the centre-right Democratic Centre. The HDZ began to recover when the International Criminal Tribunal began to prosecute Croatian Army commanders, popular discontent manifested itself in mass rallies as the public came to terms with the changes in the party and its policies. This tendency continued when the Croatian Social Liberal Party shifted rightwards, at first it looked that Sanader would lose, but with the help of Branimir Glavaš and the tacit support of liberal sections of Croatian public opinion, he won at the party convention
HDZ
–
Franjo Tuđman, former
Croatian President and HDZ Founder
HDZ
–
Croatian Democratic Union Hrvatska demokratska zajednica
HDZ
–
Ivo Sanader, president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 2000 - 2009
HDZ
–
Jadranka Kosor, president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 2009 until 2012
11.
Croatian Democratic Union
–
The Croatian Democratic Union is a conservative political party and the main centre-right political party in Croatia. It is one of the two major political parties in Croatia, along with the centre-left Social Democratic Party. It is currently the largest party in the Sabor with 56 seats, the HDZ ruled Croatia from 1990 after the country gained independence from Yugoslavia until 2000 and, in coalition with junior partners, from 2003 to 2011 as well as since 2016. The party is a member of the European Peoples Party, the HDZ was founded on 17 June 1989 by Croatian dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman. It was officially registered on 25 January 1990, the HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Franjo Tuđman was elected its president. When the party was founded, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia just introduced a multi-party system in Croatia, President Tuđman and other HDZ officials traveled abroad and gathered large financial contributions from Croatian expatriates. On the eve of the 1990 parliamentary elections, the ruling League of Communists of Croatia saw such tendencies within the HDZ as an opportunity to remain in power. May 30,1990 - the day the HDZ formally took power - was later celebrated as Statehood Day, the presidential elections followed in 1992 and Tuđman, who would remain as undisputed party leader until his death in 1999, was elected president. The party ruled Croatia throughout the 1990s and under its leadership, Croatia became independent, was internationally recognized, during that period, the HDZ won both the 1992 and 1995 parliamentary elections. As it strongly advocated Croatian independence, the HDZ was quite unpopular with the Serb minority and this was one of the factors contributing to the creation of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the subsequent armed conflict in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina. However, the policies of Tuđman and the HDZ shifted according to the circumstances, the HDZ also began to lead Croatia toward political and economic transition from communism to capitalism. Notably, HDZ governments implemented privatization in the country, in a manner that critics consider sub-optimal, according to the HDZ, this process proved a useful distraction from dealing with the baggage of post World War II communist nationalizations. This model was widely abused, not only by the HDZ, not all of the nationalized property was dealt with in this way. The property of those who could lobby the HDZ, or who had influence in Croatian politics, was returned without much delay. Restitution for land seized during the break-up of Yugoslavia is still of great public concern, all this, together with Tuđmans death in December 1999, affected the 2000 parliamentary elections. This period proved to be a low point for the HDZ and those included Mate Granić, who, together with Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, left to form the centre-right Democratic Centre. The HDZ began to recover when the International Criminal Tribunal began to prosecute Croatian Army commanders, popular discontent manifested itself in mass rallies as the public came to terms with the changes in the party and its policies. This tendency continued when the Croatian Social Liberal Party shifted rightwards, at first it looked that Sanader would lose, but with the help of Branimir Glavaš and the tacit support of liberal sections of Croatian public opinion, he won at the party convention
Croatian Democratic Union
–
Franjo Tuđman, former
Croatian President and HDZ Founder
Croatian Democratic Union
–
Ivo Sanader, president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 2000 - 2009
Croatian Democratic Union
–
Jadranka Kosor, president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 2009 until 2012
Croatian Democratic Union
–
Tomislav Karamarko, president of the HDZ from 2012
12.
Croatian Conservative Party
–
The Croatian Conservative Party is a conservative political party in Croatia. It is led by Ruža Tomašić, a Member of the European Parliament and it was founded on 20 November 2014. It joined the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists in May 2015 and its sole MEP has been a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists since the partys foundation
Croatian Conservative Party
–
Croatian Conservative Party
13.
Social Democratic Party of Croatia
–
The Social Democratic Party of Croatia is a social-democratic political party and the largest party of the Croatian centre-left. The SDP is one of the two political parties in Croatia, along with the right-wing Croatian Democratic Union. The party first won the elections in 2000 and formed a government headed by Ivica Račan. After losing the 2003 general election, the party remained in opposition for eight years, in 2011 parliamentary election SDP won 61 out of 151 seats in the Croatian Parliament, and managed to form 12th Croatian Government with its partners from the Kukuriku coalition. After SDP and its coalition partners failed to achieve agreement on forming new government following 2015 general election, former SDP member and presidential candidate Ivo Josipović served as the third President of Croatia from 2010 to 2015. Another SDP member, Neven Mimica is the current European Commissioner for International Cooperation, the SDP is a member of the Party of European Socialists, Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats, Progressive Alliance, and the Socialist International. The SDP was established on 3 November 1990 by the democratic faction of the former League of Communists of Croatia. At the same time Croatia was preparing for its first multi-party election following the decision made by SKH in December 1989 which envisioned elections in April, in February 1990 the SR Croatia parliament adopted amendments to the constitution which enabled a multi-party system. On 3 November 1990 the party was established in its current form. In 1993 the party re-branded themselves again and changed their name to the Social Democratic Party, in 1990, a parallel Social Democratic Party of Croatia was founded. It was later renamed to the Social Democrats of Croatia, in the first Croatian parliamentary election,1990, SDSH joined the centrist Coalition of Peoples Accord and fared badly, winning only 21 out of 351 seats. However, its position was enough to warrant ministerial posts in the national unity government of Franjo Gregurić which was in power from July 1991 to August 1992. However, its two ministers Bosiljko Mišetić and Zvonimir Baletić defected to the conservative Croatian Democratic Union soon after their appointment, before the 1992 parliamentary and presidential elections, SDSH was involved in bitter dispute with the SDP over its rebranding into the Social Democratic Party of Croatia. SDSH claimed that its name was stolen, the election showed SDP to be much stronger party than SDSH, which failed to win parliament seats. At the same time, SDSH leader Antun Vujić finished last in the 1992 presidential race and this ultimately led to SDSH and SDP patching their differences and former being incorporated into the latter in April 1994. In August 1998 SDP and HSLS leaders Ivica Račan and Dražen Budiša signed a coalition agreement, the SDP-HSLS coalition won the election with 38. 7% of the vote and 71 out of 151 seats. SDP and HSLS then formed a six-way centre-left coalition government along with the Croatian Peasant Party, the Liberal Party, Croatian Peoples Party, Račan, as the leader of the strongest party, became Prime Minister in the first Račan cabinet. This period was marred with constant disagreements among members on various issues
Social Democratic Party of Croatia
–
Ivica Račan, founder of SDP and Croatia's Prime Minister from January 2000 to December 2003.
Social Democratic Party of Croatia
–
Social Democratic Party of Croatia Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske
Social Democratic Party of Croatia
–
Ivo Josipović, President of Croatia 2010-2015.
Social Democratic Party of Croatia
–
Zoran Milanović, head of SDP and 10th Prime Minister of Croatia
14.
Urban area
–
An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
–
Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
–
Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
–
Rosario Mendoza
15.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
Daylight saving time
–
Ancient
water clock that lets hour lengths vary with season.
Daylight saving time
–
G. V. Hudson invented modern DST, proposing it first in 1895.
Daylight saving time
–
Retailers generally favor DST.
United Cigar Stores hailed a 1918 DST bill.
Daylight saving time
–
William Willett independently proposed DST in 1907 and advocated it tirelessly.
16.
Central European Summer Time
–
It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
Central European Summer Time
–
light blue
17.
Vehicle registration plate
–
A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate or a license plate, is metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes. The registration identifier is a numeric or alphanumeric ID that uniquely identifies the owner within the issuing regions database. The first two letters indicate the state to which the vehicle is registered, the next two digit numbers are the sequential number of a district. Due to heavy volume of vehicle registration, the numbers were given to the RTO offices of registration as well, the third part indicates the year of registration of the vehicle and is a 4 digit number unique to each plate. In some countries, the identifier is unique within the entire country, whether the identifier is associated with a vehicle or a person also varies by issuing agency. In the vast majority of jurisdictions, the government holds a monopoly on the manufacturing of vehicle registration plates for that jurisdiction. Thus, it is illegal for private citizens to make and affix their own plates. Alternately, the government will merely assign plate numbers, and it is the owners responsibility to find an approved private supplier to make a plate with that number. In some jurisdictions, plates will be assigned to that particular vehicle for its lifetime. If the vehicle is destroyed or exported to a different country. Other jurisdictions follow a policy, meaning that when a vehicle is sold the seller removes the current plate from the vehicle. Buyers must either obtain new plates or attach plates they already hold, as well as register their vehicles under the buyers name, a person who sells a car and then purchases a new one can apply to have the old plates put onto the new car. One who sells a car and does not buy a new one may, depending on the laws involved, have to turn the old plates in or destroy them. Some jurisdictions permit the registration of the vehicle with personal plates, in some jurisdictions, plates require periodic replacement, often associated with a design change of the plate itself. Vehicle owners may or may not have the option to keep their original plate number, alternately, or additionally, vehicle owners have to replace a small decal on the plate or use a decal on the windshield to indicate the expiration date of the vehicle registration. Plates are usually fixed directly to a vehicle or to a frame that is fixed to the vehicle. Sometimes, the plate frames contain advertisements inserted by the service centre or the dealership from which the vehicle was purchased. Vehicle owners can also purchase customized frames to replace the original frames, in some jurisdictions licence plate frames are illegal
Vehicle registration plate
–
Some
jurisdictions license non-traditional vehicles, such as
golf carts, particularly on on-road vehicles, such as this one in
Put-in-Bay, Ohio.
Vehicle registration plate
–
Burkina passenger plate
Vehicle registration plate
–
Burkina Faso Gendarmerie plate
Vehicle registration plate
–
Botswana plate
18.
Vuka (river)
–
Vuka is a river in eastern Croatia, a right tributary of the Danube river. At 112 kilometres, it is the 13th longest river flowing through Croatia, the river is located in Vukovar-Srijem County, in the Slavonia region. It empties into the Danube at the town of Vukovar, which got its name from the river, the ancient name of Pannonian Illyrians for Vuka was Volcos
Vuka (river)
–
Vukovar, place where Vuka empties into the
Danube
Vuka (river)
–
Sava
19.
Danube
–
The Danube is Europes second-longest river, after the Volga River, and also the longest river in the European Union region. It is located in Central and Eastern Europe, the Danube was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire, and today flows through 10 countries, more than any other river in the world. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries, the Latin name Dānuvius is one of a number of Old European river names derived from a Proto-Indo-European *dānu. Other river names from the root include the Dunajec, Dzvina/Daugava, Don, Donets, Dnieper, Dniestr. In Rigvedic Sanskrit, dānu means fluid, drop, in Avestan, in the Rigveda, Dānu once appears as the mother of Vrtra. Known to the ancient Greeks as the Istros a borrowing from a Daco-Thracian name meaning strong, in Latin, the Danube was variously known as Danubius, Danuvius or as Ister. The Dacian/Thracian name was Donaris for the upper Danube and Istros for the lower Danube, the Thraco-Phrygian name was Matoas, the bringer of luck. The Latin name is masculine, as are all its Slavic names, the German Donau is feminine, as it has been re-interpreted as containing the suffix -ouwe wetland. Classified as a waterway, it originates in the town of Donaueschingen, in the Black Forest of Germany, at the confluence of the rivers Brigach. The Danube then flows southeast for about 2,800 km, passing through four capital cities before emptying into the Black Sea via the Danube Delta in Romania and its drainage basin extends into nine more. The highest point of the basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at the Italy–Switzerland border. The land drained by the Danube extends into other countries. Many Danubian tributaries are important rivers in their own right, navigable by barges, from its source to its outlet into the Black Sea, its main tributaries are, The Danube flows through many cities, including four national capitals, more than any other river in the world. Danube remains a mountain river until Passau, with average bottom gradient 0. 0012%. Middle Section, From Devín Gate to Iron Gate, at the border of Serbia and Romania, the riverbed widens and the average bottom gradient becomes only 0. 00006%. Lower Section, From Iron Gate to Sulina, with average gradient as little as 0. 00003%, about 60 of its tributaries are also navigable. In 1994 the Danube was declared one of ten Pan-European transport corridors, routes in Central, the amount of goods transported on the Danube increased to about 100 million tons in 1987. In 1999, transport on the river was difficult by the NATO bombing of three bridges in Serbia during the Kosovo War
Danube
–
Danube in
Vienna
Danube
–
The Danube discharges into the
Black Sea.
Danube
–
Where the Danube Meets the
Black Sea (
NASA Goddard image).
Danube
–
The confluence of the
Sava into the Danube at
Belgrade. Pictured from
Belgrade Fortress,
Serbia
20.
Hungarian language
–
Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is spoken by communities of Hungarian people in neighbouring countries. Like Finnish and Estonian, it belongs to the Uralic language family, its closest relatives being Mansi and it is one of several European languages not part of the Indo-European languages, and the most widely-spoken European language that does not belong to the Indo-European family. The Hungarian name for the language is magyar or magyar nyelv, the word Magyar is used as an English and Hungarian word to refer to Hungarian people as an ethnic group. Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family, the name of Hungary could be a result of regular sound changes of Ungrian/Ugrian, and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Hungarians as Ǫgry/Ǫgrove seemed to confirm that. Current literature favors the hypothesis that it comes from the name of the Turkic tribe Onogur, there are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian /aː/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, for example, Hungarian ház house vs. Khanty xot house, and Hungarian száz hundred vs. Khanty sot hundred. The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular, during the later half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Hungarian. Following an academic debate known as Az ugor-török háború, the Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder of the two, foremost based on work by the German linguist Josef Budenz. The traditional view argues that the Hungarian language separated from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium b. c. e. in western Siberia, east of the southern Urals. The Hungarians gradually changed their lifestyle from settled hunters to nomadic pastoralists, in Hungarian, Iranian loans date back to the time immediately following the breakup of Ugric and probably span well over a millennium. Among these include tehén ‘cow’, tíz ‘ten’, tej ‘milk’, increasing archaeological evidence from present-day southern Bashkortostan found in the previous decades confirms the existence of Hungarian settlements between the Volga River and Ural Mountains. The Onogurs later had a influence on the language, especially between the 5th-9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied, and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic, e. g. borjú ‘calf’, dél ‘noon, many words related to agriculture, to state administration or even to family relations have such backgrounds. Hungarian syntax and grammar were not influenced in a dramatic way during these 300 years. After the arrival of the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin the language came into contact with different speech communities, Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the Pechenegs and Cumanians who settled in Hungary during the 12th-13th centuries, e. g. koboz ‘cobza’, komondor ‘mop dog’. Hungarian borrowed many words from especially the neighbouring Slavic languages, in exchange, these languages also borrowed words from Hungarian, e. g. Serbo-Croatian ašov from Hung ásó ‘spade’. Approximately 1. 6% of the Romanian lexicon is of Hungarian origin, on the basis of the growing genetic evidence, the accepted origin theory is contested by geneticists too
Hungarian language
–
Hungarian keyboard
Hungarian language
Hungarian language
–
Funeral Sermon and Prayer, 12th century
Hungarian language
–
A page from the first book written completely in Hungarian from 1533
21.
Sotin
–
Sotin is a village in eastern Croatia, located a few kilometers southeast of Vukovar by the Danube. It is administratively part of the city of Vukovar, and its population is 782, the post code for Sotin is 32232 Sotin. During the Croatian War of Independence,32 residents of Sotin were killed, in April 2013, the second mass grave was found in the village. It contained ten bodies transferred from the grave containing the three other bodies to a village slaughterhouse pit where animal bones were disposed of at the time. The move was made in 1997 in order to hide the bodies better, all thirteen, whose remains were found in the two graves, were killed on 26 December 1991. Two other mass graves were previously, one at the Catholic graveyard in the village
Sotin
–
Sotin map
22.
SFR Yugoslavia
–
Covering an area of 255,804 km², the SFRY was bordered with Italy to the west, Hungary to the north, Bulgaria and Romania to the east and Albania and Greece to the south. In addition, it included two autonomous provinces within Serbia, Kosovo and Vojvodina, the SFRY traces back to 29 June 1943 when the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed during World War II. On 29 November 1945, the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia was proclaimed after the deposal of King Peter II thus ending the monarchy. Following the death of Tito on 4 May 1980, rising ethnic nationalism in the late 1980s led to dissidence among the multiple ethnicities within the constituent republics. This led to the federation collapsing along the borders, followed by the final downfall and breakup of the federation on 27 April 1992. The term former Yugoslavia is now commonly used retrospectively, the name Yugoslavia, an Anglicised transcription of Jugoslavija, is a composite word made-up of jug and slavija. The Serbo-Croatian, Slovene and Macedonian word jug means south, while slavija denotes a land of the Slavs, thus, a translation of Jugoslavija would be South-Slavia or Land of the South Slavs. The term is intended to denote the lands occupied by the six South Slavic nations, Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Slovenes, the full official name of the federation varied significantly between 1945 and 1992. Yugoslavia was formed in 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, the name deliberately left the republic-or-kingdom question open. In 1963, amid pervasive liberal constitutional reforms, the name Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was introduced, the state is most commonly referred to by the latter name, which it held for the longest period of all. The most common abbreviation is SFRY, though SFR Yugoslavia was also used in an official capacity, particularly by the media. On 6 April 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded by the Axis powers led by Nazi Germany, by 17 April 1941, Yugoslav resistance was soon established in two forms, the Royal Yugoslav Army and the Yugoslav Partisans. The Partisan supreme commander was Josip Broz Tito, and under his command the movement soon began establishing liberated territories which attracted the attentions of the occupying forces. The coalition of parties, factions, and prominent individuals behind the movement was the Peoples Liberation Front. The Front formed a political body, the Anti-Fascist Council for the Peoples Liberation of Yugoslavia. The AVNOJ, which met for the first time in Partisan-liberated Bihać on 26 November 1942, during 1943, the Yugoslav Partisans began attracting serious attention from the Germans. In two major operations of Fall Weiss and Fall Schwartz, the Axis attempted to stamp-out the Yugoslav resistance once, on both occasions, despite heavy casualties, the Group succeeded in evading the trap and retreating to safety. The Partisans emerged stronger than before and now occupied a significant portion of Yugoslavia
SFR Yugoslavia
–
U.S.-Yugoslavia summit, 1978
SFR Yugoslavia
–
Flag
SFR Yugoslavia
–
The parliament building of
Bosnia and Herzegovina burns amid the
Yugoslav wars.
SFR Yugoslavia
–
Vukovar water tower during the
Siege of Vukovar. The tower came to symbolize the town's resistance to Serb forces.
23.
Vera, Croatia
–
Vera is a village in Croatia, municipality Trpinja, Vukovar-Srijem County. They were fleeing from the Ottoman Empire conquest to preserve their faith, a local proverb goes Bobe suffer for faith, Bobota was named after Bobe, Trpinja after trpiti, and Vera from vera. Branch school of Elementary school Bobota is located in Vera, education at local schools is implemented in Serbian language. The first school in Vera was opened in 1789, NK Hajduk Vera, football club Trpinja municipality
Vera, Croatia
–
Vera Вера (
Serbian)
24.
Borovo, Croatia
–
Borovo, locally known as Borovo selo, is a village and an eponymous municipality in Vukovar-Srijem County in eastern Croatia. The municipality is located on the Danube river, the second longest European river, the municipality has a total area of 28 km2. The territory of the municipality is almost completely flat, very fertile black soil, Borovo is closely related with neighboring Vukovar, to which it is physically connected. It is connected by the D519 highway to the rest of country, Borovo Municipality has been inhabited since the Stone Age. In the younger Iron Age this region was settled by the Celts, during Roman times, several villages and the only crossing over the Danube in the empire existed in this area. Around 1540 Borovo was populated by Serbs who originated from the upper Drina, the Church of St Stephen the Archdeacon was built between 1761 and 1764. Borovo became an important regional center during the existence of Yugoslavia. In the period between the two wars, Bata Shoes opened one of their major factories in Borovo. In 1935 Borovo even included and airfield and Yugoslav airliner Aeroput connected the town with flights to Belgrade. After the collapse of Yugoslavia, a part of the local industry also collapsed. The town have one of the three Serbian radio stations in the region called Radio Borovo, in 1991, Borovo became the site of the Borovo Selo killings. Borovo has a population of 5,056, with 89. 73% of the population of Serb ethnicity, Serbian Language and Serbian Cyrillic alphabet is official language in the municipality Borovo along with the Croatian language. Local councillor, or a citizen have the right to get all materials bilingual and in the font for. Equal public use of Serbian language is required on the basis of European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, Borovo municipality is one of seven member municipalities of Joint Council of Municipalities, inter-municipal sui generis organization of Serbian community in eastern Croatia. The municipality assembly is composed of 15 representatives, assembly filled in by members of the electoral lists that win more than 5% of votes. Elementary School in Borovo began with teaching assignments in 1853, in 1936, the new building was officially opened as the State Folk School of Knight King Alexander First Unifier. At that time, this school was the largest in Vukovar, after World War II the schools name was changed to Božidar Maslarić Elementary School. Following the Erdut Agreement, the changed its name again in 1997 and is known simply as Elementary School Borovo
Borovo, Croatia
–
Borovo Борово (
Serbian)
Borovo, Croatia
–
Danube in Borovo
Borovo, Croatia
–
Church of St. Stephen, Borovo
Borovo, Croatia
–
Borovo on map of
Syrmia County from 1900
25.
Ilok
–
Ilok is the easternmost town and municipality in northeastern Croatia, in Slavonia. Located in the Syrmia region, it lies on a hill overlooking the Danube river, the population of the town of Ilok is 5,072, while the total municipality population is 6,767. The town is home to a Franciscan monastery and Ilok Castle, in Croatian, the town is known as Ilok, in German as Illok, in Hungarian as Újlak and in Turkish as Uyluk. In Hungarian language Újlak means new dwelling or lodge, the area of present-day Ilok was populated since the neolithic and Bronze Ages. The Romans settled there in the 1st or 2nd century and built Cuccium, the Slavs settled here in the 6th century, and the Croats arrived here probably after the collapse of the second Avar Khanate. The area was ruled by the Bulgarian Empire, until it was included into the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. In 12th and 13th centuries the market-town of Ilok was mentioned in documents under various names, at the end of the 13th century, Hungarian kings gave the Vylak castrum to the powerful Csák noble family. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Ilok was a capital of the semi-independent medieval state of Upper Syrmia ruled by Ugrin Csák, nicholas of Ilok was the Ban of All Slavonia from 1457-63, and his son, Laurence was a duke of Syrmia from 1477 to 1524. Since 1526, the town was under Ottoman rule, during this time, it was mainly populated by Muslims. In 1566-69, Ilok had 238 Muslim and 27 Christian houses, in 1572, it had 386 Muslim, and 18 Christian houses. In 1669, the population of Ilok numbered 1,160 houses and it was kaza centre in Sanjak of Syrmia. Habsburg army firstly occupied Ilok in 1688, but Ottomans recaptured it in 1690, in 1697, Habsburg army definitively retook Ilok from the Ottomans and the Muslim population fled. During the Habsburg rule, Ilok belonged to the Kingdom of Slavonia, between 1849-68, the Kingdom of Slavonia was completely separate Habsburg crownland, and in 1868 it was joined with the Kingdom of Croatia to form the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Ilok was a capital in the Syrmia County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. In 1918, Ilok first became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, from 1929-39, Ilok was part of the Danube Banovina and, from 1939-41, of the Banovina of Croatia within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Between 1941-44, during the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, it belonged to the Independent State of Croatia, from 1945 onward, it was part of the Peoples Republic of Croatia within Socialist Yugoslavia. Between 1991-95, Ilok was part of the Republic of Serb Krajina, the area was peacefully reintegrated into Croatia in 1998, with the exception of the islands of Vukovar and Šarengrad, which are part of Serbia. Ethnic groups in the Ilok municipality,76. 68% Croats 13. 82% Slovaks 06. 49% Serbs 01. 15% Hungarians Vukovar-Srijem County Vojvodina Official website
Ilok
–
View of Ilok from city's fortress
Ilok
–
Ilok Castle
26.
Tovarnik
–
Tovarnik is a municipality in the Vukovar-Syrmia County in Croatia next to the border with Serbia. According to the 2001 census, there are 2,775 inhabitants,91. 06% which are Croats, the municipality is part of Syrmia. It is the birthplace of great Croatian poet Antun Gustav Matoš, the municipality is located in historical regions of Syrmia. The total area of the municipality is 64.56 km2, the territory of the municipality is completely flat with very fertile black soil. Tovarnik municipality has a warm and rainy continental climate as defined by the Köppen climate classification. Due to the influence of continentality temperature differences within one year are more pronounced than in the rest of country, also, parts of the Croatia-Serbia border are known minefields, which represent a considerable threat. According to the Croatian Minister of Interior Ranko Ostojić, police in the area have enough people, Croatian President Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović and First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna Pusić have so far rejected the option of building a fence along the Croatian border with Serbia. Croatian Prime Minister Zoran Milanović said his country is ready to help refugees coming to Europe, on 15 September 2015, Croatia started to experience the first major waves of refugees of the Syrian Civil War. First Syrian refugees cross Croatia-Serbia border, carving out potential new route through Europe after Hungary seals borders, thousands of migrants were subsequently led to pursue alternative routes through Croatia from Serbia. After Hungary closed its border with Serbia on September 15, migrants headed towards the Serbian town of Šid, on September 17 at 3,30 AM, more than 5,000 migrants have arrived in Tovarnik. Since the number of refugees is rising and expected to peak at 20,000, Interior Minister Ranko Ostojić said Croatia is absolutely full by the evening of 17 September 2015, and Croatia decided to close its border with Serbia. Antun Gustav Matoš Vojislav Stanimirović The settlements of Ilača and Tovarnik comprise the Tovarnik municipality
Tovarnik
–
Tovarnik
Tovarnik
–
Passport stamp from the border with Serbia.
Tovarnik
Tovarnik
27.
Bata Shoes
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Bata is a family-owned global footwear and fashion accessory manufacturer and retailer with acting headquarters located in Lausanne, Switzerland. The T. & A. Baťa Shoe Company was founded on the 24th of August 1894 in Zlín by Tomáš Baťa, his brother Antonín and his sister Anna, whose family had been cobblers for generations. The company employed 10 full-time employees with a work schedule and a regular weekly wage. In the summer of 1895, Tomáš found himself facing financial difficulties, to overcome these serious setbacks, Tomáš decided to sew shoes from canvas instead of leather. This type of shoe became popular and helped the company grow to 50 employees. Four years later, Bata installed its first steam-driven machines, beginning a period of rapid modernisation, in 1904, Tomáš read a newspaper article about some machines being made in America. Therefore, he took three workers and journeyed to Lynn, a city outside Boston, in order to study. After six months Tomáš returned to Zlin and he introduced mechanized production techniques allowed the Bata Shoe Company to become one of the first mass producers of shoes in Europe. Its first mass product, the “Batovky, ” was a leather and textile shoe for working people that was notable for its simplicity, style, light weight and its success helped fuel the company’s growth. After Antonins death in 1908, Tomas brought two of his brothers, Jan and Bohuš, into the business. Initial export sales and the first ever sales agencies began in Germany in 1909, followed by the Balkans, Bata shoes were considered to be excellent quality, and were available in more styles than had ever been offered before. By 1912, Bata was employing 600 full-time workers, plus several hundred who worked out of their homes in neighbouring villages. In 1914, with the outbreak of World War I, the company had a significant development due to military orders, from 1914 to 1918 the number of Baťa’s employees increased ten times. The company opened its own stores in Zlín, Prague, Liberec, Vienna and Pilsen, in the global economic slump that followed World War I, the newly created country of Czechoslovakia was particularly hard hit. With its currency devalued by 75%, demand for products dropped, production was cut back, Tomáš Baťa responded to the crisis by cutting the price of Bata shoes in half. The company’s workers agreed to a temporary 40 percent reduction in wages, in turn, Bata provided food, clothing and he also introduced one of the first initiatives, transforming all employees into associates with a shared interest in the companys success. Consumer response to the drop was dramatic. While most competitors were forced to close because of the crisis in demand between 1923 and 1925, Bata was expanding as demand for the inexpensive shoes grew rapidly, the Bata Shoe Company increased production and hired more workers
Bata Shoes
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Tomáš, Antonín and their sister Anna Baťa
Bata Shoes
Bata Shoes
Bata Shoes
28.
Vinkovci
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Vinkovci is a city in Slavonia, in the Vukovar-Srijem County in eastern Croatia. In the 2011 census, the population of the city was 35,312. Surrounded by many villages, it is a local transport hub. The area around Vinkovci has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. The Romans named the town Colonia Aurelia Cibalae, most likely during the reign of emperor Caracalla and it was the birthplace of Roman emperors Valentinian I and Valens. The Roman thermal bath is still preserved underground, along several other Roman buildings located near the center of todays Vinkovci. The 4th century Battle of Cibalae, between the armies of Constantine I and Licinius, was fought nearby, from 1526 to 1687 it was part of the Ottoman Empire, administratively located in Sirem sanjak within the Budin Eyalet. It was captured by the Habsburg Empire in 1687, which was confirmed by the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Until 1918, Vinkovci was part of the Austrian monarchy, in the Slavonian Military Frontier, under the administration of the Brooder Grenz-Infanterie-Regiment N°VII until 1881, in the late 19th and early 20th century, Vinkovci was a district capital in the Syrmia County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia. From 1941 to 1945, Vinkovci was part of the Independent State of Croatia, from 17 April 1944 the city was heavily bombed by the Allies due to its important position in transportation. Vinkovci Synagogue was among the largest and the most prestigious synagogues in Croatia and it was destroyed by the government in 1941-42. The city and its surroundings were gravely impacted by the 1991–95 Croatian War of Independence. The city was close to the front lines between the forces of Croatia and the rebel Serbs, but it managed to avoid the fate of nearby Vukovar, the eastern sections of the town were substantially damaged by shelling, and the nearby village of Cerić was almost completely destroyed. The Church of Pentecost was dynamited by local Croatian forces as retaliation after rebel Serbs forces severely damaged the local Catholic rectory, the Croatian Ground Army has stationed the headquarters of its Armored-Mechanized Guard Brigade at Vinkovci barracks. The current brigade was formed in 2007 and it incorporated two former guards brigades as well as other units formed in the 1990s during the war of independence. Vinkovci is located in the part of the Slavonia region,19 km southwest of Vukovar,24 km north of Županja and 43 km south of Osijek. The city lies in a flatland on the Bosut river, at an elevation of approx,90 metres, and has a mild continental climate. Vinkovci is also part of the subregion of Syrmia
Vinkovci
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Vinkovci
Vinkovci
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Seal
Vinkovci
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Vinkovci Grad Vinkovci
Vinkovci
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Osijek
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Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 108,048 in 2011. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, Osijek is located on the right bank of the river Drava,25 kilometres upstream of its confluence with the Danube, at an elevation of 94 metres. The name was given to the city due to its position on elevated ground which prevented the city being flooded by the swamp waters. Its name Osijek comes from the Croatian word oseka which means ebb tide, the origins of human habitation of Osijek dates back to Neolithic times, with the first known inhabitants belonging to the Illyrians and later invading Celtic tribes. Roman emperor Hadrian raised the old settlement of Mursa to a colony with special privileges in 131 and these battles, especially the latter one, had long-term consequences for the colony and the region which was already under ever-increasing pressure from the invading Goths and other invading tribes. The earliest recorded mention of Osijek dates back to 1196, the town was a feudal property of Kórógyi family between 1353 and 1472. After the death of the last Kórógyi, King Mathias granted it to the Rozgonyi family, the city was almost completely destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors on 8 August 1526. The Turks rebuilt it in Ottoman oriental style and it was mentioned in the Turkish census of 1579, in 1566, Suleiman the Magnificent built a famous,8 kilometer-long wooden bridge of boats in Osijek, considered at that time to be one of the wonders of the world. In Ottoman Empire Osijek was part of the Budin Eyalet, following the Battle of Mohács in 1687, Osijek was liberated by the Habsburg Monarchy on 29 September 1687. Osijek was restored to rule on 29 September 1687 when the Turks were ousted. Between 1712 and 1715, the Austrian authorities built a new fortress, outer walls and all five planned bastions known as Tvrđa, in the heart of the town. Holy Trinity Square is surrounded on the north by the building of the Military Command, on the west by the Main Guard building, in the middle of the square there is a monument to the plague which was erected in 1729 by general Maximilian Petras widow. The Gornji Grad was founded in 1692 and Donji Grad followed on 1698 settled mostly by the inhabitants from swampy area of Baranja, Tvrđa, Gornji, and Donji grad continued as separate municipalities until 1786 when they were united into a single entity. In late 18th century it took over from Virovitica as the centre of the Verőce county, the Habsburg empire also facilitated the migration and settlement of German immigrants into the town and region during this period. In 1809, Osijek was granted the title of a Free Royal City, the city developed along the lines of other central European cities, with cultural, architectural and socio-economic influences filtering down from Vienna and Buda. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Osijek was the seat of the Virovitica County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, during the 19th century, cultural life mostly revolved around the theatre, museums, collections, and printing houses. City society, whose development was accompanied by an economy and developed trade relations, was related to religious festivals, public events, entertainment. The Novi Grad section of the city was built in the 19th century, the newest additions to the city include Sjenjak, Vijenac, Jug and Jug II, which were built in the twentieth century
Osijek
Osijek
Osijek
Croatia
Vukovar-Syrmia
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The Consulate General of Republic of Serbia in the city of Vukovar.[28]
