1.
WDVD
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WDVD is a Hot Adult Contemporary radio station in Detroit, Michigan, broadcasting at 96.3 MHz on the FM dial. WDVD is licensed for HD Radio operations, on June 1,1948, the station signed on as WJR-FM, simulcasting WJR, Detroits CBS Radio Network affiliate. After almost three years, the station reverted to music, with which it was quite successful for a time, as their moniker was WJR-FM. Competitors at this time were WLDM-FM, WWJ-FM, and WKNR-FM, in July 1982, WJR-FM applied to the Federal Communications Commission for a call letter change to WHYT. The call letter change was approved on August 16,1982, and, oddly, Hot Hits was a fast-moving, jingle-intensive format that featured a tight rotation of 50 current hits. The station used the on-air names 96 Now and 96 WHYT, one of the noteworthy WHYT personalities during this time was Joey Reynolds, who had last worked in Detroit radio at WXYZ-AM eighteen years earlier. In 1985, the station retooled itself as Power 96, in 1989, the station rebranded as simply 96.3 FM, taking on even more of a rhythmic contemporary lean. For much of the 1980s, WHYT was Detroits local affiliate for Casey Kasems American Top 40, wHYTs major competitors from the mid-1980s through the early 1990s were Z95.5 and 99.5 The Fox, as well as then churban powerhouse WJLB. The stations peak of popularity came during its days as both Power 96 and then 96, michael J. Foxx, Sonny Joe Fox, Bo The Jammer Jackson, Dave Fogel and Lisa Lisa The Party Princess Orlando were all popular DJs at WHYT. In 1991, however, the debut of 89X, as well as Foxxs departure, took substantial market share away from WHYT as teens, in 1992, the station delved even farther into rhythmic CHR territory, becoming known as 96.3 Jamz. WHYT eliminated most of the pop and rock from its playlist and began to focus almost exclusively on hip-hop, R&B. This format, known in radio trades as Channel X, was described by some as a version of MTV. After completing a deal with a radio station in Plattsburgh, New York. With the call change, however, the station tweaked its format to more of a Modern Adult Contemporary sound to distinguish it more from competing alternative-rock station CIMX. The Planet dropped White Zombie, The Offspring and other harder-edged artists from its playlist and focused more on alternative pop-rock acts such as Jewel, Sheryl Crow, during this time, the station identified itself as Modern Hits of the 80s and 90s. A popular feature on WPLT was Big Sonic Heaven, a Sunday-night program of ambient, trance, chill, the Planet made some ratings headway with the Modern AC sound, but was never a major player in the market. On September 6,1999, at 4,30 PM, after finishing their Labor Day weekend Flashback 500 countdown, the first song on the relaunched Planet was Plush by Stone Temple Pilots. Core artists of Alternative Classics included U2, Depeche Mode, The Cure, The Go-Gos, Peter Gabriel, Erasure, the change failed to raise ratings, and within a year, WPLT had begun to re-add current music into its rotation under the guise of Future Alternative Classics
2.
Detroit
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Detroit is the most populous city in the U. S. state of Michigan, the fourth-largest city in the Midwest and the largest city on the United States–Canada border. It is the seat of Wayne County, the most populous county in the state, the municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. Roughly one-half of Michigans population lives in Metro Detroit alone, the Detroit–Windsor area, a commercial link straddling the Canada–U. S. Border, has a population of about 5.7 million. Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, a strait that connects the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States, the City of Detroit anchors the second-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago, and the thirteenth-largest in the United States. Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and various bridges, Detroit was founded on July 24,1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region, with expansion of the American automobile industry in the early 20th century, the Detroit area emerged as a significant metropolitan region within the United States. The city became the fourth-largest in the country for a period, in the 1950s and 1960s, suburban expansion continued with construction of a regional freeway system. A great portion of Detroits public transport was abandoned in favour of becoming a city in the post-war period. Due to industrial restructuring and loss of jobs in the auto industry, between 2000 and 2010 the citys population fell by 25 percent, changing its ranking from the nations 10th-largest city to 18th. In 2010, the city had a population of 713,777 and this resulted from suburbanization, corruption, industrial restructuring and the decline of Detroits auto industry. In 2013, the state of Michigan declared an emergency for the city. Detroit has experienced urban decay as its population and jobs have shifted to its suburbs or elsewhere, conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces since the 2000s and allowed several large-scale revitalisations. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago. In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi, for the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois likely response. When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, the 1798 raids and resultant 1799 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards. By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400, by 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec
3.
Southeast Michigan
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It is bordered in the north-east by Lake St. Clair, to the south-east Lake Erie, and the Detroit River which connects these two lakes. Detroit, the states largest city and the county seat of Wayne County, mount Clemens, the county seat of Macomb County. Pontiac, the county seat of Oakland County, west Bloomfield Township Some cities are considered within Southeast Michigan, while also being a part of another region or metropolitan area. The following cities tend to identify themselves separately from Southeast Michigan and are isolated from the counties of Oakland, Macomb. Ann Arbor, county seat of Washtenaw County and home of the University of Michigans main campus, Adrian, county seat of Lenawee County and home of Adrian College, Siena Heights University. Hillsdale, county seat of Hillsdale County located between the southeast and southwest corners of the state, Howell, county seat of Livingston County located between Metro Detroit and the Greater Lansing areas. Jackson, county seat of Jackson County also considered to be a part of Greater Lansing, port Huron, county seat of St. Clair County, also considered to be part of the Thumb. Monroe, county seat of Monroe County, saline, a community in Washtenaw County. See Also, Metro Detroit With 4,488,335 people in 2010, Metro Detroit was the tenth largest metropolitan area in the United States, the main economic activity is manufacturing cars. Major manufacturing cities are Warren, Sterling Heights, Dearborn and Detroit, other economic activities include banking and other service industries. Most people in Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland, Washtenaw, in the recent years, urban sprawl has affected the areas of Canton, Commerce, Chesterfield, and Clinton townships. SEMCOG Commuter Rail is a regional rail link between Ann Arbor and Detroit. The Detroit Metro Airport is the busiest in the area with the opening of the McNamara terminal, the airport is located in Romulus. Manufacturing and service industries have replaced agriculture for the most part, in rural areas of Saint Clair County, Monroe, and Livingston Counties still grow crops such as corn, sugar beets, soy beans, other types of beans, and fruits. Romeo and northern Macomb County is well known for its apple, Radio Most major Detroit radio stations, such as WJR and WWJ, can be heard in most or all of southeastern Michigan. Port Huron, Howell, Ann Arbor/Ypsilanti, Adrian, and Monroe are also served by their own locally-originating stations, national Public Radio is broadcast locally from Ann Arbor on Michigan Radio WUOM91.7 FM and from Detroit on WDET-FM101.9 FM. Major television stations include, WJBK Fox 2, WXYZ7 Action News, WDIV Local 4, WWJ-TV channel 62, newspaper Daily editions of the Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are available throughout the area. Ballard, Charles L. Michigans Economic Future, Challenges and Opportunities, ballard, Charles L. Paul N. Courant, and Douglas C
4.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
5.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
6.
Repeater
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In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction. Some types of repeaters broadcast a signal, but alter its method of transmission, for example. A broadcast relay station is a used in broadcast radio. When an information-bearing signal passes through a channel, it is progressively degraded due to loss of power. The longer the wire is, the power is lost. So with a long enough wire the call will not be audible at the other end, similarly, the farther from a radio station a receiver is, the weaker the radio signal, and the poorer the reception. A repeater is a device in a communication channel that increases the power of a signal and retransmits it. Since it amplifies the signal, it requires a source of electric power, the term repeater originated with telegraphy in the 19th century, and referred to an electromechanical device used to regenerate telegraph signals. Use of the term has continued in telephony and data communications and this is used to increase the range of telephone signals in a telephone line. They are most frequently used in trunklines that carry long distance calls, since the telephone is a duplex communication system, the wire pair carries two audio signals, one going in each direction. So telephone repeaters have to be bilateral, amplifying the signal in both directions without causing feedback, which complicates their design considerably, telephone repeaters were the first type of repeater and were some of the first applications of amplification. The development of telephone repeaters between 1900 and 1915 made long distance phone service possible, however most telecommunications cables are now fiber optic cables which use optical repeaters. Submarine cable repeater This is a type of telephone used in underwater submarine telecommunications cables. This is used to increase the range of signals in a fiber optic cable, digital information travels through a fiber optic cable in the form of short pulses of light. The light is made up of particles called photons, which can be absorbed or scattered in the fiber, however, optical amplifiers are being developed for repeaters to amplify the light itself without the need of converting it to an electric signal first. Some repeaters have been powered by light energy transmitted down the fiber with the signal and this is used to extend the range of coverage of a radio signal. A radio repeater usually consists of a receiver connected to a radio transmitter
7.
HD Radio
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It was selected by the U. S. It is officially known as NRSC-5, with the latest version being NRSC-5-C, other digital radio systems include FMeXtra, Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale, and Compatible AM-Digital. Although HD Radio broadcastings content is currently subscription-free, listeners must purchase new receivers in order to receive the portion of the signal. As of May 2009, there were stations in the world on the air with HD Radio technology than any other digital radio technology. More than 1,700 stations covering approximately 84% of the United States are broadcasting with this technology, according to iBiquitys website, the HD is simply a brand name and has no meaning. There is no connection with television, although like digital television the HD Radio specification provides enhanced capabilities over the analog format. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD Radio receiver, in addition, there are many more analog AM/FM radio receivers than there were analog televisions, and many of these are car stereos or portable units that cannot be upgraded. Digital information is transmitted using OFDM with a compression algorithm called HDC. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $100,000 and $200,000, if the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD-2 and HD-3 streams are not simulcast on analog, alternatively the HD Radio signal can revert to a more-robust 20 kilobit per second stream, though the sound is reduced to AM-like quality. Datacasting is also possible, with metadata providing song titles or artist information, by using spectral band replication the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the bandwidth-tight AM band. The HD Radio AM hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40 or 60 kbit/s of data, but most AM digital stations default to the more-robust 40 kbit/s mode which features redundancy. HD Radio also provides a digital mode, which lacks an analog signal for fallback. The pure digital mode transmissions will stay within the AM stations channel instead of spilling into the next to the station transmitting HD radio as the hybrid stations do. The AM version of HD Radio technology uses the 20 kHz channel, when operating in pure digital mode, the AM HD Radio signal fits inside a standard 20 kHz channel or an extended 30 kHz channel, at the discretion of the station manager. As AM radio stations are spaced at 9 kHz or 10 kHz intervals, some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter, WYSL owner Bob Savage against WBZ in Boston. The HD Radio also provides several digital modes with up to 300 kbit/s bitrate. Like AM, pure digital FM provides a fallback condition where it reverts to a more robust 25 kbit/s signal, FM stations have the option to subdivide their datastream into sub-channels of varying audio quality
8.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
9.
Premiere Networks
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Premiere Networks is an American radio network. It is the largest syndication company in the United States and it is a wholly owned subsidiary of iHeartMedia and is headed by Julie Talbott, who serves as president. Premiere Networks syndicates more than 90 radio programs and services to more than 5,500 radio affiliations, Premiere is based in Sherman Oaks, California, with 13 offices nationwide. Many of Premieres programs are available on iHeartRadio and iHeartRadio. com. Premiere was founded in 1987 with an investment of $30,000, founders included Steve Lehman, Tim Kelly, Louise Palanker and Ed Mann. The network produced 3 programs with approximately 250 affiliates, in 1992, Premiere entered the agreement with Mediabase, and later acquired the said company in 1994. In 1997, Jacor Communications acquired both Premiere and EFM Media, which in turn, Clear Channel Communications ultimately bought Jacor, following the merger with AMFM Inc. in 2000, its syndication arm AMFM Radio Networks and its radio shows, were folded into Premieres operations. Premiere entered an agreement with Fox Sports to launch Fox Sports Radio. Premiere Networks programs are distributed over satellite, NexGen Digital WANcasting. The FTP server serves both primary and backup delivery needs for weekly pre-recorded content, for years, Premiere used the popular Starguide Digital III satellite system to distribute their programs, but has fully converted over to X-Digital Systems for satellite delivery. Premieres entertainment programs are distributed on a mixture of fee and barter based deals, programs are organized alphabetically by franchise, and display their date, time, if theyre available for online download, and additional information. See also List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia, - The show requires a paid subscription to download. A syndicated 3 hour radio program marketed to radio stations with an Oldies format and it launched in early 1988 and aired over 200 radio stations before ending production in 1993. Some stations continued airing reruns from 1993-1996, steele died in August 1997 from lung cancer, producer M. G. Kelly took over the show, retooled it into American Hit List, and distributes the show himself. In 2015, Live From the 60s was re-launched with MG Kelly producing and syndicating the show out himself. Lionel Dreamland with Art Bell, later Whitley Strieber Jeff Rense Sex with Dr. Natasha - Ended in Spring 2004 as a response to the 2004 Super Bowl halftime show and the FCC crackdown that followed. Even though the show had never been cited or fined by the FCC, after Midnite -1993 to 2013, country music show hosted by Blair Garner. Garner departed for Cumulus Media Networks, the After Midnite name is, as of late 2013, being used for various guest hosts in the time slot
10.
Detroit Lions Radio Network
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The Detroit Lions Radio Network is a radio network that broadcasts all of the NFLs Detroit Lions games and related programming. All preseason, regular season, and postseason games are aired throughout the network. The current announcers are Dan Miller with play-by-play and Jim Brandstatter with color commentary, Games are also aired on Sirius XM Radio Games are also broadcast online on NFL Field Pass. Dan Miller has been the radio voice of the Lions since 2005. Miller succeeded Mark Champion, who had called play-by-play for the team from 1989-2004, van Patrick called play-by-play from 1950 until his death in 1974. Other past announcers for Lions radio include Frank Beckmann and Bob Reynolds, Jim Brandstatter has been the Lions radio color commentator since 1987. Tony Ortiz has been providing Lions sideline reports since 2001 from 2016 and he produced Lions games broadcasts from 1991-1994. WXYT-AM was the flagship station of the network from 1998-2004. In 2005, the Lions flagship became an FM station for the first time in their history, detroits WWJ was the teams flagship station prior to 1998, and continued to simulcast WXYT-AMs broadcasts prior to the teams move to WKRK. Prior to 1989, WJR had served as the Lions radio flagship, former names of the network include The WXYT1270 Detroit Lions Radio Network, The WKRK Detroit Lions Radio Network, and The Live 97.1 Detroit Lions Radio Network. WXYT-FM was the Lions flagship from 2004–2015, on November 20,2015, it was announced that the Detroit Lions would move to WJR beginning in the 2016 NFL season, ending the teams 20-year relationship with CBS Radio. Officials stated that CBS had dropped the team over demands that it censor on-air content that was critical of the team, wXYT-FM refused to do so, and he remains at the station. List of XM Satellite Radio channels List of Sirius Satellite Radio stations NFL on Westwood One
11.
Michigan State Spartans
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The Michigan State Spartans are the athletic teams that represent Michigan State University. The schools athletic program includes 25 varsity sports teams and their mascot is a Spartan warrior named Sparty, and the school colors are green and white. The university participates in the NCAAs Division I and the Football Bowl Subdivision for football, the Spartans participate as members of the Big Ten Conference in all varsity sports. Michigan State offers 12 varsity sports for men and 13 for women, the universitys athletic director is Mark Hollis, who was promoted to the position on January 1,2008. Hollis replaced Ron Mason, who served as head hockey coach from 1979 to 2002. MSUs football team has won or shared six national championships in 1951,1952,1955,1957,1965 and 1966 and its mens basketball team won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000. The MSU mens ice hockey team won titles in 1966,1986 and 2007. In 1925, the changed its name to Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science. Looking to move beyond its roots, Michigan State held a contest to find a new nickname. They had decided to call the teams the Michigan Staters or the Michigan State Sport Ons, MSU officials headed up by George S. They decided on the Spartans suggested by Stephen G. Scofes and this story was also highlighted in the popular book entitled, The Tradition Continues authored by Constantine and Steven Demos, page 56. By coincidence, Justin Morrill had once compared the Land Grant colleges to the schools of ancient Sparta, with a heroic name and a historic precedent, the Spartans quickly caught on as the teams new nickname. They later changed the lyrics of the Fight Song to reflect the change of the College. As the college grew, it looked to join a major collegiate conference, when the University of Chicago eliminated varsity football and withdrew from the Western Conference in 1946, Michigan State president John A. Hannah lobbied to take its place. Despite opposition from the University of Michigan, the Big Ten admitted M. S. C. on May 20,1949. After joining the conference, head football coach Clarence L. Biggie Munn led the Spartan football team to the Rose Bowl in the 1953–54 season, successor coach Hugh Duffy Daugherty carried the football team to a second Rose Bowl where it again defeated UCLA, 17–14. Michigan State has 23 NCAA Division I-A varsity teams,11 varsity sports for men and 12 for women and they participate in the Big Ten Conference except fencing, where until 1997, from the University founding, MSU featured fencing as a varsity sport. During that time, MSU was coached by the first American recognized as a master of fencing, Charles Schmitter, for 45 years, upon his retirement, his student, Fred Freiheit, coached from 1984 until fencing was demoted from varsity status in 1997
12.
Cumulus Media
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Cumulus Media, Inc. is an American broadcasting company and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States. Cumulus owned 570 stations in 150 markets as of September 16,2011, the company also owns Westwood One. Cumuluss headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia, owns radio stations outside the United States and operates a subsidiary, Clear Channel Outdoor. The company was started in August 1998 by radio consultant Lewis Dickey Jr. and media, the Telecommunications Act of 1996, among other things removed restrictions on the number of radio stations a single owner could control in a market and overall. Dickey, then a known radio programming consultant, was acting as a consultant to a small radio group in which Weening had a personal investment. Dickey and Weening joined forces around Dickeys idea to acquire and operate stations in mid-size markets where giant Clear Channel was not focusing. Dickey was the expert and Weening was the corporate finance. Weening had successful experience as a start-up CEO in book and magazine publishing, online services and he was then CEO of QUAESTUS & Co. Inc. a private equity firm specializing in media and technology start-ups. A student of classics, Weening came up with the name Cumulus which means accumulation in Latin and best described Dickey, QUAESTUS provided the seed capital to make the first station acquisitions as a model for the Cumulus strategy. Full scale operations started on May 22,1997, Weening assumed the role of Executive Chairman focusing on acquisitions deal structuring, corporate finance and internet from headquarters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Dickey selected stations to buy and oversaw radio programming, operations, Dickey brought in highly regarded radio operator William Bungeroth to serve as President of Cumulus broadcasting from new offices in Chicagos Hancock Center. Bungeroth had a reputation as a sales leader. He would oversee market level tactical execution including the integration of newly acquired stations into market operating units, John Dickey, Lews brother and himself an experienced programming consultant would oversee station content. SWIBs investment was followed by another $50 million from Wisconsin-based Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. Financial backing secured, Dickey and Weening set out to radio stations working hard to stay as much under the radar as possible not wishing to attract notice or competition. In the first 12 months Cumulus acquired over 100 stations in 31 markets, almost as soon as the acquisition spree started it was clear the Company would require more than a billion dollars for acquisitions in its sights and plans were laid for a public offering. At the time, newspaper display and classified advertising claimed the largest share of advertising dollars. By offering a range of audiences like newspapers, Cumulus could gain more share of the local advertising dollar than the individual stations could garner on their own
13.
WDRQ
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WDRQ is an FM radio station in Detroit, Michigan broadcasting a country format as Nash FM 93-1. The station is one of two country stations in Detroit, the other being WYCD. The station is owned by Cumulus Media, storer Broadcasting signed on WJBK-FM in the summer of 1947. The station initially broadcast only six hours per day but implemented 24-hour operations in October 1947, from 1947 to 1966, WJBK-FM programming was strict 100% duplication of the AM side, and the FM side continued to simulcast through several programming changes. WJBK-AM was Detroits first top 40 station, playing hit music from 1956 to 1964, after 1964 WJBK-FM fully and then partially simulcast the AMs new easy listening and then MOR format, and its brief return to Top 40 in 1969. Starting in 1966, WJBK-FM began to introduce separate stereo programming for about 50% of the broadcast day, in late 1969, WJBK-AM/FM became WDEE-AM & FM and implemented a country format with a Top 40-style presentation. The AM side quickly returned to high ratings, however, WDEE-FM remained virtually invisible, in 1971, WDEE-FM was sold to Bartell Broadcasting, changed its calls to WDRQ-FM, and became Detroits first FM talk radio station. Vuolo, Jr. Ultimately, however, the format proved to be unsuccessful. Bartell at the time owned such legendary AM Top 40 stations as KCBQ in San Diego, like those stations, WDRQ used consultant Buzz Bennetts fast-paced Q format. By 1977, WDRQ was the number one Top 40 station in Detroit, WDRQ also became intimately involved in Detroit. It organized its listeners to gather on a Saturday and clean up Detroit parks, WDRQ became famous in the radio business nationwide when it ran its WDRQ Has Balls contest. The contest gave away tennis balls, footballs and other equipment manufactured by sports equipment company Head. CKLW and WDRQ also became personal rivals, then, on January 24,1979, WDRQ made a format shift to disco as Disco 93, inspired by the success of the all-disco format at WKTU in New York City. The move to disco was not received well in Detroit, continuous Music—93FM WDRQ was a success, and the opening of Beverly Hills Cop features an advertisement for this version of WDRQ on a city bus. Bartell sold the station to Amatuoro Broadcasting in the early 1980s, Viacom later purchased the station in a trade with Keymarket for a station that Viacom owned in Memphis in the mid-1980s that Keymarket wanted. In April 1985, owner Amaturo Radio Group dropped the format of WDRQ. Action - enabled the station to hold its own in competition against the other AC stations in the market, through the early 1990s, the stations music became more contemporary, and the easy listening artists were gradually phased out. On August 9,1996, WDRQ returned as a Rhythmic Adult Contemporary station, the first song on the relaunched DRQ was Brick House by The Commodores
14.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
15.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
16.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
17.
Michigan
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Michigan /ˈmɪʃᵻɡən/ is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and its largest city is Detroit, Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, the two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, as a result, it is one of the leading U. S. states for recreational boating. Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds, a person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline. What is now the state of Michigan was first settled by Native American tribes before being colonized by French explorers in the 17th century, the area was organized as part of the larger Northwest Territory until 1800, when western Michigan became part of the Indiana Territory. Eventually, in 1805, the Michigan Territory was formed, which lasted until it was admitted into the Union on January 26,1837, the state of Michigan soon became an important center of industry and trade in the Great Lakes region and a popular immigrant destination. Though Michigan has come to develop an economy, it is widely known as the center of the U. S. automotive industry. When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples, which include the Anishinaabe groups of Ojibwe, Odaawaa/Odawa, the three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires. The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest, French voyageurs and coureurs des bois explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of Étienne Brûlés expedition in 1622, the first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where Père Jacques Marquette established Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions, missionaries in 1671–75 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace and Marquette. Jesuit missionaries were received by the areas Indian populations, with relatively few difficulties or hostilities. In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle built Fort Miami at present-day St. Joseph, in 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph along the St. Joseph River at the present day city of Niles. The hundred soldiers and workers who accompanied Cadillac built a fort enclosing one arpent, cadillacs wife, Marie Thérèse Guyon, soon moved to Detroit, becoming one of the first European women to settle in the Michigan wilderness. The town quickly became a major fur-trading and shipping post, the Église de Saint-Anne was founded the same year
18.
Fisher Building
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The Fisher Building is a landmark skyscraper located at 3011 West Grand Boulevard in the heart of the New Center area of Detroit, Michigan. The ornate building, completed in 1928, is one of the works of architect Albert Kahn, and is designed in an Art Deco style, constructed of limestone, granite. The Fisher family financed the building with proceeds from the sale of Fisher Body to General Motors and it was designed to house office and retail space. The building, which contains the elaborate 2, 089-seat Fisher Theatre, was designated a National Historic Landmark on 29 June 1989 and it also houses the headquarters for the Detroit Public Schools. Initially, architect Joseph Nathaniel French of Albert Kahn Associates planned for a complex of three buildings, with two 30-story structures flanking a 60-story tower, however, the Great Depression kept the project at one tower. The Fisher brothers located the building across from the General Motors Building, now Cadillac Place, the two massive buildings spurred the development of a New Center for the city, a business district north of its downtown area. After the war, the asphalt could not be removed from the tiles without harming them. Since the 1980s, these tiles have been illuminated at night colored lights to give them a gold appearance. On St. Patricks Day, the lights are changed to green and, in recent years, to celebrate the NHL playoffs, in 1974, Tri-Star Development purchased the Fisher Building and adjoining New Center Building for approximately $20 million. In 2001, Farbman Group, a real estate based in Southfield. Farbman Group lost the buildings to its lender in 2015.2 million at auction, the multi-year project has a potential cost of $70 million to $80 million in addition to the purchase price. The Fisher Building rises 30 stories with a height of 428 feet, a top floor height of 339 feet. Albert Kahn and Associates designed the building with Joseph Nathaniel French serving as chief architect, French took inspiration from Eliel Saarinens Tribune Tower design of 1922, seen in the emphasis on verticality and the stepped-back upper stories. The building is any other Albert Kahn production. It has been called Detroits largest art object, in 1929, the Architectural League of New York honored the Fisher Building with a silver medal in architecture. The opulent three-story barrel vaulted lobby is constructed with forty different kinds of marble, decorated by Hungarian artist Géza Maróti, the sculpture on the exterior of the building was supplied by several sculptors including Maróti, Corrado Parducci, Anthony De Lorenzo and Ulysses Ricci. Designs called for two flagpoles atop the gilt roof, while they were installed, they were essentially unusable as a radio antenna was installed when one of the buildings oldest tenants, radio station WJR, leased space in December 1928. On-air hosts often mention that broadcasts originate from the tower of the Fisher Building
19.
New Center, Detroit
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New Center, and the surrounding areas north of I-94, are often referred to simply as the North End. The heart of New Center was developed in the 1920s as a hub that would offer convenient access to both downtown resources and outlying factories. Some historians believe that New Center may be the original edge city—a sub-center remote from, but related to, the descriptor New Center derived its name from the New Center News, an automotive-focused free newspaper begun in 1933 that continues to operate under the name Detroit Auto Scene. Both Cadillac Place and the Fisher Building are National Historic Landmarks, in 1891, Detroit mayor Hazen S. Pingree broke ground on the construction of Grand Boulevard, a ring road that wrapped around the city of Detroit. The Boulevard ran for 12 miles, curving from the Detroit River on the west to the river on the east, in the 1890s, major railroad infrastructure known as the Milwaukee Junction was built just south of Grand Boulevard to facilitate industrial expansion in the city of Detroit. To take advantage of the line, industrial plants were built in this area on both sides of Woodward Avenue, with the automotive industry prominently involved. Part of this area east of Woodward is now the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District, while the area west of Woodward and south of the railroad tracks is the New Amsterdam Historic District. Most notably, in 1904, Burroughs Adding Machine Company built a factory on Third. In 1915, Henry Ford bought the financially struggling Detroit General Hospital and its lands on Grand Boulevard and Hamilton, soon after, Ford broke ground on a 50, 000-square-foot facility at the same location, the larger hospital opened in 1921. In the late 1910s and early 1920s, the industry in Detroit grew rapidly. The economic surge made land in downtown Detroit difficult to obtain, the lack of suitable parcels frustrated William C. Durant in his search for the optimum location for his planned General Motors headquarters. Durant looked to the north, and settled on a location just west of Woodward Avenue on Grand Boulevard, at the time, the area was a residential district of private homes and small apartment buildings. Durant hired Albert Kahn to design his building, and ground was broken in 1919, as General Motors continued to grow, the company required more space. In the later 1920s, they built a building, the General Motors Research Laboratory, also designed by Kahn. The building was built in two phases, and was completed in 1930, around the same time, the Fisher Brothers of Fisher Body followed General Motors to the area. They broke ground on their eponymous Fisher Building in 1927, located across Grand Boulevard from the General Motors Building, the Fisher Brothers also hired Kahn, and spared no expense to construct their headquarters building. The followed this up with the construction of New Center Building, the Great Depression, however, forced the Fishers to break off their plans to construct a complex of buildings in New Center, including a grandiose three-towered version of the Fisher building. In 1940 Saks Fifth Avenue opened their fourth full-line department store in this building, the store closed in 1978 and relocated to Fairlane Town Center in Dearborn
20.
Downriver
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Downriver is the unofficial name for a collection of 18 suburban cities and townships in Wayne County, Michigan south of Detroit along the western shore of the Detroit River. Communities to the south of the city can thus be accessed by traveling downriver along the waterway, Brownstown Township, Flat Rock, Gibraltar, Huron Township and Rockwood in the southern parts of Downriver were predominantly rural communities during the first half of the 20th Century. While these communities experienced significant population growth and became more suburban during the half of the 20th Century and 2000s. The News-Herald is a newspaper for Downriver, publishing on Wednesdays and Sundays. The proximity to Canada, coupled with associated with The Purple Gang. During the prohibition years, in Ecorse and the other downriver towns, communities that developed further south — like Southgate, Taylor, Riverview, and Trenton — in the 1950s-1970s are more closely identified as tract homes and subdivisions. Through the 1980s, areas such as Huron Township, Flat Rock, Rockwood, the Downriver cities of Ecorse, Gibraltar, River Rouge, Riverview, Trenton and Wyandotte as well as Brownstown Township directly border the Detroit River. Grosse Ile is a community located in the middle of the Detroit River between mainland Downriver communities and the Canadian towns of LaSalle, Ontario and Amherstburg, Ontario. According to Perry, he chose the geographic reference because it sounded best in the song. Cruisin Downriver is a car show and cruise that takes place on M-85/Fort St. in the Downriver cities of Southgate, Riverview, Wyandotte. It has run yearly since 2000, with bringing their vintage cars to be seen. There are also places to eat, drink, and shop along the route, according to the 2000 census, the 18 Downriver cities and townships had an aggregate population of 361,454. As of 1989, the most common ethnic identities were German, Irish, other ethnic groups included Southern Whites, Blacks, Italians, and Hungarians. Ethnic festivals occurred during the summers, as of that year, historically most people growing up in Downriver stayed there after entering adulthood. Downriver communities were known for their large number of people of Southern origin who had migrated to Michigan to work in the automotive industry during the early to mid-20th Century. This migration slowed after World War II, today, distinctively or predominantly Southern neighborhoods have not existed in Metro Detroit, including Downriver, the composition of the workforce in Downriver communities is diverse as residents work in white-collar and blue-collar occupations. One of the largest employers is the Ford Motor Company which has an industrial complex in nearby Dearborn. In addition, residents work in jobs in downtown Detroit
21.
Riverview, Michigan
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Riverview is a city in Wayne County, Michigan. The population was 12,486 at the time of the 2010 census, Riverview is a Downriver suburb of Detroit and is located along the shore of the Detroit River. Riverview was incorporated as a village in 1922 and became a city in 1959. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 4.48 square miles. Pennsylvania Road - an important east-west road on the side of the city that also forms the boundary between Riverview and Southgate, as well as Wyandotte. It is two lanes east of Fort Street and five lanes west of Fort Street, Sibley Road - an important east-west road in the city that many municipal buildings and parks are located off of. It is two lanes throughout the city, King Road - an east-west road on the south side of the city that also forms the boundary between Riverview and Trenton. It is two lanes for a majority of its length, Fort Street - an important north-south road in the center of the city. A majority of the businesses and restaurants are located on Fort Street. It also serves as the boundary between Riverview and Trenton, between King and Sibley roads and it is a six lane divided highway north of Sibley and a four-lane divided highway with a forest in the median south of Sibley. Quarry Road - a north-south residential street on the east side of the city, grange Road - a north-south residential street on the west side of the city. In 1950, Riverview only stretched as far west as the end of Trentons two northern boundaries. The rest of what is today Riverview was still part of the unincorporated Monguagon Township at that point, in the 1950s and 1960s, during the Cold War, the Department of Defense operated Nike missile launch site D-54 on the site of what is now Young Patriots Park. The IFC site was on the site of what is now Rivergate Nursing Home, a Nike Hercules missile is on display at the former D-54/55 double Nike site. It was placed on display in the park now occupies the site in July 1980. As of the census of 2010, there were 12,486 people,5,163 households, the population density was 2,844.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 5,520 housing units at a density of 1,257.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 0% White,3. 1% African American,0. 4% Native American,1. 6% Asian,0. 5% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 1% of the population
22.
Dayton, Ohio
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Dayton is the sixth-largest city in the U. S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Montgomery County. A small portion of the city extends into Greene County, the Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,080,044 in 2010, making it the 43rd-largest in the United States. Dayton is within Ohios Miami Valley region, just north of the Cincinnati–Northern Kentucky metropolitan area, Dayton also hosts significant research and development in fields like industrial, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering that have led to many technological innovations. Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, with the decline of heavy manufacturing, Daytons businesses have diversified into a service economy that includes insurance and legal sectors as well as healthcare and government sectors. Other than defense and aerospace, healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton areas economy, hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000 and a yearly economic impact of $6.8 billion. It is estimated that Premier Health Partners, a network, contributes more than $2 billion a year to the region through operating, employment. In 2011, Dayton was rated the No.3 city in the out of the top 50 cities in the United States by HealthGrades for excellence in health care. Many hospitals in the Dayton area are consistently ranked by Forbes, U. S. News & World Report, and HealthGrades for clinical excellence. Dayton is also noted for its association with aviation, the city is home to the National Museum of the United States Air Force and is the birthplace of Orville Wright, other well-known individuals born in the city include poet Paul Laurence Dunbar and entrepreneur John H. Patterson. Dayton is also known for its patents, inventions, and inventors that have come from the area. In 2008,2009, and 2010, Site Selection magazine ranked Dayton the No.1 mid-sized metropolitan area in the nation for economic development, also in 2010, Dayton was named one of the best places in the United States for college graduates to find a job. Dayton was founded on April 1,1796, by 12 settlers known as The Thompson Party and they traveled in March from Cincinnati up the Great Miami River by pirogue and landed at what is now St. Clair Street, where they found two small camps of Native Americans. Among them was Benjamin Van Cleve, whose memoirs provide insights into the Ohio Valleys history, two other groups traveling overland arrived several days later. In 1797, Daniel C. Cooper laid out Mad River Road, Ohio was admitted into the Union in 1803, and the city of Dayton was incorporated in 1805. The city was named after Jonathan Dayton, a captain in the American Revolutionary War who signed the U. S, constitution and owned a significant amount of land in the area. Historically, Dayton has been the home for many patents and inventions since the 1870s, according to the National Park Service, citing information from the U. S. Patent Office, Dayton had granted more patents per capita than any other U. S. city in 1890, the Wright brothers, inventors of the airplane, and Charles F. Kettering, world-renowned for his numerous inventions, hailed from Dayton. Paul Laurence Dunbar – a famous African-American poet and novelist – penned his most famous works in the late 19th century, innovation led to business growth in the region
23.
Erie, Pennsylvania
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Erie /ˈɪəri/ is a city in and the county seat of Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. Named for the lake and the Native American tribe that resided along its shore, Erie is the fourth-largest city in Pennsylvania. With a population of 101,786 at the 2010 census, the estimated population in 2016 had decreased to 100,055. The Erie metropolitan area, equivalent to all of Erie County, Erie is situated between Buffalo, Cleveland, and Pittsburgh. Eries manufacturing sector remains prominent in the economy, though health care, higher education, technology, service industries. Erie is known as the Flagship City because of its status as the port of Oliver Hazard Perrys flagship Niagara. The city has also called the Gem City because of the sparkling lake. Cultures of indigenous peoples occupied the shoreline and bluffs in this area for thousands of years, the historic Iroquoian-speaking Erie Nation occupied this area before being defeated by the five nations of the Iroquois Confederacy in the 17th century during the Beaver Wars. The Iroquois tribes had developed and five nations formed a league in the 1500s. The Erie area became controlled by the Seneca, keeper of the door of the Iroquois. The name of the fort refers to the peninsula that juts into Lake Erie, the French term presque-isle means peninsula. When the fort was abandoned by the French in 1760 during the French and Indian War, the British established a garrison at the fort at Presque Isle that same year, three years before the end of the French and Indian War.25 in Continental currency. The Iroquois released the land to Pennsylvania in January 1789 for payments of $2,000 from Pennsylvania, the Seneca Nation separately settled land claims against Pennsylvania in February 1791 for the sum of $800. The General Assembly of Pennsylvania commissioned the surveying of land near Presque Isle through an act passed on April 18,1795, initial settlement of the area began that year. Lt. Colonel Seth Reed and his moved to the Erie area from Geneva, New York, they were Yankees from Uxbridge. They became the first European-American settlers of Erie, settling at what became known as Presque Isle, president James Madison began the construction of a naval fleet during the War of 1812 to gain control of the Great Lakes from the British. Daniel Dobbins of Erie and Noah Brown of Boston were notable shipbuilders who led construction of four schooner−rigged gunboats, commodore Oliver Hazard Perry arrived from Rhode Island and led the squadron to success in the historic Battle of Lake Erie. Erie was an important shipbuilding, fishing, and railroad hub during the mid-19th century, the city was the site where three sets of track gauges met
24.
South Bend, Indiana
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South Bend is a city in and the county seat of St. Joseph County, Indiana, United States, on the St. Joseph River near its southernmost bend, from which it derives its name. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total of 101,168 residents, its Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 318,586 and it is the fourth-largest city in Indiana, serving as the economic and cultural hub of Northern Indiana. The highly ranked University of Notre Dame is located just to the north in unincorporated Notre Dame, the area was originally settled in the early 19th century by fur traders and was established as a city in 1865. The St. Joseph River shaped South Bends economy through the mid-20th century, River access assisted heavy industrial development such as that of the Studebaker Corporation, the Oliver Chilled Plow Company, and other large corporations. The population of South Bend declined after 1960, when it had a population of 132,445. This was chiefly due to migration to areas as well as the demise of Studebaker and other heavy industry. Today, the largest industries in South Bend are health care, education, small business, remaining large corporations include Crowe Horwath, Honeywell, and AM General. Recently, the city population has started to grow for the first time in fifty years. The old Studebaker plant and surrounding area, now called Ignition Park, is being redeveloped as a center to attract new industry. The St. Joseph Valley was long occupied by Native Americans, one of the earliest known groups to occupy what would later become northern Indiana was the Miami tribe. Later, the Potawatomi moved into the region, utilizing the rich food, the Potawatomi occupied this region of Indiana until most of them were forcibly removed in the 1840s. The South Bend area was so popular because its portage was the shortest overland route from the St. Joseph River to the Kankakee River and this route was used for centuries, first by the Native Americans, then by French explorers, missionaries and traders. The first permanent white settlers of South Bend were fur traders who established trading posts in the area, in 1820, Pierre Frieschutz Navarre arrived, representing the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor. He settled near what is now downtown South Bend, alexis Coquillard, another agent of the AFC, established a trading post known as the Big St. Joseph Station. In 1827, Lathrop Minor Taylor established a post for Samuel Hanna and Company, in whose records the name St. Josephs, by 1829, the town was growing, with Coquillard and Taylor emerging as leaders. They applied for a post office, Taylor was appointed postmaster, and the post office was designated as Southold, Allen County, Indiana. The following year, the name was changed to South Bend, probably to ease confusion, in 1831, South Bend was laid out as the county seat and as one of the four original townships of St. Joseph County with 128 residents. Soon after, design began on what would become the town of South Bend, the town was formally established in 1835 and rapidly grew
25.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
26.
Paul W. Smith
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Paul William Smith is an American talk radio host and columnist. He currently hosts the show on WJR radio in Detroit, Michigan. Smiths shows typically feature interviews with a number of notable people, including politicians, authors. Smiths maternal grandparents immigrated to the U. S. from Lebanon, and Smiths father William D. Smith is of Dutch, English, while on a boat ride to the U. S. from Lebanon, Smiths grandmother was pregnant with Smiths mother, Marie Boutros. William D. Smith, who died in 2007 at age 80, worked as an insurance agent and community theatre director. Paul W. Smith was born and raised in Monroe, Michigan as one of three children and graduated from St. Mary Catholic Central High School in Monroe and the University of Michigan and he writes a column at The Detroit News. In Toledo, Ohio, Smith began his career hosting both radio and TV shows, and he has hosted programs on the New York City stations WABC, in 1990, Smith became the morning show host at WWDB in Philadelphia. Smith has hosted the current program on WJR since 1996, taking over following the death of the legendary J. P. McCarthy and his morning show has been consistently rated as the number-one radio program in metro Detroit. Smith is an occasional guest host for The Rush Limbaugh Show, on WJR, Smith also co-hosts the weekly program Destination 313, which explores landmarks and profiles community affairs in the city of Detroit. In addition to hosting, Smith is the Detroit area chair of the Police Athletic League and is a member of its national board and his annual Pals for PAL golf fundraiser finances the bulk for the local PAL programs. Beginning March 13,2006, Smith began authoring a Monday column for the Detroit News which borrows heavily from former Detroit Free Press columnist Bob Talbert, the Paul W. Smith Show Destination 313
27.
Mitch Albom
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Mitchell David Mitch Albom is an American author, journalist, screenwriter, dramatist, radio and television broadcaster, and musician. His books have sold over 35 million copies worldwide, Mitch Albom was born May 23,1958, in Passaic, New Jersey. Albom lived in Buffalo, New York for a little while until his family settled in Oaklyn and he grew up in a small, middle-class neighborhood from which most people never left. Mitch was once quoted as saying that his parents were very supportive, there’s a big world out there. His older sister, younger brother, and he himself, all took that message to heart and his siblings are currently settled in Europe. Albom once mentioned that now his parents say, “Great, all our kids went and saw the world and now no one comes home to have dinner on Sundays. ”While living in New York, Albom developed an interest in journalism. Still supporting himself by working nights in the industry, he began to write during the day for the Queens Tribune. His work there helped earn him entry into the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, during his time there, to help pay his tuition he took work as a babysitter. In addition to piano playing, Albom took a part-time job with SPORT magazine. In 1983, he was hired as a feature writer for The Fort Lauderdale News and Sun Sentinel. Albom’s sports column became quickly popular, in 1989, when the Detroit Free Press and the Detroit News merged weekend publications, Albom was asked to add a weekly non-sports column to his duties. That column ran on Sundays in the section and dealt with American life. It was eventually syndicated across the country, both columns continue today in the Detroit Free Press. No other writer has received the more than once. On June 25,2010, Albom was awarded the APSEs Red Smith Award for lifetime achievement, presented at the annual APSE convention in Salt Lake City, the selection was heavily criticized by a number of Alboms peers, including fellow Red Smith Award winner Dave Kindred. Many of his columns have been collected into anthology books including Live Albom I, Live Albom II, Live Albom III, Albom also serves as a contributing editor to Parade magazine. The players had told Albom they planned to attend, so Albom, filing on his normal Friday deadline, but the players plans changed at the last minute and they did not attend the game. The Detroit Free Press also suspended the four editors who had read the column, Albom was in attendance at the game, but the columnist failed to check on the two players’ presence
28.
Frank Beckmann
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Frank Carl Beckmann is an American broadcaster who is currently a talk radio host on WJR in Detroit, Michigan. He also was the radio announcer for University of Michigan football from 1981 to 2013. Frank Beckmann was awarded a Doctor of Laws Honoris Causa from Northwood University in May 2012, Beckmann, a Michigan native, attended Cousino High School in Warren, Michigan. His family moved to Warren so that Beckmann could attend a school that had a student radio station, Beckmann was the radio play-by-play announcer for University of Michigan football from 1981 to 2013, and has hosted a daily weekday talk show on WJR in Detroit since 2004. Beckmann, who began his career in 1969, was also an announcer for the Detroit Lions and Detroit Tigers. He also hosted Sportswrap, one of the first all-sports talk shows in the nation, on WJR in the early 1980s and he was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame in 2008 for his accomplishments in sports broadcasting. He is generally supportive of conservative and free market views, and lists himself as a supporting member of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy
29.
Westwood One (current)
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Westwood One, owned and operated by Cumulus Media, is an American mass media company headquartered in New York, New York, specializing in radio syndication and audio content. As the radio network and national brand of Cumulus, Westwood One distributes hundreds of programs to radio stations, the company was, at various times, managed by CBS Radio, the radio arm of CBS Corporation and Viacom. It was later purchased by the equity firm The Gores Group. In September 2013, Dial Global rebranded under the name Westwood One and announced an agreement with Cumulus Media. Westwood One now includes the network of Westwood One and Cumulus Media Networks. The company takes its name from a network also named Westwood One. Dial Global was founded as X Radio Networks, a division of Excelsior Radio Networks and it merged with Dial Communications and Global Media in 2006, from which it derived the Dial Global name. Dial Global initially specialized in syndicated weekend music programs of various types, in 2007 it acquired the former Transtar Radio Networks from the original Westwood One. Triton Media Group, a subsidiary of Oaktree Capital Management, purchased Excelsior in early 2008, triton used the Dial Global name for all of its programming and later bought the remainder of Westwood One in 2011, folding it into its Dial Global subsidiary. Dial Global began exhibiting signs of distress in late 2012. It simultaneously announced that it had filed for delisting from NASDAQ, at the time of the announcement, Dial Global stock was trading at $2.00 a share, by mid-January 2013, DGs stock was trading at.30 a share. In a SEC 8-K filing dated January 15,2013, DG announced that it had extended a loan agreement with certain lenders. On August 29,2013, it was announced by The Wall Street Journal that Cumulus Broadcasting will be purchasing Dial Global. Cumulus will be paying $260 million in cash for this programming syndication service, to fund that sale, Cumulus will make a pair of station deals with Townsquare Media, Oaktree Capital Managements radio station ownership division. On September 4,2013, Dial Global announced that - as of that day - the company was renaming itself Westwood One. Both transactions on the Cumulus-Townsquare deal were closed on November 14,2013, the companys numerous acquisitions prompted rival Talk Radio Network to file an antitrust lawsuit against what was then Dial Global in August 2012. Cumulus settled the lawsuit with TRN on amicable terms in March 2014, which was followed by TRN filing another lawsuit over the issue in April 2016
30.
Michael Savage
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Michael Alan Weiner, better known by his professional name Michael Savage, is an American radio host, author, activist, nutritionist, and conservative political commentator. Since October 23,2012, Michael Savage has been syndicated by Cumulus Media Networks and he holds masters degrees from the University of Hawaii in medical botany and medical anthropology, and a Ph. D. from the University of California, Berkeley in nutritional ethnomedicine. As Michael Weiner, he has written books on nutrition, herbal medicine, Savage has summarized his political philosophy in three words, borders, language, and culture. Savage has characterized his views as conservative nationalism, while critics have characterized them as fostering extremism and he opposes illegal immigration to the United States, supports the English-only movement and argues that liberalism and progressivism are degrading American culture. Since 2009, Savage has been barred from entering the United Kingdom, for seeking to provoke others to serious criminal acts, Savage was born Michael Alan Weiner in the Bronx, New York, one of three children of Benjamin and Rae Weiner, Jewish emigrants from Russia. He described his childhood as difficult and his father, the owner of an antiques shop, died of a heart attack at age 57 in 1970, and his mother died in 2003. After graduating from Jamaica High School in 1958, Savage attended Queens College, after college Savage taught high school for several years in New York City. His first marriage in 1964 to Carol Ely ended in divorce, leary hired him to the post because Savage did not use LSD himself. Savage then studied at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, earning a Master of Science in botany in 1970 and he obtained a PhD in 1978 from the University of California, Berkeley, in nutritional ethnomedicine. His thesis was titled Nutritional Ethnomedicine in Fiji, Savage introduced himself to certain writers in the North Beach area of San Francisco in the 1970s. He befriended and traveled with Beat poets Allen Ginsberg and Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Savage maintained a correspondence with Ginsberg consisting of ten letters and a trio of postcards across four years, which is maintained with Ginsbergs papers at Stanford University. One letter asked for Ginsberg and Ferlinghetti to come do a reading, so others could hear and see. Another acquaintance was poet and author Neeli Cherkovski, who says that Savage dreamed of becoming a comic in the mold of Lenny Bruce. Acquaintance Robert Cathcart says that by 1980, in his conversations with Savage. Schwartz stated Savage became alienated from the North Beach scene in the early 1980s, Savage had intense arguments with his liberal friends. When asked about his shift in politics and other views, Savage replied, I was once a child, Savage has cited many occurrences in his life that helped shape his conservative views. Savage states that his opinions on welfare were partly shaped by his first job out of college as a social worker. He described one incident in which his supervisor had him deliver a check to a client to furnish their apartment
31.
Mark Levin
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Mark Reed Levin is an American lawyer, author, and the host of syndicated radio show The Mark Levin Show. Levin worked in the administration of President Ronald Reagan and was a chief of staff for Attorney General Edwin Meese and he is president of the Landmark Legal Foundation, has authored six books, and contributes commentary to various media outlets such as National Review Online. On September 1,2015, Levin was named Editor-in-Chief of Conservative Review, Mark Reed Levin, one of three boys, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Erdenheim as well as Elkins Park, Pennsylvania. His father, Jack E. Levin, is the author of several books and he graduated from Cheltenham High School after three years in 1974. After high school, Levin enrolled at Temple University Ambler including summer classes and graduated with a B. A. in Political Science in 1977 at age 19, summa cum laude, Levin won election to the Cheltenham school board in 1977 on a platform of reducing property taxes. In 1980, Levin earned a J. D. from Temple University Beasley School of Law, Levin worked for Texas Instruments after law school. Department of Education, and deputy solicitor of the U. S. Department of the Interior. He practiced law in the sector and is president of Landmark Legal Foundation. Levin has participated in Freedom Concerts, a benefit concert to aid families of fallen soldiers. Levin is also involved with Troopathon, a charity that sends care packages to soldiers serving overseas, in 2001 the American Conservative Union awarded Levin its Ronald Reagan Award. He was awarded the inaugural Citizens United Andrew Breitbart Defender of the First Amendment Award at CPAC in 2014, Levin began his broadcasting career as a guest on conservative talk radio programs. He was also a contributor to The Sean Hannity Show and eventually got a slot of his own on WABC, initially on Sundays beginning in 2002. Cumulus Media Networks began syndicating The Mark Levin Show nationally in 2006, Levin is known for his frequent use of the pejorative moron and puke for people he opposes. Hannity has nicknamed Mark Levin The Great One, Levin and Hannity remain frequent contributors to each others programs. He is a conservative commentator, ranked 4–6 position nationally among talk radio programs. On February 11,2016, Levin signed a contract extension with Westwood One. Levin authored the 2005 book Men In Black, How The Supreme Court Is Destroying America, rescuing Sprite, A Dog Lovers Story of Joy and Anguish is a non-fiction work written by Levin in 2007 about his experience of rescuing a dog named Sprite from a local animal shelter. Liberty and Tyranny, A Conservative Manifesto was released on March 24,2009 and it came in at No.2 on Amazon. coms list of bestselling books of 2009
32.
John Batchelor
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John Calvin Batchelor is an American author and host of The John Batchelor Show radio news magazine. Based at WABC radio in New York for five years from early 2001 to September,2006, on October 7,2007, Batchelor returned to radio on WABC, and later to other large market stations on a weekly basis. His mother and father both served in the United States Army during World War II, his father served in the Korean War. Batchelor is the eldest of five brothers and he is a 1970 graduate of Princeton University and a 1976 graduate of Union Theological Seminary. John Batchelor and his original co-host, writer Paul Alexander, broadcast Batchelor, for two years, in the show, Batchelor performed the role of Republican, Alexander took the role of Democrat. They focused on issues with special attention to Middle East-based terrorism. He described their approach, Our model is the BBC World Service, with music and live interviews, Alexander quipped, Were not NPR, where they do setups to things on tape. Well, we could be NPR on drugs, Alexander left the show in December 2003 to pursue work as a playwright and biographer. The John Batchelor Show was syndicated nationally in April 2003, historically, it carried nightly the Loftus Report featuring the intelligence commentator John Loftus on current, war-related, open-source intelligence. Aaron Klein, Jerusalem bureau chief for WorldNetDaily, was also a regular, O. Scott of the New York Times, Katrina vanden Heuvel and Stephen F. The program daily featured reports from journalists who filed with the worlds most respected press outlets, in 2012, Simon Constable of Dow Jones, Chris Riback, author and researcher, and Francis Rose of Federal News Radio in Washington, D. C. became primary fill-ins. Batchelors show featured guests, and shows were preceded by and interspersed with news clips. The show focussed on topics, including politics, the war on terror, nuclear proliferation. The Jerusalem Post has an archive of Batchelor and Alexander segments from 2002 and 2003 that deal with Israel. To report on breaking news, Batchelor and a small staff have travelled domestically to hotspots, on Monday, August 25,2006, Batchelor announced on air that his last show on ABC Radio Network would be on September 1, that Friday. WABCs manager, Phil Boyce, wrote in e-mails to listeners that ABC Radio Network simply had discontinued Batchelors syndication and his first radio appearance since his departure from ABC was as a substitute host for Matt Drudge on July 22,2007. The show was nearly identical in format to his ABC show, including contributions from Klein and Loftus and he returned to fill in for Drudge on September 2,2007. Batchelor returned on WABC as the host of a version of the previous show on October 7,2007
33.
Red Eye Radio
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Red Eye Radio is a talk radio program currently hosted by Eric Harley and Gary McNamara. The program is syndicated nationwide by Westwood One and originates from WBAP in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex, the show traces its history through several predecessors, beginning with Bill Macks overnight truck show in 1969. Bill Mack was the founder of WBAPs overnight program, the U. S.1 Trucking Show, Mack started the show in 1969. The show, as the implied, was geared toward the American truck driver. The show briefly attempted an excursion into Mexico on border blaster XERF, eventually, the shows name changed to the Midnight Cowboy Radio Network and was syndicated by ABC Radio, who carefully selected the affiliates to give maximum coverage of the country. Mack left the show to join the Open Road channel on XM Satellite Radio, after Macks departure, ABC changed the name of the show to Midnight Trucking Radio Network. The network tapped WBAP producer Eric Harley, along with Joe Kelley, in addition to Macks old network, MTRN absorbed Dave Nemos old The Road Gang network when Nemo left for XM as well. ABC turned over syndication of the program to Jones Radio Networks in 2005, Jones turned to Gary McNamara, a conservative talk radio host, to fill Kelleys seat. With the change in focus from solely truckers to a general purpose program. Under Jones, the number of affiliates grew from about a dozen stations, mostly 50, 000-watt clear-channel flamethrowers, - front the network, which claims to reach all 48 contiguous states plus Hawaii. The show now broadcasts on XM Satellite Radio after a long run on Sirius Satellite Radio ended in 2007. With the change, the Midnight Radio Network joined former host Bill Mack along with Dale Sommers, by 2007, many references to Midnight Trucking had returned to the show, and by early 2009, to celebrate the shows 40th anniversary, it reverted to the Midnight Trucking name. In April 2008, parent syndicator Jones Radio Networks was sold to Triton Media Group, some changes were made in the months following. One of the first was the removal of the show from satellite radio, as a result of the reorganization, the show also gained several major market affiliates, including New York City and Los Angeles, where Red Eye Radio had established itself. On December 21,2012, just before the first anniversary of the Harley-McNamara version of the show, the show runs five hours each night, from midnight to 5 am Central Time. Harley and McNamara primarily address issues with callers, most commonly promoting libertarian. The show is available seven days a week, but usually a best of program airs on weekends
34.
Rush Limbaugh
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Rush Hudson Limbaugh III is an American entertainer, radio talk show host, writer, and conservative political commentator. Since he was 16, Limbaugh has worked a series of disc jockey jobs and his talk show began in 1984 at Sacramento, California radio station KFBK, featuring his ongoing format of political commentary and listener calls. In 1988, Limbaugh began broadcasting his show nationally from radio station WABC in New York City, and he currently resides in Palm Beach, Florida, where he broadcasts The Rush Limbaugh Show. According to December 2015 estimates by Talkers Magazine, Rush Limbaugh has a cume of around 13.25 million unique listeners, in the 1990s, Limbaughs books The Way Things Ought to Be and See, I Told You So made The New York Times Best Seller list. In his books and on his show, Limbaugh frequently criticizes what he regards as liberal policies and politicians, Limbaugh is among the highest paid people in U. S. media, signing a contract in 2008 for $400 million through 2016. In 2015, Forbes listed his earnings at $79 million for the previous 12 months and his most recent contract, signed on July 31,2016, will take his radio program to 2020, its 32nd year. Rush Hudson Limbaugh III was born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri and his father was a lawyer and a U. S. fighter pilot who served in the China Burma India Theater of World War II. His mother was a native of Searcy, Arkansas, the name Rush was originally chosen for his grandfather to honor the maiden name of family member Edna Rush. Limbaugh is of part German ancestry and his family has many lawyers, including his grandfather, father and brother David. His uncle, Stephen N. Limbaugh, Sr. is a judge in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. His cousin, Stephen N. Limbaugh, Jr. is currently a judge in the same court, the Federal Courthouse in Cape Girardeau is named for Limbaughs grandfather Rush. Limbaugh began his career in radio as a teenager in 1967 in his hometown of Cape Girardeau, Limbaugh graduated from Cape Girardeau, Missouri Central High School in 1969. Because of his parents desire to see him attend college, he enrolled in Southeast Missouri State University, According to his mother, he flunked everything, and he just didnt seem interested in anything except radio. Limbaughs biographer states that a part of his life has been dedicated to gaining his fathers respect. After dropping out of college, Limbaugh moved to McKeesport, Pennsylvania, in 1972, he became a Top 40 music disc jockey on WIXZ, a small AM radio station that reached much of the Pittsburgh area. He started with a show and later did mornings, broadcasting under the name Jeff Christie. Limbaugh moved to Pittsburgh station KQV in 1973 as the disc jockey. He was fired in late-1974, when the station was sold to Taft Broadcasting, Limbaugh was reportedly told by management that he would never make it as on-air talent, and should consider going into sales
