The Węgliniec–Roßlau (Elbe) railway is a mainline railway in Poland and the German states of Saxony, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt, originally built by the Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company and the Upper Lusatian Railway Company as part of the trunk line from Breslau to Magdeburg. It runs from Węgliniec via Niesky, Hoyerswerda, Falkenberg (Elster) and Wittenberg to Roßlau (Elbe). The line is sometimes called the Niederschlesische Gütermagistrale because it provides a direct connection from the province of Lower Silesia to Central Germany. The western section of the line is one of the oldest lines in Germany.

The Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company was a railway company in Prussia. The railway connection between Berlin and Köthen, built by the BAE, was one of the first long-distance railways in Germany.