1.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
2.
Delaware Valley
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The Delaware Valley is the valley through which the Delaware River flows. By extension, this toponym is commonly used to refer to the Philadelphia metropolitan area, the Delaware Valley Metropolitan Area is located at the southern part of the Northeast megalopolis extending from Boston to Washington, D. C. metropolitan areas. The MSA has a population of over 6 million, while the CSA has a population of over 7.1 million. Philadelphia, being the major commercial, cultural, and industrial center. As of March 2011, the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington, PA–NJ–DE–MD Metropolitan Statistical Area constitutes the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, Philadelphias media market ranks fourth, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago, in Nielsen Media Market size rankings. It also borders the New York metropolitan area located directly to the north of this area, such educational institutions as Delaware Valley Regional High School in Alexandria Township and Delaware Valley College in Doylestown Township are named after the region. Likewise, Frenchtowns now defunct newspaper The Delaware Valley News was another example of the usage, although much of the Trenton MSA is considered part of the Delaware Valley and often considered part of Philadelphias media market area, it is classified as part of New Yorks CSA. Within the Hispanic population, the vast majority are Puerto Ricans, there is a significant West Indian community. There is even a small Native American community known as Lenapehoking for Lenni-Lenape Indians of West Philadelphia. Philadelphias suburbs contain a concentration of malls, the two largest of which have at least 5,000,000 square feet of office space. Malls, office complexes, strip shopping plazas, expressways, and tract housing are common sights, and more and more continue to replace rolling countryside, farms, woods, and wetlands. However, due to opposition by residents and political officials. Older townships and large boroughs such as Cheltenham, Norristown, Jenkintown, Upper Darby, the fastest-growing counties are Chester, Montgomery, Bucks, and Gloucester. Upper Darby, in Delaware County is the largest township in the United States, sometimes Reading is included in the Delaware Valley Metro Area. The Delaware Valley has four seasons with ample precipitation and is divided by the 0 °C January isotherm. The region has two ski areas, Bear Creek Ski and Recreation Area in eastern Berks County and Spring Mountain in central Montgomery County. Using the -3 °C January isotherm as a boundary, all of the Delaware Valley is humid subtropical except for portions of Berks County, the warm-summer humid continental climate only exists in higher areas of Berks where all monthly temperatures average below 22 °C. The valley was the territory of the Susquehannock and Lenape, who are recalled in place throughout the region
3.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
4.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
5.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
6.
HD Radio
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It was selected by the U. S. It is officially known as NRSC-5, with the latest version being NRSC-5-C, other digital radio systems include FMeXtra, Digital Audio Broadcasting, Digital Radio Mondiale, and Compatible AM-Digital. Although HD Radio broadcastings content is currently subscription-free, listeners must purchase new receivers in order to receive the portion of the signal. As of May 2009, there were stations in the world on the air with HD Radio technology than any other digital radio technology. More than 1,700 stations covering approximately 84% of the United States are broadcasting with this technology, according to iBiquitys website, the HD is simply a brand name and has no meaning. There is no connection with television, although like digital television the HD Radio specification provides enhanced capabilities over the analog format. Thus, there is no deadline by which consumers must buy an HD Radio receiver, in addition, there are many more analog AM/FM radio receivers than there were analog televisions, and many of these are car stereos or portable units that cannot be upgraded. Digital information is transmitted using OFDM with a compression algorithm called HDC. The cost of converting a radio station can run between $100,000 and $200,000, if the primary digital signal is lost the HD Radio receiver will revert to the analog signal, thereby providing seamless operation between the newer and older transmission methods. The extra HD-2 and HD-3 streams are not simulcast on analog, alternatively the HD Radio signal can revert to a more-robust 20 kilobit per second stream, though the sound is reduced to AM-like quality. Datacasting is also possible, with metadata providing song titles or artist information, by using spectral band replication the HDC+SBR codec is able to simulate the recreation of sounds up to 15,000 Hz, thus achieving moderate quality on the bandwidth-tight AM band. The HD Radio AM hybrid mode offers two options which can carry approximately 40 or 60 kbit/s of data, but most AM digital stations default to the more-robust 40 kbit/s mode which features redundancy. HD Radio also provides a digital mode, which lacks an analog signal for fallback. The pure digital mode transmissions will stay within the AM stations channel instead of spilling into the next to the station transmitting HD radio as the hybrid stations do. The AM version of HD Radio technology uses the 20 kHz channel, when operating in pure digital mode, the AM HD Radio signal fits inside a standard 20 kHz channel or an extended 30 kHz channel, at the discretion of the station manager. As AM radio stations are spaced at 9 kHz or 10 kHz intervals, some nighttime listeners have expressed concern this design harms reception of adjacent channels with one formal complaint filed regarding the matter, WYSL owner Bob Savage against WBZ in Boston. The HD Radio also provides several digital modes with up to 300 kbit/s bitrate. Like AM, pure digital FM provides a fallback condition where it reverts to a more robust 25 kbit/s signal, FM stations have the option to subdivide their datastream into sub-channels of varying audio quality
7.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
8.
ESPN Radio
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ESPN Radio is an American sports radio network. It was launched on January 1,1992 under the banner of SportsRadio ESPN. ESPN Radio is located at ESPN headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut, ESPN Radio is broadcast to hundreds of affiliate stations as well as to subscribers of Sirius XM Radio in the United States and Canada. The networks content is streamed online and via mobile applications and other media devices via TuneIn. In 2014, ESPN partnered with TuneIn to create 24/7 streams of its most popular programming including Mike & Mike, select iHeartMedia-owned ESPN Radio affiliates are available through iHeartRadio. Most other markets have ESPN Radio affiliates, whether they be part-time or have their entire format dedicated to ESPN Radio, the Walt Disney Company did not include the ESPN Radio network or the Radio Disney network in the 2007 sale of ABC Radio to Citadel Broadcasting. ESPN Radio Network was formed in September 1991 by both ESPN, Inc. and Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. s ABC Radio Networks. Twenty-five stations had signed on as affiliates as of its announcement on September 5,1991 with an expected total of 200 at the January launch. Shelby Whitfield, executive producer of ABC Radio Sports, and John A. Walsh, the network launched as Sports Radio ESPN on January 1,1992. At first, ESPN Radio broadcast only on weekends, the network debut with 16 hours running on 147 affiliates in 43 states. Its initial programming consisted of shows, update segments and occasional features. By 1996, it expanded to weekdays with a show hosted by The Fabulous Sports Babe, one hour of that show was simulcast on ESPN2. Two years later, Tony Bruno and Mike Golic were brought together for a new morning show, Mike Greenberg was named as Brunos replacement, and the morning show became Mike & Mike, which still airs today. In January,2010, Mike & Mike celebrated their 10-year anniversary on ESPN Radio, dan Patrick was a mainstay in afternoons until his departure from ESPN in 2007. Gradually, ESPN added more dayparts and became a 24-hour service, in 1995, ESPN Radio gained national radio rights to the NBA. In 1997, it gained the national rights to MLB. Disney purchased WEVD from the Forward Association in September 2002 to become WEPN, ESPN Radio flagship station. Disney spun off and merged on June 12,2007 its ABC Radio Networks with Citadel Broadcasting into Citadel Communications while retaining its ESPN Radio and Radio Disney networks, note **, KESN103.3 FM is currently operated by Cumulus Media under local marketing agreement
9.
Philadelphia Union
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The Philadelphia Union is an American professional soccer team based in Chester, Pennsylvania. The Union competes in Major League Soccer as a club of the leagues Eastern Conference. The club began play in 2010 as a team of the league. The club plays their matches at Talen Energy Stadium, a soccer-specific stadium located in Chester, Pennsylvania. Jim Curtin is the Unions head coach, the Union finished as runners-up in the 2014 and 2015 Lamar Hunt U. S. Open Cup tournaments. In the 2014 edition, they lost to the Seattle Sounders FC 3–1 in extra time, despite being one of the ten largest metropolitan areas in the country and a top-five media market, the Philadelphia area was not represented when Major League Soccer kicked off in 1996. The first effort to bring soccer to the Delaware Valley commenced in 2001, Union FC was the intended name for the Trenton MLS team if it came into fruition. However, MetroStars held the right to block a franchise in Trenton, five years later, plans were in place to construct a 20, 000-capacity stadium on the campus of Rowan University in Glassboro, New Jersey. The stadium would serve as the field for both an MLS expansion club and Rowans football team. Ultimately, $100 million in bonds to fund the stadium. Shortly after the Rowan proposal fell through, Keystone Sports & Entertainment looked at a site underneath the Commodore Barry Bridge in Chester to develop a soccer-specific stadium, in 2007, the Sons of Ben supporter group formed to raise interest toward a Major League Soccer team in Philadelphia. They are credited with demonstrating to MLS an established fan base in the market, Major League Soccer added Philadelphia as its sixteenth team on February 28,2008. In December 2009, the Union added the Reading Rage youth soccer organization as their minor league affiliate in the USL Premier Development League. As a result, the Rage were rebranded as Reading United AC with a new logo, u-17 National Team in the first round. In March 2010, the Union signed an agreement with the Harrisburg City Islanders of the United Soccer League. And in January 2012, the Union formed their first international partnership with Deportivo Saprissa of the Costa Rican Primera División, the Union played their inaugural game on March 25,2010, in which they lost 2–0 to Seattle Sounders FC at Qwest Field. Sébastien Le Toux became the first player to score a goal for Philadelphia in their opener on April 10,2010. The team again played Seattle Sounders FC for the first match at Talen Energy Stadium on June 27,2010, Le Toux scored the Unions initial goal at the venue from a penalty kick, which was instrumental to their 3–1 victory
10.
Major League Soccer
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Major League Soccer is a mens professional soccer league, sanctioned by U. S. Soccer, that represents the sports highest level in both the United States and Canada. MLS constitutes one of the professional sports leagues of the United States. The league comprises 22 teams—19 in the U. S. and 3 in Canada, the MLS regular season runs from March to October, with each team playing 34 games, the team with the best record is awarded the Supporters Shield. The postseason includes twelve teams competing in the MLS Cup Playoffs through November and December, culminating in the championship game, MLS teams also play in other domestic competitions against teams from other divisions in the U. S. Open Cup and in the Canadian Championship. MLS teams also compete against continental rivals in the CONCACAF Champions League, Major League Soccer was founded in 1993 as part of the United States successful bid to host the 1994 FIFA World Cup. The first season took place in 1996 with ten teams, MLS experienced financial and operational struggles in its first few years, The league lost millions of dollars, teams played in mostly empty American football stadiums, and two teams folded in 2002. Instead of operating as an association of independently owned teams, MLS is an entity in which each team is owned and controlled by the leagues investors. The investor-operators control their teams as owners control teams in other leagues, MLS headquarters is located in New York City. Major League Soccers regular season runs from March to October, teams are divided into the Eastern and Western Conferences. Teams play 34 games in a schedule,23 matches against teams within their conference. Midway through the season, teams break for the annual All-Star Game, at the end of the regular season, the team with the highest point total is awarded the Supporters Shield. While MLS has looked into changing to a format, there are no current plans to do so. If the league were to change its schedule, a break would be needed, especially with several teams in colder climates. It would also have to compete with the more popular National Football League, National Hockey League, MLS teams also play in other competitions. Every year, up to five MLS teams play in the CONCACAF Champions League against other clubs from the CONCACAF region, two U. S. -based MLS teams qualify based on MLS regular-season results, the winner of the Western conference and the winner of the Eastern conference. The third U. S. team to qualify is the winner of the MLS Cup. A fourth U. S. -based MLS team can qualify via the U. S. Open Cup, Canadian MLS clubs play against lower division Canadian clubs in the Canadian Championship for the one Champions League spot allocated to Canada. MLSs 22 teams are divided between the Eastern and Western Conferences, each club is allowed up to 28 players on its first team roster
11.
Beasley Broadcast Group
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Beasley Broadcast Group, Inc. based in Naples, Florida, is an owner/operator of radio stations in the United States. As of October 2015, the company owned 52 stations, the company was founded in 1961 by George G. Beasley. On February 11,2000 the Group completed its IPO, the swap was completed on December 1,2014. On July 19,2016, Beasley announced that it would acquire Greater Media for $240 million, the FCC approved the sale on October 6, and the sale closed on November 1. The deal gave Beasley additional stations in the Philadelphia and Boston markets and expanded the company into Detroit, delaware, WJBR-FM Florida, WHFS, WHSR, WJBX, WJPT, WLLD, WPBB, WQYK-FM, WRBQ-FM, WRXK-FM, WSBR, WWCN, WWNN, WXKB, WYUU. Georgia, WAEC, WCHZ-FM, WDRR, WGAC, WGAC-FM, WGUS-FM, WHHD, WKXC-FM, WRDW, massachusetts, WBOS, WBQT, WKLB-FM, WMJX, WRCA, WROR-FM. New Jersey, WCTC, WDHA-FM, WJRZ-FM, WMGQ, WMTR, WRAT, nevada, KCYE, KDWN, KKLZ, KOAS, KVGS. North Carolina, WAZZ, WBAV-FM, WBCN, WFLB, WIKS, WKML, WKQC, WMGV, WNCT, WNCT-FM, WNKS, WPEG, WSFL-FM, WSOC-FM, WUKS, WXNR, WZFX Pennsylvania, WBEN-FM, WMGK, WMMR, WPEN, WTEL, WWDB
12.
WBEN-FM
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WBEN-FM is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Beasley Broadcast Group and broadcasts an adult hits format, studios are located in Bala Cynwyd and the broadcast tower used by the station is located in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia at. The station plays a mix of 1970s, 1980s and 1990s hits, named after Benjamin Franklin, the station pioneered a Playing Anything We Feel Like radio format, a formula that originated in Canada as Jack FM. Unlike many Adult Hits stations, WBEN-FM uses DJs, the voice of actor John OHurley is used for station imaging voiceovers. The station was founded as WFLN by civic leaders as an arts station. The station was sold in 1988 to Marlin Broadcasting, which added more news, sports, from 1995 to 1997, WFLN was bought and sold five more times. Finally, on September 5,1997, at 6 p. m, tom Milewski, the chief operating officer for Greater Media, which had recently acquired the station, announced that the station was ending its Classical programming. WRTI continued to program its Jazz format at night, after the Classical format ended,95.7 then became WXXM, Max 95.7, adopting a Modern AC format similar to, but slightly softer than alternative rock station Y100. The first song played in the new format was Sheryl Crows A Change Would Do You Good, Max reported to radio trade publications as a hot adult contemporary station. WXXM was jockless for the first 6 months as Max, although WXXM added well-known Philadelphia jock Paul Barsky to mornings in February 1999, which resulted in some ratings improvement, it wasnt enough to warrant keeping the format. The first song on Jammin Gold was Back Stabbers by The OJays, on August 30, WXXM changed call letters to WEJM. Given Philadelphias history with the R&B genre, as well as having the demographics needed to support the format, however, by 2001, the stations ratings began to slip. On June 15,2001, WEJM became Mix 95.7, on July 17, WEJM changed call letters to WMWX. As Mix, the station initially leaned toward Modern AC, before moving to a more traditional Hot AC approach, the station continued to be plagued by mediocre ratings. Jack stations typically had playlists that could encompass up to two thousand songs, stations that adopted the format were mostly under-performers in their previous formats, but a few, such as New Yorks WCBS-FM, were decently-rated heritage oldies stations. With rumors circulating that there were plans to switch oldies WOGL to Jack, on March 21,2005, at 5 p. m. after playing Better Man by Pearl Jam, the first song on Ben was Philadelphia Freedom by Elton John. The call letters were changed to WBEN-FM on May 9,2005, the Ben format is similar to the Jack FM stations in terms of playlist size and the character of the songs played, with the slogan playing anything we feel like. WBEN-FM has tweaked its format in recent years to add more classic alternative tracks from the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, on July 19,2016, Beasley Media Group announced it would acquire Greater Media and its 21 stations for $240 million
13.
WMGK
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WMGK is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Beasley Broadcast Group and broadcasts a rock format. The broadcast tower used by the station is located in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia at, the station features popular Philadelphia radio personality John DeBella and Andre Gardner. The station signed on for the first time with the W73PH call sign in June 1943, william Penn Broadcasting Company owned the new station along with WPEN, which first signed on in 1929. On November 1,1943, W73PH was assigned the WPEN-FM call sign, after the FCC created the current FM band on June 27,1945, the station moved to 95.9 MHz, then 99.5 MHz, before finally moving to 102.9 MHz. WPEN-FM was one of the first two FM stations to be licensed for SCA service in 1955, at various times in the 1960s WPEN-FM either broadcast instrumental background music, was simulcast with WPEN, or played music similar to WPENs middle-of-the-road format. By about 1972, WPEN-FM was simulcasting WPEN 50% of the time, when Greater Media acquired the stations in 1975, the FM simulcast the AMs newly launched oldies format for almost six months while plans were made for stand-alone programming on FM. On September 2,1975, WPEN-FM changed its letters to WMGK. The first song aired under the new sign was Could It Be Magic by Barry Manilow. The music was a blend of current adult contemporary songs with album cuts from singer-songwriters of the 1960s and early 1970s, the format was successful for a time, then lost listeners to WUSL, which had implemented a somewhat similar format with a shorter playlist of more familiar songs. Eventually WMGK replied with a tighter playlist and rebounded past WUSL in the ratings. By the early 1980s, WMGK had a contemporary format with a Soft Rock positioning. They were known as Magic 103 and they played artists such as Billy Joel, The Beatles, Kenny Rogers, Eagles, Four Tops, Elton John, and James Taylor. They also played songs by artists known for harder rock. As the 1980s approached, artists such as Hall & Oates, Whitney Houston, Lionel Richie, George Michael, Chicago, Magic 103 was one of the pioneering stations in the adult contemporary format, and the concept was subsequently applied to stations in other markets. In the 1980s, Magic 103 leaned soft, but played several songs an hour. They also continued to play plenty of current product and they were a Straight but slightly downtempo AC station. In the spring of 1986, WMGK started a jazz show called Sunday Morning Jazz
14.
WMMR
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WMMR is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by Beasley Broadcast Group, through licensee Greater Philadelphia Radio Group, LLC, the station is the home of Preston and Steve and radio personality Pierre Robert. Studios are located in Bala Cynwyd and the stations broadcast tower resides atop One Liberty Place at, WMMR uses HD Radio and broadcasts live rock programming on its HD2 subchannel. WMMRs tag line, which appears on advertising and is mentioned periodically by station DJs, is,93.3 WMMR, Everything That Rocks and, sometimes, Phillys First Rock Station. In the past they have used, WMMR, the home of rock, as well as MMR Means More Rock. They used to go by the slogan The Big Murmur in the Heartbeat of Philadelphia. In the 1970s, during its years as a free form progressive rock station the dominant slogan was simply At 93 point 3 FM, Youre listening to WMMR. Vintage station IDs with The Radio Station slogan can still be heard from time to time on WMMR and this series, along with the overnight hours of programmed music known as OPUS, was produced by then Production Director, Paul Messing. The station signed on for the first time with the W49PH call sign on April 20,1942, owned by Pennsylvania Broadcasting Corporation, it simulcast the programming of sister station WIP, which was middle of the road music. On November 1,1943, the station was assigned the WIP-FM call sign. After the FCC created the current FM band on June 27,1945, the stations call sign was changed to WMMR in July 1966, reflecting the name of the stations owner, MetroMedia Radio. The MOR format was still being used, but with different programming than the AM side, beginning in 1968, WMMR began adopting a progressive rock format, similar to that of several Metromedia-owned stations including New Yorks WNEW-FM and Clevelands WMMS. KMET in Los Angeles and KSAN in San Francisco were also part of the Metromedia chain, dave Herman was WMMRs first rock DJ. His show, dubbed The Marconi Experiment, debuted on April 29,1968, before Hermans arrival WMMR ran an automated beautiful music format during the day featuring programs like Sinatra and Company. The Marconi Experiment was very much an experiment for the station, the first song played on the show was Flying by The Beatles over the intro of which Herman recited these words, Arise my heart, and fill your voice with music. For he who shares not dawn with his song, is one of the sons of ever darkness and this was known as the incantation and continued as the regular show open for The Marconi Experiment on WMMR. Michael Cuscuna, from University of Pennsylvanias WXPN, replaced Herman in 1970, michael Tearson, also from WXPN, replaced Cuscuna and remained a mainstay at WMMR for over 20 years. Herman went on to WABC-FM and then to WNEW-FM where he remained for over 30 years, Tearson worked at WMGK, also in Philadelphia, from April 2002 until January 2013
15.
WTMR
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WTMR is a radio station broadcasting a religious format. Licensed to Camden, New Jersey, USA, it serves the Philadelphia area, the station is currently owned by Beasley Broadcast Group, Inc. through licensee Beasley Media Group, LLC, and features programming from Westwood One. The transmitter site is in Camden, while studios and offices are located in the 555 Building in Bala Cynwyd, the station began operations in the late 1940s as WKDN. It was originally owned by Ranulf Compton, and was a 1, 000-watt, the call letters became WTMR after the station was sold in 1968. By the early 1970s, WTMRs power had increased to 5,000 watts. In 1975, the station began phasing out pop music in favor of religious programming and it was granted a license to operate at night during the 1980s. Query the FCCs AM station database for WTMR Radio-Locator Information on WTMR Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for WTMR
16.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
17.
AM broadcasting
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AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is authorized in the wave band worldwide. Commercial AM broadcasting developed from amateur broadcasts around 1920, and was the commercially important form of radio broadcasting until FM broadcasting began after World War II. This period is known as the Golden Age of Radio, today, AM competes with FM, as well as with various digital radio broadcasting services distributed from terrestrial and satellite transmitters. AM broadcasting was the first broadcasting technology invented, the technology of amplitude modulation radio transmission was developed between 1900 and 1920. This was used for private communication and message traffic, such as telegrams. The entrepreneurs who developed AM radiotelephone transmission did not anticipate broadcasting voice, the term broadcasting, borrowed from agriculture, was applied to this new activity around 1920. Prior to 1920 there was no concept of broadcasting, or that radio listeners could be a market for entertainment. Although there were a number of broadcasts during this period. True radio broadcasting didnt begin until around 1920, when it sprang up spontaneously among amateur stations, AM remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the Golden Age of Radio, until FM broadcasting started to become widespread in the 1950s. AM remains a popular, profitable entertainment medium today and the dominant form of broadcasting in some such as Australia. The first AM voice transmission was made by Canadian researcher Reginald Fessenden on 23 December 1900, Fessenden is a significant figure in the development of AM radio. He helped develop one of the first – the Alexanderson alternator, the first practical continuous wave AM transmitters were based on versions of the Poulsen arc transmitter invented in 1903, and the huge, expensive Alexanderson alternator, developed 1906–1910. The modifications necessary to transmit AM were clumsy and resulted in low audio quality. Modulation was usually accomplished by a carbon microphone inserted directly in the antenna wire, the limited power handling ability of the microphone severely limited the power of the first radiotelephones, in powerful transmitters water-cooled microphones had to be used. At the receiving end, the crystal radio receivers then in use could not drive loudspeakers, only earphones. The discovery in 1912 of the ability of the Audion vacuum tube, invented in 1906 by Lee De Forest
18.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
19.
Crescent Park (defunct amusement park)
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Crescent Park was a famous amusement park in Riverside, East Providence, Rhode Island from 1886-1979. During the parks 93-year run, it entertained millions of New Englanders as well as people from all over the world, the park was famous for its sumptuous Rhode Island Shore Dinners and the beautiful Alhambra Ballroom as well as its enchanting midway. Declining attendance during the 1970s forced the park to close, the land was cleared for a condominium development. The only remaining amusement ride is the completely restored 1895-vintage Crescent Park Looff Carousel, designed, Looff as a showpiece for his carousel business. Crescent Park was founded in 1886 by George B, Boyden, who leased land on Narragansett Bay from the John Davis, the owner of the Bullocks Point Hotel which sat above a bathing beach on the Bay. Boyden named the park after the crescent shape of the beach, in 1892, carousel builder Charles I. D. Looff installed the parks first carousel. The rides building was built on columns over the next to the 400 pier that was used by steamboats traveling up and down Narragansett Bay. In 1895, Looff built a second carousel for the park, the ride has 61 hand-carved horses,1 camel,4 chariots and a spectacular German band organ built by A. This carousel has been renovated, restored and is running to this day, a shore dinner hall was built on the bluff overlooking the Bay. The Riverside area had become known for its many hotels, campsites. In 1900, LeMarcus Thompson built a scenic railway next to the Looff carousel, the following year, Boyden sold the park to the Dexter Brothers of the Hope Land Company, with Colonel R. A. Harrington acting as park manager. In 1902, an exhibition hall was built on the midway. The hall was turned into the Alhambra Ballroom. In 1905, Charles I. D. Looff moved his factory from Brooklyn to Crescent Park. He also began to use the Crescent Park carousel as a showcase for his business, during this time, Looff built a tunnel-of-love ride called The Rivers of Venice In 1910, Looff moved to Long Beach, California and established a second factory there. His son Charles, Jr. and daughter Helen managed the companys Crescent Park operations after their father left. Charles Looff, Jr. oversaw several renovations to the park, including the construction of a new dinner hall in 1914. In 1916, Looff, Jr. built a 150excursion boat named the Miss Looff after his sister who had been killed in a trolley accident in New York
20.
Bellmawr, New Jersey
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Bellmawr is a borough in Camden County, New Jersey, United States. Bellmawr was incorporated as a borough on March 23,1926, from portions of the now-defunct Centre Township, the boroughs of Mount Ephraim, Runnemede and Lawnside were also created in the same two-day period. The borough was named for Ernest C, Bellmawr is home to the main post office for the area, one of the largest in the state of New Jersey, handling an average of 4.5 million pieces of mail daily. In late October 2001, the office was closed due to possible anthrax contamination in the wake of the 2001 anthrax attacks, the office was re-opened several days later, in early November, after testing negative for anthrax. According to the United States Census Bureau, Bellmawr borough had an area of 3.110 square miles. The borough borders Barrington, Brooklawn, Gloucester City, Haddon Heights, Mount Ephraim, Bellmawr also borders Deptford Township and Westville, both in Gloucester County. As of the census of 2010, there were 11,583 people,4,670 households, the population density was 3,887.7 per square mile. There were 4,883 housing units at a density of 1,638.9 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 68% of the population,29. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the family size was 3.06. In the borough, the population was out with 20. 3% under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,26. 5% from 25 to 44,27. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41.3 years, for every 100 females there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 93.8 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $56,182 and the median family income was $66,947. Males had an income of $47,251 versus $39,932 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $25,961, about 7. 3% of families and 9. 9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19. 9% of those under age 18 and 4. 0% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2000 United States Census there were 11,262 people,4,446 households, the population density was 3,715.5 people per square mile. There were 4,561 housing units at a density of 1,504.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 92. 79% White,1. 18% African American,0. 06% Native American,3. 05% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,1. 54% from other races, and 1. 36% from two or more races
21.
Philadelphia Eagles
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The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Eagles compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference East division. The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets, when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia. Bell, Chuck Bednarik, Bob Brown, Reggie White, Steve Van Buren, Tommy McDonald, Greasy Neale, Pete Pihos, Sonny Jurgensen, the team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants. This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL and they also have a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins, as well as their bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys, which has become more high-profile in the last three decades. The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season, in a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players, Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL. Midway through the 1931 season, the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt, the Bell-Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises. Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same, citing the period of dormancy. Furthermore, almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles first roster, the Eagles, along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now-defunct Cincinnati Reds, joined the NFL as expansion teams. To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter, management set up stands in right field, some 20 feet high, these east stands had 22 rows of seats. The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field, the uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000, but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000. The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade, enduring repeated losing seasons, soon after, Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh, while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia. By the late 1940s, head coach Earle Greasy Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games, winning two of them in 1948 and 1949. After the 1957 season, the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania, Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles, whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000. The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 and it was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf. In 1960, the Eagles won their third NFL championship, under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik, the head coach was Buck Shaw. The 1960 Eagles, by a score of 17–13, became the team to defeat Vince Lombardi. The Eagles had a good 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962
22.
1999 NFL Draft
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The 1999 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting, the draft was held April 17–18,1999, at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. The league also held a draft after the regular draft. The New Orleans Saints traded all six of their picks to the Washington Redskins for the fifth overall selection. This was the first and only time that an NFL team has had only one pick in a draft, five quarterbacks were selected in the first round, second most after the 1983 NFL Draft. In the explanations below, indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft, Round one Round two Round three Round four Round five Round six Round seven A supplemental draft was held in the summer of 1999. For each player selected in the draft, the team forfeits its pick in that round in the draft of the following season. The New England Patriots were the team to select a player. No player selected in this draft has yet been inducted into the Professional Football Hall of Fame, trade references General references 1999 NFL draft NFL. com –1999 Draft databaseFootball. com –1999 Draft Pro Football Hall of Fame
23.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
24.
University of Texas at Austin
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Founded in 1881 as The University of Texas, its campus is in Austin, Texas—approximately 1 mile from the Texas State Capitol. The institution has the nations seventh-largest single-campus enrollment, with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty, UT Austin was inducted into the American Association of Universities in 1929, becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected. It is a center for academic research, with research expenditures exceeding $550 million for the 2014–2015 school year. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory, among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, the Wolf Prize, the Emmy Award, the Turing Award, and the National Medal of Science, as well as many other awards. UT Austin student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference and its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university. The first mention of a university in Texas can be traced to the 1827 constitution for the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although Title 6, Article 217 of the Constitution promised to establish education in the arts and sciences. On April 18,1838, An Act to Establish the University of Texas was referred to a committee of the Texas Congress. On January 26,1839, the Texas Congress agreed to set aside fifty leagues of land towards the establishment of a publicly funded university, in addition,40 acres in the new capital of Austin were reserved and designated College Hill. In 1845, Texas was annexed into the United States, interestingly, the states Constitution of 1845 failed to mention higher education. On February 11,1858, the Seventh Texas Legislature approved O. B,102, an act to establish the University of Texas, which set aside $100,000 in United States bonds toward construction of the states first publicly funded university. The legislature also designated land reserved for the encouragement of railroad construction toward the universitys endowment, Texas secession from the Union and the American Civil War delayed repayment of the borrowed monies. At the end of the Civil War in 1865, The University of Texas endowment was just over $16,000 in warrants, the more valuable lands reverted to the fund to support general education in the state. The legislature additionally appropriated $256,272.57 to repay the funds taken from the university in 1860 to pay for frontier defense, the 1883 grant of land increased the land in the Permanent University Fund to almost 2.2 million acres. Under the Act of 1858, the university was entitled to just over 1,000 acres of land for every mile of railroad built in the state. On March 30,1881, the legislature set forth the structure and organization. By popular election on September 6,1881, Austin was chosen as the site, galveston, having come in second in the election was designated the location of the medical department. On November 17,1882, on the original College Hill, smite the earth, smite the rocks with the rod of knowledge and fountains of unstinted wealth will gush forth
25.
Ricky Williams
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Errick Lynne Ricky Williams Jr. is a retired American football running back who played twelve seasons in the National Football League and one season in the Canadian Football League. He played college football for the University of Texas, where he was a two-time All-American, Williams was drafted by the New Orleans Saints fifth overall in the 1999 NFL Draft and spent three seasons with the team before he was traded to the Miami Dolphins in 2002. He played for the Dolphins for two seasons, and retired for the first time from football in 2004, due to his suspension from the NFL in 2006, he played for the Toronto Argonauts that year. Williams re-joined the Dolphins in 2007 and played with them until 2010 and he was formerly an assistant football coach at the University of the Incarnate Word and is currently a football analyst for ESPNs Longhorn Network. In 2015, Williams was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, Williams was born in San Diego, California, to 19-year-old Sandy Williams and her husband, 18-year-old Errick Williams. Growing up middle class, his parents divorced in 1983 and Williams, at the age of 5, was taking care of his sisters by putting them to bed and even cooking for them. Perhaps due to his home and the fact that his father was gone at such an early age. He also struggled academically, despite a test he took as a six-year-old which revealed that he had the intelligence of someone twice his age, Williams himself once said, I was always very bright, but not necessarily a hard worker. I think I was in eighth grade when I became really focused as a student, by high school Williams was an honor roll student and was named to the San Diego Union-Tribune All-Academic team. At San Diegos Patrick Henry High School, Williams primarily played baseball and football in addition to running track, Williams also wrestled, notably losing a match to future NCAA champion and three-time Super Bowl champion Stephen Neal. Entering high school at 59 and 155 pounds, Williams added an additional 25 pounds of weight before his junior season, due to his love of physical contact, Williams played outside linebacker and strong safety in addition to his primary position of running back. After being helped off the field he reentered the game and attempted one more carry but had to be carried off the field again, finished for the day. In the second round Williams ran for 110 yards in a 21–17 victory over Rancho Buena Vista, however, in the title game Patrick Henry lost 13–0 and Williams would be held to a season-low 46 yards, with his team amassing just 62 yards of total offense. Williams accepted a scholarship to attend the University of Texas. Williams holds or shares 20 NCAA records, and became the NCAA Division I-A career rushing leader in 1998 with 6,279 yards and he helped beat longtime rival Oklahoma rushing for 166 rushing yards and two scores. Williams broke the NCAA career rushing record during the rivalry game held the day after Thanksgiving between Texas and Texas A&M. After surging past Texas A&M linebacker Warrick Holdman, Williams took advantage of a block by fullback Ricky Brown. Williams then powered through an attempt by Texas A&M safety Rich Coady at the A&M12
26.
Donovan McNabb
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Donovan Jamal McNabb is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League for thirteen seasons, primarily with the Philadelphia Eagles. Before his NFL career, he played football and basketball for Syracuse University, McNabb was the Eagles starting quarterback from 1999 to 2009. During his tenure with the Eagles, he led the Eagles to five NFC East division championships, five NFC Championship Games and he also became the Eagles all-time leader in pass attempts, pass completions, passing yards, and passing touchdowns. His 3,469 career yards rushing ranks sixth all-time for NFL quarterbacks, Donovan McNabb was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He attended Mount Carmel High School where, as a sophomore, he was a teammate of future NFL players Simeon Rice, together, they helped Mount Carmel win the 1991 State Championship over Wheaton Central High School, with McNabb scoring the final touchdown of the game. As a senior, he led the team to a Chicago Prep Bowl championship and he also excelled in track & field during his high school years and played on the school basketball team with Antoine Walker. He initially leaned toward attending Nebraska, as he relished the idea of being coached by Tom Osborne, after redshirting in 1994, his first year at Syracuse, McNabb went on to start every game during his college career, compiling a 35–14 record. McNabb amassed 2,892 yards of offense in his junior season to set a school record. His 22 touchdown passes tied the single season record, set by former Eagle Don McPherson in 1987. McNabb also rushed 135 times for 438 yards and 8 touchdowns and he ranked sixth in the nation with a 158.9 passing efficiency rating and 22nd in total offense, with 233.8 yards per game. He tied a record with 4 touchdown passes against Cincinnati. McNabb was also teammates with future NFL star Marvin Harrison for one season at Syracuse and he was a finalist for the 1998 Heisman Trophy. Later, he was named to the Syracuse All-Century Football team, McNabb was also a walk-on for two seasons for the Syracuse basketball team under head coach Jim Boeheim. He spent two years as a reserve on the nationally ranked basketball team, including the 1996 squad that lost to Kentucky in the National Championship game. McNabb was the second of five quarterbacks selected in the first 12 picks of a class that was at that point considered the best quarterback draft since the famous Class of 1983. By 2006, only McNabb was still with the team originally drafted him. McNabb saw his first NFL regular season action in the half against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a 19-5 home loss on September 19. He made his first career start at home against Washington on November 14 and he also had nine carries for 49 rushing yards and led the team to a pair of successful two-point conversions
27.
Terrell Owens
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Terrell Eldorado Owens is a former American football wide receiver. A six-time Pro Bowl selection, Owens holds or shares several National Football League records and his 15,934 career receiving yards rank second in NFL history and his 153 receiving touchdowns rank third. As productive as he has been, Owens has been equally controversial, Owens played college football and basketball at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, and was selected in the third round of the 1996 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. Owens was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles in 2004 after a spat with 49ers front office members, two years later, he was released and signed to another large pact by the Dallas Cowboys, only to be given his unconditional release on March 4,2009. Owens has also played for the Buffalo Bills and Cincinnati Bengals in 2009 and 2010 and he most recently played for the Allen Wranglers of the Indoor Football League, before being released in 2012. Popularly known by his initials, T. O. Owens is as renowned for his flamboyant touchdown celebrations, Owens was born to LC Russel and Marilyn Heard in Alexander City, Alabama. He grew up with three siblings and was raised by his mother and grandmother. He enjoyed watching football, especially his favorite player, Jerry Rice, however, Owens’ grandmother initially forbade him from playing sports until high school. Owens attended Benjamin Russell High School, where he participated in football, baseball, track, Owens was a late-bloomer and did not start on his high school football team until his junior year when one of his teammates missed a game due to illness. Terrell Owens is the son of Terrell Sr. and Marilyn Heard, Terrell is also the father to daughters Kylee Owens and Dasha Owens, as well as sons Mike Float and Atlin Owens. In September 2011, Owens was sued by Melanie Paige Smith III, the mother of his daughter, for failure to pay child support, but the case was settled prior to trial. Owens insisted that the reason for the child support payments was due to his wages decreasing in the NFL. On a May 8,2012 episode of Dr. Phil, Owens said he was paying some $45,000 per month in child support at one time. While enrolled at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Owens played many sports including basketball, football, Owens played in the 1995 NCAA Basketball Tournament. While playing in college, Owens wore the #80 jersey to honor his idol and he was not a distinguished athlete at first, but managed to make a breakthrough after becoming a starter during his sophomore year. Owens caught 38 passes for 724 yards and eight touchdowns during his sophomore year, having gained respect in the NCAA, Owens faced double coverage more frequently during his senior year, and was limited to 43 receptions for 667 yards and one touchdown. Owens previously held the single season record at Chattanooga until it was broken in 2007 by Alonzo Nix. In his senior year, he anchored the schools 4 ×100 relay team at the NCAA championship and he also participated in the Senior Bowl, a college all-star game played by college seniors, in preparation for the NFL Draft
28.
Hunger strike
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Most hunger strikers will take liquids but not solid food. In cases where an entity has or is able to obtain custody of the hunger striker, fasting was used as a method of protesting injustice in pre-Christian Ireland, where it was known as Troscadh or Cealachan. It was detailed in the contemporary civic codes, and had rules by which it could be used. The fast was often carried out on the doorstep of the home of the offender, scholars speculate this was due to the high importance the culture placed on hospitality. Allowing a person to die at ones doorstep, for a wrong of which one was accused, was considered a great dishonor, others say that the practice was to fast for one whole night, as there is no evidence of people fasting to death in pre-Christian Ireland. The fasts were primarily undertaken to recover debts or get justice for a perceived wrong, there are legends of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, using the hunger strike as well. This Indian practice is ancient, going back to around 400 to 750 BC and this can be known since it appears in the Ramayana, which was composed around that time. The actual mention appears in the Ayodhya kanda, in Sarga 103, bharata has gone to ask the exiled Rama to come back and rule the kingdom. Bharata tries many arguments, none of which work, at which point he decides to do a hunger strike and he announces his intention to fast, calls for his charioteer Sumantra to bring him some sacred Kusha grass, and lies down upon the grass in front of Rama. Rama, however, is able to persuade him to abandon the attempt. Rama mentions it as a practice of the brahmanas, in the first three days, the body is still using energy from glucose. After that, the liver starts processing body fat, in a process called ketosis, after depleting fat, the body enters a starvation mode. At this point the body mines the muscles and vital organs for energy, there are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike. In the early 20th century suffragettes frequently endured hunger strikes in British prisons, marion Dunlop was the first in 1909. She was released, as the authorities did not want her to become a martyr, other suffragettes in prison also undertook hunger strikes. The prison authorities subjected them to force-feeding, which the suffragettes categorized as a form of torture, in 1913 the Prisoners Temporary Discharge of Ill Health Act changed policy. Hunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick, when they had recovered, the suffragettes were taken back to prison to finish their sentences. Like their British counterparts, American suffragettes also used this method of political protest, Hunger strikes have deep roots in Irish society and in the Irish psyche
29.
Philadelphia 76ers
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The Philadelphia 76ers are an American professional basketball team based in Philadelphia metropolitan area. The 76ers compete in the National Basketball Association as a club of the leagues Eastern Conference Atlantic Division. Founded in 1946 and originally known as the Syracuse Nationals, they are one of the oldest franchises in the NBA and they have won three NBA championships, with their first coming as the Syracuse Nationals in 1955. The second title came in the 1966–67 season, a team which was led by Chamberlain, the third title came in the 1982–83 season, won by a team led by Erving and Malone. The 76ers have only been back to the NBA Finals once since then, in 2001, while in the NBL with teams largely consisting of small Midwestern towns, the Nationals put together a 21–23 record, finishing in 4th place. In the playoffs, the Nats would be beaten by the fellow upstate neighbor Rochester Royals in 4 games, in their second season, 1947–48, the Nationals would struggle, finishing in 5th place with a 24–36 record. Despite their struggles, the Nats would make the playoffs, getting swept by the Anderson Duffey Packers in 3 straight games, several teams began to leave the NBL for the BAA as the foundation for an absorption was laid. The Nationals recipe for success began by recruiting Leo Ferris, in the playoffs the Nationals would make quick work of the Hammond Calumet Buccaneers, winning the series in 2 straight games. However, in the semifinals the Nats would fall to the Anderson Duffey Packers for the second season in 4 games. In 1949, the Nationals were one of seven NBL teams that were absorbed by the Basketball Association of America to form the NBA, the Nationals were an instant success in the NBA, winning the Eastern Division in the 1949–1950 season, with a league best record of 51–13. In the playoffs the Nationals continued to play basketball, beating the Philadelphia Warriors in 2 straight. Moving on to the Eastern Finals, the Nationals battled the New York Knickerbockers, in the NBA Finals, the Nationals faced fellow NBL alums the Minneapolis Lakers. In Game 1 of the Finals the Nats lost just their home game of the season 68–66. The Nats did not recover, as they fell behind 3 games to 1 before falling in 6 games, despite several teams leaving the NBA for the National Professional Basketball League before the 1950–1951 season, the Nationals decided to stay put. In their second NBA season the Nationals played mediocre basketball all season, however, in the playoffs the Nats played their best basketball of the season as they stunned the 1st place Philadelphia Warriors in 2 straight, taking Game 1 on the road in overtime 91–89. In the Eastern Finals the Nationals were beaten by the New York Knickerbockers in a hard-fought 5-game series, in the playoffs the Nats knocked off the Philadelphia Warriors again in a 3-game series. However, in the Eastern Finals the Nats fell to the New York Knickerbockers again, the Nationals would finish in 2nd place in a hard fought 3-way battle for first place in the Eastern Division for the 1952–1953 season, with a record of 47–24. In the playoffs the Nationals would face the Boston Celtics dropping Game 1 at home 87–81, the Nationals acquired Alex Groza, and Ralph Beard as the Indianapolis Olympians folded leaving the NBA with just 9 teams for the 1953–1954 season
30.
Allen Iverson
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Allen Ezail Iverson is an American retired professional basketball player who played for 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association. He played both the guard and point guard positions. Iverson was an eleven-time NBA All-Star, won the All-Star game MVP award in 2001 and 2005, Iverson attended Bethel High School in Hampton, Virginia, and was a dual-sport athlete. He earned the Associated Press High School Player of the Year award in football and basketball, and won the Division AAA Virginia state championship in both sports. After high school, Iverson attended Georgetown University for two years, where he set the record for career scoring average and won Big East Defensive Player of the Year awards both years. Following two successful years at Georgetown, Iverson declared eligibility for the 1996 NBA draft, and was selected by the Philadelphia 76ers with the first overall pick and he was named the NBA Rookie of the Year in the 1996–97 season. Winning the NBA scoring title during the 1998–99, 2000–01, 2001–02 and his regular season career scoring average of 26.7 points per game ranks sixth all-time, and his playoff career scoring average of 29.7 points per game is second only to Michael Jordan. Iverson was also the NBA Most Valuable Player of the 2000–01 season, Iverson represented the United States at the 2004 Summer Olympics, winning the bronze medal. He also played for the Denver Nuggets, Detroit Pistons and the Memphis Grizzlies, Iverson was rated the fifth-greatest NBA shooting guard of all time by ESPN in 2008. He officially announced his retirement from basketball on October 30,2013. On April 4,2016, Iverson was elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Allen Iverson was born on June 7,1975 in Hampton, Virginia to a single 15-year-old mother, Ann Iverson and he attended Bethel High School, where he started as quarterback for the school football team, while also playing running back, kick returner and defensive back. He also started as point guard for the basketball team. During his junior year, Allen was able to both teams to Virginia state championships, as well as earning The Associated Press High School Player of the Year award in both sports. On February 14,1993, Iverson and several of his friends were involved in an altercation with several patrons at an alley in Hampton. Allegedly, Iversons crowd was raucous and had to be asked to quiet down several times, shortly thereafter, a huge fight erupted, pitting the white crowd against the black crowd. During the fight, Iverson allegedly struck a woman in the head with a chair and he, along with three of his friends who are also black, were the only people arrested. Iverson, who was 17 at the time, was convicted as an adult of the charge of maiming by mob
31.
CBS Radio
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CBS Radio is a radio broadcasting company owned by CBS Corporation. It is among the United States largest radio groups, operating 116 radio stations in 26 media markets. In 1999, Infinity became a division of Viacom, in 2005, Viacom spun CBS and Infinity Broadcasting back into a company. In 2016, CBS CEO Leslie Moonves stated that the company was exploring selling or spinning off CBS Radio. While the company announced its intent to perform a public offering. CBS Radio is one of the oldest units within CBS Corporation, however, the actual CBS Radio Network was launched in 1927, when CBS itself was known as United Independent Broadcasters. Columbia Records later joined in and that company was renamed the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System, in September 1927, Columbia Records sold the company to William S. Paley and in 1928, Paley streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. It became a traded company twice, in 1986. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, which acquired CBS, Inc. in 1995, Westinghouse acquired American Radio Systems in 1997. In 1999, CBS Corporation was merged into Viacom, in August 2006, CBS Radio announced the sale of its 15 radio stations in Cincinnati, Ohio, Memphis, Tennessee, Austin, Texas, and Rochester, New York to Entercom Communications. This group deal was granted FCC approval in mid-November 2007 after it faced regulatory review and numerous challenges for over a year, several other stations, most in smaller markets, have also been sold to companies like Border Media Partners and Peak Media Corporation. On April 30,2008, CBS Radio and AOL entered a partnership and these stations were folded into the AOL Radio mobile app. On July 31,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell 50 more radio stations in 12 mid-size markets, on December 15,2008, CBS Radio and Clear Channel Communications reached an agreement to swap seven stations. The deal closed on April 1,2009, on December 20,2008, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Denver cluster to Wilks Broadcasting for $19.5 Million, including KIMN, KWOF, and KXKL. On August 10,2009, CBS Radio announced that it would sell the entire Portland cluster to Alpha Broadcasting for $40 Million, the stations included in the sale are KCMD, KINK, KUFO, and KUPL. On February 4,2010, all CBS Radio stations, as well as AOL Radio, music Radio have restricted all non U. S. listeners from streaming online content. CBS Radio redirects to sister property Last. fm,2011 saw the biggest AC format removal of the company dropping AC for hot adult contemporary on Washington, D. C. s WIAD in March, followed by New York Citys WWFS on October 12. On August 1, WCFS-FM Chicago removed its AC format for all-news to simulcast WBBM, by November 2011, WLTE in Minneapolis/St
32.
WFAN
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WFAN, also known as Sports Radio 66 and 101 FM or The FAN, is a radio station located in New York City. The station broadcasts on a channel and is owned and operated by CBS Radio. WFANs studios are located in the combined CBS Radio facility in the West Village section of Manhattan, WFAN is also heard on WFAN-FM, CBS announced a purchase of that station from Merlin Media LLC in October 2012 and began a simulcast of The FAN on November 1,2012. WFAN was one of the earliest stations to adopt the radio format. The 660 AM frequency in New York City originated as WEAF on March 2,1922, in 1926 WEAF became the flagship station of the NBC Red Network, one of two radio chains operated by the National Broadcasting Company. By 1928 WEAF was purchased by NBCs parent company, the Radio Corporation of America, as a result of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement of 1941, WEAF became a clear-channel station and could be heard across most of the eastern half of North America at night. In 1943 the United States Supreme Court, citing antitrust concerns, wEAFs call letters were changed to WNBC in 1946, then to WRCA in 1954, and back to WNBC in 1960. During the 1960s, WNBC relied less on network programming and adopted a talk format, the station spent much of the 1970s and early 1980s flipping between the Top 40 and adult contemporary formats, with varying success. At 3,00 p. m. on July 1,1987, Emmis Communications-owned WFAN signed on at 1050 kHz, replacing country music station WHN, and billing itself as the worlds first 24-hour-per-day sports talk station. The first voice heard on WFAN was that of Suzyn Waldman, with an update, followed by the first show. Waldman reported for the station, covering the New York Yankees, other hosts besides Lampley during WFANs fifteen months at 1050 kHz included Bill Mazer, Pete Franklin, Greg Gumbel, Art Shamsky, and Ed Coleman. Ann Liguori is also one of the hosts and was the first woman to host a show on the station. Hey Liguori, Whats the Story aired the first weekend the station was on the air in 1987, WFAN also inherited broadcast rights to the defending World Series champion New York Mets from WHN, who had held the rights for several years. In early 1988, General Electric, which now owned NBC through its purchase of RCA two years earlier, announced that it would close the NBC Radio division and sell its stations. In February of that year GE made a deal with Emmis and. On October 7,1988 at 5,30 p. m. WFAN moved down the dial to replace WNBC at 660 kHz. The last voice heard on WNBC was that of Alan Colmes, thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York City. He then counted down the seconds to WNBCs demise with the legendary NBC chimes playing in the background, after 66 years, the long history of NBC radio in New York City had come to an end
33.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
34.
Philadelphia Phillies
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The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball franchise based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They are the oldest continuous, one-name, one-city franchise in all of professional American sports, the Phillies compete in Major League Baseball as a member club of the National League East division. Since 2004, the home has been Citizens Bank Park. The Phillies have won two World Series championships and seven National League pennants, the first of which came in 1915, the franchise has also experienced long periods of struggle. The 77 season drought is the fourth longest World Series drought in Major League Baseball history, the longevity of the franchise and its history of adversity have earned it the dubious distinction of having lost the most games of any team in the history of American professional sports. Despite the teams lack of success historically, they are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball. The Phillies have won their division 11 times, which ranks 6th among all teams and 4th in the National League, the franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883, replacing the team from Worcester, Massachusetts in the National League. The teams spring training facilities are located in Clearwater, Florida and its Double-A affiliate is the Reading Fightin Phils, which plays in Reading, Pennsylvania, and its Triple-A affiliate is the Lehigh Valley IronPigs, which plays in Allentown, Pennsylvania. After being founded in 1883 as the Quakers, the changed its name to the Philadelphias. This was soon shortened to Phillies, Quakers continued to be used interchangeably with Phillies from 1883 until 1890, when the team officially became known as the Phillies. Player defections to the newly formed American League, especially to the cross-town Philadelphia Athletics, poor fiscal management after their appearance in the 1915 World Series, however, doomed the Phillies to sink back into relative obscurity, from 1918 to 1948 they only had one winning season. Though Chuck Klein won the Most Valuable Player Award in 1932 and the National League Triple Crown in 1933, after lumber baron William B. Cox purchased the team in 1943, the Phillies rose out of the standings cellar for the first time in five years. As a result, the fan base and attendance at home games increased, but it soon became clear that not all was right in Coxs front office. Eventually Cox revealed that he had been betting on the Phillies, the new owner, Bob Carpenter, Jr. scion of the Delaware-based DuPont family, tried to polish the teams image by unofficially changing its name to the Bluejays. However, the new moniker did not take, and it was dropped by 1949. This led to the advent of the Whiz Kids, led by a lineup of players developed by the Phillies farm system that included future Hall of Famers Richie Ashburn. In contrast, the Philadelphia Athletics finished last in 1950 and long-time manager Connie Mack retired, the team struggled on for four more years with only one winning season before abandoning Philadelphia under the Johnson brothers, who bought out Mack. They began play in Kansas City in 1955, as part of the deal selling that team to the Johnson brothers, the Phillies bought Shibe Park, where both teams had played since 1938
35.
WPHT
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WPHT is a commercial AM radio station licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by CBS Radio and broadcasts a radio format. Its transmitter and broadcast tower are located in Moorestown, New Jersey and its studios are at 2 Bala Plaza in Bala Cynwyd, WPHT uses HD Radio on its AM signal 24 hours a day. The stations programming is available to listeners with an HD Radio receiver via a simulcast on the HD3 subchannel of sister station WOGL. WPHT programming is mostly conservative talk-radio with a focus on local to the Delaware Valley. Local news briefs are heard on weekdays, WPHT was the flagship station for Philadelphia Phillies baseball for 32 years, until the 2016 season, when co-owned 94.1 WIP-FM became the exclusive Philadelphia radio home for the games. WPHT airs Temple University football and mens basketball, the station first began broadcasting in May 1922 as WCAU, a 250-watt station operating out of electrician William Durhams home at 19th and Market Streets. It is Philadelphias third-oldest radio station, having signed on two months after WIP and WFIL, in 1924, WCAU was sold to law partners Ike Levy and Daniel Murphy. Murphy later bowed out in favor of Ikes brother, Leon, the network struggled to find advertisers, however, and William S. Actor Paul Douglas began his career at WCAU, where he worked as an announcer and sportscaster from 1928 to 1934. In 1930, WCAU initiated a shortwave service, operating under the call sign W3XAU. It is believed that this was the first license issued by the FCC for an international shortwave broadcast station. Initially W3XAU simulcast WCAU programming, but eventually original programming was created specifically for international listeners, W3XAU, later WCAI, then WCAB, was closed down in 1941 as CBS consolidated various shortwave operations. The 10 kW shortwave transmitter was disassembled, and WCAU staff were told that it was sent to England to aid the BBC war propaganda efforts. A series of power brought the station to 50,000 watts, with a new 50. The Levy brothers eventually became major stockholders in CBS, and were members of the board for many years. On December 26,1932, WCAU moved to a new facility at 1622 Chestnut Street, Broadcasting called it a thoroughly modern 9-story building. Erected especially for the WCAU Broadcasting Co, the building included eight studios and a special office for Leopold Stokowski, director of the Philadelphia Orchestra. The Levys agreed to sell WCAU-AM-FM to The Philadelphia Record in 1946, in a complex deal, the Bulletin sold off WPEN and WCAU-FM, while changing WPEN-FMs calls to WCAU-FM and WPEN-TVs calls to WCAU-TV
36.
WIP-FM
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WIP-FM is a commercial FM radio station licensed to serve Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The station is owned by CBS Radio and broadcasts a sports format, the WIP-FM studios are located on the 9th floor of 400 Market Street in Philadelphia, and the broadcast tower used by the station is located in the Roxborough section of Philadelphia at. Since 1992, WIP-FM has served as the station for the Philadelphia Eagles. In 1968, owner Storer Broadcasting shut the station down while attempting to get permission for an increase in transmission power, wIBG-FM was a restricted class B station at the time, limited in range to avoid interfering with WKOK-FM in Sunbury, Pennsylvania. During 1969, the letters were officially changed to WPNA when Storer sold WIBG. The station remained silent and the sign would be changed again before it returned to the air. Having been unsuccessful in getting the Sunbury station to agree to an FCC waiver, Storer sold WPNA to SJR Communications, SJR changed the call letters to WYSP, and quickly made a deal with the Sunbury station that allowed WYSP to increase its power. The station became a full class B, with a non-directional 550 ft. antenna resulting in 39,000 watts effective radiated power, on August 23,1971, WYSP went on the air. The format consisted of live announcers playing big-band and easy listening music from half-hour-long reel-to-reel tapes that were produced in-house, the WYSP studios were located in the Suburban Station Building at 16th and JFK Parkway in Philadelphia. A new RCA transmitter and circular polarized five-bay Gates antenna was installed at the transmitter site, at 6 AM on Monday, August 6,1973, WYSP abruptly stopped playing big-band music and started playing album-oriented rock. The entire announcing staff was fired, and five new announcers were hired, including Tom Straw, the music included popular cuts from albums by artists such as Jimi Hendrix, Chicago, and Crosby Stills and Nash. Radio consultant Kent Burkhart was called in, he pulled Dick Findley from WEBN in Cincinnati to be the Program Director, Music Director, handle the promotions, with promotional help from artists like Aerosmith, Jimmy Buffet, and Charlie Daniels, the station took off. After a series of concerts in the park, high school hops and public involvement and it was at that point in 1975-1976 that the station peaked. Lee Abrams replaced Findley with The Fox & Leonard Morning Show, in 1974, WYSP became Philadelphias quad station, piping its audio through a Sony Quad encoder, which provided ambience effects to the rear channels of the handful of quad radios in the market. Due to a compatibility problem with regular mono radios, and a lack of interest from the listening public, in June 1979, Program Director Steve Sutton was hired to put a failing YSP back on the map. Assembling a line-up of Jerry Abear, Sean McKay and Bill Fantini, Denny Somach, Randy Kotz, Gary Bridges, Cyndy Drue and Trip Reeb, Sutton hired popular Eagles linebacker Frank LeMaster for mornings during football season. The station was loud, up and cutting edge, production—outrageous spots and promos—from Jay Gilbert and later, R. D. Steele, made WYSP unique. The station was hugely creative, it generated the syndicated shows found on rock stations around the country
