1.
Facade
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A façade is generally one exterior side of a building, usually, but not always, the front. It is a loan word from the French façade, which means frontage or face. In architecture, the façade of a building is often the most important aspect from a design standpoint, from the engineering perspective of a building, the façade is also of great importance due to its impact on energy efficiency. For historical façades, many local zoning regulations or other laws restrict or even forbid their alteration. The word comes from the French foreign loan word façade, which in turn comes from the Italian facciata, from faccia meaning face, the earliest usage recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is 1656. It was quite common in the Georgian period for existing houses in English towns to be given a fashionable new façade, in modern highrise building, the exterior walls are often suspended from the concrete floor slabs. Examples include curtain walls and precast concrete walls, the façade can at times be required to have a fire-resistance rating, for instance, if two buildings are very close together, to lower the likelihood of fire spreading from one building to another. In general, the systems that are suspended or attached to the precast concrete slabs will be made from aluminium or stainless steel. In recent years more lavish materials such as titanium have sometimes been used, whether rated or not, fire protection is always a design consideration. The melting point of aluminium,660 °C, is reached within minutes of the start of a fire. Firestops for such building joints can be qualified, too, putting fire sprinkler systems on each floor has a profoundly positive effect on the fire safety of buildings with curtain walls. Some building codes also limit the percentage of area in exterior walls. When the exterior wall is not rated, the slab edge becomes a junction where rated slabs are abutting an unrated wall. For rated walls, one may also choose rated windows and fire doors, on a film set and within most themed attractions, many of the buildings are only façades, which are far cheaper than actual buildings, and not subject to building codes. In film sets, they are held up with supports from behind. Within theme parks, they are usually decoration for the interior ride/attraction/restaurant, by Ulrich Knaack, Tillmann Klein, Marcel Bilow and Thomas Auer. ISBN 978-3-7643-7961-2 ISBN 978-3-7643-7962-9 Giving buildings an illusion of grandeur Poole, the article outlines the development of the façade in ecclesiastical architecture from the early Christian period to the Renaissance
2.
English country house
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An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to time in the country and in the city—hence, for these people. However, the term also encompasses houses that were, and often still are, frequently, the formal business of the counties was transacted in these country houses. With large numbers of indoor and outdoor staff, country houses were important as places of employment for rural communities. In turn, until the agricultural depressions of the 1870s, the estates, of country houses were the hub. However, the late 19th and early 20th centuries were the swansong of the traditional English country house lifestyle, increased taxation and the effects of World War I led to the demolition of hundreds of houses, those that remained had to adapt to survive. While a château or a schloss can be a fortified or unfortified building, if fortified, it is called a castle, but not all buildings with the name castle are fortified. The term stately home is subject to debate, and avoided by historians, as a description of a country house, the term was first used in a poem by Felicia Hemans, The Homes of England, originally published in Blackwoods Magazine in 1827. In the 20th century, the term was popularised in a song by Noël Coward. The books collection of homes also includes George IVs Brighton town palace. The country houses of England have evolved over the last five hundred years, before this time, larger houses were usually fortified, reflecting the position of their owners as feudal lords, de facto overlords of their manors. The Tudor period of stability in the saw the building of the first of the unfortified great houses. Henry VIIIs Dissolution of the Monasteries saw many former ecclesiastical properties granted to the Kings favourites, woburn Abbey, Forde Abbey and many other mansions with abbey or priory in their name became private houses during this period. Other terms used in the names of houses to describe their origin or importance include palace, castle, court, hall, mansion, park, house, manor, and place. Burghley House, Longleat House, and Hatfield House are among the best known examples of the prodigy house. Some of the best known of Englands country houses were built by one architect at one time, Montacute House, Chatsworth House. They finally ran out of funds in the early 20th century, an example of this is Brympton dEvercy in Somerset, a house of many periods that is unified architecturally by the continuing use of the same mellow, local Ham Hill stone
3.
Waddesdon
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Waddesdon /ˈwɒdzdən/ is a village within the Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England,6 miles from Aylesbury on the A41 road. The centre of a parish, including the hamlets of Eythrope, Wormstone and Woodham, Waddesdon was an agricultural settlement with milling, silk weaving. The parish church of St Michael and All Angels dates from 1190 with medieval, between 1897 and 1936, Waddesdon had train services on the Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway at Waddesdon Manor railway station, two miles from the village. There was also a halt on the Brill Tramway, in 1874, Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild bought a large estate in the area and built the mansion of Waddesdon Manor on a hill-top above the village. He transformed Waddesdon into a village, with new houses for employees and tenants, a school. Waddesdon Manor and grounds are now the property of the National Trust, and Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild retains the estate and a house at nearby Eythrope. Waddesdon Village Primary School is a mixed, community, primary school, the village is also home to Waddesdon Church of England School, a secondary school which holds over 1000 students. Alice Shalvi Waddesdon Manor Waddesdon Village Primary School website Waddesdon Policing Team
4.
Buckinghamshire
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Development in this region is restricted by the Metropolitan Green Belt. Other large settlements include the county town of Aylesbury, Marlow in the south near the Thames and Princes Risborough in the west near Oxford. Some areas without rail links to London, such as around the old county town of Buckingham. The largest town is Milton Keynes in the northeast, which with the area is administered as a unitary authority separately to the rest of Buckinghamshire. The remainder of the county is administered by Buckinghamshire County Council as a non-metropolitan county, in national elections, Buckinghamshire is considered a reliable supporter of the Conservative Party. A large part of the Chiltern Hills, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, runs through the south of the county and attracts many walkers, in this area older buildings are often made from local flint and red brick. Chequers, an estate owned by the government, is the country retreat of the incumbent Prime Minister. To the north of the county lies rolling countryside in the Vale of Aylesbury, the Thames forms part of the county’s southwestern boundary. Notable service amenities in the county are Pinewood Film Studios, Dorney rowing lake, many national companies have offices in Milton Keynes. Heavy industry and quarrying is limited, with agriculture predominating after service industries, the name Buckinghamshire is Anglo-Saxon in origin and means The district of Buccas home. Buccas home refers to Buckingham in the north of the county, the county has been so named since about the 12th century, however, the county has existed since it was a subdivision of the kingdom of Mercia. Historically, the biggest change to the county came in the 19th century, Buckinghamshire is a popular home for London commuters, leading to greater local affluence, however, some pockets of relative deprivation remain. As a result, most county institutions are now based in the south of the county or Milton Keynes, the county can be split into two sections geographically. The county includes parts of two of the four longest rivers in England, the River Thames forms the southern boundary with Berkshire, which has crept over the border at Eton and Slough so that the river is no longer the sole boundary between the two counties. The River Great Ouse rises just outside the county in Northamptonshire and flows east through Buckingham, Milton Keynes, the main branch of the Grand Union Canal passes through the county as do its arms to Slough, Aylesbury, Wendover and Buckingham. The canal has been incorporated into the landscaping of Milton Keynes, the southern part of the county is dominated by the Chiltern Hills. The two highest points in Buckinghamshire are Haddington Hill in Wendover Woods at 267 metres above sea level, quarrying has taken place for chalk, clay for brickmaking and gravel and sand in the river valleys. Flint, also extracted from quarries, was used to build older local buildings
5.
Aylesbury Vale
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The Aylesbury Vale is a large area of gently rolling agricultural landscape located in the northern half of Buckinghamshire, England. Its boundary is marked by Milton Keynes to the north, Leighton Buzzard, the vale is named after Aylesbury, the county town of Buckinghamshire. Two other towns lie within the vale and they are Winslow, the bed of the vale is largely made up of clay that was formed at the end of the ice age. Also at this time the vast underground reserves of water make the water table in the Vale of Aylesbury higher than average, were created. In the 2001 UK census the population of Aylesbury Vale was 165,748, about half of those live in the county town Aylesbury. Aylesbury Vale is a government district of northern Buckinghamshire, administered by a district council. The district offices are based in Aylesbury, the district councils logo includes the historical figure of John Hampden. There are 111 civil parishes,84 with a parish council, elections to the district council take place every 4 years, with 59 councillors being elected from 36 wards. Since winning a majority at the 2003 election the Conservative party has control of the council. Major roads include the A41, A413 and A418- which all meet at Aylesbury, the A421 passes through the north of the district providing connections to Milton Keynes, Bedford and the M1 to the east, and the M40 and Oxford and Birmingham to the west. For its size, the district contains relatively few railway stations, at Aylesbury there are connecting services to Princes Risborough station. In addition, the West Coast and Chiltern main lines pass through the district, each having a station within the district. The district has a number of buildings and landscapes which are popular tourist attractions. The National Trust owns several properties including Waddesdon Manor, Claydon House, the Silverstone Circuit sits on the northern boundary of the district with South Northamptonshire, and the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre is located near Quainton. Aylesbury is home to the County Museum, and Buckingham features the Old Gaol Museum
6.
Aylesbury
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Aylesbury /ˈeɪəlzbri/ is the county town of Buckinghamshire, England. In 2011, it had a population of 71,977, the town name is of Old English origin. Its first recorded name Æglesburgh is thought to mean Fort of Ægel, since earliest records there have been 57 variations of the name. Excavations in the centre in 1985 found an Iron Age hill fort dating from the early 4th century BC. Aylesbury was a market town in Anglo-Saxon times, the burial place of Saint Osgyth. The Early English parish church of St. Mary has a crypt beneath, once thought to be Anglo-Saxon, it is now recognised as being of the same period as the medieval chapel above. At the Norman conquest, the king took the manor of Aylesbury for himself, in 1450, a religious institution called the Guild of St Mary was founded in Aylesbury by John Kemp, Archbishop of York. Known popularly as the Guild of Our Lady it became a place for local dignitaries. The guild was influential in the outcome of the Wars of the Roses. Its premises at the Chantry in Church Street, Aylesbury, are still there, the plague decimated the population in 1603/4. Aylesbury-born composer, Rutland Boughton, possibly inspired by the statue of John Hampden, bourbon Street in Aylesbury is named after the king. Louiss wife, Marie Josephine of Savoy died at Hartwell in 1810 and is the only French queen to have died on English soil, the town also received international publicity in the 1963 when the culprits responsible for the ] were tried at Aylesbury Crown Court. The robbery took place at Bridego Bridge, a bridge at Ledburn. A notable institution is Aylesbury Grammar School which was founded in 1598, according to the 2011 Census, the religious groupings in Aylesbury were, Christianity, No religion, Islam, Hinduism, Other. 7% of respondents did not state their religion, Aylesbury falls into a notional geographical region known as the South Midlands. In the 2001 census the Aylesbury Urban Area had 69,021 inhabitants by the 2011 census the urban population had grown to 74,748. Distinct whole areas that have a high property price in the town are Bedgrove. Anticipated developments are expected to raise the population of Aylesbury from its current approximation of 75,000 to 100,000 between 2018 and 2023
7.
Renaissance Revival architecture
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The divergent forms of Renaissance architecture in different parts of Europe, particularly in France and Italy, has added to the difficulty of defining and recognizing Neo-Renaissance architecture. The movement grew from scientific observations of nature, in human anatomy. Neo-Renaissance architecture is formed by not only the original Italian architecture, in England the Renaissance tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Longleat House. Often these buildings had symmetrical towers which hint at the evolution from medieval fortified architecture and this is particularly evident at Hatfield House built between 1607 and 1611, where medieval towers jostle with a large Italian cupola. If this were not confusing enough, the new Neo-Renaissance then frequently borrowed architectural elements from the succeeding Mannerist period, mannerism and Baroque being two very opposing styles of architecture. Mannerism was exemplified by the Palazzo del Te and Baroque by the Wurzburg Residenz, as a consequence a self-consciously Neo-Renaissance manner first began to appear circa 1840. By 1890 this movement was already in decline, the Hagues Peace Palace completed in 1913, in a heavy French Neo-Renaissance manner was one of the last notable buildings in this style. Charles Barry introduced the Neo-Renaissance to England with his design of the Travellers Club, the style is characterized by original Renaissance motifs, taken from such Quattrocento architects as Alberti. These motifs included rusticated masonry and quoins, windows framed by architraves and doors crowned by pediments, if a building were of several floors the uppermost floor usually had small square windows representing the minor mezzanine floor of the original Renaissance designs. However, the Neo-renaissance style later came to incorporate Romanesque and Baroque features not found in the original Renaissance architecture which was more severe in its design. Like all architectural styles the Neo-Renaissance did not appear overnight fully formed but evolved slowly, one of the very first signs of its emergence was the Würzburg Womens Prison, which was erected in 1809 designed by Peter Speeth. This building foreshadows similar effects in the work of the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson whose work in the Neo-Renaissance style was popular in the USA during the 1880s, richardsons style at the end or the revival era was a severe mix of both Romanesque and Renaissance features. This was exemplified by his Marshall Field Warehouse in Chicago, however, while the beginning of Neo-Renaissance period can be defined by its simplicity and severity, what came between was far more ornate in its design. This period can be defined by some of the opera houses of the Europe, such as Gottfried Sempers Burgtheater in Vienna. This ornate form of the Neo-Renaissance, originating from France, is known as the Second Empire style. By 1875 it had become the style in Europe for all public and bureaucratic buildings. In England, where Sir George Gilbert Scott designed the London Foreign Office in this style between 1860 and 1875, it also incorporated certain Palladian features. In Austria, it was pioneered by such names as Rudolf Eitelberger
8.
Ferdinand de Rothschild
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He was a Liberal, later Liberal Unionist, MP who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1898. Although Ferdinand von Rothschild was born in Paris, he was from Vienna and he was the second son of Baron Anselm von Rothschild and his English wife Charlotte von Rothschild née Rothschild. And the great-grandson of Mayer Amschel Rothschild and he held the hereditary title Freiherr in the Austrian nobility. He became a British subject and moved from Vienna to London, on 7 June 1865, he married his second cousin Evelina de Rothschild, the daughter of Lionel de Rothschild. On 4 December 1866 their son was stillborn, and Evelina died later the same day, in her memory, Ferdinand built, equipped and endowed the Evelina Hospital for Sick Children in Southwark, south London. He began terms as Treasurer of the Jewish Board of Guardians in 1868 and 1875, an offer he made of £2,000 to anyone who could suggest a useful way of spending it led to the foundation of the Army Reservists Home. In 1883, Ferdinand de Rothschild was High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire and he was adopted as Liberal candidate for the London constituency of St Georges in the East but, on being invited he contested in 1885 another seat, at Aylesbury, which he won and held until his death. In 1886, over the issue of Irish Home Rule, he joined the Liberal Unionists, from 1896 he was a Trustee of the British Museum, probably at the instigation of Sir Augustus Wollaston Franks. Ferdinand von Rothschild died at Waddesdon Manor on his 59th birthday and was buried next to his wife in the elegant Rothschild Mausoleum in the Jewish Cemetery at West Ham and his death was hastened by a cold caught when last visiting his wifes tomb. Dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement, davis, R. W. Ferdinand James von Rothschild
9.
Rothschild family
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During the 19th century, the Rothschild family possessed the largest private fortune in the world, as well as the largest private fortune in modern world history. The Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of conspiracy theories, the first member of the family who was known to use the name Rothschild was Izaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the German zum rothen Schild, meaning with the red sign, the familys ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of Mayer Amschel Rothschild in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the son of Amschel Moses Rothschild, a money changer who had traded with the Prince of Hesse, the family motto appears below the shield, Concordia, Integritas, Industria. Paul Johnson writes he Rothschilds are elusive, there is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them, a woman who planned to write a book entitled Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it, saying, ‘It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds, changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence, Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs. Another essential part of Mayer Rothschilds strategy for success was to control of their banks in family hands. By this means, Jewish financiers obtained a share of international finance during the middle. The head of the group was the Rothschild family. It also states, Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same method, and, on the whole. Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully arranged marriages, by the late 19th century, however, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties. The surname Rothschild is rare in Germany, the German surname Rothschild is not related to the Protestant surname Rothchilds from the United Kingdom. Another line, of the British branch of the family, was elevated by Queen Victoria, research conducted by GreatGameIndia Magazine has revealed that the Rothschild family was one of the controller families of the East India Company. The Rothschilds already possessed a significant fortune before the start of the Napoleonic Wars, in 1815 alone, the Rothschilds provided £9.8 million in subsidy loans to Britains continental allies. The brothers helped coordinate Rothschild activities across the continent, and the family developed a network of agents, in one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellingtons victory at the Battle of Waterloo a full day ahead of the governments official messengers. It was then repeated in popular accounts, such as that of Morton. The basis for the Rothschilds most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had made public
10.
James de Rothschild (politician)
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De Rothschild was the son of Edmond James de Rothschild of the French branch of family. He was educated at Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris and at Trinity College, Cambridge and he was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. He was a follower of the turf and a racehorse owner. His 33-1 runner Bomba won the Ascot Gold Cup in 1909 and he married Dorothy Mathilde Pinto in 1913. She was 17 years old, he was 35, described by the Journal of Liberal History as one of the Liberal Partys most colourful MPs, Rothschild served as Liberal Member of Parliament for the Isle of Ely constituency from 1929 to 1945. During the Second World War he was Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Supply in the Coalition Government 1940-1945 and he was also a Deputy Lieutenant for the County of London and a Justice of the Peace in Buckinghamshire. Rothschild continued to support his fathers Zionist causes, and donated 6,000,000 Israeli Pounds towards the construction of the Knesset building in Jerusalem, when he died in 1957, he bequeathed Waddesdon Manor to the National Trust. His widow Dorothy de Rothschild inherited the estate, and maintained a strong interest in the house. Palestine Jewish Colonization Association Mrs James de Rothschild - Rothschilds at Waddesdon Manor ISBN 978-0-00-216671-3 Schama, two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by James de Rothschild Short biography for James de Rothschild Knesset website New York Times obituary for James de Rothschild
11.
Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild
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Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild, OM GBE FBA is a British investment banker and a member of the prominent Rothschild banking family. He is also Honorary President of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, born in 1936, he is the eldest son of Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild by his first wife Barbara Judith Rothschild. His father was born into a Jewish family, while his mother converted to Orthodox Judaism when they married, Rothschild was educated at Eton College and then at Christ Church, Oxford, where he gained a First in history, tutored by Hugh Trevor-Roper. From 1963 Rothschild worked for the family bank N M Rothschild & Sons in London and he sold his minority stake in the bank, but took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust, an investment trust listed on the London Stock Exchange. After resigning from the bank in 1980, Jacob Rothschild went on to found J. Rothschild Assurance Group with Sir Mark Weinberg in 1991, in 1989, he joined forces with Sir James Goldsmith and Kerry Packer, in an unsuccessful bid for British American Tobacco. Rothschild is Chairman of RIT Capital Partners plc, one of the largest investment trusts quoted on the London Stock Exchange with a net value of about £2 billion. He is Chairman of J Rothschild Capital Management, a subsidiary of RIT Capital Partners plc and he is also a Member of the Council for the Duchy of Cornwall for HRH The Prince of Wales and a member of the International Advisory Board of The Blackstone Group. He also retains many other venture capital and property interests, from November 2003 until his retirement in 2008, he was Deputy Chairman of BSkyB Television and until 2008 he was a Director of RHJ International. In 2003 Rothschild came under scrutiny when Russian oil industrialist Mikhail Khodorkovskys shares in YUKOS passed to him under a deal they concluded prior to Khodorkovskys arrest. In November 2010, an entity affiliated with Rothschild purchased a 5. 0% equity interest in Genie Energy. In 2013, Genie Energy was granted exclusive oil and gas rights to a 153-square mile radius in the southern part of the Golan Heights. He was a personal friend of Diana, Princess of Wales and maintains strong personal. His country estate has been a venue for visiting heads of state including Presidents Ronald Reagan. Margaret Thatcher received French President François Mitterrand there at a summit in 1990 and he owns the 2015 RIBA Award winner Flint House in Buckinghamshire, UK. Jacob Rothschild has played a prominent part in Arts philanthropy in Britain. He was Chairman of Trustees of the National Gallery from 1985 to 1991, in 2014, he received the J. Paul Getty Medal for extraordinary achievement in the fields of museology, art historical research, philanthropy, conservation and conservation science. He was especially active in the project to restore Somerset House in London, for which he helped secure the Gilbert Collection and ensured the long-term future of the Courtauld Institute of Art. As a private project, he carried out the restoration of Spencer House, one of the finest surviving 18th century London townhouses, the cellars at Waddesdon Manor house his personal collection of 15,000 bottles of Rothschild wines dating as far back as 1870. Open to the public, Waddesdon attracts over 300,000 visitors annually and has won awards over the last 15 years, including Museum of the Year Award
12.
John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough
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He was the paternal grandfather of Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill. He was educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford and he commenced his career as a lieutenant in the 1st Oxfordshire yeomanry in 1843. Spencer-Churchill was Member of Parliament for Woodstock from 1844 to 1845 and again from 1847 to 1857 and he was an influential Freemason and was sworn in of the Privy Council in 1866 and made a Knight of the Garter in 1868. In 1874, on the formation of Mr. Disraelis second cabinet, he was offered, but declined and he again held office under Disraeli as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1876 to 1880. He was president of the Shipwrecked Fishermen and Mariners Royal Benevolent Society for many years and he died suddenly of angina pectoris at 29 Berkeley Square, London, on 5 July 1883. After lying in state at Blenheim Palace, he was buried in the chapel on 10 July. On 12 July 1843, Spencer-Churchill married Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane, Lady Fanny Octavia Louise Spencer-Churchill, married 9 June 1873 Edward Marjoribanks, 2nd Baron Tweedmouth, by whom she had issue. Lady Anne Emily Spencer-Churchill, married 11 June 1874 James Innes-Ker, 7th Duke of Roxburghe and his wife died sixteen years later, on 16 April 1899, aged 77. Marlborough was portrayed by Cyril Luckham in the 1974 Thames TV mini-series Jennie, notable Freemasons Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Boase, George Clement. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough Pedigree at Genealogics
13.
Anselm Salomon von Rothschild
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Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, baron was an Austrian banker, founder of the Creditanstalt, and a member of the Vienna branch of the Rothschild family. He was born in the Imperial City of Frankfurt, the son of Freiherr Salomon Mayer von Rothschild, ancestor of the familys Austrian branch and he had a younger sister Betty, who married her French uncle James Mayer de Rothschild. According to the testament left by progenitor Mayer Amschel Rothschild, the children of the Rothschild family were obliged to enter into matrimony with their first and second cousins. In 1820 Anselm Salomons father Salomon Mayer had established a company at Vienna. He had been a confidant of Chancellor Prince Klemens von Metternich, Anselm himself gradually retired from the banking business in the 1860s and participated in the Austrian Southern Railway company. He rejected the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and refused to accommodate any side with money, as a philanthropist, he founded the Vienna Rothschild Hospital in 1869. He was also a prominent art collector, honorary citizen, and he began the art collection that his son Ferdinand bequeathed in 1898 to the British Museum as the Waddesdon Bequest, collecting mostly metalwork, especially of the Northern Renaissance. The Holy Thorn Reliquary was one of his purchases and his collection was catalogued and partly photographed by the art historian Franz Schestag in 1866 and 1872. The Rothschilds, a Family Portrait by Frederic Morton, atheneum Publishers ISBN 156836220X The Rothschilds, a Family of Fortune by Virginia Cowles. Alfred A. Knopf ISBN0394487737 Rothschild, The Wealth and Power of a Dynasty by Derek Wilson, scribner, London ISBN0684190184 House of Rothschild, Moneys Prophets, 1798-1848 by Niall Ferguson. Viking Press ISBN0670857688 The House of Rothschild, The Worlds Banker, 1849-1999 by Niall Ferguson
14.
Fireworks
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Fireworks are a class of low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display, Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places. Fireworks take many forms to produce the four primary effects, noise, light, smoke and they may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks including red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and silver. Displays are common throughout the world and are the point of many cultural. Fireworks were invented in ancient China in the 7th century to scare evil spirits. Such important events and festivities as Chinese New Year and the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival were, China is the largest manufacturer and exporter of fireworks in the world. Fireworks are generally classified as to where they perform, either as a ground or aerial firework, in the latter case they may provide their own propulsion or be shot into the air by a mortar. The most common feature of fireworks is a paper or pasteboard tube or casing filled with the combustible material, a number of these tubes or cases are often combined so as to make, when kindled, a great variety of sparkling shapes, often variously colored. The skyrocket is a form of firework, although the first skyrockets were used in war. The aerial shell, however, is the backbone of todays commercial aerial display, such rocket technology has also been used for the delivery of mail by rocket and is used as propulsion for most model rockets. The earliest documentation of fireworks dates back to 7th century China, the fireworks were used to accompany many festivities. It is thus a part of the culture of China and had its origin there, the art and science of firework making has developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of techniques in mounting firework displays. Chinese people originally believed that the fireworks could expel evil spirits and bring about luck, during the Song Dynasty, many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng, rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Bowen and Jiao Yu. In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China, with the development of chinoiserie in Europe, Chinese fireworks began to gain popularity around the mid-17th century. Lev Izmailov, ambassador of Peter the Great, once reported from China and his writings would be translated in 1765, resulting in the popularization of fireworks and further attempts to uncover the secrets of Chinese fireworks
15.
Edward VII
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Edward VII was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was excluded from political power. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, as king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised and he died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. Edward was born at 10,48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace and he was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St Georges Chapel, Windsor Castle and he was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the family throughout his life. As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall, as a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867. In 1863, he renounced his rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a constitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on an educational programme devised by Prince Albert. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies and he tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent, after the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce. After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, among others, in October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford. Now released from the strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time
16.
The Souls
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The Souls were a small, loosely-knit but distinctive social group in England, from 1885 to about 1920. Their members included many of the most distinguished English politicians and intellectuals, the group formed as a response to the damper on social life caused by the political tension of the Irish Home Rule debate. Existing social circles were rent by angry arguments between proponents and opponents of the Gladstone ministrys efforts in 1886 to bring about full Home Rule, many people in society wanted a salon where they could meet without fighting about politics. Wilfrid Scawen Blunt was a member of the group and gave a good, general description of the aims and objectives of its members, and above all, what they wanted to avoid. The name of the group was bestowed by Lord Charles Beresford, among the original Souls were, George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston Arthur Balfour Margot Asquith St. S. John Singer Sargent painted a joint portrait of the three Wyndham sisters, as well as a portrait of Henry Whites wife, Margaret. This original group of Souls reached its zenith in the early 1890s, the Coterie was often considered as the second generation of The Souls. They were a mix of aristocrats, politicians and art-lovers and they were patrons of artists of the time, including Edward Burne-Jones and James Whistler. ISBN 0-283-98920-3 Ellenberger, Nancy W. Balfour’s World, Aristocracy, ISBN9781783270378 Lambert, Angela. Unquiet Souls, The Indian Summer of the British Aristocracy, 1880–1918, Henry White, Thirty Years of American Diplomacy. New York, Harper & Brothers,1930
17.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
18.
Meissen porcelain
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Meissen porcelain or Meissen china is the first European hard-paste porcelain. It was developed starting in 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, after his death that October, Johann Friedrich Böttger continued von Tschirnhauss work and brought porcelain to the market. Its signature logo, the swords, was introduced in 1720 to protect its production. It dominated the style of European porcelain until 1756, at the beginning of the eighteenth century Johann Friedrich Böttger pretended he had solved the dream of the alchemists, to produce gold from worthless materials. When King Augustus II of Poland heard of it, he kept him in protective custody, for years Johann Friedrich Böttger was unsuccessful in this effort. At the same time, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, a mathematician and scientist, experimented with the manufacture of glass, Tschirnhaus supervised Böttger and by 1707 Böttger reluctantly started to help in the experiments by Tschirnhaus. When Tschirnhaus suddenly died, the recipe apparently was handed over to Böttger, Böttger refined the formula and with some Dutch co-workers, experienced in firing and painting tiles, the stage was set for the manufacturing of porcelain. In 1709, the King established the Royal-Polish and Electoral-Saxon Porcelain Manufactory, placed Böttgers laboratory at Albrechtsburg castle in Meissen, the first type of porcelain produced by Böttger was a refined and extremely hard red stoneware known in Germany as Böttgersteinzeug. It retained very crisp definition in its mold-cast applied details, on bodies that could be polished to a gloss before firing, models were derived from Baroque silver shapes and Chinese ceramic examples. Meissens production of a hard paste white porcelain that could be glazed and painted soon followed, Böttgers experimental wares rapidly gained quality but never achieved successful painted and fired decor. The first successful ornaments were gold decorations applied upon the fired body, multicolor enamelled painting was introduced by Johann Gregorius Höroldt in 1723, with an increasingly broad palette of colors that marked the beginning of the classic phase of Meissen porcelain. His enamel paints are still the basis for ceramic paints today, initially paintings often imitated oriental patterns. The signature underglaze Meissen Blue was introduced by Friedrich August Köttig, soon minutely detailed landscapes and port scenes, animals, flowers, galante courtly scenes and chinoiseries— fanciful Chinese-inspired decorations— were to be found on Meissen porcelain. The Kakiemon vases and tea wares of kilns in Arita, Japan were imitated as Indianische Blume, wares were also sold in solid glazed colors, to be enamelled in private workshops and independently retailed. The support of Augustus patronage attracted to Meissen some of the finest painters and modelers of Europe as staff artists, the Albrechtsburg was utilized to protect the secrets of the manufacture of the white gold. As a further precaution, very few knew the special secret of how to make porcelain. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe
19.
Armour
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Personal armour is used to protect soldiers and war animals. Vehicle armour is used on warships and armoured fighting vehicles, a second use of the term armour describes armoured forces, armoured weapons, and their role in combat. After the evolution of armoured warfare, mechanised infantry and their weapons came to be referred to collectively as armour, the word armour began to appear in the Middle Ages as a derivative of Old French. It is dated from 1297 as a mail, defensive covering worn in combat, the word originates from the Old French armure, itself derived from the Latin armatura meaning arms and/or equipment, with the root armare meaning arms or gear. Armour has been used throughout recorded history and it has been made from a variety of materials, beginning with rudimentary leather protection and evolving through mail and metal plate into todays modern composites. For much of history the manufacture of metal personal armour has dominated the technology. Its production was influential in the revolution, and furthered commercial development of metallurgy. Armour was the single most influential factor in the development of firearms, significant factors in the development of armour include the economic and technological necessities of its production. For instance, plate armour first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered trip hammers made the formation of plates faster and cheaper, also, modern militaries usually do not equip their forces with the best armour available because it would be prohibitively expensive. The samurai warriors of feudal Japan utilised many types of armour for hundreds of years up to the 19th century, Japanese lamellar armour passed through Korea and reached Japan around the 5th century. These early Japanese lamellar armours took the form of a sleeveless jacket, armour did not always cover all of the body, sometimes no more than a helmet and leg plates were worn. The rest of the body was protected by means of a large shield. Examples of armies equipping their troops in this fashion were the Aztecs, in East Asia many types of armour were commonly used at different times by various cultures including, scale armour, lamellar armour, laminar armour, plated mail, mail, plate armour and brigandine. Around the dynastic Tang, Song, and early Ming Period, cuirasses and plates were also used, the Chinese, during that time used partial plates for important body parts instead of covering their whole body since too much plate armour hinders their martial arts movement. The other body parts were covered in cloth, leather, lamellar, in pre-Qin dynasty times, leather armour was made out of various animals, with more exotic ones such as the rhinoceros. Mail, sometimes called chainmail, made of interlocking iron rings is believed to have first appeared some time after 300 BC and its invention is credited to the Celts, the Romans were thought to have adopted their design. Gradually, small plates or discs of iron were added to the mail to protect vulnerable areas. Hardened leather and splinted construction were used for arm and leg pieces, the coat of plates was developed, an armour made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat
20.
Edmond James de Rothschild
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Baron Edmond Benjamin James de Rothschild was a French member of the Rothschild banking family. A strong supporter of Zionism, his large donations lent significant support to the movement during its early years and he grew up in the world of the Second Republic and the Second Empire and was a soldier Garde Mobile in the first Franco-Prussian War. Edmond de Rothschild inherited Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt and owned the Château Rothschild dArmainvilliers in Gretz-Armainvilliers in the Seine-et-Marne département, included in this gift were more than one hundred engravings and drawings by Rembrandt. A portion of his art collection was bequeathed to his son James A. de Rothschild and is now part of the National Trust collection at Waddesdon Manor, however, in 1882 Edmond cut back on his purchases of art and began to buy land in Southern Syria. He became a proponent of the Zionist movement, financing the first site at Rishon LeZion. In his goal for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, he promoted industrialization, in 1924, he established the Palestine Jewish Colonization Association, which acquired more than 125,000 acres of land and set up business ventures. Edmond de Rothschild also played a role in Israels wine industry. Under the supervision of his administrators in Ottoman Palestine, farm colonies and vineyards were established and it is estimated that Rothschild spent over $50 million in supporting the settlements and backed research in electricity by engineers and financed development of an electric generating station. Jews and Arabs lived amicably on Rothschilds land, with no Arab grievances, according to historian Albert M. Hyamson, Rothschild recognised that the overriding interest of the Jews of Palestine was the confidence and the friendship of their Arab neighbours. The interests of the Arab cultivators of the land he bought were never overlooked and he suggested in 1931 to Judah Magnes that We must hold them down with a strong hand. In a 1934 letter to the League of Nations, Edmond de Rothschild stated that the struggle to put an end to the Wandering Jew, could not have as its result, in 1934, Baron de Rothschild died at Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt. His wife died a year later on 29 December 1935 and they were interred in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris until April 1954 when their remains were transported to Israel aboard a naval frigate. At the port of Haifa, the ship was met with sirens, for his Jewish philanthropy Baron Edmond became known as HaNadiv HaYadua, and in his memory his son bequeathed the funds to construct the building for the Knesset. Israels 1982/5742 Independence Day coin is dedicated to the memory of Edmond de Rothschild, from 1982 until 1986, the Bank of Israel used his portrait on the 500 Israeli sheqel note. Rothschild Boulevard in Tel Aviv is named after him, as well as various localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding, Rishon LeZion, the city which he helped to found named one of the central streets Rothschild Street, and in 1996 Rothschild Mall was built. Also named after him is the Parc Edmond de Rothschild in Boulogne-Billancourt, Edmond de Rothschild, lhomme qui racheta la terre sainte. Aharonson, Ran. Rothschild and Early Jewish Colonization in Palestine, two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel
21.
Liberal Party (UK)
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The Liberal Party was a liberal political party which was one of the two major parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century. The party arose from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and Radicals favourable to the ideals of the American, by the end of the nineteenth century, it had formed four governments under William Gladstone. Despite splitting over the issue of Irish Home Rule, the party returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory, by the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives main rival. The party went into decline and by the 1950s won no more than six seats at general elections, apart from notable by-election victories, the partys fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, at the 1987 General Election, its vote fell below 23% and the Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. A splinter group reconstituted the Liberal Party in 1989 and it was formed by party members opposed to the merger who saw the Lib Dems diluting Liberal ideals. Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes, the Liberal Party grew out of the Whigs, who had their origins in an aristocratic faction in the reign of Charles II, and the early 19th century Radicals. The Whigs were in favour of reducing the power of the Crown, although their motives in this were originally to gain more power for themselves, the more idealistic Whigs gradually came to support an expansion of democracy for its own sake. The great figures of reformist Whiggery were Charles James Fox and his disciple, after decades in opposition, the Whigs returned to power under Grey in 1830 and carried the First Reform Act in 1832. The Reform Act was the climax of Whiggism, but it brought about the Whigs demise. As early as 1839 Russell had adopted the name of Liberals, the leading Radicals were John Bright and Richard Cobden, who represented the manufacturing towns which had gained representation under the Reform Act. They favoured social reform, personal liberty, reducing the powers of the Crown and the Church of England, avoidance of war and foreign alliances, for a century, free trade remained the one cause which could unite all Liberals. This allowed ministries led by Russell, Palmerston, and the Peelite Lord Aberdeen to hold office for most of the 1850s and 1860s, a leading Peelite was William Ewart Gladstone, who was a reforming Chancellor of the Exchequer in most of these governments. The formal foundation of the Liberal Party is traditionally traced to 1859 and this was brought about by Palmerstons death in 1865 and Russells retirement in 1868. After a brief Conservative government Gladstone won a victory at the 1868 election. The establishment of the party as a membership organisation came with the foundation of the National Liberal Federation in 1877. John Stuart Mill was a Liberal MP from 1865 to 1868, for the next thirty years Gladstone and Liberalism were synonymous. William Ewart Gladstone served as prime minister four times, called the Grand Old Man later in life, Gladstone was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to the working class and to the lower middle class
22.
David Lloyd George
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David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, OM, PC was a British Liberal politician and statesman. As Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lloyd George was a key figure in the introduction of reforms which laid the foundations of the modern welfare state. His most important role came as the highly energetic Prime Minister of the Wartime Coalition Government, during and he was a major player at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 that reordered Europe after the defeat of the Central Powers. He made an impact on British public life than any other 20th-century leader. Furthermore, in foreign affairs he played a role in winning the First World War, redrawing the map of Europe at the peace conference. His main political problem was that he was not loyal to his Liberal party—he was always a political maverick, while he was Prime Minister he favoured the Conservatives in his coalition in the 1918 elections, leaving the Liberal party as a hopeless minority. He became leader of the Liberal Party in the late 1920s, by the 1930s he was a marginalised and widely mistrusted figure. He gave weak support to the Second World War amidst fears that he was favourable toward Germany, Lloyd George was born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents, and was brought up as a Welsh-speaker. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and his father, William George, had been a teacher in both London and Liverpool. He also taught in the Hope Street Sunday Schools, which were administered by the Unitarians, in March of the same year, on account of his failing health, William George returned with his family to his native Pembrokeshire. He took up farming but died in June 1864 of pneumonia, Lloyd George was educated at the local Anglican school Llanystumdwy National School and later under tutors. He added his uncles surname to become Lloyd George and his surname is usually given as Lloyd George and sometimes as George. The influence of his childhood showed through in his entire career, brought up a devout evangelical, as a young man he suddenly lost his religious faith. Biographer Don Cregier says he became a Deist and perhaps an agnostic, though he remained a chapel-goer and he kept quiet about that, however, and was hailed as one of the foremost fighting leaders of a fanatical Welsh Nonconformity. It was also during this period of his life that Lloyd George first became interested in the issue of land ownership, by the age of twenty-one, he had already read and taken notes on Henry Georges Progress and Poverty. This strongly influenced Lloyd Georges politics later in life through the Peoples Budget which heavily drew on the georgist tax reform ideas, the practice flourished, and he established branch offices in surrounding towns, taking his brother William into partnership in 1887. Although many Prime Ministers have been barristers, Lloyd George is to date the only solicitor to have held that office, by then he was politically active, having campaigned for the Liberal Party in the 1885 election, attracted by Joseph Chamberlains unauthorised programme of reforms. The election resulted firstly in a stalemate with neither the Liberals nor the Conservatives having a majority, William Gladstones proposal to bring about Irish Home Rule split the party, with Chamberlain eventually leading the breakaway Liberal Unionists
23.
Croydon
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Croydon is a large town in south London, England,9.5 miles south of Charing Cross. The principal settlement in the London Borough of Croydon, it is one of the largest commercial districts outside Central London, with a shopping district. Its population of 52,104 at the 2011 census includes the wards of Addiscombe, Broad Green, Croydon expanded in the Middle Ages as a market town and a centre for charcoal production, leather tanning and brewing. The Surrey Iron Railway from Croydon to Wandsworth opened in 1803 and was the worlds first public railway, later nineteenth century railway building facilitated Croydons growth as a commuter town for London. By the early 20th century, Croydon was an important industrial area, known for car manufacture, metal working, Croydon was amalgamated into Greater London in 1965. Road traffic is diverted away from a largely pedestrianised town centre, East Croydon is a major hub of the national railway transport system, with frequent fast services to central London, Brighton and the south coast. The town is unique in Greater London for its Tramlink light rail transport system, alternative, although less probable, theories of the names origin have been proposed. According to John Corbett Anderson, The earliest mention of Croydon is in the joint will of Beorhtric and Aelfswth, in this Anglo-Saxon document the name is spelt Crogdaene. Crog was, and still is, the Norse or Danish word for crooked, which is expressed in Anglo-Saxon by crumb, from the Danish came our crook and crooked. This term accurately describes the locality, it is a crooked or winding valley, in reference to the valley runs in an oblique. However, there was no long-term Danish occupation in Surrey, which was part of Wessex, and Danish-derived nomenclature is also highly unlikely. The town lies on the line of the Roman road from London to Portslade, later, in the 5th to 7th centuries, a large pagan Saxon cemetery was situated on what is now Park Lane, although the extent of any associated settlement is unknown. By the late Saxon period Croydon was the hub of an estate belonging to the Archbishops of Canterbury, the church and the archbishops manor house occupied the area still known as Old Town. Croydon appears in Domesday Book as Croindene, held by Archbishop Lanfranc and its Domesday assets were,16 hides and 1 virgate,1 church,1 mill worth 5s,38 ploughs,8 acres of meadow, woodland worth 200 hogs. The church had established in the middle Saxon period, and was probably a minster church. A charter issued by King Coenwulf of Mercia refers to a council that had taken place close to the monasterium of Croydon, an Anglo-Saxon will made in about 960 is witnessed by Elfsies, priest of Croydon, and the church is also mentioned in Domesday Book. The will of John de Croydon, fishmonger, dated 6 December 1347, includes a bequest to the church of S John de Croydon, the church still bears the arms of Archbishop Courtenay and Archbishop Chichele, believed to have been its benefactors. In 1276 Archbishop Robert Kilwardby acquired a charter for a market
24.
Eythrope
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Eythrope is a hamlet and country house in the parish of Waddesdon, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located to the south east of the village of Waddesdon. It was bought in the 1870s by a branch of the Rothschild family, Eythrope is Grade II listed on the National Heritage List for England, and its gardens are also grade II listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. The hamlet name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means island farm, the medieval village of Eythrope is deserted and all that remains are some earthen banks and ditches on the eastern side of Eythrope Park. There was a house at this hamlet as early as 1309. It was extended in 1610 by Sir William Dormer, William Stanhope embellished Eythrope House around 1750. Stanhope employed Isaac Ware to build new stables and follies in the garden, two of these buildings survive, the grotto by the lake, and the bridge over the River Thame. The house was demolished in 1810-11 by Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield, in 1875 the manor at Eythrope was bought by Alice de Rothschild. She was the sister and companion of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild who owned the neighboring estate Waddesdon Manor, the new house at Eythrope was not built on the site of the old manor. While building was in progress Alice fell ill with fever and was advised to avoid damp conditions at night. As Eythrope was next to the river Thame, the plans were altered, the house was built without bedrooms as a place to house her collections and entertain guests during the day. Alice chose one of the Rothschild familys favourite architects George Devey who had worked at nearby Ascott House, Aston Clinton House, Eythrope was something of a deviation from his usual approach. It is constructed in red brick with stone dressings, with its twisting chimneys, turrets and gables, it is a mixture of Deveys usual Jacobean style and the French Renaissance architecture of Waddesdon Manor. This is especially noticeable on the roof to the round tower. Because of its size the house was christened The Pavilion or the Water Pavilion. As in other Rothschild homes, French paneling and furniture dressed the rooms, Alice also collected Renaissance sculpture, paintings and maiolica ware. Around the house, Alice developed 30 hectares of highly ornamental and she also created a large kitchen garden and added the Old English Tea House to the historic parkland. A large, long stable block, built in stone and half-timber, with references to Waddesdon Manor, House parties from Waddesdon Manor would drive the four miles for tea, taking a steam launch up the river to the tea house
25.
Lod Mosaic Archaeological Center
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The Lod Mosaic is a mosaic floor dated to ca.300 CE discovered in 1996 in the Israeli town of Lod. Believed to have created for a private villa, it is one of the largest. It depicts land animals, fish and two Roman ships and it was restored in the labs of the Israel Antiquities Authority. After an overseas tour of several years it will be displayed in the purpose-built Shelby White, the mosaic was discovered in 1996 by construction workers widening HeHalutz Street. Archaeologist Miriam Avissar of the Israel Antiquities Authority was called to the site, the mosaic was put on public view over a single weekend and 30,000 people traveled to Lod to see it. It was then reburied while funding was sought for its conservation, the mosaic has been on an exhibition tour to eleven museums around the world since 2010. While it is expected to return to Lod for public display, the patterns depict birds, fish, animals and plants, in addition to providing detailed images of Roman-era ships. Nothing is written on the mosaic, inscriptions are common in Roman-era mosaics from public buildings, there are also hopes that tourists coming to see the mosaic will increase the prosperity of Lod. Unusually for a floor of this age, the mosaic is in near-perfect condition. The exception is damage to one of the two ships depicted, done when an Ottoman-era cesspit was dug into the mosaic, despite the damage, students of maritime history have been able to glean a great deal of information from the images. The ships are of the navis oneraria type, Roman merchant ships typically displacing 80-150 tons, used to carry such commodities as garum and grain from Egypt to Rome. They further suggest that it may have commissioned as a kind of ex-voto. Archaeology of Israel The official website of the Lod Mosaic exhibition tour 2010-2016 Article about the Lod Mosaic by Metropolitan Museum of Art Curator, Christopher S
26.
Henry Moore
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Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA was an English artist. He is best known for his monumental bronze sculptures which are located around the world as public works of art. As well as sculpture, Moore produced many drawings, including a series depicting Londoners sheltering from the Blitz during the Second World War and his forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically depicting mother-and-child or reclining figures. Moores works are usually suggestive of the body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he sculpted family groups. His forms are generally pierced or contain hollow spaces, many interpreters liken the undulating form of his reclining figures to the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire. Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a coal miner and he became well-known through his carved marble and larger-scale abstract cast bronze sculptures, and was instrumental in introducing a particular form of modernism to the United Kingdom. His ability in later life to fulfill large-scale commissions made him exceptionally wealthy, despite this, he lived frugally, most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation, which continues to support education and promotion of the arts. Henry Moore was born in Castleford, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, to Mary Baker and his father was of Irish origin and became pit deputy and then under-manager of the Wheldale colliery in Castleford. He was an autodidact with an interest in music and literature, determined that his sons would not work in the mines, he saw formal education as the route to their advancement. Henry was the seventh of eight children in a family often struggled with poverty. He attended infant and elementary schools in Castleford, where he began modelling in clay and he professed to have decided to become a sculptor when he was eleven after hearing of Michelangelos achievements at a Sunday School reading. On his second attempt he was accepted at Castleford Grammar School, which several of his siblings had attended, where his headmaster soon noticed his talent and interest in medieval sculpture. His art teacher broadened his knowledge of art and, with her encouragement, he determined to make art his career, despite his early promise, Moores parents had been against him training as a sculptor, a vocation they considered manual labour with few career prospects. After a brief introduction as a student teacher, Moore became a teacher at the school he had attended, upon turning eighteen, Moore volunteered for army service. He was the youngest man in the Prince of Wales Own Civil Service Rifles regiment and was injured in 1917 in a gas attack, on 30 November at Bourlon Wood, during the Battle of Cambrai. After recovering in hospital, he saw out the remainder of the war as a training instructor. He recalled later, for me the war passed in a haze of trying to be a hero. And I still have that feeling, after the Great War Moore received an ex-servicemans grant to continue his education and in 1919 he became a student at the Leeds School of Art, which set up a sculpture studio especially for him
27.
Angus Fairhurst
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Angus Fairhurst was an English artist working in installation, photography and video. He was one of the Young British Artists, Angus Fairhurst was born in Pembury, Kent. Fairhurst and Hirst became close friends and collaborated on many projects, Fairhurst was also for several years the partner and sometime-collaborator of Sarah Lucas. Fairhursts work was characterised by visual distortion and practical jokes. An example is his drawing of a holding a fish under its oxter. He worked in different media, including video, photography and painting, Angus Fairhurst exhibited nationally and internationally after graduating from Goldsmiths. Exhibitions include Freeze and Some Went Mad and Some Ran Away, at the Walker Art Center and Apocalypse at the Royal Academy in 2001. A2004 exhibition In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida, was held at the Tate Gallery with Hirst and they were confused by what they perceived were crossed lines and were concerned that the Inland Revenue was investigating VAT fraud. The full transcript of Gallery Connections is available online, an image of the office desk which contains the recording of Gallery Connections is on the Tate website. A drawing of the concept is on the Tate website, occasionally, Gallery Connections is in Tate Britain and may be listened to. One gallery gives its phone number and listeners have known to call them. One of his works is a series of silk-screens called Underdone/Overdone Paintings. It consists of thirty paintings, acrylic silk-screen on panels, largely 90 x 60 cm, the paintings depict abstract forms of a primeval forest with trees, coloured in the three primary colours. These were laid in varied combinations over each other at random over a sequence of thirty pictures, fairhursts work embodies an antithesis between the accumulation of forms and the reduction into formlessness. A likewise technique of repetition and layering can be found in the Low, Lower, Fairhurst exhibited at Sadie Coles HQ in London. On 29 March 2008, the day of his third solo show at the gallery, he was found hanging from a tree in a remote Highland woodland near Bridge of Orchy in Scotland. He is survived by his mother and brother, following his death, Sir Nicholas Serota, director of the Tate gallery, said, Angus Fairhurst is represented by Grimm Gallery in Amsterdam. Angus Fairhurst, Sacha Craddock, James Cahill, Matthew Slotover on Angus Fairhurst Angus Fairhurst on Sadie Coles HQ Angus Fairhurst in the Tate collection Angus Fairhurst on Grimm Gallery
28.
Arnolfini
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The Arnolfini is an international arts centre and gallery in Bristol, England. It has a programme of art exhibitions, artists performance, music and dance events, poetry and book readings, talks, lectures. There is also a specialist art bookshop and a café bar, educational activities are undertaken and experimental digital media work supported by online resources. A number of festivals are hosted by the gallery. Arnolfini is funded by Bristol City Council and Arts Council England, with some corporate, the gallery was founded in 1961 by Jeremy Rees, and was originally located in Clifton. In the 1970s it moved to Queen Square, before moving to its present location, Bush House on Bristols waterfront, the name of the gallery is taken from Jan van Eycks 15th-century painting, The Arnolfini Portrait. Arnolfini has since been refurbished and redeveloped in 1989 and 2005, artists whose work has been exhibited include Bridget Riley, Rachel Whiteread, Richard Long and Jack Yeats. Performers have included Goat Island Performance Group, the Philip Glass Ensemble, the gallery reached a new audience in April 2010, when it was chosen to host one of the three 2010 general election debates. Jeremy Rees started Arnolfini with the assistance of his wife Annabel, the original location was above a bookshop in the Triangle in Clifton, Bristol. In 1975, Arnolfini moved to its present home in Bush House, the remainder of the building was office space leased out by developers JT Group. The architect of Bush House was Richard Shackleton Pope, who constructed first the part of the warehouse then extended it to the north in 1835–1836. Its original use was as a warehouse for local iron foundry D. E. & A. Acraman, the building has a Pennant Sandstone exterior with arched ground level entrances and arched windows above. This style of architecture is the first example of the Bristol Byzantine style which became popular in the 1850s, later conversion to a tea warehouse added interstitial floors. Originally dedicated to exhibiting the work of artists from the West of England, Barker supervised a successful refurbishment of the gallery spaces and café bar by David Chipperfield. Before development work began, the Arnolfini was attracting over 285,000 visitors per year, subsequent Directors have been Tessa Jackson, Caroline Collier and Tom Trevor. As part of a development project that finished in September 2005. Arnolfini now occupies the three floors and basement, and the upper floors are leased to help pay for the running costs. One tenant is the School of Creative Arts, part of the University of the West of England, funding for this development was received from the National Lottery and the Barker-Mill Trust, set up by long term Arnolfini patron Peter Barker-Mill
29.
Richard Long (artist)
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Richard Long CBE RA is an English sculptor and one of the best known British land artists. Long is the only artist to have been short-listed four times for the Turner Prize and he was nominated in 1984,1987 and 1988, and then won the award in 1989 for White Water Line. He currently lives and works in Bristol, the city in which he was born, Long studied at Saint Martins School of Art before going on to create work using various media including sculpture, photography and text. His work is on permanent display in Britain at the Tate and Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery as well as galleries in America, Switzerland, Long was born in Bristol, in south-west England. Several of his works were based around walks that he has made, other pieces consist of photographs or maps of unaltered landscapes accompanied by texts detailing the location and time of the walk it indicates. His piece Delabole Slate Circle, acquired from the Tate Modern in 1997, is a piece in Bristol City Museum. At Houghton Hall in Norfolk, the Marquess of Cholmondeley commissioned a sculpture to the east of the house, longs land art there consists of a circle of Cornish slate at the end of a path mown through the grass. In 2009, a retrospective of Long’s work entitled Heaven and Earth, first edition,1972, Konrad Fischer, Düsseldorf. Longs Whitechapel Slate Circle brought a record price for the artist in 1989 when it sold for $209,000 at Sothebys in New York, land art Environmental art Environmental sculpture Roelstraete, Dieter. Richard Long, A Line Made by Walking, in the studio, Richard Long, Daily Telegraph. ISBN 978-0-810-94189-2 Long Richard, Mirage, edition Phaidon,1998, ISBN 0-7148-3779-2 Tafalla, from Allen Carlson to Richard Long, The Art-Based Appreciation of Nature, in, Alessandro Bertinetto, Fabian Dorsch, Cain Todd. Proceedings of the European Society for Aesthetics, vol, on the Track of Richard Long. ISBN 978-095-763-3513 Long, official website Houghton Hall, photo of land art installation
30.
Sarah Lucas
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Sarah Lucas is an English artist. She is part of the generation of Young British Artists who emerged during the 1990s and her works frequently employ visual puns and bawdy humour, and include photography, collage and found objects. Lucas left school at 16, she studied art at The Working Mens College, London College of Printing, Lucas was included in the 1988 group exhibition Freeze along with contemporaries including Angus Fairhurst, Damien Hirst, and Gary Hume. In 1990, Lucas co-organized the East Country Yard Show with Henry Bond and her first two solo exhibitions in 1992 were titled The Whole Joke and Penis Nailed to a Board. It was in the early 1990s when Lucas began using furniture as a substitute for the human body, in works such as Bitch, she merges tabloid culture with the economy of the ready-made. In earlier work, she had displayed enlarged pages from the Sunday Sport newspaper, through her career, Lucas has continued to appropriate everyday materials to make works that use humour, visual puns and sexual metaphors of sex, death, Englishness and gender. Sarah Lucas is also known for her self-portraits, such as Human Toilet Revisited,1998, in her solo exhibition The Fag Show at Sadie Coles in 2000, she used cigarettes as a material, as in Self-portrait with Cigarettes. Writing in The Guardian, in 2011, Aida Edemariam said that Lucas was the wildest of the Young British Artists, partying hard and making art that was provocative, in 1996, she was the subject of a BBC documentary, Two Melons and a Stinking Fish. Lucas had her first solo exhibition in 1992 at City Racing, an artists run gallery in south London, from October 2005 to January 2006, Tate Liverpool presented the first survey exhibition of Lucass work. In 2013 the Whitechapel Gallery in East London hosted a retrospective of Lucas work, in 2015 Sarah Lucas represented Britain at the 56th Venice Biennale with SCREAM DADDIO. She was interviewed by close friend Don Brown during the installation of the exhibition, Lucas frequently employs a critical humor in her work in order to question conventions and highlighting the absurdity of the everyday. One of Lucas’ most famous works Two Fried Eggs and Kebab, parodies the traditional still life, feminist reviews often describe Lucas as attempting to add female artists into the canon of art history through her analytical work that predominantly discusses the female body and voyeurism. Lucas frequently appropriates masculine constructions to confront and dissect their nature and her pieces represent a fantastical world and playfully employs unrealistic ideals to unearth obscene paradoxes created by those very constructions. Specifically, she is concerned with the casual misogyny of everyday life, works such as The old in Out is a clear reference to Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain and Two Fried Eggs and Kebab has been linked to Édouard Manet ’s Olympia. Sexuality is not apparent in her works and a lack of association with morality leaves viewers at the free will of her humorous narratives, Lucas takes on the role as a source of reflecting sexism, but not overtly commenting on it. She has stated that, “I am not trying to solve the problem, i’m exploring the moral dilemma by incorporating it”. Her works are both literal and conceptual evidence of Lucas searching for meaning, whether its through recognizable forms or her own mythologized fantasies, her ideas constantly build and transform. She appears to never be satisfied with her outcome and scours every imaginable medium for an outlet that is fitting, to her, the artworks she make “…carry on talking and thinking with other people”
31.
Christie's
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Christies is a historic British auction house. It was founded in 1766 by James Christie and its main premises are in King Street, St. Jamess, in London, and on Rockefeller Plaza in New York City in the United States. The company is owned by Groupe Artémis, the company of François-Henri Pinault. Sales in 2015 totalled £4.8 billion, however, other sources note that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaper advertisements of Christies sales dating from 1759 have also been traced. Christies soon established a reputation as an auction house. From 1859, the company was called Christie, Manson & Woods, in 1958, it established its first overseas office, by placing a representative in Rome. The first overseas salesroom opened in Geneva, where Christies holds jewellery auctions, Christies was a public company, listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointed chairman of Christies and he served as chairman of Christies International plc. from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to Lord Carrington, and later was a non-executive member of the board of directors until 1992. The auction houses subsidiary Christies International Inc. held its first sale in the United States in 1977,13 years later than Sothebys, Christies growth was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42 percent of the auction market. In 1990, the company reversed a policy and guaranteed a minimum price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions. In 1996, the auction houses sales eclipsed Sothebys for the first time since 1954. In 1993, Christies paid $10.9 million for the London gallery Spink & Sons, which specialised in Oriental art and British paintings, the company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3 million in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger. The company has not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice a year. Its policy, in line with U. K. accounting standards, is to convert non-U. K, results using an average exchange rate weighted daily by sales throughout the year. In 2002, Christies France held its first auction in Paris, like Sothebys, Christies became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. Under the original deal, the gallery was meant to be the channel for all of Christies private-client business as well as the focus of its primary trade. Also, the house originally announced that Haunch employees could not bid at auction because of conflicts of interest or issues of market manipulation. Today, the continues to operate as an independent company in London and New York
32.
Bruce Munro
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Bruce Munro is an English artist primarily concerned with the medium of light. He is best known for producing large immersive site-specific installations, often by massing components in the thousands, frequently, Munro’s subject matter is his own experience of fleeting moments of rapport with the world and existence in its largest sense, of being part of life’s essential pattern. His reoccurring motif is the use of light on a scale in order to create an emotional response for the viewer. An artistic diarist, Munro has spent over 30 years collecting and recording ideas and images in his sketchbooks, Language, literature, science, and music have also greatly influenced his work. Bruce Beaton St Clair Munro was born on 2 June 1959 in London, in 1977, he completed a Foundation course in Art and Design at Braintree Technical College, and in 1982 graduated from Bristol Polytechnic in Fine Art with a focus on painting. He traveled to Sydney, Australia in 1984, intending it to be a working holiday. While working in Australia, Munro was chagrined when a colleague referred to him as having ‘a butterfly mind, ’ meaning his mind was unsettled and scattered, in response, he decided to narrow his vision to the medium of light. The artist said, “when I decided to work in light, almost 30 years ago, I chose it very carefully because I knew I needed some kind of focus. I thought that working in a medium that was pure and true would simplify my ability to express all the different ideas that filled my head. ”In 1985. In 1988 he sold the business and worked for its new owners, learning about manufacturing, in 1992 Munro and his fiancée, Serena Ludovici, began a camping tour of Australia prior to their planned return to England. While camping at Uluru he conceived of an artwork that would bloom at night, like dormant desert seeds responding to rain, and recorded the idea in his sketchbook. In 1993 he and his wife Serena moved to the country in Dorset, where he intended to make a living as a painter, in 1994, his second child was born. Aware of his commitments, he started a tile business. In 1996 Munro once again embarked on his own business realizing mostly residential projects in paint, tile, in 1999, his father died on 12 August. In 2003 the Munros, now a family of six, purchased Long Knoll, also in 2003, Harvey Nichols, the London retailer, commissioned a window display of 10,000 illuminated stems. In 2004 Munro participated in the Victoria and Albert Museums “Brilliant. ”Exhibition and he hired two young lads from the nearby village to stake out his first true Field of Light, based on his originating inspiration at Uluru, in the field behind his home. Munro left the field up from 2004 to 2005, with a sign reading. In 2011 he exhibited another iteration of Field of Light at the Holburne Museum in Bath
33.
Tent
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A tent pronunciation is a shelter consisting of sheets of fabric or other material draped over, attached to a frame of poles or attached to a supporting rope. While smaller tents may be free-standing or attached to the ground, first used as portable homes by nomadic peoples, tents are now more often used for recreational camping and temporary shelters. Tents range in size from bivouac structures, just big enough for one person to sleep in, the bulk of this article is concerned with tents used for recreational camping which have sleeping space for one to ten people. Larger tents are discussed in a section below. Tents for recreational camping fall into two categories, Tents intended to be carried by backpackers are the smallest and lightest type. Small tents may be light that they can be carried for long distances on a touring bicycle. The second type are larger, heavier tents which are carried in a car or other vehicle. Depending on tent size and the experience of the person or people involved, Some very specialised tents have spring-loaded poles and can be pitched in seconds, but take somewhat longer to strike. Tents were used at least as far back as the early Iron Age and they are mentioned in the Bible, for example, in the Genesis 4,20 Jabal is described as the first to live in tents and raise sheep and goats. The Roman Army used leather tents, copies of which have been used successfully by modern reenactors, various styles developed over time, some derived from traditional nomadic tents, such as the yurt. Most military tents throughout history were of a ridge design. The major technological advance was the use of linen or hemp canvas for the canopy versus leather for the Romans, the primary use of tents was still to provide portable shelter for a small number of men in the field. By World War I larger designs were being deployed in areas to provide shelter for support activities and supplies. Tents are used as habitation by nomads, recreational campers, Tents are typically used as overhead shelter for festivals, weddings, backyard parties, and major corporate events. They are also used for covers, industrial shelters. Tents have traditionally used by nomadic people all over the world, such as Native Americans, Mongolian, Turkic and Tibetan Nomads. Armies all over the world have long used tents as part of their working life, Tents are preferred by the military for their relatively quick setup and take down times, compared to more traditional shelters. One of the worlds largest users of tents is the U. S. Department of Defense, the U. S. Department of Defense has strict rules on tent quality and tent specifications
34.
Emergency management
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Disaster management is the creation of plans through which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. Disaster management does not avert or eliminate the threats, instead, failure to create a plan could lead to human mortality, lost revenue, and damage to assets. Events covered by disaster management include acts of terrorism, industrial sabotage, fire, natural disasters, public disorder, industrial accidents, and communication failures. If possible, emergency planning should aim to prevent emergencies from occurring, as time goes on, and more data becomes available, usually through the study of emergencies as they occur, a plan should evolve. There are very few Emergency Management specific standards, and emergency management as a discipline tends to fall under business resilience standards. In order to avoid, or reduce significant losses to a business, emergency managers should work to identify and anticipate potential risks, hopefully to reduce their probability of occurring. It is essential for an organisation to include procedures for determining whether a situation has occurred. An emergency plan must be maintained, in a structured and methodical manner. Emergency managers generally follow a process to anticipate, assess, prevent, prepare, respond. Emergency management plans and procedures should include the identification of appropriately trained staff members responsible for decision-making when an emergency occurs, Training plans should include internal people, contractors and civil protection partners, and should state the nature and frequency of training and testing. Testing of a plans effectiveness should occur regularly, in instances where several business or organisations occupy the same space, joint emergency plans, formally agreed to by all parties, should be put into place. Communication is one of the key issues during any emergency, pre-planning of communications is critical, miscommunication can easily result in emergency events escalating unnecessarily. Once an emergency has been identified a comprehensive assessment evaluating the level of impact, following assessment, the appropriate plan or response to be activated will depend on a specific pre-set criteria within the emergency plan. The steps necessary should be prioritized to ensure critical functions are operational as soon as possible, the critical functions are those that makes the plan untenable if not operationalized. The Communication policy must be known and rehearsed and all targeted audiences or publics. All Communication infrastructure must be as prepared as possible with all information on groupings clearly identified, Emergency management consists of five phases, prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Http, //www. fema. gov/mission-areas It focuses on preventing the human hazard, preventive measures are taken on both the domestic and international levels, designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. Not all disasters, particularly natural disasters, can be prevented, in January 2005,167 Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for natural disaster risk reduction called the Hyogo Framework
35.
Edmund de Waal
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Edmund Arthur Lowndes de Waal, OBE is a British artist, and author of The Hare with Amber Eyes, published in 2010, and The White Road, published in 2015. He is most well known for his large-scale installations of porcelain vessels and has received several awards, de Waal was born in Nottingham, England, the son of Esther Aline and Rev. Dr Victor de Waal, who became the Dean of Canterbury Cathedral. His grandfather was Hendrik de Waal, a Dutch businessman who moved to England and his grandmother Elisabeth was a member of the Ephrussi family, whose history he chronicled in The Hare with Amber Eyes. Elisabeth de Waals first novel, The Exiles Return, was published by Persephone Books in 2013, de Waals siblings include barrister John de Waal, Alex de Waal who is director of the World Peace Foundation, and Caucasus expert Thomas de Waal. De Waals interest in pottery began at the age of five when he took an evening class at the Lincoln School of Art. He was educated at The Kings School, Canterbury, where he was taught pottery by the potter Geoffrey Whiting, when he was 17, de Waal began a two-year apprenticeship with Whiting, deferring his entry into University of Cambridge. During the apprenticeship he made hundreds of pots, such as casseroles, in 1983, de Waal took up his place at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, to read English. He was awarded a scholarship in 1983 and graduated with first class honours in 1986, following graduation, de Waal began to follow his dream to create inexpensive domestic pots with good earth-tone colours. He moved to Herefordshire where he built a kiln and set up a pottery making functional stoneware pots in the Leach tradition, in 1988, he moved to inner-city Sheffield and began experimenting with working in porcelain. Whilst studying in Japan at the Mejiro Ceramics studio he worked on a monograph of Bernard Leach, researching his papers. During this time he began to make series of jars with pushed-in, gestural sides, arranged in groups. On returning to Britain in 1993, de Waal began living in London and made his distinctive ceramics and their shapes were essentially classical but with indentations or pinches and subtle variations in tone and texture. The pots became very fashionable, and in 1995 he had his first of solo exhibitions. De Waals book on Bernard Leach was published in 1998 and he described it as the first de-mystifying study of Leach. The great myth of Leach, he said, is that Leach is the great interlocutor for Japan and the East, the person who understood the East and he noted that Leach did not speak Japanese and had looked at only a narrow range of Japanese ceramics. These opinions attracted criticism from some of Leachs followers and his work remained broadly within the Anglo-Oriental tradition but he also studied the modernists, and the Bauhaus movement in particular. In visits to Gothic cathedrals as a child de Waal had attended to small spaces within large buildings, while at university he began to consider how his work might help to re-order the interior space of the museums and art galleries he visited. In his current work he has moved away from making single objects to the production of groups of objects to be viewed in relation to openings, most of his work consists of cylindrical porcelain pots with pale celadon glazes
36.
Joana Vasconcelos
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Joana Vasconcelos, ComIH, is a Portuguese artist. Her participation in the 2005 edition of the Venice Biennale affirmed her career within the international art circuit with the piece A Noiva, a 20 ft. high chandelier made of over 25,000 OB tampons. A Selection of Works From François Pinault Foundation Collection, presented in 2009 at the Garage Centre for Contemporary Culture in Moscow and she was also in the grand retrospective, “Sem Rede ”, in 2010, at Museu Colecção Berardo in Portugal. She was born in Paris, France, but lives and works in Lisbon, much of Vasconcelos work deals with feminism, as well as social and political issues. In June 2011, the installation “Contaminação” opened the group exhibition The World Belongs to You, in 2012, Vasconcelos showed her work at the major annual contemporary art exhibition in the Palace of Versailles, thus continuing the contemporary art programme initiated in 2008. The work exhibited in Versailles was not appreciated by all. they are sexual works not appropriate at Versailles, in October 2013 Vasconcelos took part in Art Wars at the Saatchi Gallery curated by Ben Moore. The artist was issued with a helmet, which she transformed into a work of art. Proceeds went to the Missing Tom Fund set up by Ben Moore to find his brother Tom who has been missing for ten years. The work was shown on the Regents Park platform as part of Art Below Regents Park. The site-specific interventions in the art domain are particularly relevant in the artist’s body of work. 2009, Un Certain État du Monde
37.
Portrait
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A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person, for this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, nonetheless, many subjects, such as Akhenaten and some other Egyptian pharaohs, can be recognised by their distinctive features. The 28 surviving rather small statues of Gudea, ruler of Lagash in Sumeria between c.2144 -2124 BC, show a consistent appearance with some individuality. Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people who were not rulers are the Greco-Roman funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypts Fayum district. These are almost the only paintings from the world that have survived, apart from frescos, though many sculptures. Although the appearance of the figures differs considerably, they are considerably idealized, the art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. During the 4th century, the portrait began to retreat in favor of a symbol of what that person looked like. In the Europe of the Early Middle Ages representations of individuals are mostly generalized, true portraits of the outward appearance of individuals re-emerged in the late Middle Ages, in tomb monuments, donor portraits, miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and then panel paintings. Moche culture of Peru was one of the few ancient civilizations which produced portraits and these works accurately represent anatomical features in great detail. The individuals portrayed would have been recognizable without the need for other symbols or a reference to their names. The individuals portrayed were members of the elite, priests, warriors. They were represented during several stages of their lives, the faces of gods were also depicted. To date, no portraits of women have been found, there is particular emphasis on the representation of the details of headdresses, hairstyles, body adornment and face painting. One of the portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vincis painting titled Mona Lisa. What has been claimed as the worlds oldest known portrait was found in 2006 in the Vilhonneur grotto near Angoulême and is thought to be 27,000 years old. Profile view, full view, and three-quarter view, are three common designations for portraits, each referring to a particular orientation of the head of the individual depicted. Such terms would tend to have greater applicability to two-dimensional artwork such as photography, in the case of three-dimensional artwork, the viewer can usually alter their orientation to the artwork by moving around it
38.
Mid-air collision
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A mid-air collision is an aviation accident in which two or more aircraft come into unplanned contact during flight. The potential for a collision is increased by miscommunication, mistrust, error in navigation, deviations from flight plans. The first recorded collision between aircraft occurred at the Milano Circuito Aereo Internazionale meeting held between 24 September and 3 October 1910 in Milan, Italy. On 3 October, Frenchman René Thomas, flying an Antoinette IV monoplane, both pilots survived, but Dickson was so badly injured that he never flew again. The first fatal collision occurred in Douai, France, on 19 June 1912, Captain Marcel Dubois and Lieutenant Albert Peignan, both of the French Army, crashed into one another, killing both pilots. There are many types and causes of mid-air collisions, on some occasions, military aircraft conducting training flights inadvertently collide with civilian aircraft. Before 1958, civilian air traffic controllers guiding civilian flights and military controllers guiding military aircraft were unaware of the others aircraft. The act created the Federal Aviation Agency, and provided unified control of airspace for both civil and military flights. In late 2006, the U. S. Defense Safety Oversight Council recognized and funded the site as its official civil/military mid-air collision prevention website, military Aviation Disasters, Significant Losses Since 1908
39.
Upper Winchendon
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Upper Winchendon or Over Winchendon is a village and civil parish in the Aylesbury Vale District of Buckinghamshire, England. It is about 1.5 miles south of Waddesdon and three and 4.5 miles west of Aylesbury, the name Winchendon is derived from the Old English for hill at a bend. Collectively the villages of Upper Winchendon and Nether Winchendon were called Wichendone, the manor of Upper Winchendon was held by the convent of St Frideswide in Oxford, to whom it was given by King Henry I. In 1623 the manor was granted by the Crown to the Goodwin family and it then passed into the Wharton family, one of whom was made the Duke of Wharton in 1718 for his services to the Crown. He later had all his possessions seized for being a supporter of the Young Pretender, after time the house fell into disrepair and has since been demolished. Cardinal Wolsey, cardinal and politician, was lord of the manor up to 1530. Sir Francis Goodwin, politician, was lord of the manor of Upper Winchendon, Arthur Goodwin, lawyer and Parliamentarian, was lord of the manor of Upper Winchendon. Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton, soldier, Parliamentarian and art collector, gained the manor of Upper Winchendon through his wife, Jane Goodwin. He and other members were painted by Anthony van Dyck. Thomas Wharton, 1st Marquess of Wharton, Whig politician, rake, the lyrics of the marching song Lillibullero are attributed to him. He was buried at Upper Winchendon, Goodwin Wharton, Whig politician and autobiographer, was born in Upper Winchendon on 8 March 1653, the third son of Philip Wharton. Anne Wharton, wife of Thomas Wharton, was a poet, a History of the County of Buckingham, Volume 4
40.
Cessna 152
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The Cessna 152 is an American two-seat, fixed tricycle gear, general aviation airplane, used primarily for flight training and personal use. It was based on the earlier Cessna 150, including a number of design changes. First delivered in 1977 as the 1978 model year, the 152 was a modernization of the proven Cessna 150 design, the 152 was intended to compete with the new Beechcraft Skipper and Piper Tomahawk, both of which were introduced the same year. Additional design goals were to improve useful load through a weight increase to 1670 lbs, decrease internal and external noise levels. As with the 150, the majority of 152s were built at the Cessna factory in Wichita. A number of aircraft were built by Reims Aviation of France. In 2007 Cessna announced that it would build a light sport successor, designated the Model 162 Skycatcher, all Cessna 152s were manufactured with a Lycoming O-235 engine. The Lycoming provided not only an increase in power over the Cessna 150. Cessna 152s produced between 1977 and 1982 were equipped with Lycoming O-235-L2C engines producing 110 hp at 2550 rpm, the N2C engine was used until 152 production ended in 1985. The airframe is mainly of metal construction, being primarily of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy with riveted skin. Components such as wingtips and fairings are made from glass-reinforced plastic, the fuselage is a semi-monocoque with vertical bulkheads and frames joined by longerons running the length of the fuselage. The wings are of a design and have a 1 degree dihedral angle. The tapered portion of each wing has one degree of washout and this allows greater aileron effectiveness during a stall. Dual controls are available as optional equipment on the Cessna 152, the Cessna 152 is equipped with differential ailerons that move through 20 degrees upwards and 15 degrees downwards. It has single-slotted flaps which are operated and deploy to a maximum of 30 degrees. The rudder can move 23 degrees to either side and is fitted with a trim tab. The elevators move up through 25 degrees and down through 18 degrees, an adjustable trim tab is installed on the right elevator and is controlled by a small wheel in the center of the control console. The trim tab moves 10 degrees up and 20 degrees down relative to the elevator chordline, the Cessna 152 is equipped with fixed tricycle landing gear
41.
Guimbal Cabri G2
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The Guimbal Cabri G2 is a two-seat light piston-engined helicopter produced by Hélicoptères Guimbal. It was designed by Bruno Guimbal, a former Eurocopter engineer, having its origins in the 1980s, the first demonstrator flew in 1992. Following the granting of regulatory approval, the Cabri entered commercial service in 2008, in addition to its use within the general aviation sector and as a training rotorcraft, the Cabri G2 has also been used as the basis for unmanned aerial vehicles. These technologies included Eurocopters Fenestron anti-torque shrouded tail rotor and Spheriflex main rotor, during the early 1990s, Eurocopter elected to sponsor the program, as well as providing technical assistance during testing. In April 1992, the first prototype Cabri G2-01 conducted its maiden flight, in 1996, this prototype set a world record. In 2000, Bruno Guimbal left Eurocopter to establish a new company, Hélicoptères Guimbal, in order to certify the Cabri G2, to this end, research and production facilities were set up in Aix-en-Provence Aerodrome, France. At one point, it had hoped to have the Cabri certified in 2003. In March 2005, the first production Cabri performed its first flight, following a six-year development program and 300 hours of flight testing, the Cabri G2 received type certification from the European Aviation Safety Agency in December 2007. The granting of EASA certification made the Cabri the first twin-seat piston engine to be certified in more than 30 years, in September 2008, production was reported to have been planned to ramp up to one rotorcraft per month throughout 2009, rising to two per month in 2010. In 2014, a total of 28 Cabri rotorcraft had been produced and, following a phase of manufacturing expansion,44 Cabris were delivered in 2015 and it is intended for lead times between the receipt of an order and deliveries to be less than twelve months. Guimbal did not initially pursue enter into the North American market, in February 2015, the Cabri G2 received type certification from the Federal Aviation Administration, clearing the way for operations within the United States. By February 2016, the Cabri had received certification in 24 countries, beginning in 2003, Eurocopter and Hélicoptères Guimbal cooperated on the development of the Orka 1200, a vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle intended for military use. These UAVs shall reportedly make use of an autopilot system, derived from the Eurocopter EC725. The Cabri G2 is a light helicopter with a three-bladed fully articulated main rotor. The main rotor is designed to flight within a wide envelop of weather conditions. The fuselage features a damage-resistant all-composite monocoque construction, reducing weight, the Cabri employs a side-by-side seating arrangement for a pilot and passenger, which is also ideal for training purposes, which is an intentional role for the type. Dual flight controls are installed, these can be removed without the aid of tools as required. The passenger seat can be removed if unnecessary or for storage space within the cabin
