1.
Lorain, Ohio
–
Lorain is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Black River, as of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 64,097, making it Ohios tenth largest city and the largest in Lorain County by population. Lorain is part of the Cleveland-Elyria Metropolitan Statistical Area, more known as Greater Cleveland. The city faces many issues to other Rust Belt cities, including population decline. The first permanent settlement in present-day Lorain was founded in 1807 by Azariah Beebe, james Reid, one of the original settlers of Black River township, built a large house near the bluffs overlooking the Black River in 1812 to be used as a dwelling and tavern. In the following years, a post office for Mouth of Black River, the Black River provided several advantages for the early settlement and allowed for it to be a more desirable location to build. The Black had the first navigable waters west of the Cuyahoga River and it was said that the Black River harbor was the best natural harbors among the Great Lakes. In addition to providing an area for immigrants to stop while on their way to the Firelands, the people of what would one day become Lorain incorporated the village of Charleston in 1834 and a town site was surveyed by Edward Durand containing 7 city blocks. Lots were sold in the town and in 1836 the village of Charleston was granted a charter by the Ohio Legislature, Lorain, part of the Cleveland–Elyria–Mentor metropolitan area, is located at 41°26′54″N 82°10′8″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 24.14 square miles. The Charles Berry Bridge is located in Lorain, and is the second-largest bascule bridge in the world, as of the census of 2000, there were 68,652 people,26,434 households, and 17,975 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,858.1 people per square mile, There were 28,231 housing units at an average density of 1,175. 5/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 70% White,15. 94% African American,0. 44% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,9. 56% from other races, and 3. 99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 21. 03% of the population,27. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.11. In the city the population was out with 28. 3% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,28. 2% from 25 to 44,20. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 90.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $33,917, and the median income for a family was $39,454
2.
Cleveland
–
Cleveland is a city in the U. S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the states second most populous county. The city proper has a population of 388,072, making Cleveland the 51st largest city in the United States, Greater Cleveland ranked as the 32nd largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 2,055,612 people in 2016. The city is the center of the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border. Clevelands economy has diversified sectors that include manufacturing, financial services, healthcare, Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Residents of Cleveland are called Clevelanders, Cleveland has many nicknames, the oldest of which in contemporary use being The Forest City. Cleaveland oversaw the plan for what would become the downtown area, centered on Public Square, before returning home. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River, the Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23,1814. In spite of the swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved to be an advantage. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio, growth continued with added railroad links. Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836, in 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City remained an independent municipality until its annexation by Cleveland in 1854, the citys prime geographic location as a transportation hub on the Great Lakes has played an important role in its development as a commercial center. Cleveland serves as a point for iron ore shipped from Minnesota. In 1870, John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in Cleveland, other manufacturers located in Cleveland produced steam-powered cars, which included White and Gaeth, as well as the electric car company Baker. Because of the significant growth, Cleveland was known as the Sixth City during this period, by 1920, due in large part to the citys economic prosperity, Cleveland became the nations fifth largest city. The city counted Progressive Era politicians such as the populist Mayor Tom L. Johnson among its leaders, many prominent Clevelanders from this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, including President James A. Garfield, and John D. Rockefeller. In commemoration of the centennial of Clevelands incorporation as a city, conceived as a way to energize a city after the Great Depression, it drew four million visitors in its first season, and seven million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, following World War II, the city experienced a prosperous economy. In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series, the hockey Barons became champions of the American Hockey League, as a result, along with track and boxing champions produced, Cleveland was dubbed City of Champions in sports at this time
3.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Digital terrestrial television
–
Digital terrestrial television is a technological evolution of broadcast television and an advancement over analog television. A terrestrial implementation of digital television uses a aerial to broadcast to a conventional television antenna instead of a satellite dish or cable television connection. The amount of data that can be transmitted is directly affected by channel capacity, the modulation method in DVB-T is COFDM with either 64 or 16-state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. In general, a 64QAM channel is capable of transmitting a bit rate. 16 and 64QAM constellations can be combined in a single multiplex, the DVB-T standard is not used for terrestrial digital television in North America. Instead, the ATSC standard calls for 8VSB modulation, which has similar characteristics to the vestigial sideband modulation used for analog television. This provides considerably more immunity to interference, but is not immune — as DVB-T is — to multipath distortion, both systems use the MPEG transport stream and H. 262/MPEG-2 Part 2 video codec specified in MPEG-2, they differ significantly in how related services are encoded. DTTV is received either via a digital set-top box, TV gateway or integrated tuner included with television sets, some set-top-boxes and TV gateways include digital video recorder functionality. This is quite common in the UK, see external links, indoor aerials are even more likely to be affected by these issues and possibly need replacing. Main articles, List of digital television deployments by country, Digital television transition Afghanistan started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,31 August 2014, Afghanistan adopted DVB-T2 system for digital television. India adopted DVB-T system for television in July 1999. The first DVB-T transmission was started on 26 January 2003 in the four metropolitan cities by Doordarshan. Currently the terrestrial transmission is available in digital and analog formats. 4 high power DVB-T transmitters were set up in the top 4 cities, an additional 190 high power, and 400 low power DVB-T2 transmitters have been approved for Tier I, II and III cities of the country by 2017. The Indian telecom regulator, TRAI, had recommended the I&B to allow private broadcast companies to use the DTT technology, so far, the Indian I&B ministry only permits private broadcast companies to use satellite, cable and IPTV based systems. Israel started digital transmissions in MPEG-4 on Sunday,2 August 2009, Israel was the first nation in the Middle East and the first non-European nation to shut down its analogue TV distribution system. The new service which is operated by the Second Authority for Radio, according to government decisions, the system will expand to include two additional multiplexes that will carry new channels and HD versions of the existing channels. In this matter nothing has been decided upon until the end on 2012, on 20 March 2013 it was announced that Thomson Broadcast had won a major contract with The Second Authority for Television and Radio for the extension of its nationwide DVB-T/DVB-T2 network
5.
Very high frequency
–
Very high frequency is the ITU designation for the range of radio frequency electromagnetic waves from 30 MHz to 300 MHz, with corresponding wavelengths of ten to one meters. Frequencies immediately below VHF are denoted high frequency, and the higher frequencies are known as ultra high frequency. Air traffic control communications and air navigation systems work at distances of 100 kilometres or more to aircraft at cruising altitude, some older DVB-T receivers included channels E2 to E4 but newer ones only go down to channel E5. VHF propagation characteristics are suited for terrestrial communication, with a range generally somewhat farther than line-of-sight from the transmitter. VHF waves are restricted to the radio horizon less than 100 miles. VHF is less affected by noise and interference from electrical equipment than lower frequencies. Unlike high frequencies, the ionosphere does not usually reflect VHF waves, the distance to the radio horizon is slightly extended over the geometric line of sight to the horizon, as radio waves are weakly bent back toward the Earth by the atmosphere. These approximations are only valid for antennas at heights that are compared to the radius of the Earth. They may not necessarily be accurate in mountainous areas, since the landscape may not be transparent enough for radio waves, in engineered communications systems, more complex calculations are required to assess the probable coverage area of a proposed transmitter station. The accuracy of calculations for digital TV signals is being debated. Portable radios usually use whips or rubber ducky antennas, while base stations usually use larger fiberglass whips or collinear arrays of vertical dipoles, for directional antennas, the Yagi antenna is the most widely used as a high gain or beam antenna. For television reception, the Yagi is used, as well as the log periodic antenna due to its wider bandwidth, helical and turnstile antennas are used for satellite communication since they employ circular polarization. For even higher gain, multiple Yagis or helicals can be mounted together to make array antennas, vertical collinear arrays of dipoles can be used to make high gain omnidirectional antennas, in which more of the antennas power is radiated in horizontal directions. Television and FM broadcasting stations use arrays of specialized dipole antennas such as batwing antennas. Certain subparts of the VHF band have the same use around the world, some national uses are detailed below. 108–118 MHz, Air navigation beacons VOR and Instrument Landing System localiser, 118–137 MHz, Airband for air traffic control, AM,121.5 MHz is emergency frequency 144–146 MHz, Amateur radio. Other capital cities and regional areas used a combination of these, the initial commercial services in Hobart and Darwin were respectively allocated channels 6 and 8 rather than 7 or 9. By the early 1960s it became apparent that the 10 VHF channels were insufficient to support the growth of television services and this was rectified by the addition of three additional frequencies—channels 0, 5A and 11
6.
WOIO
–
WOIO, virtual channel 19, is a commercial television station licensed to Shaker Heights, Ohio, serving Greater Cleveland and much of surrounding Northeast Ohio. WOIO is owned by Raycom Media under a duopoly with Lorain-licensed MyNetworkTV affiliate WUAB, Raycom maintains WOIO and WUABs studios on the ground floor of the Reserve Square building in Downtown Cleveland, while the station transmitter resides in the Cleveland suburb of Parma. The channel 19 allocation in the Cleveland television market dates back to the 1950s, when WHK was sold to Metropolitan Broadcasting in 1958, the construction permit for what was to have been WHK-TV was surrendered to the FCC. However, the channel 19 allocation remained, on May 22,1968, a new construction permit was issued to Community Telecasters of Cleveland Inc. for a new station with the call letters WCTF-TV. The limited programming available and the rising cost of building WCTF kept delaying plans, in August 1972, an agreement was made to sell the construction permit to Joseph T. Zingale. Zingale backed out of the agreement in February 1974 due to a price dispute, on January 1975, United Artists Broadcasting tried to buy the permit and move WUAB to channel 19, but Zingale filed a protest claiming that Community Telecasters still held the construction permit. In May 1976, The FCC took the WCTF-TV permit away from Community Telecasters during a review board, Zingale then tried to acquire the license for WCTF, but the dispute eventually caused the construction permit to be deleted by the FCC. Payne, the local sales manager at WKYC-TV won a construction permit for a new channel 19 in 1983. Payne had been the first African-American local sales manager at a network affiliate He signed it on for the first time on May 19,1985 as WOIO. The call letters stand for Wonderful OhIO, prior to that time, the WOIO call letters were assigned to a radio station on 1060 AM in Canton. Later in 1985, Payne sold channel 19 to Malrite Communications Group later that year, WOIO aired a typical independent lineup of off-network sitcoms, classic movies, off-network drama series and religious programs. That fall, WOIO added cartoons in the morning and the late afternoon, by the end of 1985, channel 19 had surpassed WCLQ as the markets second highest-rated independent station, behind only WUAB. On October 9,1986, WOIO became the markets Fox affiliate and it branded itself as Fox nineteen or WOIO nineteen with the nineteen rendered in script font. In 1994, Malrite entered into a marketing agreement with WUABs owner, Cannell Communications and as a result. Both stations moved to facilities located at downtown Clevelands Reserve Square apartment/hotel complex, WUAB also became the new over-the-air flagship of the Cavaliers. WOIOs news studios were once a movie theater for the Reserve Square Apartments when they first opened originally as the Park Centre Apartments in 1973, in 1978, due to a loss of theater ownership, the Park Theater closed. When WOIO-WUAB started news operations, they gutted the movie theater, in May 1994, WJW-TV announced it would end its affiliation with CBS after 40 years and join Fox as part of a group affiliation deal with that stations owner, New World Communications. CBS then quickly cut an affiliation agreement with WOIO, after the switch became official on September 3, channel 19 moved its sitcoms, animated series not carried by Fox Kids and Cavaliers games to WUAB
7.
Program and System Information Protocol
–
PSIP defines virtual channels and content ratings, as well as electronic program guides with titles and descriptions to be decoded and displayed by the ATSC tuner. PSIP can also send, the exact time referenced to UTC and GPS time, the short name, a maximum of seven characters can be used in a short name. PSIP is defined in ATSC standard A/65, the most recent revision of which is A/65,2013, a/69 is a recommended practice for implementing PSIP in a television station. PSIP also supersedes the A/55 and A/56 protocol methods of delivering program guide information, PSIP information may be passed through the airchain using proprietary protocols or through use of the XML-based Programming Metadata Communication Protocol facility metadata scheme. S
8.
The CW
–
Entertainment division of Time Warner, former majority owner of The WB Television Network. The CW name is a derived from the first letters of the names of its two parent corporations. The network made its debut on September 18,2006, after its two predecessors, UPN and The WB, respectively ceased independent operations on September 15 and 17 of that year. The CWs first two nights of programming – on September 18 and 19,2006 – consisted of reruns, the CW marked its formal launch date on September 20,2006, with the two-hour premiere of the seventh cycle of Americas Next Top Model. As of 2008, the programming lineup was intended to appeal mainly to women between the ages of 18 and 34, although starting in 2011 the network increased in programming that appeal to men. The CW is also available in Mexico through affiliates located near the Mexico–U. S, in both countries, some CW affiliates are receivable over-the-air in border areas depending on the stations signal coverage. UPN and The WB both began just as the Fox network had started to secure a foothold with American television audiences, the two networks launched to limited fanfare and generally mediocre to poor results. However, over the subsequent 11 1⁄2 seasons, both were able to air several series that became quite popular, in the eleven years that UPN and The WB were in operation, the two networks lost a combined $2 billion. CBS chairman Leslie Moonves explained that the name of the new network was formed from the first letters of CBS and Warner Bros, joking, like both UPN and The WB, The CW targets its programming towards younger audiences. CBS and Time Warner hoped that combining their networks schedules and affiliate lineups would strengthen The CW into a major broadcast network. The CW launched with a premiere special/launch party from the CBS-produced Entertainment Tonight at Warner Bros, when Top Model made its network premiere on September 20,2006, The CW scored a 3.4 rating/5 share in the Nielsen household ratings. It scored a 2.6 rating among Adults 18–49, finishing fourth in that age demographic, on May 9,2008, The CW announced that it would lease its Sunday lineup to production company Media Rights Capital. With no first-run programming available to run on Sundays as a backup, the network added reruns of The Drew Carey Show and Jericho, the CW has generally struggled in the Nielsen ratings since its inception, primarily placing fifth in all statistics tabulated by Nielsen. On several occasions, The CW has even been outrated by Spanish language network Univision and this had led to speculation within the industry that CBS, Time Warner or both companies could abandon the venture if ratings did not improve. Executives with CBS Corporation and Time Warner also emphasized their commitment to the network and this, in turn, resulted in the discontinuance of the Sunday late afternoon repeat block that The CW inherited from The WB through its use of the predecessor networks scheduling model. Maatta began reporting to Pedowitz as a result of the appointment as network president. Pedowitz revealed that the target demographic of the network would not change. The network also ordered more episodes of its series and ran them consecutively through the first week of December, starting on September 12
9.
MyNetworkTV
–
Despite concerns about UPNs future that came up after Fox purchased the Chris-Craft stations, UPN signed three-year affiliation renewals with the networks Fox-owned affiliates in 2003. The CWs initial affiliation agreements did not include any of the UPN stations owned by Fox Television Stations. In fact, as part of an affiliation deal with The WBs part-owner, Tribune Broadcasting. In response to the announcement, Fox promptly removed all references from logos and promotional materials on its UPN affiliates. However, in all three cases, the WB affiliate was the station, CW executives were on record as preferring the strongest WB. Fox chose the route, and announced the launch of MyNetworkTV on February 22,2006, less than a month after CBS. MyNetworkTV began operations on September 5,2006, with the premieres of its two initial series, some affiliates unofficially began branding their stations on September 4,2006 – Labor Day – with supplied preview specials. Initially, programming aired Monday through Saturdays from 8,00 to 10,00 p. m, with the services switch to an all-rerun schedule in 2009, this effectively allows stations to pre-empt repeat programming at will to fit in sporting events without much consequence. During the telenovela era, affiliates often scheduled contractual make goods of the daily schedule between 3,00 and 6,00 a. m. local time. Not only are these light viewing hours, but they air after Nielsen processes its preliminary morning network ratings. WPWR-TV in Gary, Indiana/Chicago moved MyNetworkTV to an after primetime 10,00 p. m. -midnight timeslot on September 1,2016, and became the CW affiliate for Chicago, replacing WGN-TV. KRON-TV/San Francisco airs MyNetworkTV programming on a delay from 9,00 to 11,00 p. m. which is bookended by local evening newscasts. KPDX/Portland, Oregon airs MyNetworkTV programs from 10, 00PM to 12,00 AM, newscast that is produced by NBC-affiliated sister station KCRA-TV. KQCA then presented MyNetworkTV programming in pattern, with the 7,00 PM hour being filled by syndicated reruns until the 2014–15 television season. At that point KQCA started filling the 8,00 to 10,00 PM block with syndicated comedies, KQCA airs MyNetworkTV programming in late night. During its time as a MyNetworkTV affiliate, KJZZ-TV/Salt Lake City, the service had originally aired from 11,00 PM to 1,00 AM. at the networks launch. St. George independent station KCSG replaced KJZZ as Utahs MyNetworkTV affiliate on August 18,2008. KUSG, a former KUTV satellite, added MyNetworkTV to its schedule on September 20,2010, however, kEVU-CD/Eugene, Oregon airs the MyNetworkTV schedule from 9,00 to 11,00 PM Pacific Time, following a two-hour block of syndicated talk shows
10.
CBS
–
CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
11.
Raycom Media
–
Raycom Media, Inc. is an American television broadcasting company based in Montgomery, Alabama. It is owned by the Retirement Systems of Alabama, an agency of the Alabama state government, in 1994, Ellis bought Raycom Sports, a 15-year-old sports marketing firm. Two years later, Ellis sold Raycom to a group funded by Retirement Systems of Alabama. The three groups merged to form Raycom Media, in 1998, Raycom merged with Malrite Communications, owner of five stations in the South and Midwest. In August 2005 it acquired the Liberty Corporation and in the process sold a dozen of its stations to Barrington Broadcasting, the merger closed at the start of 2006. As of January 1,2008, Lincoln Financial Sports was officially merged into Raycom Sports, on August 10,2015, Raycom announced that it would purchase stations owned by Drewry Communications for $160 million. The sale was completed on December 1, Raycom Media has been involved in a torrent of controversies. These issues have ranged from discrimination, nationally televised blackouts to poor working conditions, Raycom Media has had a history of numerous incidents of failing to provide its viewers television coverage during highly viewed transmissions. In 2014, Raycom’s “viewers in dozens of markets across the country couldn’t tune into the NFL season opener on NBC Thursday night” according to USA Today, in another 2014 blackout, more than 50 TV stations were shut off due Raycom Media’s inability to provide viewing. The company’s executives were accused of demanding unreasonable price hikes that could not be met. On March 16th,2017, Raycom Media failed for a time since July of 2015 “to renew their retransmission consent agreement. ”This led to viewers in 23 markets without access to television coverage. There was an outcry from viewers on Twitter following the incident, in 2014, Raycom Media had some internal violations that came to light involving terminating employee with disability. A lawsuit against Raycoms WOIO Channel 19 alleged sexually hostile work environment in its advertising department. ”Raycom has had a instances of employees being associated with traffic incidents due to strenuous working conditions. In 2015, a Raycom Media employee from the KCBD station in Lubbock “ran over a guy and then drove away. ”The lawsuit also claimed the station did not acknowledge its involvement, nor did it preserve the evidence. As a result of being struck, Hammond “sustained and suffered severe injuries to his head, arms, legs, torso, neck and back. Raycom Media’s executives “decided to settle before the lawsuit every got to court. ”In 2016, Don Logana, “an investigative reporter, Raycom Media hasnt provided any future information on preventive measures. Raycom owns a 20% stake in Frankly, a San Francisco-based social media company that owns Raycoms digital provider WorldNow, stations are arranged alphabetically by state and by city of license. Notes, – built and signed-on by Raycom Media, – owned by Aflac and Ellis Communications prior to the formation of Raycom Media in 1996
12.
Gray Television
–
Gray Television, Inc. is a television broadcast company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Gray Television owns and/or operates 93 television stations in 51 television markets broadcasting 190 program streams including 96 affiliates of the Big Four networks, the combined station group owns and operates the number-one or number-two ranked television station operations in 50 of those 51 markets. The combined TV Station Group reaches approximately 9.5 percent of total United States television households, james H. Gray started his communication business with the purchase of The Albany Herald in 1946 after he returned from World War II. Gray launced WALB-TV in 1954 and was the station in the state. In the 1960s additional stations were purchased in Louisiana and Florida, First in 1960, the Florida station was WJHG-TV in Panama City. While in late 1960s, KTVE was the Louisiana station, in 1986, Gray died leaving his 50. % share of the stock in a trust for his children with stipulation that they run the business together, sell their stock each other or sell out together. This caused difficulties as two of the three wanted to sell with the third unable to purchases, in 1991 to break the stalemate, the board of directors had the company purchased 25% of their shares. The company was taken public on NASDAQs small-cap market in the 2nd quarter 1992. The price per share drop to $8, the company put itself or any part up for sale by the end of 1992. While the board of director received about 40 offer, Bull Run Corporation purchased the shares of the Gray siblings. New management were put in place at all three units, Bull Run Corporation, primarily owned by J. Mack Robinson, decided make Gray a Southeast regional media company. In 1994 and 1995, Gray purchased two newspaper group with two newspapers, the Rockdale Citizen and Gwinnett Post-Tribune and seven advertising weeklies, in 1995, the company moved its stock listing to the New York Stock Exchange. By this time, Robinson, directly or through Bull Run, Gray had started to focus on its TV station segment over the newspaper holding while TV produced more income and the newspapers income were declining. Just months after doubling the Daily Posts staff, one third were laid off, newspaper leaders resigned during this period from the corporate president in late 1995 to Citizens editor and publisher. In 1996, Gray added additional TV stations while entering additional communication industry segments, the company was considered in 1996 by Fortune magazine as the 81st fastest growing company having a 48% percent growth rate. WRDW-TV was purchased in January 1996, in September 1996 a basket purchase from First American Media, Inc. Gray got two TV stations, Satellite and Production Business Services, which was renamed Lynqx Communications and PortaPhone paging business, in August and September 1996, Gray raised additional operating funds by various means. On August 20, KTVE was sold for cash and accounts receivable, the company issued and sold Class B common stock, senior subordinated notes and preferred stock in September
13.
Call sign
–
In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
14.
United Artists
–
United Artists is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century. On December 14 of the year, however, MGM acquired the 48% stake of UAMG it did not own. UA was incorporated as a joint venture on February 5,1919, by Pickford, Chaplin, Fairbanks, each held a 20% stake, with the remaining 20% held by lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, already Hollywood veterans, the four stars talked of forming their own company to better control their own work. They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors who were tightening their control over salaries and creative decisions. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before anything was formalized, when he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, is said to have observed, The inmates are taking over the asylum. The four partners, with advice from McAdoo, formed their distribution company and its headquarters was established at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City. The original terms called for each of the stars to produce five pictures each year, UAs first film was a success. Without selling stock to the public, following the other studios, as a result, production was slow and the company distributed an annual average of five films during its first five years. By 1924 Griffith had dropped out and the company was facing a crisis, veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. He had been producing pictures for a decade, and he brought commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, contracts were signed with independent producers, most notably Samuel Goldwyn, and Howard Hughes. In 1933, Schenck organized a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, called Twentieth Century Pictures, Schenck formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They began international operations, first in Canada and then in Mexico, by the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries. When he was denied a share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox, al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. Other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including, Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, as the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these producing partners drifted away. Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney went to RKO, and Wanger to Universal Pictures, in the late 1930s, UA turned a profit
15.
Ultra high frequency
–
Ultra high frequency is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 MHz and 3 GHz, also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one decimetre. Radio waves with frequencies above the UHF band fall into the SHF or microwave frequency range, lower frequency signals fall into the VHF or lower bands. UHF radio waves propagate mainly by line of sight, they are blocked by hills, the IEEE defines the UHF radar band as frequencies between 300 MHz and 1 GHz. Two other IEEE radar bands overlap the ITU UHF band, the L band between 1 and 2 GHz and the S band between 2 and 4 GHz. Radio waves in the UHF band travel almost entirely by propagation and ground reflection, there is very little reflection from the ionosphere. They are blocked by hills and cannot travel far beyond the horizon, atmospheric moisture reduces, or attenuates, the strength of UHF signals over long distances, and the attenuation increases with frequency. UHF TV signals are generally more degraded by moisture than lower bands, occasionally when conditions are right, UHF radio waves can travel long distances by tropospheric ducting as the atmosphere warms and cools throughout the day. The length of an antenna is related to the length of the radio waves used, the UHF antenna is stubby and short, at UHF frequencies a quarter-wave monopole, the most common omnidirectional antenna is between 2.5 and 25 cm long for example. UHF is widely used in telephones, cell phones, walkie-talkies and other two-way radio systems from short range up to the visual horizon. Their transmissions do not travel far, allowing frequency reuse, public safety, business communications and personal radio services such as GMRS, PMR446, and UHF CB are often found on UHF frequencies as well as IEEE802.11 wireless LANs. The widely adapted GSM and UMTS cellular networks use UHF cellular frequencies, radio repeaters are used to retransmit UHF signals when a distance greater than the line of sight is required. Omnidirectional UHF antennas used on mobile devices are usually short whips, higher gain omnidirectional UHF antennas can be made of collinear arrays of dipoles and are used for mobile base stations and cellular base station antennas. The short wavelengths also allow high gain antennas to be conveniently small, high gain antennas for point-to-point communication links and UHF television reception are usually Yagi, log periodic, corner reflectors, or reflective array antennas. At the top end of the band slot antennas and parabolic dishes become practical, for television broadcasting specialized vertical radiators that are mostly modifications of the slot antenna or helical antenna are used, the slotted cylinder, zig-zag, and panel antennas. UHF television broadcasting fulfilled the demand for additional over-the-air television channels in urban areas, today, much of the bandwidth has been reallocated to land mobile, trunked radio and mobile telephone use. UHF channels are used for digital television. UHF spectrum is used worldwide for mobile radio systems for commercial, industrial, public safety. Many personal radio services use frequencies allocated in the UHF band, major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks in UHF/VHF range
16.
UPN
–
The United Paramount Network was an American broadcast television network that launched on January 16,1995. In December 2005, UPN was spun off to CBS Corporation when CBS, UPNs website is redirected to CBSs website after UPN is shut down along with The WB Paramount Pictures had played a pivotal role in the development of network television. The Paramount Television Network was launched in 1949, but dissolved in the 1950s, set to launch in early 1978, it would have run its programming for only one night a week. Thirty Movies of the Week would have followed Star Trek, Phase II on Saturday nights, Star Trek, Phase II was reworked as the theatrical film, Star Trek, The Motion Picture, absorbing the costs already incurred from the aborted television series. Paramount, and its eventual parent Viacom, continued to consider launching their own television network, in 1993, Time Warner and Chris-Craft Industries entered into a joint venture to distribute programs via a prime time programming service, the Prime Time Entertainment Network. Paramount formed the Paramount Stations Group in 1991 when it purchased the assets of the TVX Broadcast Group and this was not unlike the purchase of the Metromedia stations by News Corporation five years earlier, which were used as the nuclei for Fox. In another parallel, 20th Century Fox, like Paramount, had long been a powerhouse in television syndication, all indicators suggested that Paramount was about to launch a network of its own. The new network would be owned by Chris-Craft Industries, while most of its shows were to be produced by Paramount Television, Chris-Craft and Paramount/Viacom each owned independent stations in several large and mid-sized U. S. cities, and these stations formed the nuclei of the new network. UPN launched on January 16,1995, initially carrying programming only on Monday and Tuesday nights from 8,00 to 10,00 p. m. Eastern and Pacific Time. In contrast, The WB debuted one week earlier, on January 11, with four series – only one of which, Muscle, of the networks early offerings, only Star Trek, Voyager, Moesha and The Sentinel would last longer than one season. As a result of the lack of viewership, UPN operated on a loss and had lost $800 million by 2000, within nearly two years of the networks launch, on December 8,1996, Paramount/Viacom purchased a 50% stake in UPN from Chris-Craft for approximately $160 million. Like Fox had done nine years earlier, UPN started with a few nights of programming each week, the first expansion of its prime time lineup came with the addition of programming on Wednesday nights in the 1996–97 season. UPN ordered 36 science fiction films for its movie night beginning in 1998 from four producers with most coming from Paramount, some titles would be shown on Showtime first so the cable channel would aid in advertising the movies. UPN completed its prime time expansion in the 1998–99 season, with Thursdays and Fridays as the last nights of programming to be added to the networks evening slate. Despite what publicity Desmond received from its controversial topicality, the series suffered low ratings and was cancelled after four episodes. On March 17, New York Supreme Court judge Herman Cahn ruled against Chris-Crafts move for a permanent injunction to curtail the Viacom-CBS merger and the enforcement of Viacoms ultimatum. Unable to find a partner, on March 20, Chris-Craft allowed Viacom to buy out its 50% stake for $5 million. This gave UPN the rare distinction of being one of the only broadcast networks to not have had owned-and-operated stations in the three largest media markets, New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago
17.
Prime Time Entertainment Network
–
The Prime Time Entertainment Network was an American ad hoc television network that was operated by the Prime Time Consortium, a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Domestic Television subsidiary of Time Warner and Chris-Craft Industries, first launched on January 20,1993 and operating until 1997, the network mainly aired drama programs aimed at adults between the ages of 18 and 54. At its peak, PTENs programming was carried on 177 television stations and it offered packaged nights of programming to participating television stations, beginning with a two-hour block on Wednesday evenings, with a second block being added in September 1993. Originally, the groups involved in the Prime Time Consortium helped finance PTENs programs, however. The service sought affiliations with various television stations not affiliated with the Big Three television networks, the Prime Time Entertainment Network launched on January 20,1993, with two series, the science fiction series Time Trax and the action drama Kung Fu, The Legend Continues. PTEN faced two obstacles created by its parent companies, that would affect the network, on November 2,1993, the Warner Bros. As a result, the core Chris-Craft independent stations would serve as charter stations of the new network, PTEN also ran into difficulty when the studio was forced to let stations out of their back-end commitments for several series. PTEN adopted a schedule for the 1995-96 season, for affiliates to schedule around The WB. With Chris-Craft pulling out of the venture, PTEN essentially became a service for its remaining shows. The network ceased operations in 1997, Babylon 5 Kung Fu, The Legend Continues Pointman Time Trax The History of Rock n Roll Island City The Wild West Mike Freeman. Lots of action in action-adventure genre, b5, Babylon 5 TV Station List/Times updated. PTEN – Television & Tropes Idioms
18.
The WB
–
The WB Television Network was an American television network that was first launched on broadcast television on January 11,1995 as a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner and the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of the Tribune Company, on January 24,2006, CBS Corporation and Warner Bros. Entertainment announced plans to shut down the network and launch The CW later that same year, the WB Television Network shut down on September 17,2006, with select programs from both it and competitor UPN moving to The CW when it launched the following day, September 18. Time Warner re-used The WB brand for a network that launched on April 28,2008. The website could only be accessed within the United States, on November 2,1993, the Warner Bros. Only five of these stations – along with a sixth that Tribune acquired the following year – would join The WB at launch, when the network was announced, The WB planned to run a predominately network programmed schedule over time. The WB Television Network premiered on January 11,1995, with the episode of The Wayans Bros. as its first program. The classic Warner Bros. cartoon character Michigan J. Frog appeared on-air as the official mascot. Much of the branding was based around Warner Bros. locations and characters. Pictures shield logo, network promotions and imaging campaigns for The WB, the networks first programs were mostly sitcoms targeted at an ethnically black audience. Even though four of the five shows that debuted in the netlets first nine months were renewed beyond the first year – The Wayans Bros, unhappily Ever After, The Parent Hood and Sister, Sister – none of them made a significant impact. On August 17,1995, the Tribune Company acquired a 12. 5% on March 31,1997, the WB expanded its programming to Sunday nights for the 1995–96 season, but none of the new shows managed to garner much viewing interest. The WB continued to expand in the 1996–97 season, adding programming on Monday nights and this season gave The WB modest hits in the Aaron Spelling-produced family drama 7th Heaven and comedies The Steve Harvey Show and The Jamie Foxx Show. The WB first began to experience success with Buffy the Vampire Slayer and it debuted with the highest Monday night ratings in the networks history, attracting not only new teenage viewers, but new advertisers as well. The networks breakout hit and, arguably, its series was Dawsons Creek. At the start of the 1998–99 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights, for the 1999–2000 season, the network concluded its primetime expansion with the addition of programming on Friday nights. During this season, The WB was the network to have gains in its total audience viewership. As the teen boom of the late 1990s began to wane, although teen-oriented fare like Popular and Roswell had premiered to strong ratings, both series saw serious ratings erosion in their sophomore seasons, leading the network to cancel them both
19.
The Tube Music Network
–
The Tube Music Network was an American digital multicast television network. The network was a wholly owned subsidiary of The Tube Media Corp. an independent company that was founded by David Levy in 2003. The Tube focused classic and modern music videos in a similar to the original format of cable networks MTV and VH1. The network also aired occasional commercials and public announcements, as well as three hours of educational and informational programming on Saturday mornings. The network was carried on satellite television, the digital subchannels of select broadcast television stations. The networks president and founder was Les Garland, a veteran of MTV, the Tube was initially available primarily in markets with stations operated by Raycom Media. According to a March 2006 article in The New York Times, however, it had already begun to be carried on digital subchannels of Tribune-owned stations in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Philadelphia. The network was carried on WLVI in Boston, which was sold by Tribune to Sunbeam Television in late December 2006. S. Sinclair Broadcast Group would sign an agreement to carry The Tube as well. That relationship stopped on January 1,2007, in a dispute involving FCC requirements for digital subchannels, the Tube would air the animal-and-music program Wildlife Jams to meet the E/I requirements. The rules would later be changed, requiring the main channel to air more E/I programming in relation to how many subchannels that the station operated and how much free programming they offered. Per a statement on The Tubes website, the announced that it was suspending operations effective October 1,2007. According to the statement, financial limitations ultimately contributed to its incapacitated state, the last song played on the network was Alabama 3s Woke Up This Morning. The song finished exactly at 12,00 a. m and this might have been done on purpose by the network as the HBO series The Sopranos ended in a similar fashion, The Sopranos used the song as their opening theme song for the duration of its run
20.
This TV
–
The network maintains a large programming emphasis on films, but also airs other limited general entertainment content in the form of classic television series and childrens programming. This TVs programming and business operations are headquartered at the Tribune Tower in Chicago, proposed for use in on-air promotions. This TV formally launched at 9,00 p. m. Eastern Time on November 1,2008, with the 1986 Spike Lee film Shes Gotta Have It as the network’s first program. However, some initial affiliates may have launched the network one day earlier – on October 31,2008 – to carry some Halloween-themed programming that was provided by the network. At launch, in addition to featuring conent sourced largely from the MGM film and television library, jim Marketti, president/CEO of Marketti Creative Group, was hired in August 2008 as This TVs creative director, focusing on the networks marketing and promotion. On May 13,2013, Weigel Broadcasting announced that it would be leaving the This TV partnership in order to focus on Movies, a similar film-oriented multicast network that Weigel launched in partnership with Fox Television Stations in January 2013. Sean Compton, president of programming for Tribune Broadcasting, began overseeing operations for the network as a result of the transaction and this TVs program schedule relies primarily on the library of films and television programming currently owned by MGM and subsidiary United Artists. The network did not utilize a split-screen credit sequence to promote upcoming programs during the credits until Tribune took over operations. This TVs daily schedule consists largely of feature films, which air on Monday through Saturdays from 6,00 a. m. to 4,00 a. m. and Sundays from 6,00 to 10,00 a. m.2,00 to 6,00 p. m. and 2,00 to 4,00 a. m. All About Eve, which was released by 20th Century Fox, under Weigel co-ownership, This TV aired Pink Panther cartoon shorts to pad out surplus airtime when a film concludes more than five minutes prior to the end of the films allotted timeslot. This TV also commonly features themed movie presentations, with the days schedule consisting of films from a particular genre once a week throughout the month. On certain days, the network may air differing genres of films separated by daypart, the network also broadcasts a featured movie in primetime at 8,00 p. m. Eastern Time on Monday through Friday nights. During 2014, the network shared select older film titles with sister network Antenna TV, most of the networks series programming airs during the early morning hours during pre-determined breaks within the networks movie schedule. It also featured a Weigel-produced program originally produced for its Chicago flagship WCIU-TV, a number of NBC affiliates added This TV as a replacement for the now-defunct NBC Weather Plus service, which shut down in November 2008. In South Bend, its status on WCWW did not change, partly because Tribune does not own a station in that market, unlike in Chicago. In 2014, Tribune began to produce advertisements for This TV that it distributes to its affiliates for broadcast on their main signals in high definition
21.
Effective radiated power
–
Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
22.
Kilowatt
–
The watt is a derived unit of power in the International System of Units defined as 1 joule per second and can be used to quantify the rate of energy transfer. Power has dimensions of M L2 T −3, when an objects velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newton the rate at which work is done is 1 watt. 1 W =1 V ⋅ A Two additional unit conversions for watt can be using the above equation. 1 W =1 V2 Ω =1 A2 ⋅ Ω Where ohm is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance, a person having a mass of 100 kilograms who climbs a 3-meter-high ladder in 5 seconds is doing work at a rate of about 600 watts. Mass times acceleration due to gravity times height divided by the time it takes to lift the object to the given height gives the rate of doing work or power. A laborer over the course of an 8-hour day can sustain an output of about 75 watts, higher power levels can be achieved for short intervals. The watt is named after the Scottish scientist James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine, in 1960 the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted it for the measurement of power into the International System of Units. For additional examples of magnitude for multiples and submultiples of the watt, technologically important powers that are measured in femtowatts are typically found in reference to radio and radar receivers. For example, meaningful FM tuner performance figures for sensitivity, quieting and these input levels are often stated in dBf. This is 0.2739 microvolt across a 75-ohm load or 0.5477 microvolt across a 300-ohm load, the picowatt is equal to one trillionth of a watt. Technologically important powers that are measured in picowatts are typically used in reference to radio and radar receivers, acoustics, the nanowatt is equal to one billionth of a watt. Important powers that are measured in nanowatts are also used in reference to radio. The microwatt is equal to one millionth of a watt, compact solar cells for devices such as calculators and watches are typically measured in microwatts. The milliwatt is equal to one thousandth of a watt, a typical laser pointer outputs about five milliwatts of light power, whereas a typical hearing aid for people uses less than one milliwatt. Audio signals and other electronic signal levels are measured in dBm. The kilowatt is equal to one thousand watts and this unit is typically used to express the output power of engines and the power of electric motors, tools, machines, and heaters. It is also a unit used to express the electromagnetic power output of broadcast radio. One kilowatt is equal to 1.34 horsepower
23.
Height above average terrain
–
Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
24.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
25.
Federal Communications Commission
–
The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
26.
Television station
–
A television station is a business, organisation or other enterprise, such as an amateur television operator, that transmits content over terrestrial television. A television transmission can occur via analog television signals or, more recently, broadcast television systems standards are set by the government, and these vary around the world. Television stations broadcasting over a system were typically limited to one television channel. The term television station is normally applied to television stations. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency which sets the requirements, most commercial television stations are owned independently, but many are either affiliated with a television network or are owned-and-operated by a television network. Another form a television station may take is non-commercial educational and considered public broadcasting, some countries have set up nationwide television networks, in which individual television stations act as mere repeaters of nationwide programs. To get a signal from the control room to the transmitter. The link can be either by radio or T1/E1, a transmitter/studio link may also send telemetry back to the station, but this may be embedded in subcarriers of the main broadcast. Stations which retransmit or simulcast another may simply pick-up that station over-the-air, the license usually specifies which other station is it allowed to carry. In North America, full-power stations on band I are generally limited to 100 kW analog video and 10 kW analog audio, stations on band III can go up by 5dB to 316 kW video,31.6 kW audio, or 160 kW digital. Low-VHF stations are subject to long-distance reception just as with FM. There are no stations on Channel 1, UHF, by comparison, has a much shorter wavelength, and thus requires a shorter antenna, but also higher power. North American stations can go up to 5000 kW ERP for video and 500 kW audio, or 1000 kW digital. Low channels travel further than high ones at the same power, despite this, in the U. S. the Federal Communications Commission is taking another large portion of this band away, in contrast to the rest of the world, which has been taking VHF instead. This means that some stations left on VHF are harder to receive after the analog shutdown, since at least 1974, there are no stations on channel 37 in North America for radio astronomy purposes. Most television stations are commercial broadcasting enterprises which are structured in a variety of ways to generate revenue from television commercials and they may be an independent station or part of a broadcasting network, or some other structure. They can produce some or all of their programs or buy some broadcast syndication programming for or all of it from other stations or independent production companies, many stations have some sort of television studio, which on major-network stations is often used for newscasts or other local programming. There is usually a department, where journalists gather information
27.
Ohio
–
Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
28.
Shaker Heights, Ohio
–
Shaker Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 Census, the city population was 28,448, Shaker Heights is an inner-ring streetcar suburb of Cleveland, abutting the eastern edge of the citys limits. In July 1911, a petition by property owners was successful in detaching a long strip of land from the south of Cleveland Heights, in November 1911, the voters of Shaker Village formed Shaker Heights Village, which was incorporated in January 1912. Shaker Heights was a community developed by the Van Sweringen brothers. Shaker Heights is located at 41°28′35″N 81°33′6″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.32 square miles, of which 6.28 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles is water. Shaker Heights is roughly 1,050 feet above sea level, Shaker Heights is drained by the Doan Brook watershed, and has several small artificial lakes, Horseshoe Lake, Green Lake, Lower Shaker Lake, and Marshall Lake. Horseshoe Lake and Lower Shaker Lake had been dammed by the Shakers, while developers added Green Lake and Marshall Lake, the latter named after drugstore chain owner W. A. Marshall, at a later point. Shaker Heights is one of Greater Clevelands older inner-ring or first suburbs, and borders Cleveland, Cleveland Heights, University Heights, Beachwood, Highland Hills, Shaker Heights is a member of the Northeast Ohio First Suburbs Consortium. There are nine neighborhoods in Shaker Heights, all of which were named after the nine original elementary schools and these neighborhoods are, Boulevard, located in northwest Shaker Heights, is near Clevelands University Circle neighborhood, and borders Shaker Square. The Nature Center at Shaker Lakes is located in this neighborhood, fernway is located in the middle of Shaker Heights, north of the RTA Rapid Transit Blue Line, and south of Shaker Heights Country Club. Lomond is located in the part of the city. Ludlow is the smallest neighborhood and is located in the portion of the city. Half of the lies in Shaker Heights, while the other half is in Cleveland. Malvern is mostly residential and is the location of Hathaway Brown School, the Hanna Perkins Center, a child development center, occupies the former Malvern school building. Mercer, located in northeast Shaker Heights, is the largest neighborhood, the area is also home to Shaker Heights Middle School, and the private schools University School and Laurel School. The eastern terminus of the RTA Rapid Transit Green Line, the Green Road Station, is located here, Moreland is located in southwest Shaker Heights. The former Moreland school building now houses the Shaker Heights Public Library Main Branch, onaway is home to Shaker Heights High School, and the former Woodbury Junior High School Building. Sussex is located in southeast part of the city and is the location of the Tower East office building and post office
29.
Reserve Square
–
Reserve Square is a two-building skyscraper mixed use apartment complex in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Both buildings have 23 floors and are 266 feet high, the Square is directly west of the senior residential Cuyahoga Metropolitan Housing Authoritys Bohn Towers. The complex was originally called The Park Center and was an extension of the Erieview Plan, the Park Center was considered progressive in both its scope and forward thinking straight styling urban design. It stands as a symbol to these lofty aspirations. The West Tower was built in 1969 and the East Tower in 1973 and its design was influenced by Le Corbusiers modernist residential housing development Unité dHabitation. This style almost approaches Brutalism in its simplicity and showing of building utilities, the West Tower contained an Embassy Suites Hotel for a number of years, until it closed in 2012 and was converted back to apartments. Cleveland television stations WOIO and WUAB have their broadcast studios on the buildings first floor and they have been present in the tower since at least their switch to becoming the CBS affiliate in Cleveland in 1994. The K & D Group of Willoughby, Ohio purchased the apartment tower for $36 million in August 2005, list of tallest buildings in Cleveland Reserve Square
30.
Downtown Cleveland
–
Downtown Cleveland is the central business district of the City of Cleveland and Northeast Ohio, United States. It is the economic and symbolic center of the Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area, as of 2000,100,000 people worked in the district, as of 2012, it contained more than 16 million square feet of rentable office space. Reinvestment in the area in the mid-1990s spurred a rebirth that continues to this day and it had the largest population growth, by percentage, of any Cleveland neighborhood over that time and is Ohios most populous downtown. Between 2010 and 2014, it saw more than $4.5 billion in residential and commercial developments, in 2012, Forbes included Downtown Cleveland in a list of 15 U. S. The heart of downtown and the citys first settled area, Public Square was laid out by city founder Moses Cleaveland in 1796 and has remained largely unchanged and it consists of a large open space, cut into quadrants by Ontario Street and Superior Avenue. Public Square is the heart of the city, and has hosted presidents, vast congregations of people. At one time, Public Square was fenced off and inaccessible to vehicles, in 1860, the Perry Monument, a memorial to Commodore Oliver Hazard Perrys victory in the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812, was dedicated in the center of Public Square. In 1892, it was moved out of the square, which by then had the fences removed after lobbying by commercial interests, Public Square is also home to the Soldiers and Sailors Monument, which commemorates residents of Cuyahoga County who served in the Civil War. Public Square also features a statue of Cleaveland, a statue of Tom L. Johnson, the citys most famous mayor, an amount of shrubbery and other landscaping. The Consulate-General of Slovenia in Cleveland is in the 55 Public Square building, Public Square is also home to the historic Old Stone Church, completed in 1855. The classic Higbees department store building is home to the Jack Cleveland Casino, the Warehouse District is the largest downtown neighborhood by population, and continues to grow with an assortment of shops, clubs, bars, and loft condos/apartments. West Sixth Street is known as the heart of the district, famously, the 17-story Rockefeller Building sits on the corner West Sixth and Superior Ave erected by John D. Rockefeller. The Gateway complex was built on parking lots on the site of a former produce market, the baseball stadium and basketball arena are connected to Tower City Center, and RTAs rail transit system, via an enclosed walkway. The neighborhood includes retail, housing, and a variety of restaurants. East 4th Street is a restaurant and entertainment street near Progressive Field. It is home to Clevelands House of Blues, Iron Chef Michael Symons Lola Bistro, comedy club/restaurant Pickwick and Frolic, as well as a dozen other dining, the neighborhood is home to hundreds of residents who live in the apartments and loft condominiums above the storefronts. The neighborhood also houses the Cleveland Arcade, the first indoor shopping mall in the United States, home to the second-largest performing arts complex in the U. S. Playhouse Square Center in the Cleveland Theater District is downtowns cultural heart. Additionally, the smaller theaters include the 14th Street Theater, Kennedys Theater, Westfield Insurance Studio Theater, Second Stage, residents of the district include Cleveland Playhouse and Cleveland State University performing arts
31.
Parma, Ohio
–
Parma is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Located on the edge of Cleveland, it is both an inner-ring and the largest suburb of Cleveland. Parma, as of the 2010 census, is listed as the seventh largest city in the state of Ohio and the second largest city in Cuyahoga County after Cleveland. In 1806, the area that was to become Parma and Parma Heights was originally surveyed by Abraham Tappan, a surveyor for the Connecticut Land Company and this designation gave the town its first identity in the Western Reserve. Soon after, Township 6 - Range 13 was commonly referred to as Greenbriar, benajah Fay, his wife Ruth Wilcox Fay, and their ten children, arrivals from Lewis County, New York, were the first settlers in 1816. It was then that Greenbriar, under a newly organized government seat under Brooklyn Township, self-government started to gain in popularity by the time the new Greenbriar settlement contained twenty householders. However, prior to the establishment of the new township, the name Greenbriar was replaced by the name Parma, thus, on March 7,1826, a resolution was passed ordering the construction of the new township. It stated, On the petition of sundry inhabitants for a new township to be organized and erected comprising No.6 in the 13th Range. Ordered that said Township No.6 in the 13th Range be set off and erected into a new Township by the name of Parma, on the same day, a public notice was issued to qualified electors by the County Commissioners. They met at the house of Samuel Freeman on April 3,1826 to elect township officers according to the law and it was then that the first eleven officers were elected to lead the new government. During this time, Parma Township remained largely agricultural, the first schoolhouse was a log structure built on the hill at the northern corner of what is now Parma Heights Cemetery. A memorial plate on a stone marks the spot, in 1827, the township was divided into road districts. The Broadview Road of today was known as Town Line Road as well as Independence Road. Ridge Road was known then as Center Road as it cut through the center of town, York Road was then known as York Street as arrivals from the state of New York settled there. Pearl Road then had many names which included Medina Wooster Pike, Wooster Pike, the Cleveland Columbus Road, a stone house, built in 1849 and known as the Henninger House, was occupied by several generations of Henningers and is still standing today. The house rests on one of the points in Cuyahoga County. This was also the site where the Erie Indians, centuries before, stood to read. By 1850, the US census listed Parma Townships population at 1,329, however, the rising population of the township had slowed over the decades
32.
Transamerica Corporation
–
The company’s main offices are in Baltimore, Maryland, Denver, Colorado and Cedar Rapids, Iowa, with affiliated offices located throughout the United States. In 1999, it became a subsidiary of Aegon, a European financial services company headquartered in The Hague, Transamerica funds the Transamerica Institute, a nonprofit foundation which comprises the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies and the Transamerica Center for Health Studies. In October 1904, A. P. Giannini founded the Bank of Italy in San Francisco, in 1928, Giannini put the banks into a holding company he named the Transamerica Corporation. In 1930, the company acquired Occidental Life Insurance Company, which had founded in 1906. Gradually, the became a more diversified conglomerate which included the film studio United Artists, Transamerica Airlines. In 1972, construction of the Transamerica Pyramid skyscraper in San Francisco was completed, although the company currently retains only a small presence in the building, the building is still depicted in the companys logo and marketing materials. In the 1980s, Transamerica began to divest and focused exclusively on financial services and it was eventually pared down to three main product divisions, insurance, investments, and retirement. In July 1999, with Frank C, herringer as CEO, Transamerica Corporation was acquired by Aegon, an insurance company based in the Netherlands. Transamerica Occidental was merged into Transamerica Life Insurance Company October 1,2008, Transamerica primarily offers insurance and financial services. Types of life and health insurance policies offered include term life, whole life, universal life, variable universal life, accidental death, Medicare supplement, Transamerica companies also offer a variety of mutual funds and annuities. Transamerica sponsors four professional golfers, two of whom are members of the PGA Tour, as well as one each of the Champions Tour. These golfers are Zach Johnson, Tom Watson, Azahara Muñoz, Transamerica is also the jersey sponsor for the Colorado Rapids soccer team, as well as the field sponsor for the Charlotte 49ers. The Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award is also sponsored by Transamerica, winners include AJ McCarron, Collin Klein, and Andrew Luck. Transamerica sponsors numerous marathons and triathlons, including the Ironman, Rock n Roll Marathon, the company also sponsors USA Triathlon, the governing body for triathlon events in the United States. Transamerica funds two foundations, the Aegon Transamerica Foundation and the Transamerica Institute, the Aegon Transamerica Foundation was created in 1994 and provides financial grants to community non-profit organizations. Transamerica employees also provide volunteering services to the organizations, the foundation received the Corporate Citizenship Award in 2013 for creating the first urban farm in the state of Iowa. The Transamerica Institute consists of two divisionsthe Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies and the Transamerica Center for Health Studies, the Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies researches and provides education on trends, issues, and opportunities related to saving and planning for retirement. The Transamerica Center for Health Studies focuses on identifying, researching, the Transamerica Institute is funded by contributions from Transamerica Life Insurance Company
33.
WKBF-TV
–
WKBF-TV, UHF analog channel 61, was an independent television station located in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The station was owned as a joint venture between Kaiser Broadcasting, Frank V. Mavec and Associates and, later, Field Communications, WKBF is perhaps the least remembered for its position in television history, although many nationally recognized broadcast professionals began their career at the station. The station operated from facilities located on St. Clair Avenue in Euclid. WKBFs microwave studio-transmitter link was assigned the license of KZM-32. WKBF was the first commercial UHF television station to sign on the air in Cuyahoga County, the first video footage transmitted on the station was a simple sentence on a hand-lettered message board reading, We made it Cleveland, accompanied by a 1,000 hertz tone. In a bold move for that point in time, WKBF attempted to bring in unique programs to the Greater Cleveland television market in order to gain profitability. The program lasted until its cancellation in November 1970, with its anchor, John Herrington, later moving to WKYC, a soon-to-be famous childrens program called Captain Cleveland also aired on WKBF, even though the actual Captain was never actually seen on-camera by viewers. Other programming on WKBF included a late-night weekend horror movie hosted by Ron Sweed. The Ghoul character was essentially a beatnik vampire, outfitted in a wig, goatee, lab coat. It was patterned after the Ghoulardi character that was created by Ernie Anderson, while Anderson had no interest in doing so, he granted Sweed permission to don the costume. As WJW owned the rights to the name Ghoulardi, the younger performer adopted the name The Ghoul, although WKBF has long since passed into broadcasting history, Sweed continues to make personal appearances on a fee-for-service basis in this guise today. WKBF also featured programming such as game telecasts from the World Football League and Cincinnati Royals NBA basketball. Although it had an array of local programming, the most popular. In another bold move for the times, the also ran in its original length. The station was one of only two commercial independent stations in the immediate Cleveland area back in the early 1970s, along with WUAB. A third UHF station also existed – non-commercial educational station WVIZ, other UHF stations in the market, with varying coverage, included ABC affiliate WAKR-TV in Akron and WJAN-TV in Canton. By 1973, Kaiser Broadcasting had sold a 22, however, in 1975, because FCC rules at the time did not allow for ownership of more than one station in any market by the same owner or group owner, Kaiser/Field opted to shut down WKBF. Kaiser then chose to augment the programming of sister station WUAB with the best content from WKBF after the station went dark
34.
Bowling alley
–
Bowling refers to a series of sports or leisure activities in which a player rolls or throws a bowling ball towards a target. It is one of the forms of throwing sports. In pin bowling variations, the target is usually to knock over pins at the end of a lane, when all the pins are knocked down on the first roll, this is a strike. In target variations, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to a mark as possible. The pin version of bowling is played on a flat wooden or other synthetic surface, while in target bowling. The term bowling in the United States and Canada most frequently refers to ten-pin bowling, in the United Kingdom, the earliest known forms of bowling date to ancient Egypt. Other balls made of porcelain have also found, indicating that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size. Some of these resemble the modern day jack used in bowl games. Bowling games of different forms are noted by Herodotus as an invention of the Lydians in Asia Minor. About 400 AD, bowling began in Germany as a ritual to cleanse oneself from sin by rolling a rock into a club representing the heathen. In 1299 the oldest known bowling green for target style bowling to survive to modern times was built, Masters Close in Southampton, England, in 1325 laws were passed in Berlin and Cologne limiting bets on lawn bowling to five shillings. In 1366 the first official mention of bowling in England was made when King Edward III banned it as a distraction to archery practice. In the 15th-17th centuries lawn bowling spread from Germany into Austria, Switzerland, in 1455 lawn bowling lanes in London were first roofed-over, turning bowling into an all-weather game. In Germany they were called kegelbahns, often attached to taverns, in 1463 a public feast was held in Frankfurt, Germany, with a venison dinner followed by lawn bowling. In 1511 English King Henry VIII banned bowling for the lower classes, another English law passed in 1541 prohibited workers from bowling except on Christmas, and only in their masters home and in his presence. About 1520 Protestant Reformation founder Martin Luther set the number of pins at nine, in 1609 Dutch East India Company explorer Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, bringing Dutch colonization to New Amsterdam, Hudsons men brought some form of lawn bowling with them. In 1670 Dutchmen liked to bowl at the Old King’s Arms Tavern near modern-day 2nd, in 1733 Bowling Green in New York City was built on the site of a Dutch cattle market and parade ground, becoming the citys oldest public park to survive to modern times. A photograph of this appeared in the pages of the US-based Bowlers Journal magazine in 1988
35.
Professional wrestling
–
Professional wrestling is a dramatized athletic performance that portrays a combat sport. Various forms of weaponry are sometimes used, the content – including match outcomes – is scripted and choreographed, and the combative actions and reactions are performed to appear violent without injuring the wrestlers. Before the 1980s, these facts were considered trade secrets, in the mid-90s, the presentation of scripted events as legitimate is known as kayfabe. Although the combative content is staged and communicated between the wrestlers, there are physical hazards involved - including permanent injury and death. While it has declined in Europe, in North America it has experienced several different periods of prominent cultural popularity during its century. The advent of television gave professional wrestling a new outlet, unlike in Europe, show wrestling has become especially prominent in Japan and in North America. In Brazil, there was a popular wrestling television program from the 1960s to the early 1980s called Telecatch. High-profile figures in the sport have become celebrities or cultural icons in their native or adopted home countries, although professional wrestling started out as petty acts in sideshows, traveling circuses and carnivals, today it is a billion-dollar industry. Revenue is drawn from live event ticket sales, network television broadcasts, pay-per-view broadcasts, personal appearances by performers, branded merchandise, pro wrestling was also instrumental in making pay-per-view a viable method of content delivery. Annual shows such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, and formerly Bash at the Beach, Halloween Havoc, home video sales dominate the Billboard charts Recreational Sports DVD sales, with wrestling holding anywhere from 3 to 9 of the top 10 spots every week. Due to its persistent cultural presence and to its novelty within the performing arts, there have also been many fictional depictions of wrestling, the 2008 film The Wrestler received several Oscar nominations and began a career revival for star Mickey Rourke. Because actual events are often co-opted by writers for incorporation into storylines for the performers, special care must be taken when talking about people who perform under their own name. The actions of the character should be considered fictional events, wholly separate from the life of the performer and this is similar to other entertainers who perform with a persona that shares their own name. Some wrestlers will incorporate elements of their real-life personalities into their characters, even if they and those who participated felt that it was necessary that spectators should be kept in a constant and complete illusion of a real competition to keep audience interest. For decades, up until the mid-1980s, wrestlers lived their lives as though they were their characters. Wrestlers, bookers and promoters all rigorously enforced the illusion and very few were allowed into the society of professional wrestling to maintain suspension of disbelief. The practice of keeping the illusion, and the methods used to do so, came to be known as kayfabe within wrestling circles. An entire lexicon of slang jargon and euphemism developed to allow performers to communicate without outsiders knowledge of what was being said, occasionally a performer will deviate from the intended sequence of events
36.
Jack Reynolds (broadcaster)
–
Jack Reynolds, born Joseph James Rizzo, was a broadcaster from Cleveland, Ohio who was better known outside of his hometown as a professional wrestling announcer. Cleveland area native Rizzo had a career in radio and television in Cleveland over several decades and he was a DJ/talk show host for the old WGAR AM1220 and The old WWWE AM1100. He was the announcer for then-independent TV station WUAB channel 43. He was also a spokesman for several local businesses. Reynolds landed a speaking part in The Godfather as an Army captain in the wedding scene. His line I havent had much fun since the blitzkrieg was cut from the finished film. Nationally, Reynolds was known for being a professional wrestling play by play voice and his first stint announcing wrestling came with the short-lived IWA promotion in 1975, which had attempted to establish a national wrestling promotion years before Vince McMahon had done so. He also worked alongside Pedro Martinezs son Ron announcing for the Buffalo and this experience had apparently served him well, as Reynolds joined the World Wrestling Federations broadcast team in September 1984. Who had just entered the WWF, Reynolds and Ventura were also the original hosts of WWF Prime Time Wrestling when it debuted in January 1985 on the USA Network. In July 1985, Gorilla Monsoon replaced Reynolds as the announcer for All-Star Wrestling. Monsoon had also replaced Reynolds as host of Prime Time Wrestling, Reynolds stuck around as a fill-in announcer before calling one last show in Detroit for the WWF in April of 1986. Reynolds died at age 71 on Thursday, October 16,2008, one of his sons is Tony Rizzo, former longtime sports director at WJW channel 8 and current host of The Really Big Show, a radio talk show on WKNR AM850, both in Cleveland
