1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
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New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
4.
Penguin Random House
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Penguin Random House is a company formed by the merger of book publishers Random House, and Penguin Group. Penguin Random House markets itself as the worlds first truly global trade book publisher, Penguin Random House comprises the adult and children’s fiction and nonfiction print and digital trade book publishing businesses of Penguin and Random House in the U. S. U. K. Penguin Random House employs more than 10,000 people globally across five continents and it comprises almost 250 editorially and creatively independent imprints and publishing houses that collectively publish more than 15,000 new titles annually. Its publishing lists include more than 70 Nobel Prize laureates and hundreds of the world’s most widely read authors, the creation of the company has been referred to as the publishing industrys response to the increasing dominance of Amazon. com in the book market. PRH relaunched Book Country, Penguins languishing online unit in July 2013 and this buttresses the existing Universal subsidiary Focus Features deal with Random House Films. Haines would report to PRH Children’s managing director, Francesca Dow, in November 2015, Pearson announced that it would rebrand and completely focus on its education division. Pearson will likely sell its share in Penguin Random House, though Pearson CEO John Fallon estimates that the company will wait until at least 2017, DK was founded in London in 1974 and is a leading reference publisher focusing on highly visual non-fiction for adults and children. Imprints under DK include Alpha, Prima Games and Rough Guides, Alpha Books produces the Complete Idiots Guides, Prima Games publishes video game strategy guides, and Rough Guides publishes travel guides. As of 2015 DK also has a number of official publishing relationships with Angry Birds, Lego, Marvel, Crown Publishing was founded in 1933 as the Outlet Book Company and became the nations leading remainder house but is now a publisher of fiction and narrative non-fiction. Amphoto Books is a publisher of photography books, broadway books was founded in 1996 as part of Bantam Doubleday Dell and is the now the paperback imprint of Crown. Clarkson Potter is a publisher and includes cookbooks, illustrated gift books. Crown Archetype is a publisher of pop-culture titles, while Crown Business publishes business. Harmony Books focuses on self-help titles, hogarth is a partnership between Crown in the U. S. and Windus in the UK and the imprin focuses on new generation literary talent. Convergent, Image Catholic Books, Multnomah Books, and Waterbrook Multnomah, pam Krauss Books was founded in 1915 to focus on culinary, food and healthy sustainable lifestyles. Ten Speed Press which joined Crown in 2009 is a West Coast publisher of nonfiction, tim Duggan Books was founded in 2014 to and focuses on storytelling across genres. Watson Guptill was founded in 1937 but now as part of Ten Speed Press i publishes illustrated Art books. Imprints under Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group include Alfred A. Knopf, Doubleday, Pantheon, Schocken, Vintage Books, Anchor Books, Vintage Español, Black Lizard, Nan A. Talese and Everymans Library. Alfred A. Knopf was founded one hundred years ago in 1915 by Alfred A. Knopf, Sr
5.
John Wiley & Sons
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Founded in 1807, Wiley is also known for publishing For Dummies. As of 2015, the company had 4,900 employees, Wiley was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop in Manhattan. Wiley later shifted its focus to scientific, technical, and engineering subject areas, Charles Wileys son John took over the business when his father died in 1826. The firm was successively named Wiley, Lane & Co. then Wiley & Putnam, the company acquired its present name in 1876, when Johns second son William H. Wiley joined his brother Charles in the business. Through the 20th century, the company expanded its activities, the sciences. Since the establishment of the Nobel Prize in 1901, Wiley and its companies have published the works of more than 450 Nobel Laureates. Wiley in December 2010 opened an office in Dubai, to build on its business in the Middle East more effectively, the company has had an office in Beijing, China, since 2001, and China is now its sixth-largest market for STEM content. Wiley established publishing operations in India in 2006, and has established a presence in North Africa through sales contracts with academic institutions in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. On April 16,2012, the announced the establishment of Wiley Brasil Editora LTDA in São Paulo, Brazil. Wileys scientific, technical, and medical business was expanded by the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007. Through a backfile initiative completed in 2007,8.2 million pages of content have been made available online. Other major journals published include Angewandte Chemie, Advanced Materials, Hepatology, International Finance, launched commercially in 1999, Wiley InterScience provided online access to Wiley journals, major reference works, and books, including backfile content. Journals previously from Blackwell Publishing were available online from Blackwell Synergy until they were integrated into Wiley InterScience on June 30,2008, in December 2007, Wiley also began distributing its technical titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. On February 17,2012, Wiley announced the acquisition of Inscape Holdings Inc. which provides DISC assessments and training for interpersonal business skills. On August 13,2012, Wiley announced it entered into an agreement to sell all of its travel assets, including all of its interests in the Frommers brand. On October 2,2012, Wiley announced it would acquire Deltak edu, LLC, Deltak is expected to contribute solid growth to both Wileys Global Education business and Wiley overall. Seventh-generation members Jesse and Nate Wiley work in the companys Professional/Trade and Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly businesses, respectively. Wiley has been owned since 1962, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1995, its stock is traded under the symbols NYSE, JW. A and NYSE
6.
Penguin Classics
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Penguin Classics is an imprint published by Penguin Books, a subsidiary of Penguin Random House. They are published in varying editions throughout the world including in Australia, Canada, China, India, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The first Penguin Classic was E. V. Rieus translation of The Odyssey, published in 1946, Penguin Books has paid particular attention to the design of its books since recruiting German typographer Jan Tschichold in 1947. The early minimalist designs were modernised by Italian art director Germano Facetti, the new classics were known as Black Classics for their black covers, which also featured artwork appropriate to the topic and period of the work. This design was revised in 1985 to have pale yellow covers with a spine, colour-coded with a small mark to indicate language. In 2002, Penguin announced it was redesigning its entire catalogue, the redesign restored the black cover, adding a white stripe and orange lettering. The in-house text design department still exists, albeit smaller than formerly, and is managed by text designers Claire Mason and Lisa Simmonds. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series, Penguin Classics collaborated with Bill Amberg in 2008 in the design of six books. These books are bound in leather which was worked in a way that as the book is handled, the books also include their own leather bookmark, which is bound with the book title and author. It has been reported widely that the purpose for this approach by Penguin Classics is to target readers/collectors who would like a high-end book, within the broader category of Classics, Penguin has issued specialised series with their own designs. Some titles come with critical apparatus, Penguin 20th Century Classics, issued in the 1990s. They were folded into the Modern Classics imprint, presumably in 2000, 20th Century Classics feature full-page front cover art, with a light blue-and-white rear cover. These addenda were originally found in the Penguin Shakespeare editions of the 1930s, Popular Classics issued in the 1990s came with full cover art and a cream back, not unlike the Classics. Most Popular Classics reprinted in the 21st century have a plain and they were a response to Wordsworth Classics, a series of very cheap reprints which imitated Penguin in using black as its signature colour. The series echoes the style of the original Penguin Books, with smaller A-format size, the first 20 books were released in May 2016, and described by publishing director Simon Winder as a mix of the famous and the unjustly overlooked. In 2005, a collection of books in the series was sold on Amazon. com as The Penguin Classics Library Complete Collection. In 2005, the collection consisted of 1,082 different books, the collection weighed about 750 pounds and took about 77 linear feet of shelf space, laid end-to-end the books would reach about 630 feet. In 2008, Penguin Books published a complete annotated listing of all Penguin Classics titles in a paperback volume in the style of its Penguin Classics books
7.
Dean Acheson
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Dean Gooderham Acheson was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and was a key player in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Achesons most famous decision was convincing President Truman to intervene in the Korean War in June 1950 and he also persuaded Truman to dispatch aid and advisors to French forces in Indochina, though in 1968 he finally counseled President Lyndon B. Johnson to negotiate for peace with North Vietnam. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, President John F. Kennedy called upon Acheson for advice, bringing him into the executive committee, Dean Gooderham Acheson was born in Middletown, Connecticut. Like his father, Acheson was a staunch Democrat and opponent of prohibition, Acheson attended Groton School and Yale College, where he joined Scroll and Key Society, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity. At Groton and Yale he had the reputation of a partier and prankster, he was somewhat aloof, Achesons well-known, reputed arrogance—he disdained the curriculum at Yale as focusing on memorizing subjects already known or not worth knowing more about—was apparent early. At Harvard Law School from 1915 to 1918, however, he was swept away by the intellect of professor Felix Frankfurter, on May 15,1917, while serving in the National Guard, Acheson married Alice Caroline Stanley. She loved painting and politics and served as an influence throughout their enduring marriage. Frankfurter and Brandeis were close associates, and future Supreme Court Justice Frankfurter suggested that Brandeis take on Acheson, when Secretary William H. Woodin fell ill, Acheson suddenly found himself acting secretary despite his ignorance of finance. Because of his opposition to FDRs plan to deflate the dollar by controlling gold prices, he was forced to resign in November 1933, in 1939–1940 he headed a committee to study the operation of administrative bureaus in the federal government. Brought back as assistant secretary of state in 1941, Acheson implemented much of United States economic policy aiding Great Britain, Roosevelt froze all Japanese assets merely to disconcert them. He did not intend the flow of oil to Japan to cease, the president then departed Washington for Newfoundland to meet with Churchill. While he was gone Acheson used those frozen assets to deny Japan oil, upon the presidents return, he decided it would appear weak and appeasing to reverse the de facto oil embargo. In 1944, Acheson attended the Bretton Woods Conference as the delegate from the State department. At this conference the post-war international economic structure was designed, the conference was the birthplace of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, the last of which would evolve into the World Trade Organization. And, as late as 1945 or 1946 Acheson sought détente with the Soviet Union, in 1946, as chairman of a special committee to prepare a plan for the international control of atomic energy, he wrote the Acheson–Lilienthal report. At first Acheson was conciliatory towards Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Unions attempts at regional hegemony in Eastern Europe and in Southwest Asia, however, changed Achesons thinking. From this point forward, one writes, Acheson was more than present at the creation of the Cold War
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A. R. Ammons
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Archie Randolph Ammons was an American poet who won the annual National Book Award for Poetry in 1973 and 1993. Ammons wrote about humanitys relationship to nature in alternately comic and solemn tones and his poetry often addresses religious and philosophical matters and scenes involving nature, almost in a Transcendental fashion. Ammons grew up on a farm near Whiteville, North Carolina. He served in the U. S. Navy during World War II, after the war, Ammons attended Wake Forest University, majoring in biology. Graduating in 1949, he served as a principal and teacher at Hattaras Elementary School later that year and he received an M. A. in English from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1964, Ammons joined the faculty of Cornell University, eventually becoming Goldwin Smith Professor of English and he retired from Cornell in 1998. Ammons had been a resident of the South Jersey communities of Northfield, Ocean City and Millville. During the five decades of his career, Ammons was the recipient of many awards. A school in Miami, Florida, was named after him and he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1978. Ammons often writes in two- or three-line stanzas, Poet David Lehman notes a resemblance between Ammonss terza libre and the terza rima of Shelleys Ode to the West Wind. His National Book Award-winning volume Garbage is a poem consisting of a single extended sentence, divided into eighteen sections. Ammonss long poems tend to derive multiple strands from a single image, many readers and critics have noted Ammonss idiosyncratic approach to punctuation. Lehman has written that Ammons bears out T. S. Eliots observation that poetry is a system of punctuation, instead of periods, some poems end with an ellipsis, others have no terminal punctuation at all. The colon is an Ammons signature, he uses it as a punctuation mark. The colon permits him to stress the linkage between clauses and to postpone closure indefinitely, a demotic register, including the folk-speech of eastern North Carolina, where he grew up, and broader American chatter unexpected in serious poems. The Greek- and Latin-derived phraseology of the sciences, especially geology, physics. Such a mixture is nearly unique, Burt says, these three modes are almost never found together outside his poems and that is, Ammons subjected his own poetic style and its relation to contemporary speech to considerable scrutiny. As Smith puts it, Ammonss premise is that the process of sorting and grouping that produces what we commonly call garbage also powers the appearances, disappearances, ISBN 0-393-04463-7 Tape for the Turn of the Year
9.
Diane Ackerman
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Diane Ackerman is an American poet, essayist, and naturalist known for her wide-ranging curiosity and poetic explorations of the natural world. Ackerman received a Bachelor of Arts in English from Pennsylvania State University, among the members of her dissertation committee was Carl Sagan, an astronomer and the creator of the Cosmos television series. She has taught at a number of universities, including Columbia and her essays have appeared in The New York Times, Smithsonian, Parade, The New Yorker, National Geographic, and many other journals. Her research has taken her to such locales as Mata Atlantic in Brazil, Patagonia, Hawaii, California, French Frigate Shoals, Toroshima, Japan, Texas, the Amazon rainforest. In 1986, she was a semi-finalist for NASAs Journalist-in-Space Project—this program was cancelled after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, a molecule has been named after her—dianeackerone—a crocodilian sex pheromone. A collection of her manuscripts, writings and papers is housed at the Cornell University Library and her poetry has been published in leading literary journals, and in collections, including Jaguar of Sweet Laughter, New and Selected Poems. Her first book of poetry, The Planets, A Cosmic Pastoral was gifted by Carl Sagan to Timothy Leary while Leary was imprisoned. Her verse play, Reverse Thunder, celebrates the passionate and tragic life of the 17th century nun, Ackerman also writes nature books for children. A movie adaptation of Ackermans book, The Zookeepers Wife, starring Jessica Chastain as Antonina Żabińska, is scheduled to be released in the US on March 31,2017. More photos of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of The Zookeepers Wife may be seen at the website called The House Under the Crazy Star, in 1995, Ackerman hosted a five-part Nova miniseries, Mystery of the Senses, based on her book, A Natural History of the Senses. On Extended Wings was adapted for the stage by Norma Jean Giffin, a musical adaptation of her dramatic poem, Reverse Thunder, was performed at Old Dominion University. In 2015, Ackermans The Human Age won the National Outdoor Book Award in the Natural History Literature category, in 2012, she was a finalist for both a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Critics Circle Award for One Hundred Names for Love. The Zookeepers Wife received an Orion Book Award in 2008, lit from Kenyon College, Guggenheim Fellowship, John Burroughs Nature Award, Lavan Poetry Prize, and has been honored as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library. Ackerman has had three New York Times bestsellers, The Human Age, The Zookeepers Wife, and A Natural History of the Senses, Ackerman was married to the novelist Paul West. She lives in Ithaca, New York, ISBN9780375923845 Diane Ackerman Official Website @dianesackerman on Twitter Diane Ackerman on Facebook Diane Ackerman Op-Eds New York Times Appearances on C-SPAN
10.
Vincent Bugliosi
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Vincent T. Bugliosi, Jr. was an American attorney and New York Times bestselling author. During his eight years in the Los Angeles County district attorneys office, he successfully prosecuted 105 out of 106 felony jury trials and he was best known for prosecuting Charles Manson and other defendants accused of the seven Tate–LaBianca murders of August 9–10,1969. Although Manson did not physically participate in the murders at Sharon Tates home, the case was the subject of his 1991 #1 New York Times bestselling book And the Sea Will Tell. He turned down opportunities to represent famous defendants Jeffrey MacDonald and Dan White because he did not represent anyone whom he believed to be guilty of murder. Bugliosi, along with Curt Gentry, authored the book Helter Skelter in 1974, which presented the account of the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of Charles Manson and the Manson family. He later wrote Reclaiming History, The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, of Italian descent, from Costacciaro in Umbria, Bugliosi was born on August 18,1934, in Hibbing, Minnesota. During high school, his family moved to Los Angeles, Bugliosi graduated from the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida, which he attended on a tennis scholarship. In 1964, he received his law degree from UCLA, where he was president of his graduating class and he had two children, a daughter, Wendy and a son, Vince Jr. He often referred to his wife in his books, referencing her understanding and he also stated that he was an agnostic, although open to the ideas of deism. After his death, a woman named Linda Alvarez claimed to have carried on a 23 year long affair with Vincent that produced a daughter named Nina, born on 08/18/1981, and 5 grandchildren. She claims that she revealed this information after his death in order for their daughter to be recognized. He later wrote, jointly with Curt Gentry, a book about the Manson trial called Helter Skelter, in 1972, Bugliosi ran as a Democrat for Los Angeles County District Attorney against longtime incumbent Joseph Busch. Joseph Gellman was his legal counsel for this campaign, Bugliosi ran again in 1976, after Busch died of a heart attack in 1975, but lost to interim District Attorney John Van de Kamp. Bugliosi subsequently became a critic of the media, lawyers. Bugliosi wrote a book, Outrage, The Five Reasons Why O. J. Simpson Got Away with Murder, on the acquittal of O. J. Simpson for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson. Bugliosi argues Simpsons guilt and criticizes the work of the attorney, prosecutors, defense lawyers. He criticized the media for characterizing Simpsons lawyers as the Dream Team, arguing the lawyers were unremarkable and he uses these profiles to illustrate broader problems in American criminal justice, the media, and the political appointment of judges. In the book, Bugliosi is severely critical of prosecutors Marcia Clark, Bugliosi argued that a major mistake in the trial was the District Attorneys assigning Clark and Darden to prosecute it
11.
Jared Diamond
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Jared Mason Diamond is an American scientist and author best known for his popular science books The Third Chimpanzee, Guns, Germs, and Steel, Collapse, and The World Until Yesterday. Originally trained in physiology, Diamond is known for drawing from a variety of fields, including anthropology, ecology, geography and he is a professor of geography at the University of California, Los Angeles. In 2005, Diamond was ranked ninth on a poll by Prospect, Diamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Both of his parents were from East European Jewish families who had emigrated to the United States and his father, Louis Diamond, was a physician, and his mother, Flora Kaplan, a teacher, linguist, and concert pianist. Diamond himself began studying piano at age six, years later he would propose to his wife playing the Brahms Intermezzo in A minor for her. After graduating from Cambridge, Diamond returned to Harvard as a Junior Fellow until 1965, while in his twenties he developed a second, parallel, career in ornithology and ecology, specialising in New Guinea and nearby islands. Later, in his fifties, Diamond developed a career in environmental history and became a professor of geography at UCLA. He also teaches at LUISS Guido Carli in Rome and he won the National Medal of Science in 1999 and Westfield State University granted him an honorary doctorate in 2009. Diamond originally specialized in salt absorption in the gall bladder, because of this academic diversity, Diamond has been described as a polymath. The book traces how humans evolved to be so different from animals, despite sharing over 98% of our DNA with our closest animal relatives. The book also examines the origins of language, art, agriculture, smoking and drug use. It was well received by critics and won the 1992 Rhône-Poulenc Prize for Science Books and his second and best known popular science book, Guns, Germs, and Steel, The Fates of Human Societies, was published in 1997. It asks why Eurasian peoples conquered or displaced Native Americans, Australians, the first part of the book focuses on reasons why only a few species of wild plants and animals proved suitable for domestication. The third part compares the development of production and of human societies among different continents. A television documentary series based on the book was produced by the National Geographic Society in 2005, as in Guns, Germs, and Steel, he argues against explanations for the failure of past societies based primarily on cultural factors, instead focusing on ecology. Among the societies mentioned in the book are the Norse and Inuit of Greenland, the Maya, the Anasazi, the people of Rapa Nui, Japan, Haiti, the Dominican Republic. It was also nominated for the Royal Society Prize for Science Books, in 2008, Diamond published an article in The New Yorker entitled Vengeance Is Ours, describing the role of revenge in tribal warfare in Papua New Guinea. A year later two indigenous people mentioned in the article filed a lawsuit against Diamond and The New Yorker claiming the article defamed them, in 2013, The Observer reported that the lawsuit was withdrawn by mutual consent after the sudden death of their lawyer
12.
Rita Dove
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Rita Frances Dove is an American poet and essayist. From 1993 to 1995 she served as Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress and she is the first African-American to have been appointed since the position was created by an act of Congress in 1986 from the previous consultant in poetry position. Dove also received an appointment as special consultant in poetry for the Library of Congresss bicentennial year from 1999 to 2000. Dove is the second African American to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, in 1987, in 1970 Dove graduated from Buchtel High School as a Presidential Scholar. Later, Dove graduated summa cum laude with a B. A. from Miami University in 1973, in 1974 she held a Fulbright Scholarship from Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany. She received her MFA from the Iowa Writers Workshop at the University of Iowa in 1977, Dove taught creative writing at Arizona State University from 1981 to 1989. She received the 1987 Pulitzer Prize in poetry, in 1992 she was named United States Poet Laureate by the Librarian of Congress, an office she held from 1993 to 1995. At age 40, Dove was the youngest person to hold the position and is the first African American to hold the position since the title was changed to Poet Laureate. Early in her tenure as poet laureate, Dove was featured by Bill Moyers in an interview on his PBS prime-time program Bill Moyers Journal. Since 1989 she has been teaching at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Rita Dove also served as a Special Bicentennial Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1999/2000, along with Louise Glück and W. S. Merwin. In 2004 then-governor Mark Warner of Virginia appointed her to a position as Poet Laureate of Virginia. In her public posts, Dove concentrated on spreading the word about poetry, as United States Poet Laureate, for example, she brought together writers to explore the African diaspora through the eyes of its artists. Dove was on the board of the Associated Writing Programs from 1985 to 1988 and she led the organization as its president from 1986 to 1987. From 1994 to 2000 she was a senator of the academic honor society Phi Beta Kappa. From 2006 to 2012 she served as a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets and she has published ten volumes of poetry, a book of short stories, a collection of essays, and a novel, Through the Ivory Gate. Her Collected Poems 1974-2004 was released by W. W, norton in 2016, it carries an excerpt from President Barack Obamas 2011 National Medal of Arts commendation on its back cover. In 1994 she published the play The Darker Face of the Earth and she collaborated with composer John Williams on the song cycle Seven for Luck. Doves most ambitious collection of poetry, Sonata Mulattica, was published in 2009, over its more than 200 pages, it has the sweep and vivid characters of a novel, as Mark Doty wrote in O, The Oprah Magazine
13.
Andre Dubus III
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Andre Dubus III is an American novelist and short story writer. He is a member of the faculty at the University of Massachusetts Lowell and he began writing fiction at the age of 22, just a few months after graduating from the University of Texas at Austin with a bachelors degree in sociology. To support himself, he worked as a carpenter, bartender, office cleaner, personal investigator, corrections counselor and his first published short story, Forky, was published by Playboy when Dubus was 23 years old. Dubus novel House of Sand and Fog was a finalist for the National Book Award and was adapted for an Academy Award-nominated film of the same name. His 2011 memoir Townie tells of growing up poor in Haverhill after his parents divorce, street fighting, and eventually boxing, and deals extensively with his relationship with his father. His essay Blood, Root, Knit, Purl appeared in the anthology Knitting Yarns, Writers on Knitting, a member of PEN American Center, Dubus has served as a panelist for the National Book Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. He has taught writing at Harvard University, Tufts University, Emerson College, and the University of Massachusetts Lowell, Dubus work has been included in The Best American Essays 1994, The Best Spiritual Writing 1999, and The Best of Hope Magazine. He has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, the National Magazine Award for fiction, and he was a finalist for the Rome Prize awarded by the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Dubuss novel House of Sand and Fog was a fiction finalist for the National Book Award, the Los Angeles Times Book Prize and it was an Oprah Book Club selection and headed the New York Times bestseller list. It has been published in twenty languages and the 2003 film adaptation directed by Vadim Perelman was nominated for an Academy Award, Dubus is married to performer Fontaine Dollas. They reside in Newbury, Massachusetts with their three children, the Cage Keeper and Other Stories Bluesman House of Sand and Fog The Garden of Last Days Dirty Love Townie, A Memoir Blood, Root, Knit, Purl
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Erik Erikson
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Erik Homburger Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis and his son, Kai T. Erikson, is a noted American sociologist. Although Erikson lacked even a bachelors degree, he served as a professor at prominent institutions such as Harvard, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Erikson as the 12th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Eriksons mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Jewish family in Copenhagen and she was married to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen, but had been estranged from him for several months at the time Erik was conceived. Little is known about Eriks biological father except that he was a Danish gentile, on discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled to Frankfurt, Germany, where Erik was born on June 15,1902 and was given the surname Salomonsen. Following Eriks birth, Karla trained to be a nurse and moved to Karlsruhe, in 1905 she married Eriks Jewish pediatrician, Theodor Homberger. In 1908, Erik Salomonsens name was changed to Erik Homberger, the development of identity seems to have been one of Eriksons greatest concerns in his own life as well as in his theory. As an older adult, he wrote about his adolescent “identity confusion” in his European days. “My identity confusion, ” he wrote was at times on “the borderline between neurosis and adolescent psychosis. ”Erikson’s daughter writes that her father’s “real psychoanalytic identity” was not established until he “replaced his stepfather’s surname with a name of his own invention. ”During his childhood and early adulthood he was known as Erik Homberger, and his parents kept the details of his birth a secret. He was a tall, blond, blue-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish religion, at temple school, the kids teased him for being a Nordic, at grammar school, they teased him for being Jewish. At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his main interests were art, history and languages, after graduation, instead of attending medical school, as his stepfather had desired, he attended art school in Munich, but soon dropped out. Uncertain about his vocation and his fit in society, Erikson began a period of roaming about Germany and Italy as a wandering artist with his childhood friend Peter Blos. During this period he continued to contend with questions about his father and competing ideas of ethnic, religious and he specialized in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Freud. Helene Deutsch and Edward Bibring supervised his initial treatment of an adult, simultaneously he studied the Montessori method of education, which focused on child development and sexual stages. In 1933 he received his diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute and this and his Montessori diploma were to be Eriksons only earned academic credentials for his lifes work. In 1931 Erikson married Joan Mowat Serson, a Canadian dancer, during their marriage Erikson converted to Christianity. Unable to regain Danish citizenship because of requirements, the family left for the United States. In 1936, Erikson left Harvard and joined the staff at Yale University, while at Yale he became a naturalized citizen of the United States and changed his familys surname from his adoptive fathers name of Homberger to Erikson
15.
Eric Foner
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Eric Foner is an American historian. His free online courses on The Civil War and Reconstruction, published in 2014, are available from Columbia University on ColumbiaX, in 2011 Foners The Fiery Trial, Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery won the Pulitzer Prize for History, the Lincoln Prize, and the Bancroft Prize. Foner previously won the Bancroft in 1989 for his book Reconstruction, Americas Unfinished Revolution, in 2000, he was elected president of the American Historical Association. Eric Foner describes his father as his first great teacher, and recalls how, deprived of his livelihood while I was growing up, he supported our family as a freelance lecturer. I also imbibed a way of thinking about the past in which visionaries and underdogs—Tom Paine, Wendell Phillips, Eugene V. Debs, and W. E. B. Du Bois—were as central to the drama as presidents and captains of industry. Foner went to Columbia University for his B. A. he was majoring in physics until he took a seminar with James P. Shenton on the Civil War. It probably determined that most of my career has focused on that period. A year later, in 1963, Foner graduated summa cum laude as a history major and he studied at Oxford as a Kellett Fellow, he received a B. A. from Oriel College in 1965. Foner returned to Columbia for his Ph. D, where he worked under Richard Hofstadter, from 1973-1982 Foner served as a professor in the history department at City College and Graduate Center at City University of New York. In 1976-1977 he was a professor of American History at Princeton University. In 1980 he was Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions at the University of Cambridge and he served as president of the Organization of American Historians in, and of the American Historical Association. He is one of two persons to serve as president of the Organization of American Historians, American Historical Association. Foner serves on the boards of Past and Present and The Nation. Foner has written for The New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, London Review of Books, in addition, he has spoken about history on television and radio, including Charlie Rose, Book Notes, and All Things Considered. He has appeared in documentaries on PBS and The History Channel. Foner contributed an essay and conversation with John Sayles in Past Imperfect, History According to the Movies and he was the historian in Freedom, A History of US on PBS in 2003. Foner has long considered a leading authority on the Reconstruction Era of American history
16.
Nadine Gordimer
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Nadine Gordimer was a South African writer, political activist and recipient of the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature. She was recognized as a woman who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of great benefit to humanity. Gordimers writing dealt with moral and racial issues, particularly apartheid in South Africa, under that regime, works such as Burgers Daughter and Julys People were banned. She was also active in HIV/AIDS causes, Gordimer was born near Springs, Gauteng, an East Rand mining town outside Johannesburg. Her father, Isidore Gordimer, was a Jewish immigrant watchmaker from Žagarė and her mother was from an assimilated family of Jewish origins, Gordimer was raised in a secular household. Gordimers early interest in racial and economic inequality in South Africa was shaped in part by her parents. Conversely, Gordimer saw activism by her mother, whose concern about the poverty, Gordimer also witnessed government repression first-hand as a teenager, the police raided her family home, confiscating letters and diaries from a servants room. Gordimer was educated at a Catholic convent school, but was largely home-bound as a child because her mother, for reasons of her own. Home-bound and often isolated, she began writing at an early age, at the age of 16, she had her first adult fiction published. Gordimer studied for a year at the University of the Witwatersrand and she also became involved in the Sophiatown renaissance. She did not complete her degree, but moved to Johannesburg in 1948, while taking classes in Johannesburg, she continued to write, publishing mostly in local South African magazines. She collected many of early stories in Face to Face. In 1951, the New Yorker accepted Gordimers story A Watcher of the Dead, beginning a long relationship, Gordimer, who said she believed the short story was the literary form for our age, continued to publish short stories in the New Yorker and other prominent literary journals. Gordimers first novel, The Lying Days, was published in 1953, Gordimer had a daughter, Oriane, by her first marriage in 1949 to Gerald Gavron, a local dentist, from whom she was divorced within three years. Their son, Hugo, was born in 1955, and is a filmmaker in New York, Hugo Cassirer later married Sarah Buttrick, and had three children. The arrest of her best friend, Bettie du Toit, in 1960, thereafter, she quickly became active in South African politics, and was close friends with Nelson Mandelas defence attorneys during his 1962 trial. She also helped Mandela edit his famous speech I Am Prepared to Die, when Mandela was released from prison in 1990, she was one of the first people he wanted to see. During the 1960s and 1970s, she continued to live in Johannesburg and she had begun to achieve international literary recognition, receiving her first major award in 1961
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Annette Gordon-Reed
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Annette Gordon-Reed, is an American historian and law professor. Gordon-Reed is noted for changing scholarship on Thomas Jefferson regarding his relationship with Sally Hemings, Gordon-Reed was born in Texas to Bettye Jean Gordon and Alfred Gordon. She became interested in Thomas Jefferson as a student in elementary school and she graduated from Dartmouth College in 1981 and Harvard Law School in 1984, where she was a member of the Harvard Law Review. Gordon-Reed is married to Hon. Robert R. Reed, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New York and she lives on the Upper West Side of New York with her husband and two children, Gordon and Susan. Gordon-Reed spent her career as an associate at Cahill Gordon & Reindel. She speaks or moderates at numerous conferences across the country on history and she was previously Wallace Stevens Professor of Law at New York Law School and Board of Governors Professor of History at Rutgers University, Newark. In 2010, she joined Harvard University with joint appointments in history and law, in 2012, she was appointed the Charles Warren Professor of American Legal History at HLS. In 2014, she was the Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Visiting Professor at Queens College, by the mid-1970s, Fawn M. Brodie wrote the first biography of Jefferson to seriously examine the evidence related to Sally Hemings, she thought the Hemings-Jefferson liaison was likely. Gordon-Reed drew on her training to apply context and reasonable interpretation to the sparse documentation. The writer Christopher Hitchens in Slate described her analysis as brilliant, Gordon-Reed identified a set of unexamined assumptions that had governed many Jefferson scholars investigations. These assumptions were that people tell the truth, black people lie, slave owners tell the truth. She similarly cross-checked oral traditions among Hemings descendants with primary sources such as Jeffersons papers, Gordon-Reed noted that all of Sally Hemings children were freed, as Madison said Jefferson had promised. Her analysis led her to conclude that Jefferson and Hemings did have a sexual relationship. Reprinted in 1999, her new edition of the book has a foreword incorporating the 1998 DNA study, in addition, it conclusively showed there was no match between the Hemings descendant and the descendants of the Carr line, so neither of the nephews could have been the father. The findings received national attention, with PBS devoting a lengthy program to the issues, major groups re-assessed their evaluation of historical evidence related to this issue. In 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation, which operates Monticello, announced that its internal study had concluded that Jefferson was likely the father of Eston and it has since changed its exhibits, programming, academic research and other materials to reflect this. The William and Mary Quarterly devoted an issue to the topic in 2001, some historians disagree, the newly formed Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society commissioned an independent report and scholars associated with it have continued to argue with the consensus. This memoir of Vernon Jordan, the rights activist, written with him
18.
Stephen Greenblatt
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Stephen Jay Greenblatt is an American Shakespearean, literary historian, and Pulitzer Prize-winning author. He is John Cogan University Professor of the Humanities at Harvard University and he is the general editor of the The Norton Shakespeare and the general editor and a contributor to The Norton Anthology of English Literature. He is also co-founder of the literary-cultural journal Representations, which publishes articles by new historicists. His most popular work is Will in the World, a biography of Shakespeare that was on the New York Times Best Seller List for nine weeks. He won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction in 2012 and the National Book Award for Nonfiction in 2011 for The Swerve, Greenblatt was born in Boston and raised in Newton, Massachusetts. After graduating from Newton North High School, he was educated at Yale University, Greenblatt has since taught at the University of California, Berkeley, and Harvard University. He was Class of 1972 Professor at Berkeley and taught there for 28 years before taking a position at Harvard University and he was named John Cogan University Professor of the Humanities in 2000. Greenblatt is considered a key figure in the shift from literary to cultural poetics, English departments in the 1980s and 1990s. Greenblatt is a permanent fellow of the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin, Greenblatt self-identifies as an Eastern European Jew, an Ashkenazi, and a Litvak. His observant Jewish grandparents were born in Lithuania, his grandparents were from Kovno. Greenblatts grandparents immigrated to the United States during the early 1890s in order to escape a Czarist Russification plan to conscript young Jewish men into the Russian army, Greenblatt was married to Ellen Schmidt from 1969 to 1996, they have two sons. In 1998, he married fellow academic Ramie Targoff, also a Renaissance expert and a professor at Brandeis University, Greenblatt has written extensively on Shakespeare, the Renaissance, culture and New Historicism. Greenblatt has also written on subjects as travelling in Laos and China, story-telling. Greenblatts collaboration with Charles L. Mee, Cardenio, premiered on May 8,2008, at the American Repertory Theater in Cambridge, while the critical response to Cardenio was mixed, audiences responded quite positively. The American Repertory Theater has posted audience responses on the organizations blog, Cardenio has been adapted for performance in ten countries, with additional international productions planned. New Historicism is regarded by many to have influenced every traditional period of English literary history, scholars have observed that New Historicism is, in fact, neither new nor historical. When told that several American job advertisements were requesting responses from experts in New Historicism, he remembered thinking and you know it was just something we made up. I began to see there were institutional consequences to what seemed like a not particularly deeply thought-out term
19.
Seamus Heaney
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Seamus Justin Heaney, MRIA was an Irish poet, playwright, translator and lecturer. He received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature, born near Castledawson, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, the family moved to nearby Bellaghy when he was a boy. Heaney became a lecturer at St. Josephs College in Belfast in the early 1960s, after attending Queens University and he lived in Sandymount, Dublin, Republic of Ireland, from 1976 until his death. He also lived part-time in the United States from 1981 to 2006, Heaney was recognised as one of the principal contributors to poetry during his lifetime. Heaney was a professor at Harvard from 1981 to 1997, from 1989 to 1994, he was also the Professor of Poetry at Oxford. In 1996, was made a Commandeur de lOrdre des Arts et Lettres, in 2011, he was awarded the Griffin Poetry Prize and in 2012, a Lifetime Recognition Award from the Griffin Trust. His literary papers are held by the National Library of Ireland, American poet Robert Lowell described him as the most important Irish poet since Yeats, and many others, including the academic John Sutherland, have said that he was the greatest poet of our age. Robert Pinsky has stated that with his gift of eye. Upon his death in 2013, The Independent described him as probably the best-known poet in the world, one of his best known works is Death of a Naturalist, published in 1966. His body is buried at the Cemetery of St. Marys Church, Bellaghy, County Londonderry, the headstone bears the epitaph WALK ON AIR AGAINST YOUR BETTER JUDGEMENT, from one of his poems. Heaney was born on 13 April 1939, at the farmhouse called Mossbawn. In 1953, his family moved to Bellaghy, a few miles away and his father, Patrick Heaney, was the eighth child of ten born to James and Sarah Heaney. Patrick was a farmer, but his commitment was to cattle dealing. Heaneys mother, Margaret Kathleen McCann, who bore nine children and her uncles and relations were employed in the local linen mill, and her aunt had worked as a maid for the mill owners family. Heaney initially attended Anahorish Primary School, when he was years old, he won a scholarship to St. Columbs College. Heaneys brother, Christopher, was killed in an accident at the age of four while Heaney was studying at St. Columbs. The poems Mid-Term Break and The Blackbird of Glanmore are related to his brothers death, in 1957, Heaney travelled to Belfast to study English Language and Literature at Queens University Belfast. During his time in Belfast, he found a copy of Ted Hughess Lupercal, suddenly, the matter of contemporary poetry was the material of my own life, he said
20.
Sam Harris
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Samuel Benjamin Sam Harris is an American author, philosopher, and neuroscientist. He is the co-founder and chief executive of Project Reason, a organization that promoted science and secularism. His book The End of Faith, a critique of organized religion, appeared on The New York Times Best Seller list for 33 weeks, Letter to a Christian Nation was a response to criticism of The End of Faith. In The Moral Landscape, Harris argues that science can help answer moral problems, Harris is considered a member of the Four Horsemen of New Atheism, alongside Richard Dawkins, Daniel Dennett, and the late Christopher Hitchens. He is an advocate of separation of church and state, critic of religion and he has praised Advaita Vedanta and Dzogchen, however, as they contain empirical insights about the nature of consciousness that do not depend upon faith. Harris writings on religion have drawn praise and criticism. Harris has written articles for The Huffington Post, Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The New York Times, Newsweek, and his articles discuss topics including religion, morality, neuroscience, free will, terrorism, and self-defense. He has also appeared in the documentary films The God Who Wasnt There, Harris was born on April 9,1967 in Los Angeles, the son of actor Berkeley Harris and TV producer Susan Harris, who created The Golden Girls. His father came from a Quaker background and his mother is Jewish and he was raised by his mother following his parents divorce when he was aged two. Harris has stated that his upbringing was entirely secular, and his parents discussed religion. In 1986, as a student at Stanford University, Harris experimented with MDMA, Harris became interested in spiritual and philosophical questions when he studied at Stanford University. He was fascinated by the idea that he might be able to achieve spiritual insights without the use of drugs, leaving Stanford in his second year, he went to India, where he studied meditation with Buddhist and Hindu religious teachers, including Dilgo Khyentse. Eleven years later, in 1997, he returned to Stanford, Harris began writing his first book, The End of Faith, immediately after the September 11 attacks. His thesis was titled The moral landscape, How science could determine human values, Harris states that religion contains bad ideas, calling it one of the most perverse misuses of intelligence we have ever devised. He compares modern religious beliefs to the myths of the Ancient Greeks, in a January 2007 interview with PBS, Harris said, We dont have a word for not believing in Zeus, which is to say we are all atheists in respect to Zeus. And we dont have a word for not being an astrologer, Harris states that he advocates a benign, noncoercive, corrective form of intolerance, distinguishing it from historic religious persecution. He promotes a conversational intolerance, in which personal convictions are scaled against evidence, and he also believes there is a need to counter inhibitions that prevent the open critique of religious ideas, beliefs, and practices under the auspices of tolerance. He has stated on his blog that he has received threats for some of his views on religion
21.
Carl Jung
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Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. His work has been not only in psychiatry but also in anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy. As a notable research scientist based at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler, he came to the attention of the Viennese founder of psychoanalysis, the two men conducted a lengthy correspondence and collaborated on an initially joint vision of human psychology. Freud saw in the man the potential heir he had been seeking to carry on his new science of psychoanalysis. Jungs researches and personal vision, however, made it impossible for him to bend to his older colleagues dogma and this break was to have historic as well as painful personal repercussions that have lasted to this day. Jung was also an artist, craftsman and builder as well as a prolific writer, many of his works were not published until after his death and some are still awaiting publication. Among the central concepts of analytical psychology is individuation—the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the out of each individuals conscious and unconscious elements. Jung considered it to be the task of human development. He created some of the best known psychological concepts, including synchronicity, archetypal phenomena, the unconscious, the psychological complex. Carl Gustav Jung was born in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, on 26 July 1875 as the second and first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung and their first child, born in 1873 was a boy named Paul who survived only a few days. Emilie was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, Samuel Preiswerk, and his second wife. Preiswerk was antistes, the given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a Hebraist, author and editor. When Jung was six months old, his father was appointed to a prosperous parish in Laufen. Emilie Jung was an eccentric and depressed woman, she spent considerable time in her bedroom where she said that spirits visited her at night, although she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He reported that one night he saw a luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room with a head detached from the neck. Jung had a relationship with his father. Jungs mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel for a physical ailment. His father took the boy to be cared for by Emilie Jungs unmarried sister in Basel, Emilie Jungs continuing bouts of absence and often depressed mood influenced her sons attitude towards women — one of innate unreliability
22.
Sebastian Junger
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Junger was born in Belmont, Massachusetts, the son of Ellen Sinclair, a painter, and Miguel Chapero Junger, a physicist. His father was born in Dresden, Germany, of Russian, Austrian, Spanish, Junger grew up in the neighborhood of the Boston Strangler, a circumstance that later inspired his 2006 book A Death in Belmont. He graduated from Concord Academy in 1980 and received a bachelor of degree from Wesleyan University in cultural anthropology in 1984. In 1997, with the publication of his book, The Perfect Storm and his work stimulated renewed interest in adventure non-fiction. He received a National Magazine Award in 2000 for The Forensics of War, published in Vanity Fair, in early 2007 he reported from Nigeria on the subject of blood oil. His book War revolves around the time Junger spent with a United States Army platoon of the 173rd Airborne in Afghanistan, Junger, along with Hetherington, used material gathered in the Korengal Valley of Afghanistan for the book and to create a documentary feature Restrepo. The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, on April 27,2011, Junger was presented with the Leadership in Entertainment Award by Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America for his work on Restrepo. His most recent book Tribe, On Homecoming and Belonging was published in May 2016, Junger married Daniela Petrova in 2002. He lives in New York City and Massachusetts, and co-owns a bar in New York called The Half-King and he found fame after writing the international bestseller The Perfect Storm, A True Story of Men Against the Sea. In 2000, Warner Brothers made the book into a film of the name, starring George Clooney. At the time of the storm, Junger was recovering from a wound to the leg that he suffered while working as an arborist in the Boston area. He claims that while recovering from injury, he was inspired to write about dangerous jobs. He planned to start with commercial fishing in Gloucester Massachusetts, a project that evolved into The Perfect Storm, Junger established The Perfect Storm Foundation to provide cultural and educational grants to children across the country whose parents make their living in the commercial fishing industry. A Death in Belmont centers on the rape and murder of Bessie Goldberg in Jungers hometown in the spring of 1963, from 1962 to 1964, the Boston area was gripped with fear as a result of the infamous Boston Strangler crimes. Junger received the 2007 PEN/Winship award for the book, although a different man was convicted, Junger raises the possibility that the real killer was Albert DeSalvo, who eventually confessed to committing several Strangler murders, but not Goldbergs. Goldbergs house was a mile and a quarter from the Junger family home, in fact, Junger stated in an interview that he grew up with a studio portrait of DeSalvo on his familys wall. The book includes a photograph that was one day after Goldbergs murder. Junger describes it thus, Al and I are the people looking directly at the camera
23.
Nicole Krauss
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Nicole Krauss is an American author best known for her three novels Man Walks Into a Room, The History of Love and Great House. Her novels have been translated into 35 languages, in 2010, she was selected as one of The New Yorkers 20 Under 40 writers to watch. In 2011, Nicole Krauss won an award from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards for her novel Great House. Krauss, who grew up on Long Island, was born in Manhattan, New York City to a British Jewish mother and an American Jewish father, Krausss maternal grandparents were born in Germany and Ukraine and later immigrated to London. Her paternal grandparents were born in Hungary and Slonim, Belarus, met in Israel, many of these places are central to Krausss 2005 novel, The History of Love, and the book is dedicated to her grandparents. Krauss, who started writing when she was a teenager, wrote, Krauss enrolled in Stanford University in 1992, and that fall she met Joseph Brodsky who worked closely with her on her poetry over the next three years. He also introduced her to the work of such as Italo Calvino. In 1999, three years after Brodsky died, Krauss produced a documentary about his work for BBC Radio 3 and she traveled to St. Petersburg where she stood in the room and a half where he grew up, made famous by his essay of that title. Krauss majored in English and graduated with honors, winning several prizes for her poetry as well as the Deans Award for academic achievement. She also curated a series with Fiona Maazel at the Russian Samovar. In 1996 Krauss was awarded a Marshall Scholarship and enrolled in a program at Oxford University where she wrote a thesis on the American artist Joseph Cornell. In 2002, Krauss published her acclaimed first novel, Man Walks Into a Room, a meditation on memory and personal history, solitude and intimacy, the novel won praise from Susan Sontag and was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Award. The movie rights to the novel were optioned by Richard Gere and her second novel, The History of Love, was first published as an excerpt in The New Yorker in 2004. The novel, published in the United States by W. W, a film of the book, directed by Radu Mihaileanu, is scheduled for release in 2016. In spring 2007 Krauss was Holtzbrinck Distinguished Visitor at the American Academy in Berlin and her third novel, Great House, connects the stories of four characters to a desk of many drawers that exerts a power over those who possess it or have given it away. It was named a finalist for the 2010 National Book Award for Fiction and was short-listed for the Orange Prize 2011 and also won an Award from the Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards in 2011. In 2015 it was reported that she had signed a $4 million deal with Harper Collins to publish her next two works, the novel Late Wonder and a book of stories entitled How to Be a Man. In June 2004, Krauss married novelist Jonathan Safran Foer, Krauss lives in Brooklyn, New York
24.
Eric Kandel
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Eric Richard Kandel is an Austrian-American neuroscientist and a University Professor of biochemistry and biophysics at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. He was a recipient of the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on the basis of memory storage in neurons. He shared the prize with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard, Kandel, who had studied psychoanalysis, wanted to understand how memory works. Following the advice of his mentor Harry Grundfest, Kandel pursued a reductionist approach to studying the system, searching for subject animals with large. He is a Senior Investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and he was also the founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, which is now the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University. He currently serves on the Scientific Council of the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation, Erics mother, Charlotte Zimels, was born in 1897 in Kolomyya, Pokuttya. She came from an educated Ashkenazi Jewish middle-class family, at that time Kolomyya was part of Austria-Hungary. His father, Hermann Kandel, was born in 1898 into a family in Olesko. At the beginning of World War I, his parents moved to Vienna, Austria, Eric Kandel was born on November 7,1929, in Vienna. Shortly after, Erics father established a toy store, but, although they were thoroughly assimilated and acculturated, they left Austria after the country had been annexed by Germany in March 1938. As a result of Aryanization, attacks on Jews had escalated and Jewish property was being confiscated. When Eric was 9, he and his brother Ludwig,14, boarded the Gerolstein at Antwerp, Belgium, and joined their uncle in Brooklyn on May 11,1939, to be followed later by his parents. After arriving in the United States and settling in Brooklyn, Kandel was tutored by his grandfather in Judaic studies and was accepted at the Yeshiva of Flatbush and he attended Brooklyns Erasmus Hall High School in the New York City school system. Kandels initial interests lay in the area of history, history and Literature was his undergraduate major at Harvard University. He wrote a dissertation on The Attitude Toward National Socialism of Three German Writers, Carl Zuckmayer, Hans Carossa. While at Harvard, a place dominated by the work of B. F. Skinner, Kandel became interested in learning, the world of neuroscience was opened up to Kandel when he met Anna Kris, whose parents were psychoanalysts. Sigmund Freud, a pioneer in revealing the importance of neural processes, was at the root of Kandels interest in the biology of motivation. In 1952 he started at the New York University Medical School, by graduation he was firmly interested in the biological basis of the mind
25.
Paul Krugman
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Paul Robin Krugman is an American economist, Distinguished Professor of Economics at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and a columnist for The New York Times. In 2008, Krugman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to New Trade Theory, Krugman was a professor of economics at MIT and later at Princeton University. He retired from Princeton in June 2015 and holds the title of professor emeritus there and he is also Centenary Professor at the London School of Economics and was President of the Eastern Economic Association in 2010. As of 2016, Research Papers in Economics ranked him as the worlds 24th most influential economist based on citations of his work, Krugman is known in academia for his work on international economics, liquidity traps, and currency crisis. He has also several hundred columns on economic and political issues for The New York Times, Fortune. A2011 survey of economics professors named him their favorite living economist under the age of 60, followed by Greg Mankiw, as a commentator, Krugman has written on a wide range of economic issues including income distribution, taxation, macroeconomics, and international economics. Krugman considers himself a liberal, referring to his books, his blog on The New York Times. His popular commentary has attracted comments, both positive and negative, Krugman was born to a Jewish family, the son of Anita and David Krugman. In 1922, his grandparents immigrated to the United States from Brest, Belarus. He was born in Albany, New York, and grew up in Merrick and he graduated from John F. Kennedy High School in Bellmore. Since present-day science fell far short of psychohistory, Krugman turned to economics as the next best thing and his first wife, Robin L. Bergman, is a designer. He is currently married to Robin Wells, an academic economist who has collaborated with Krugman on textbooks, Krugman reports that he is a distant relative of conservative journalist David Frum. He has described himself as a Loner and he lives in New York City. In 1978, Krugman presented a number of ideas to Dornbusch, encouraged, Krugman worked on it and later wrote, knew within a few hours that I had the key to my whole career in hand. In that same year, Krugman wrote The Theory of Interstellar Trade and he says he wrote it to cheer himself up when he was an oppressed assistant professor. Krugman joined the faculty of MIT in 1979, from 1982 to 1983, Krugman spent a year working at the Reagan White House as a staff member of the Council of Economic Advisers. He rejoined MIT as a professor in 1984. Krugman has also taught at Stanford, Yale, and the London School of Economics, in 2000, Krugman joined Princeton University as Professor of Economics and International Affairs
26.
Maxine Kumin
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Maxine Kumin was an American poet and author. She was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1981–1982, born Maxine Winokur in Philadelphia, the daughter of Jewish parents, she attended a Catholic kindergarten and primary school. She received her B. A. in 1946 and her M. A. in 1948 from Radcliffe College, in June 1946 she married Victor Kumin, an engineering consultant, they had three children, two daughters and a son. In 1957, she studied poetry with John Holmes at the Boston Center for Adult Education, there she met Anne Sexton, with whom she started a friendship that continued until Sextons suicide in 1974. Kumin taught English from 1958 to 1961 and 1965 to 1968 at Tufts University and she also held appointments as a visiting lecturer and poet in residence at many American colleges and universities. From 1976 until her death in February 2014, she and her husband lived on a farm in Warner, New Hampshire, in 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed, one of the cards featured Kumins name and picture. In 1981–1982, she served as the consultant to the Library of Congress. Critics have compared Kumin with Elizabeth Bishop because of her meticulous observations and with Robert Frost and she has been grouped with confessional poets such as Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plath and Robert Lowell. But unlike the confessionalists, Kumin eschews high rhetoric and adopts a plain style, throughout her career Kumin has struck a balance between her sense of lifes transience and her fascination with the dense physical presence of the world around her. She served as the 1985 judge of the Brittingham Prize in Poetry and she taught poetry in New England Colleges Low-Residency MFA Program. She was also an editor at The Alaska Quarterly Review. Kumin, aged 88, died in February 2014 at her home in Warner, Kumin is believed to be the last person to have seen Anne Sexton alive, as the two of them had had lunch the day of Sextons suicide in 1974. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, where I Live, New & Selected Poems 1990-2010. And Short the Season, W. W. W. W. Norton, co-written with Anne Sexton 1963 Eggs of Things 1964 More Eggs of Things 1974 Joey and the Birthday Present 1975 The Wizards Tears The Pawnbrokers Daughter, W. W. S. Audio, Maxine Kumin reads Looking Back in my Eighty-First Year from the book Still to mow
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Stanley Kunitz
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Stanley Jasspon Kunitz was an American poet. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress twice, first in 1974, Kunitz was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, the youngest of three children, to Yetta Helen and Solomon Z. Kunitz, both of Jewish Russian Lithuanian descent. His father, a dressmaker of Russian Jewish heritage, committed suicide in a park six weeks before Stanley was born. After going bankrupt, he went to Elm Park in Worcester and his mother removed every trace of Kunitzs father from the household. The death of his father would be an influence of his life. Kunitz and his two sisters, Sarah and Sophia, were raised by his mother, who had made her way from Yashwen, Kovno, Lithuania by herself in 1890. Yetta remarried to Mark Dine in 1912, Yetta and Mark filed for bankruptcy in 1912 and then were indicted by the U. S. District Court for concealing assets. They pleaded guilty and turned over USD$10,500 to the trustees, Mark Dine died when Kunitz was fourteen, when, while hanging curtains, he suffered a heart attack. At fifteen, Kunitz moved out of the house and became a butchers assistant, Later he got a job as a cub reporter on The Worcester Telegram, where he would continue working during his summer vacations from college. Kunitz graduated summa cum laude in 1926 from Harvard College with an English major and a philosophy minor and he wanted to continue his studies for a doctorate degree, but was told by the university that the Anglo-Saxon students would not like to be taught by a Jew. After Harvard, he worked as a reporter for The Worcester Telegram and he then founded and edited Wilson Library Bulletin and started the Author Biographical Studies. Kunitz married Helen Pearce in 1930, they divorced in 1937, in 1935 he moved to New Hope, Pennsylvania and befriended Theodore Roethke. He married Eleanor Evans in 1939, they had a daughter Gretchen in 1950, at Wilson Company, Kunitz served as co-editor for Twentieth Century Authors, among other reference works. In 1931, as Dilly Tante, he edited Living Authors and his poems began to appear in Poetry, Commonweal, The New Republic, The Nation, and The Dial. He refused a commission and was discharged with the rank of staff sergeant, after the war, he began a peripatetic teaching career at Bennington College. Throughout this period, he held visiting appointments at Yale University, Rutgers University–Camden, Princeton University. After his divorce from Eleanor, he married the painter and poet Elise Asher in 1958 and his marriage to Asher led to friendships with artists like Philip Guston and Mark Rothko. Kunitzs poetry won wide praise for its profoundity and quality and he was the New York State Poet Laureate from 1987 to 1989
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Joseph P. Lash
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Joseph P. Lash was an American radical political activist, journalist, and author. Joseph P. Lash was born December 2,1909 in New York City, Joseph was the eldest of three sons and two daughters of the couple. He received his Bachelors degree from City College of New York in 1931, in 1930 while a Junior at City College, Lash joined the Socialist Party of America, in which he remained a member until his resignation in 1937. Following his graduation in 1932, Lash went to work for the League for Industrial Democracy and he remained head of the Student League for Industrial Democracy and editor of its publication Student Outlook from 1933 until 1935. Lash served in capacity until 1939. About 1937 Lash went to Spain, but did not participate in the fighting, preferring to speak to groups in an effort to help rally support for the Loyalist cause. He grew politically close to the Communist Party in this period, the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact of August 23,1939 deeply shook Lashs growing leanings towards the Communist Party, causing him to resign as executive secretary of the American Student Union. Three months later he was subpoenaed to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee to be questioned about his activities with the American Student Union and the American Youth Congress. Lash was a witness on Nov.11, refusing to cooperate with the committee in its effort to obtain the names of members of the Communist Party. After boarding a train to attend the hearing at Pennsylvania Station, Lash met First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, becoming lifelong friends. After the hearing, she invited Lash and the others to a dinner at the White House, Lash applied for a commission with Naval Intelligence during World War II, but was apparently turned away as a potential security risk. He instead enlisted in the U. S. Army Air Force, during the wartime years he maintained a correspondence with the First Lady, who visited him during her 1943 American Red Cross tour of the Pacific. In 1947 with Eleanor Roosevelt, Lash was a co-founder and New York director of Americans for Democratic Action, in 1950, Lash went to work for the New York Post as the papers United Nations correspondent. In 1961, Lash published his first full-length book, a biography of U. N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld, thereafter, he moved to a position as assistant editor of the New York Posts editorial page, staying in that capacity until 1966. Following Eleanor Roosevelts death in 1962, Lash set to writing a memoir of her. This fair and familiar treatment of his friend kept him in the Roosevelt familys eye, two years after the publication of this book, in 1966, Lash received a telephone call from Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. the literary executor of his mother. Roosevelt asked whether Lash might like to take a look at Eleanor Roosevelts personal papers and this book, which dealt sympathetically but candidly with the Roosevelts sometimes troubled marriage, made headlines and garnered critical praise. It won the Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1972, cementing Lashs prominence as an independent writer, a series of literary projects ensued
29.
Michael Lewis
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Michael Monroe Lewis is an American non-fiction author and financial journalist. He has also been an editor to Vanity Fair since 2009. His most recent book is called The Undoing Project, Lewis was born in New Orleans to corporate lawyer J. Thomas Lewis and community activist Diana Monroe Lewis. He attended Isidore Newman School in New Orleans and he then attended Princeton University where he received a cum laude AB in art history in 1982 and was a member of the Ivy Club. He went on to work with New York art dealer Daniel Wildenstein and he enrolled at the London School of Economics and received an MA in economics in 1985. Lewis was hired by Salomon Brothers and moved to New York for their training program and he worked at its London office as a bond salesman. He resigned to write Liars Poker and became a financial journalist, Lewis described his experiences at Salomon and the evolution of the mortgage-backed bond in Liars Poker. In The New New Thing, he investigated the then-booming Silicon Valley, four years later, Lewis wrote Moneyball, in which he investigated the success of Billy Beane and the Oakland As. In August 2007, he wrote an article about catastrophe bonds entitled In Natures Casino that appeared in The New York Times Magazine and he wrote the Dad Again column for Slate. Lewis worked for Conde Nast Portfolio but in February 2009 left to join Vanity Fair, in 2013, in Vanity Fair, Lewis wrote on the injustice of the prosecution of ex-Goldman Sachs programmer Sergey Aleynikov, who is given an entire chapter in Flash Boys. Flash Boys, which looked at high-frequency trading of Wall Street, a best-selling author, Lewis has drawn both supporters and vocal detractors. Lewis has been criticized for writing a 2007 article in Bloomberg criticizing economists at the World Economic Forum for expressing views on how the world wasnt pricing risk appropriately, critics from outside the financial industry have also criticized Lewis for what they consider to be inaccuracies in his writing. In a 2011 column in The Atlantic, American journalist and sports author Allen Barra takes issue with Lewiss characterization of Major League Baseball in his 2003 book Moneyball, Barra writes, From a historical standpoint, Lewis is, well, way off base. By the end of the 20th century baseball had achieved a level of competitive balance than at any time in the games history. Moneyball doesnt just get the state of present-day baseball wrong, it misrepresents the history of the sport. Lewiss Flash Boys, A Wall Street Revolt ignited a new round of controversy surrounding high-frequency trading, one month later, in June 2014, White announced that the SEC would undergo a new round of regulatory review in response to concerns about dark pools and market structure. Lewiss The Undoing Project was widely praised by critics, with Glenn C. Altschuler arguing in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette that it may well be his best book, Lewis has been married three times
30.
Edmund Phelps
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Edmund Strother Phelps, Jr. is an American economist and the winner of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Early in his career, he known for his research at Yales Cowles Foundation in the first half of the 1960s on the sources of economic growth. Phelps was at the University of Pennsylvania from 1966 to 1972 and that led to his development of the natural rate of unemployment, its existence and the mechanism governing its size. He has been McVickar Professor of Political Economy at Columbia since 1982 and he is also the director of Columbias Center on Capitalism and Society. Phelps was born in Evanston, Illinois, and he moved with his family to Hastings-on-Hudson, New York when he was six, in 1951, he went to Amherst College for his undergraduate education. At his fathers advice, Phelps enrolled in his first economics course in his year at Amherst. Economist James Nelson gave the course, which was based on the famous textbook Economics by Paul Samuelson, Phelps was strongly impressed with the possibility of applying formal analysis to one of his old interests, business. He quickly became aware of an important unsolved problem with the existing theory, after receiving his B. A. at Amherst in 1955, Phelps went to Yale University for graduate studies. At Yale, he studied under future Nobel Prize winners James Tobin, Phelps was also strongly influenced by William Fellner and Henry Wallich whose courses emphasized the expectations of agents. Phelps received his Ph. D. from Yale in 1959, Phelps went to work as an economist for the RAND Corporation. However, feeling he could not pursue macroeconomics at RAND, Phelps decided to return to the academic world, in 1960, he took a research position at the Cowles Foundation while he was also teaching at Yale. At the Cowles Foundation, his research focused mainly on neoclassical growth theory, as part of his research, in 1961 Phelps published a famous paper on the Golden Rule savings rate, one of his major contributions to economic science. He also wrote papers dealing with areas of economic theory, such as monetary economics or Ricardian equivalence. His position at Cowles gave Phelps the chance to interact with Arthur Okun and he was able to collaborate with other top economists working on growth theory, including David Cass and fellow Nobelist Tjalling Koopmans. During the 1962-63 academic year, Phelps visited MIT, where he was in contact with future Nobel Prize winners Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, in 1966, Phelps left Yale and moved to University of Pennsylvania to take up tenured position as professor of economics. At Penn, Phelpss research focused mainly on the link between employment, wage setting and inflation, leading to his influential 1968 paper Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor Market Equilibrium. The research contributed important insights in the microeconomics of the Phillips curve, including the role of expectations, in January 1969, Phelps organized a conference at Penn in support of the research on the microfoundations of inflation and employment determination. The conference papers were published the year in a book that had a strong and lasting influence
31.
Adrienne Rich
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Adrienne Cecile Rich was an American poet, essayist and radical feminist. Her first collection of poetry, A Change of World, was selected by renowned poet W. H. Auden for the Yale Series of Younger Poets Award, Auden went on to write the introduction to the published volume. She famously declined the National Medal of Arts, protesting the vote by House Speaker Newt Gingrich to end funding for the National Endowment for the Arts, Adrienne Rich was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the elder of two sisters. Her father, renowned pathologist Arnold Rice Rich, was the Chairman of Pathology at The Johns Hopkins Medical School and her mother, Helen Elizabeth Rich, was a concert pianist and a composer. Her father was from a Jewish family, and her mother was Southern Protestant, Adrienne Richs early poetic influence stemmed from her father who encouraged her to read but also to write her own poetry. Her interest in literature was sparked within her fathers library where she read the work of such as Ibsen, Arnold, Blake, Keats, Rossetti. Her father was ambitious for Adrienne and planned to create a prodigy, Adrienne Rich and her younger sister were home schooled by their mother until Adrienne began public education in the fourth grade. In later years, Rich went to Roland Park Country School, after graduating from high school, Rich gained her college diploma at Radcliffe College, where she focused primarily on poetry and learning writing craft, encountering no women teachers at all. Following her graduation, Rich received a Guggenheim Fellowship to study at Oxford for a year, following a visit to Florence, she chose not to return to Oxford, and spent her remaining time in Europe writing and exploring Italy. In 1953, Rich married Alfred Haskell Conrad, a professor at Harvard University she met as an undergraduate. She said of the match, I married in part because I knew no way to disconnect from my first family. I wanted what I saw as a womans life, whatever was possible. They settled in Cambridge, Massachusetts and had three sons, in 1955, she published her second volume, The Diamond Cutters, a collection she said she wished had not been published. That year she received the Ridgely Torrence Memorial Award from the Poetry Society of America. Her three children were born in 1955,1957 and 1959, in her 1982 essay Split at the Root, An Essay on Jewish Identity, Rich states, The experience of motherhood was eventually to radicalize me. The book met with harsh reviews and she comments, I was seen as bitter and personal, and to be personal was to be disqualified, and that was very shaking because Id really gone out on a limb. I realised Id gotten slapped over the wrist, and I didnt attempt that kind of thing again for a long time. Moving her family to New York in 1966, Rich became involved with the New Left and became involved in anti-war, civil rights
32.
Mary Roach
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Mary Roach is an American author, specializing in popular science and humor. Roach is noted for her curiosity and humor in addition to her research and her many humor-laced articles in various publications over the decades include her monthly humor column, My Planet, in Readers Digest. Mary Roach was born in Hanover, New Hampshire, to a 65-year-old father and her family later moved to Etna, New Hampshire, where Roach attended Hanover High School. She received a degree in psychology from Wesleyan University in 1981. After college, Roach moved to San Francisco, California, and she worked as a columnist, and also worked in public relations for a brief time. Her writing career began while working part-time at the San Francisco Zoological Society, on her days off from the SFZS, she wrote freelance articles for the San Francisco Chronicle Sunday Magazine. In 1986, she sold a piece about the IRS to the San Francisco Chronicle. She has also written articles for Salon. com and tech-gadget reviews for Inc. com, from 1996 to 2005, Roach was part of the Grotto, a San Francisco-based project and community of working writers and filmmakers. It was in this community that Roach got the push she needed to break into book writing, while being interviewed by Alex C. Telander of BookBanter, Roach answered the question of how she got started on her first book, A few of us every year would make predictions for other people, so someone made the prediction that, Mary will have a book contract. I forgot about it and when October came around I thought and this is what literally lit the fire under my butt. Although Roach writes primarily about science, she never intended to make it her career, I didn’t plan it like this, and I dont have a formal background in science, or any education in science journalism. Actually I have a degree in psychology. TV and radio shows have repeatedly asked Roach to appear as a guest so they could hear her opinions and she has appeared on programs like Coast to Coast AM, The Daily Show, and The Colbert Report. Roach has had monthly columns in Readers Digest and Sports Illustrated for Women, besides being a best-selling author, Roach is involved in many other projects. Roach reviews books for The New York Times, and was the guest editor of the Best American Science and Nature Writing 2011 edition. She also serves as a member of the Mars Institutes Advisory Board, as an ambassador for Mars One and was recently asked to join the Usage Panel of the American Heritage Dictionary. While it is clear that Roach has a variety of what some might call unusual interests
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Joseph Stiglitz
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Joseph Eugene Stiglitz is an American economist and a professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and he is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank and is a former member and chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. In 2000, Stiglitz founded the Initiative for Policy Dialogue, a tank on international development based at Columbia University. He has been a member of the Columbia faculty since 2001 and he was the founding chair of the universitys Committee on Global Thought. He also chairs the University of Manchesters Brooks World Poverty Institute and he is a member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. In 2009, the President of the United Nations General Assembly Miguel dEscoto Brockmann, Commission on Reforms of the International Monetary and Financial System, where he oversaw suggested proposals and commissioned a report on reforming the international monetary and financial system. From 2011 to 2014, Stiglitz was president of the International Economic Association and he presided over the organization of the IEA triennial world congress held near the Dead Sea in Jordan in June 2014. Based on academic citations, Stiglitz is the 4th most influential economist in the world today, Stiglitzs work focuses on income distribution from a Georgist perspective, asset risk management, corporate governance, and international trade. Stiglitz was born in a Jewish family in Gary, Indiana, to Charlotte, a schoolteacher, and Nathaniel David Stiglitz, Stiglitz graduated from Amherst College in 1964, where he was a highly active member of the debate team and president of the student government. During his senior year at Amherst College, he studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from 1965 to 1966, he moved to the University of Chicago to do research under Hirofumi Uzawa who had received an NSF grant. He studied for his PhD from MIT from 1966 to 1967, Stiglitz stated that the particular style of MIT economics suited him well – simple and concrete models, directed at answering important and relevant questions. In subsequent years, he held positions at Yale, Stanford, Oxford. He also gives classes for a program between Sciences Po Paris and École Polytechnique in Economics and Public Policy. He has chaired The Brooks World Poverty Institute at the University of Manchester since 2005, Stiglitz is widely considered a New-Keynesian economist, although at least one economics journalist says his work cannot be so clearly categorised. In addition to making numerous contributions to microeconomics, Stiglitz has played a number of policy roles. He served in the Clinton administration as the chair of the Presidents Council of Economic Advisors and he was fired by the World Bank for expressing dissent with its policies. He was an author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He is also a member of the committee of the Fundacion IDEAS
