1.
Wagah border ceremony
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The lowering of the flags ceremony at the Wagah border is a daily military practice that the security forces of India and Pakistan have jointly followed since 1959. The drill is characterized by elaborate and rapid dance-like maneuvers, which has described as colourful. It is alternatively a symbol of the two countries rivalry, as well as brotherhood and cooperation between the two nations, similar parades are being organised at Mahavir/Sadqi border near Fazilka and Hussainiwala/Gandasinghwala border near Firozpur. The ceremony starts with a parade by the soldiers from both the sides, and ends up in the perfectly coordinated lowering of the two nations flags. It is called the beating retreat ceremony on the international level. One infantryman stands at attention on each side of the gate, as the sun sets, the iron gates at the border are opened and the two flags are lowered simultaneously. The flags are folded and the ends with a retreat that involves a brusque handshake between soldiers from either side, followed by the closing of the gates again. The spectacle of the ceremony attracts many visitors from both sides of the border, as well as international tourists, in October 2010, Major General Yaqub Ali Khan of the Pakistan Rangers decided that the aggressive aspect of the ceremonial theatrics should be toned down. The soldiers of this ceremony are specially appointed and trained for this auspicious ceremony, also they have additional beard and moustache policy in which they are paid additionally for it. On 2 November 2014, approximately 60 people were killed and at least 110 people were injured in an attack on the Pakistan side of the Wagah border. An 18- to 20-year-old attacker detonated a 5 kg explosive in his vest 500 metres from the point in the evening right after the Wagah border ceremony ended. Sanjeev Bhaskar at the India-Pakistan border ceremony on the Indian side
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Pakistan
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Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a federal parliamentary republic in South Asia on the crossroads of Central Asia and Western Asia. It is the sixth-most populous country with a population exceeding 200 million people, in terms of area, it is the 33rd-largest country in the world with an area covering 881,913 square kilometres. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistans narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, Pakistan is unique among Muslim countries in that it is the only country to have been created in the name of Islam. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and it is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with a similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic, an ethnic civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh. The new constitution stipulated that all laws were to conform to the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran. Pakistan has an economy with a well-integrated agriculture sector. The Pakistani economy is the 24th-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power and it is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies of the world, and is backed by one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing middle classes. The post-independence history of Pakistan has been characterised by periods of military rule, the country continues to face challenging problems such as illiteracy, healthcare, and corruption, but has substantially reduced poverty and terrorism and expanded per capita income. It is also a member of CERN. Pakistan is a signatory to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, the name Pakistan literally means land of the pure in Urdu and Persian. It is a play on the word pāk meaning pure in Persian and Pashto, the letter i was incorporated to ease pronunciation and form the linguistically correct and meaningful name. Some of the earliest ancient human civilisations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan, the earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian during the Lower Paleolithic, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Vedic Civilization, characterised by Indo-Aryan culture, laid the foundations of Hinduism, Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, the Indo-Greek Kingdom founded by Demetrius of Bactria included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander, prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region. Taxila had one of the earliest universities and centres of education in the world. At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty of Sindh ruled this region, the Pala Dynasty was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharampala and Devapala, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan. The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Indus valley from Sindh to Multan in southern Punjab in 711 AD, the Pakistan governments official chronology identifies this as the time when the foundation of Pakistan was laid
4.
Administrative units of Pakistan
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The administrative units of Pakistan consist of four provinces, one federal capital territory, two autonomous and disputed territories, and a group of federally administered tribal areas. Pakistan has three tiers of government, including 34 divisions,149 districts,588 sub-districts. The administrative units as of 2010 derived from the administrative units inherited from British India, from independence in 1947 to 1971, Pakistan had two wings separated by 1600 kilometres of Indian territory. The eastern wing comprised the province of East Bengal, which included the Sylhet District from the former British Raj province of Assam. The western wing was formed from three provinces, one Chief Commissioners Province, thirteen princely states, and parts of Kashmir. In 1948 the area around Karachi was separated from Sindh province to form the Federal Capital Territory, in 1950, NWFP was expanded to include the small states of Amb and Phulra and the name of West Punjab was changed to Punjab. The four princely states of southwest Pakistan formed the Baluchistan States Union in 1952, simultaneously, East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan, with Dhaka as the provincial capital. In 1960 the federal capital moved from Karachi to Rawalpindi and, later, in 1961 the Federal Capital Territory was merged into West Pakistan. The second military President, Yahya Khan, dissolved West Pakistan in 1970, East Pakistan became independent in December 1971 as the new country of Bangladesh. In 1974 the two last princely states were abolished and their territory merged with the Gilgit Agency to form the Northern Areas, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas were formed from parts of Hazara, districts of Peshawar, and Dera Ismail Khan in 1975. The status of the Islamabad area was changed to a territory in 1981. As of 2015 Gilgit-Baltistan is now a de facto province, north-West Frontier Province was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. In August 2000, the divisions were abolished as part of a plan to local government. Many of the functions previously handled by the provinces have transferred to the districts. In 2008 the new government restored the former tier of divisions. Pakistans administrative units are as follows, *Disputed with India, the provinces are subdivided into 34 divisions, which are subdivided into 149 districts called zillahs. Zillahs are further subdivided into 588 sub-districts called tehsils, the term tehsil is used everywhere except in Sindh province, where the term taluka predominates. Tehsils may contain villages or municipalities, Pakistan has over five thousand local governments
5.
Punjab, Pakistan
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Punjab, is Pakistans second largest province by area after Balochistan, and its most populous province with an estimated population of 101,391,000 as of 2015. It is bordered by Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, as well as the regions of Islamabad Capital Territory and it also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan, and Jammu and Kashmir. The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore, a centre of Pakistan where the countrys cinema industry. Punjab has been inhabited since ancient times, the Indus Valley Civilization, dating to 2600 BCE, was first discovered at Harappa. Punjab features heavily in the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata, in 326 BCE, Alexander the Great defeated King Porus at the Battle of the Hydaspes near Mong, Punjab. The Umayyad empire conquered Punjab in the 8th century CE, Punjab was later invaded by Tamerlane, Babur, and Nader Shah. Punjab reached the height of its splendour during the reign of the Mughal Empire, following a successful rebellion, Sikh-led armies claimed Lahore in 1759. The administration of the Sikh Empire was based out of Lahore, the province was formed when the Punjab province of British India was divided along religious boundaries in 1947 by the Radcliffe Line after Partition. Punjab is Pakistans most industrialised province with the industrial sector making up 24% of the gross domestic product. Punjab is known in Pakistan for its prosperity, and has the lowest rate of poverty amongst all Pakistani provinces. Punjab is also one of South Asias most urbanized regions with approximately 40% of people living in urban areas and its human development index rankings are high relative to the rest of Pakistan. Punjab is known in Pakistan for its relatively liberal social attitudes, the province has been strongly influenced by Sufism, with numerous Sufi shrines spread across Punjab which attract millions of devotees annually. The founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak, was born in the Punjab town of Nankana Sahib near Lahore, Punjab is also the site of the Katasraj Temple, which features prominently in Hindu mythology. Several UNESCO World Heritage Sites are located in Punjab, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the excavations at Taxila. The region was known to the Greeks as Pentapotamia, meaning the region of five rivers. The word Punjab was formally introduced in the early 17th century CE as an elision of the Persian words panj and āb, thus meaning the five rivers, similar in meaning to the Greek name for the region. The five rivers, namely Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, flow via the Panjnad River into the Indus River, of the five great rivers of Punjab, four course through Pakistans Punjab province. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and witnessed centuries of invasions by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Scythians, Turks
6.
Districts of Pakistan
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The Districts of Pakistan, are the third order administrative divisions of Pakistan. Districts are the order of administrative divisions, below provinces. Although the divisions were abolished due to the reforms of August 2000, Punjab province restored them back in 2008 followed by Balochistan in 2009, Sindh in 2011 and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2013. Nevertheless, the 149 districts still form the top tier of a system of local government with the two lower tiers composed of approximately 596 tehsils and more than 6,000 union councils. The five districts had formed the division of Karachi which was abolished, the number of districts rose to 106 again in December 2004, when four new districts were created in the province of Sindh of which one had existed until 2000 and three districts were newly created. The new districts were carved out of Mirpur Khas, Jacobabad, Larkana, in May 2005, the Punjab provincial government created a new district by raising the status of Nankana Sahib from a tehsil of Sheikhupura District to a district in its own right. In Azad Kashmir, the tier of government is formed by three administrative divisions with a third tier of ten districts. Chagai is the largest district of Pakistan by area while Lahore District is the largest by population with total population of 6,318,745 by 1998 census, quetta is the largest district of Balochistan by population with total population of 744,802 by 1998 census. Bahawalpur is the largest district of Punjab by area, chitral is the largest by area and Peshawar is the largest by population from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. South Waziristan Agency and Bajaur Agency are the largest from FATA by area and population respectively while Neelum, gilgit is the largest by area and population both for Gilgit-Baltistan. Note, In this map, Lehri is shown within Sibi District on #27, sohbatpur is shown within Jafarabad District on #8. Note, In this map, the Upper and Lower Kohistan District both are shown as one district on #12 of map, torghar is shown within Mansehra District on #16. Note, In this map, Sujawal is shown within Thatta District on #22, administrative units of Pakistan List of Pakistani Districts by Human Development Index All the figures require to be re-checked. Data entry error has occurred in Sindh Province, Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010, Population Census Organization, Government of Pakistan. List of Tehsils/Talukas with respect to their Districts, archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Country Profiles, South Asian Media Net, archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Local Government Department, Government of Sindh, archived from the original on 26 November 2009
7.
Lahore District
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Lahore District is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan that contains the city of Lahore, the district and provincial capital. The total area is 1,772 square kilometres, until the local government reforms of 2000, Lahore was part of the now-defunct Lahore Division. With the revival of commissioner system division, Lahore was restored, under the latest revision of Pakistans administrative structure, promulgated in 2001, Lahore was tagged as a City District and divided into nine towns. Each town in turn consists of a group of union councils, according to the 1998 census, the districts population is 6,320,000, 82% of which is urban. Punjabi is the first language of 86% of the population, while Urdu and Pashto account for 10%, districts of Pakistan Lahore Lahore District
8.
Urdu
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Urdu is a persianized standard register of the Hindustani language. It is the language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also one of the 22 official languages recognized in the Constitution of India, hyderabad, Rampur, Bhopal and Lucknow are noted Urdu-speaking cities of India. Urdu is historically associated with the Muslims of the northern Indian subcontinent, apart from specialized vocabulary, Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi, another recognized register of Hindustani. Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of Hindustani, Urdu developed under the influence of the Persian and Arabic languages, both of which have contributed a significant amount of vocabulary to formal speech. Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit, Urdu words originating from Chagatai and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianized versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic ta marbuta changes to he or te, nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the Turkish language, but from Chagatai. Urdu and Turkish borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu, Arabic influence in the region began with the late first-millennium Arab invasion of India in the 7th century. The Persian language was introduced into the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of the Delhi Sultanate. With the advent of the British Raj, Persian was no longer the language of administration but Hindustani, still written in the Persian script, the name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century Urdu was commonly known as Hindi, the language was also known by various other names such as Hindavi and Dehlavi. The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the language in 1837 and was made co-official. Urdu was promoted in British India by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian and this triggered a Brahman backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. At independence, Pakistan established a highly Persianized literary form of Urdu as its national language, English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localized wherever it is spoken, similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects like Dakhni of South India, and Khariboli of the Punjab region since recent times. Because of Urdus similarity to Hindi, speakers of the two languages can understand one another if both sides refrain from using specialized vocabulary. The syntax, morphology, and the vocabulary are essentially identical. Thus linguists usually count them as one language and contend that they are considered as two different languages for socio-political reasons
9.
Shahmukhi alphabet
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Shahmukhi is a Perso-Arabic alphabet used by Muslims in Punjab to write the Punjabi language. It is generally written in Nastaʿlīq calligraphic hand, Perso-Arabic is one of two scripts used for Punjabi, the other being Gurumukhi. It is used as the alphabet to write the Pothohari dialect in Indian Jammu. Shahmukhi is written right to left, while Gurmukhi is written from left to right. Below is the comparison of the two scripts, ex, ﷲ Allāh, كَچَّا Kachchā unripe. The Gurumukhi sounds ñ, ng, ṇ, nh are all written with ں nun ghunna, in initial and medial positions, the dot is retained. ے is only found in the position, when writing the sounds e or æ. There are three signs used when indicating a short vowel, َ, ُ, ِ, a, u, i. Examples, قَلَم qalam pen, گھُپ ghup dense, لِحاظ lihāż consideration At the beginning of a word, short vowels are written with the help of ا as follows, اِ, اُ, اَ. Long vowels are expressed with ے, ی, ا and و as follows, In Punjabi, there are many Arabic and Persian loanwords
10.
Punjabi language
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Punjabi /pʌnˈdʒɑːbi/ is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, making it the 10th most widely spoken language in the world. It is the language of the Punjabi people who inhabit the historical Punjab region of India. Among the Indo-European languages it is unusual in being a tonal language, Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the 11th most widely spoken in India and the third-most spoken native language in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjabi is the fourth-most spoken language in the United Kingdom and third-most spoken native language in Canada, the language also has a significant presence in the United Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arabia, and Australia. The Punjabi language is written in the Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi scripts, the word Punjabi is derived from the word Panj-āb, Persian for Five Waters, referring to the five major eastern tributaries of the Indus River. Panj is cognate with Sanskrit pañca and Greek πέντε five, the historical Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, is defined physiographically by the Indus River and these five tributaries. One of the five, the Beas River, is a tributary of another, Punjabi developed from Sanskrit through Prakrit language and later Apabhraṃśa From 600 BC Sanskrit gave birth to many regional languages in different parts of India. These all languages are called Prakrit language collectively, Shauraseni Prakrit was one of these Prakrit languages, which was spoken in north and north-western India and Punjabi and western dialects of Hindi developed from this Prakrit. Later in northern India Shauraseni Prakrit gave rise to Shauraseni Aparbhsha, Punjabi emerged as an Apabhramsha, a degenerated form of Prakrit, in the 7th century A. D. and became stable by the 10th century. By the 10th century, many Nath poets were associated with earlier Punjabi works, Arabic and Persian influence in the historical Punjab region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent. The Persian language was introduced in the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic, many Persian and Arabic words were incorporated in Punjabi. Punjabi has more Persian and Arabic vocabulary than Bengali, Marathi, later, it was influenced by Portuguese and English, though these influences have been minor in comparison to Persian and Arabic. However, in India English words in the language are more widespread than Hindi. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, the seventh-most widely spoken in India, Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. Punjabi is the language in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Punjabi is spoken as a language by over 44. 15% of Pakistanis. About 70. 0% of the people of Pakistan speak Punjabi as either their first or second language, Lahore, the capital of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, is the largest Punjabi-speaking city in the world. 86% of the population of Lahore is native Punjabi and Islamabad
11.
Lahore
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Lahore is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is the second most populous city in Pakistan and the 32nd most populous city in the world, the city is located in the north-eastern end of Pakistans Punjab province, near the border with the Indian state of Punjab. Lahore is ranked as a world city, and is one of Pakistans wealthiest cities with an estimated GDP of $58.14 billion as of 2014. Lahore is the cultural centre of the Punjab region, and is the largest Punjabi city in the world. The city has a history, and was once under the rule of the Hindu Shahis, Ghaznavids, Ghurids. Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the Mughal Empire, the city was contested between the Maratha Empire and Durrani Empire, then became capital of the Sikh Empire, before becoming the capital of the Punjab under British rule. Following the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Lahore became the capital of Pakistans Punjab province, Lahore is one of Pakistans most liberal and cosmopolitan cities. It exerts a strong influence over Pakistan. Lahore is a centre for Pakistans publishing industry, and remains the foremost centre of Pakistans literary scene. The city is also a centre of education in Pakistan. Lahore is also home to Pakistans film industry, Lollywood, and is a centre of Qawwali music. The city is much of Pakistans tourist industry, with major attractions including the old Walled City. Lahore is also home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Lahore Fort, the etymology of Lahore is uncertain, but according to legend the city was once known as Lavapura, in honour of Prince Lava of the Hindu epic poem, the Ramayana. Lahore Fort also contains a vacant Lava temple, dedicated to the founder of the city. Lahore was called by different names throughout history, to date there is no conclusive evidence as to when it was founded. Lahore is described as a Hindu principality in the Rajput accounts, keneksen, the founder of Suryavansha, is believed to have migrated out from the city. The Solanki tribe, belonging to Amukhara Pattan, which included the Bhatti Rajputs of Jaisalmer, Lahore appears as the capital of the Punjab for the first time under Anandapala – the Hindu Shahi king who is referred to as the ruler of –after leaving the earlier capital of Waihind. Few references to Lahore remain from before its capture by Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznavi in the 11th century, the sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated
12.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
13.
Grand Trunk Road
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The Grand Trunk Road is one of Asias oldest and longest major roads. For more than two millennia, it has linked South Asia with Central Asia and it runs from Chittagong, Bangladesh west to Howrah, West Bengal in India, then across Northern India through Delhi, passing from Amritsar. From there, the road continues towards Lahore and Peshawar in Pakistan, finally terminating in Kabul, the route spanning the Grand Trunk road existed during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, extending from the mouth of the Ganges to the north-western frontier of the Empire. The predecessor of the road was rebuilt by Sher Shah Suri. The road was upgraded in the British period between 1833 and 1860. It coincides with current N1, N4 & N405, N507 and N6 in Bangladesh, NH12, NH27, NH19 and NH44 in India, NH5 in Pakistan, Takshashila was well connected by roads with other parts of the Maurya empire. The Mauryas had built a highway from Takshashila to Pataliputra, Chandragupta Maurya had a whole army of officials overseeing the maintenance of this road as told by the Greek diplomat Megasthenes who spent fifteen years at the Mauryan court. Author Rudyard Kipling described the road as such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the entire world He writes, and chumars, bankers and tinkers, barbers and bunnias, pilgrims -and potters - all the world going and coming. It is to me as a river from which I am withdrawn like a log after a flood, and truly the Grand Trunk Road is a wonderful spectacle. It runs straight, bearing without crowding Indias traffic for fifteen hundred miles - such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world, mughals extended Grand Trunk Road westwards. At one time, it extended to Kabul in Afghanistan, crossing the Khyber Pass, the road was later improved by the British rulers of colonial India. It was extended to run from Calcutta to Peshawar, over the centuries, the road acted as one of the major trade routes in the region and facilitated both travel and postal communication. Since the era of Sher Shah, the road was dotted with caravansarais at regular intervals, Sher Shah made many roads for tax free trade. The Grand Trunk Road is still used for transportation in present-day India, farooque, Abdul Khair Muhammad, Roads and Communications in Mughal India. Weller, Anthony, Days and Nights on the Grand Trunk Road, considered one of Kiplings finest works, it is set mostly along the Grand Trunk Road. Free e-texts are available, for instance here, historical routes of north west Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s-1850s A. D. Sagar Publications. In Islam, Sirajul, Jamal, Ahmed A. Banglapedia, National Highway Authority of India National Highway Authority of Pakistan NPR, Along the Grand Trunk Road
14.
Amritsar
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According to the 2011 census, the population of Amritsar was 1,132,761. The city is situated 217 km northwest of state capital Chandigarh and 456 km northwest of Delhi and it is near Pakistan, with the Wagah Border being only 28 km away. The nearest city is Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan, Amritsar is home to the Harmandir Sahib, the spiritual and cultural centre for the Sikh religion. The city also houses the Akal Takht, the highest seat of authority of the Khalsa. The Ramtirth temple situated at Amritsar is believed to be the Ashram site of Maharishi Valmiki, according to the Hindu mythology, Goddess Sita gave birth to Lava and Kusha, sons of lord Rama at Ramtirth ashram. Large number of people visit Ramtirth Temple at annual fair, nearby cities to Amritsar, Lahore and Kasoor were said to be founded by Lava and Kusha, respectively. During Ashvamedha Yagna by Lord Rama, Lava and Kush captured the ritual horse, during Navratra festivities it is considered to be auspicious by Hindu population of the city to visit that temple. The main commercial activities of Amritsar include tourism, carpets and fabrics, farm produce, handicrafts, service trades, the city is known for its rich cuisine, and culture, and for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in 1919 under British Rule. Amritsar is home to Central Khalsa Orphanage, which was home to Udham Singh. Gandhi Ground is the sports complex in the city which is home to the Amritsar Games Association. Amritsar has been chosen as one of the cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development. Amritsar is one of the largest cities of the Punjab state in India. The city origin lies in the village of Tung, and was named after the lake founded by the fourth Sikh Guru Ram Das in 1574 on land bought by him for 700 rupees from the owners of the village of Tung. Earlier, Guru Ram Das had begun building Santokhsar Sarovar, near the village of Sultanwind in 1564 and it could not be completed before 1588. In 1574, Guru Ram Das built his residence and moved to this place, at that time, it was known as Guru Da Chakk. Amritsars central walled city has narrow streets mostly developed in the 17th and 18th century, the city is a peculiar example of an introverted planning system with unique areas called Katras. The Katras are self-styled residential units that provided unique defence system during attacks on the city and this led to a general strike in Amritsar. Excited groups of citizens soon merged into a crowd of about 50,000 marching on to protest to the deputy commissioner against the arrest of the two leaders, the crowd, however, was stopped and fired upon near the railway foot-bridge
15.
Attari
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Attari, also spelled Atari, is a village of Amritsar District in the Punjab state of India,3 km from the Indo-Pakistani border at Wagah. It is situated 25 km west of the Sikh holy city of Amritsar, Attari village was the native village of Sardar Sham Singh Attariwala, one of the generals in the Army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Over the years, trade regulation between the India and Pakistan have been eased, especially after 2007, annual trade through road increased from Rs 6.5 billion in 2007 to Rs 15 billion in 2010-11. After the Integrated Check Post was opened at Attari on April 13,2012 to improve road trade, around 500 trucks have been crossing the border every day. It is the point of the National Highway 1, part of the historic Grand Trunk Road and is also part of AH1. The Samjhauta Express, the service that actually crosses the international border. Administratively Attari is one of the five sub-Tehsil and a block in Amritsar district and it is one of the nine Vidhan Sabha segments within Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency. Attari Block Building, bus stand Attari, branch of OBC, Bank and State Bank of India, Virk Green Farm Bus Stand Attari, currently, all freight traffic originating from Asia destined for Europe goes by sea. The Trans-Asian Railway will enable containers from Singapore, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, the Southern Corridor of the Trans-Asian Railway is of prime interest to India. It connects Yunnan in China and Thailand with Europe via Turkey, the proposed route will enter India through Tamu and Moreh in Manipur bordering Myanmar, then enter Bangladesh through Mahisasan and Shabajpur and again enter India from Bangladesh at Gede. On the western side, the line will enter Pakistan at Attari, there is a 315 kilometres missing link on this route in the India-Myanmar sector, of this,180 kilometres, in India, is between Jiribam in Manipur and Tamu in Myanmar. The rail link between Jiribam and Imphal has been sanctioned by Indian Railways, but that is unlikely to be completed before 2016, at present construction work is in progress in a 97 kilometres stretch between Jiribam and Tupul. Wagah border ceremony Attari railway station Transport between India and Pakistan Attari border will become a trade hub
16.
Radcliffe Line
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The Radcliffe Line was published on 17 August 1947 as a boundary demarcation line between India and Pakistan upon the Partition of India. It was named after its architect, Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who, today its western side still serves as the Indo-Pakistani border and the eastern side serves as the India-Bangladesh border. On 15 July 1947, the Indian Independence Act 1947 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom stipulated that British rule in India would come to an end just one month later, on 15 August 1947. The Act also stipulated the partition of the Provinces of British India into two new dominions, the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. Pakistan was intended as a Muslim homeland, while the new India was for the Hindus with a Hindu majority, Muslim-majority British provinces in the north were to become the foundation of Pakistan. The provinces of Baluchistan and Sindh were granted entirely to Pakistan, however, two provinces did not have an overwhelming majority—Bengal in the north-east and the Punjab in the north-west. The western part of the Punjab became part of West Pakistan and the part became the Indian state of East Punjab. Bengal was also partitioned, into East Bengal and West Bengal, following independence, the North-West Frontier Province voted in a referendum to join Pakistan. This controversial referendum was boycotted by the most popular Pukhtun movement in the province at that time, the area is now a province in Pakistan called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Punjabs population distribution was such there was no line that could neatly divide Hindus, Muslims. Likewise, no line could appease the Muslim League, headed by Jinnah, and the Indian National Congress led by Jawaharlal Nehru and Vallabhbhai Patel, and by the British. Moreover, any division based on communities was sure to entail cutting through road and rail communications, irrigation schemes, electric power systems. However, a line could minimize the separation of farmers from their fields. Estimates of the number of people who died range between 200,000 and two million, with the consensus being around one million dead. A crude border had already drawn up by Lord Wavell. In order to exactly which territories to assign to each country, in June 1947. The Commission was instructed to demarcate the boundaries of the two parts of the Punjab on the basis of ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and non-Muslims, in doing so, it will also take into account other factors. Each commission also had 4 representatives—2 from the Indian National Congress and 2 from the Muslim League, given the deadlock between the interests of the two sides and their rancorous relationship, the final decision was essentially Radcliffes
17.
Partition of India
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The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which accompanied the creation of two independent dominions, India and Pakistan. The Dominion of India is today the Republic of India and Dominion of Pakistan, the partition involved the division of two provinces, Bengal and the Punjab, based on district-wise Hindu or Muslim majorities. It also involved the division of the British Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian Civil Service, the railways, and the central treasury, between the two new dominions. The partition was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the British Raj, the two self-governing countries of India and Pakistan legally came into existence at midnight on 14–15 August 1947. The violent nature of the created an atmosphere of hostility. The term partition of India does not cover the secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan in 1971, nor the earlier separations of Burma and Ceylon from the administration of British India. It does not cover the incorporation of the enclaves of French India into India during the period 1947–1954, nor the annexation of Goa, other contemporaneous political entities in the region in 1947, Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal, and The Maldives were unaffected by the partition. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants. The pervasive protests against Curzons decision took the form predominantly of the Swadeshi campaign led by two-time Congress president, Surendranath Banerjee, sporadically—but flagrantly—the protesters also took to political violence that involved attacks on civilians. The violence, however, was not effective, as most planned attacks were either preempted by the British or failed, the unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when Calcuttas English-educated students returned home to their villages and towns. Since Calcutta was the capital, both the outrage and the slogan soon became nationally known. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to the founding of the All-India Muslim League in Dacca, although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief Lord Kitchener and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. In the three decades since that census, Muslim leaders across northern India, had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to positions in the Congress. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, World War I would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Indias international profile would thereby rise and would continue to rise during the 1920s, back in India, especially among the leaders of the Indian National Congress, it would lead to calls for greater self-government for Indians. Secretary of State for India, Montagu and Viceroy Lord Chelmsford presented a report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter
18.
Pakistan Rangers
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The forces operate under their own separate chains of command and wear distinct uniforms. Rangers are formally supervised by Special Security Unit, National Crises Management Cell, in the federal Ministry of Interior, the Force is governed by Rangers Ordinance 1959. The origins and roots of Rangers dates back to 1942, when the British government established a unit as the Sindh Police Rangers. Because the Rangers were neither correctly structured nor outfitted for a duty, in 1958. In 1972 following the Legal Framework Order No,1970, the force was renamed from the West Pakistan Rangers to Pakistan Rangers and given under the control of Federal Government. In 1974, it part of the Civil Armed Forces under the Ministry of Interior. In late 1989, due to growing riots and worsening Law and Order situation in Sindh, the force operated under the name of Mehran Force and included the then existing Sindh Rangers,3 Battalions of Pakistan Army, Northern Scouts. Mehran force was under the command of Director General Pakistan Rangers with its nucleus Headquarters in Karachi. Subsequently the Federal Government decided to increase the strength of Rangers. Consequently,1 July 1995 the Pakistan Rangers were bifurcated into two forces, the Pakistan Rangers and Pakistan Rangers. The Mehran Force and other units operating in the province of Sindh were merged into the Pakistan Rangers. The Rangers had fought together with the Pakistan Army in several conflicts, Pakistan Rangers guard the borders during peace and war. In 1995, the Mehran Force was merged into the Pakistan Rangers, the Pakistan Rangers are credited for providing the Pakistan Army troops for Special Police Units in Kosovo and Haiti Peace mission every year. The Rangers also had participated in special military operations along with Pakistan Army Special Forces branch in the past. Since their revitalisation and re-building after the 1971 war, the Rangers have been involved in the special military operations in Pakistan. The Rangers have also assisted the Armys Special Service Group in performing special operations and they first participated in 1973, when they, based on the intelligence reports, had successfully accompanied the SSGs to raid the Iraqi Embassy. In 1992, the Rangers were deployed to Karachi, and the Government of Sindh had used Rangers to keep peace in the city, the Rangers had also participated in Operation Blue Fox in 1992 along with the Army. Due to their association with the Army, the Rangers also fought in Indo-Pakistani War of 1999 deployed in Jammu
19.
Border Security Force
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The Border Security Force is the primary Border guarding force of India. It is a Central Armed Police Force charged with guarding Indias land border during peacetime and it is a Union Government Agency under the administrative control of Ministry of Home Affairs. The BSF has its own cadre of officers but its head, designated as a Director-General and it is an Armed Force of the Union of India tasked with various assignments from time to time. It currently stands as the worlds largest border guarding force, BSF has been termed as the First Line of Defence of Indian Territories. From independence in 1947 to 1965, the protection of Indias international boundaries was the responsibility of local police belonging to each border state, BSF is a Central Armed Police force charged with guarding Indias land border during peacetime and preventing transnational crime. It is a Union Government Agency under the control of Ministry of Home Affairs. It is one of law enforcement agency of India. It currently stands as the worlds largest border guarding force, the KF Rustamji, from the Indian police service, was the first Director General of BSF. Till 1965 India’s borders with Pakistan were manned by the State Armed Police Battalion, Pakistan attacked Sardar Post, Chhar Bet and Beria Bet on 9 April 1965 in Kutch. As a result of the recommendations of the Committee of Secretaries, in fact, for BSF the war on eastern front had started well before the war actually broke out in Dec 71. BSF had trained, supported and formed part of Mukti Bahini and had entered erstwhile East Pakistan before the hostilities broke out. BSF had played an important role in Liberation of Bangladesh which Indira Gandhi. Over 100 women have been deployed on the highly volatile Indo-Pak border, in total,595 women constables will be deployed on the border in different phases. Mr K F Rustamji IPS was the first Director General of Border Security Force from 21 July 1965 to 30 September 1974 & current Director General is Mr K K Sharma IPS since 29 February 2016. This attracts a number of spectators from both countries, as well as international tourists. Similar parades are being organised at Mahavir/Sadqi border near Fazilka and Hussainiwala/Gandasinghwala border near Firozpur, BSF contribution in reducing militancy in J&K is widely acknowledged. The BSF killed Ghazi Baba—chief of Jaish-e-Mohammed and the mastermind of the 2001 Indian Parliament attack—in August 2003 along with his deputy commander, the BSF raided Babas hideout in Srinagar and he was killed in the ensuing gun battle along with his deputy chief. In 2006 the Indian government has decided to implement recommendations to each security agency to its mandate
20.
Ganda Singh Wala
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Ganda Singh Wala is a village in Kasur District in the Punjab, Pakistan. The village was named after Ganda Singh Datt and it lies on the border with Eastern Punjab, India. The Pakistani village, which was named after a Sikh man, lies opposite the Indian village of Hussainiwala, the border crossing is now closed. In the 1960s and 1970s, it was the road crossing between India and Pakistan, but was replaced by the border crossing at Wagah, a little further north. In 2005 there were proposals to reopen the border, but it remained closed, more recently the Chief Minister of Punjab Shahbaz Sharif proposed the reopening of the border when he visited Attari in India. Since 1970 there has been a daily Retreat Ceremony at the border crossing, attendees are seated in close proximity here, as compared to Wagah where crowds are kept far apart. As a result, the atmosphere is not as tense, and Indian and Pakistani attendees often smile, with the construction of a new road from Lahore to Kasur road the village, now 45 minutes drive from Lahore, has gained economic importance. A nearby village named Burj Naamdaar is noted for the cultivation of bamboo, the Sutlej River flows by Ganda Singh Wala, and the area is prone to flooding
21.
Hussainiwala
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Hussainiwala is a village in Firozpur district in Punjab state, India. It lies near the bank of the Sutlej river, the village is on the border with Pakistan, opposite the Pakistani village of Ganda Singh Wala. Hussainniwala is the site of the National Martyrs Memorial, which marks the location where Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were cremated on 23 March 1931. It is also the place of Batukeshwar Dutt, who was also involved in bombing the Central Legislative Assembly with Singh, as well as that of Singhs mother. An annual fair takes place at the memorial on 23 March, the day is also observed across the state of Punjab. The border crossing is now closed for travelers, although a flag ceremony is still held daily. The border crossing was replaced by the crossing at Wagah. In 2005 there were proposals to reopen the border, but it remained closed, since 1970 there has been a Retreat Ceremony at the border crossing every day at 6 pm, similar to the Mahavir/Sadaki near Fazilka and Wagah/Atari border ceremony. Attendees are seated in close proximity here, as compared to Wagah where crowds are kept far apart. As a result, the atmosphere is not as tense, and Indian and Pakistani attendees often smile and wave to one another, and even cheer for each others guards as they perform the border spectacle. At the outbreak of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the 2nd Maratha Light Infantry was based in Mathura when it was deployed to Hussainiwala in the Firozpur sector of Punjab. It defended the Hussainiwala headworks against an attack by an infantry brigade supported by armoured columns of the Pakistan Army. The tower on the side of the river was captured and razed to ground. Palande, Lt. Feroz Doctor, Lt. S Deshpande showed great courage, the enemy also used artillery fire and air support in this engagement. Two enemy tanks were destroyed and two captured, with several enemy killed, the commanding officer Col. Nolan was killed by an enemy artillery shelling the next morning while supervising operations. It was a loss to the battalion. The unit ensured that the Samadhi of Bhagat Singh was not desecrated by the Pak Army, the battalion was visited by then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, Defence Minister Kamraj, the Chief of Army Staff and other senior officers. Kali Panchwin was awarded the battle honour Hussainiwala for its role in the 1965 War, the citizens of Firozpur, in honour of the Battalions contribution in defending the Bridge and Firozpur town, presented a silver replica of the Hussaniwala Bridge
22.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistans creation on 14 August 1947 and he is revered in Pakistan as Qayid-i-Azam and Baba-i-Qaum. His birthday is observed as a national holiday, born in Karachi and trained as a barrister at Lincolns Inn in London, Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress in the first two decades of the 20th century. Jinnah became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League, in 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from, the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of satyagraha, which he regarded as political anarchy. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that Indian Muslims should have their own state, in that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding a separate nation. During the Second World War, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, according to his biographer, Stanley Wolpert, he remains Pakistans greatest leader. Jinnahs family was from a Gujarati background, with sources differing over their purported Iranian or Rajput ancestry and they had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying a boom, the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than Bombay. Jinnah was the child, he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister Fatima Jinnah. The parents were native Gujarati speakers, and the children came to speak Kutchi. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers. As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in Bombay with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the Cathedral, in Karachi, he attended the Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam and the Christian Missionary Society High School. He gained his matriculation from Bombay University at the high school, in 1892, Sir Frederick Leigh Croft, a business associate of Jinnahbhai Poonja, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Grahams Shipping and Trading Company. Jinnahs mother and first wife died during his absence in England. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay, soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. Jinnahs legal education followed the system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, during this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah
23.
2014 Wagah border suicide attack
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On 2 November 2014, a suicide bombing took place at Wagah border following the daily border ceremony in Pakistan. The attack was claimed by three rival militant groups, on the midnight of 9 January 2015, the FIA team led by special agents reportedly hunted and killed the mastermind of the attack in a police encounter which took place in Lahore. The Pakistan government officials confirmed the veracity of the reports, a daily ceremonial closing of the border between India and Pakistan takes place at the Wagah border with tourists sitting on the respective sides of the border observing. According to an official, the American and Pakistan intelligence communities had prior knowledge of such attack and had been alerted about the mode of a possible attack at the Wagah border. They were informed about a young boy who might be used as a would-be suicide bomber. The commissioner police Captain Amin Waince said the CID police had conveyed the threat about possible suicide attack to the Rangers at Wagah Border on 1 November, the bomb blast occurred outside a restaurant in a parking area near a Pakistani paramilitary soldiers’ checkpoint. Up to 25 kg of material was used in the blast. Footage showed destroyed shops and nearby buildings at the site of the blast, preliminary reports regarding the nature of the explosion had suggested that a gas cylinder exploded. Later on, Director General Rangers Punjab Khan Tahir Khan confirmed that the explosion was a suicide blast saying that the venue is about 600 metres ahead of the blast site. Because of the checking, the suicide bomber detonated the bomb away from the parade venue. The bomber was said to have detonated his explosives as close to the security checkpoint as possible seeing as he would be unable to cross into the stands where more people were seated, security personnel conducted a search operation in the areas adjoining the Wagah border crossing near Lahore. They recovered a lot of explosives and suicide vests, which were defused after intelligence agencies received information regarding the presence of a person in the area. At least 60 people were killed and over 100 people were injured, the Punjab government declared a state of emergency in all the public sector hospitals in Lahore. Victims included 10 women and eight children, eight people from one family were also killed in the blast. Responsibility for the bomb blast was claimed separately by the outlawed Jundallah, TTP spokesman Ahmed Marwat said via telephone that the attack was a reaction to Operation Zarb-e-Azb and Waziristan military operations. Some other groups have claimed responsibility of attack, but these claims are baseless. We will soon release the video of this attack and this attack is revenge for the killing of innocent people in North Waziristan, the militant groups spokesman said. Pakistans intelligence community quickly identified the mastermind of the attack and determined the attack planned by the Roohullah— a senior terrorist operative of the TTP Lahore chapter
24.
Operation Zarb-e-Azb
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The operation has received widespread support from the Pakistani political, defence and civilian sectors. As a consequence, the security situation improved and terrorist attacks in Pakistan dropped to a six-year low since 2008. Zarb-e-Azb was followed by Operation Radd-ul-Fasaad which began in February 2017, Zarb-e-Azb means sharp and cutting strike. Azb also refers to the sword owned by the Islamic prophet Muhammad, for the first time, the Pakistani military implemented a military strategy called Seek, Destroy, Clear, Hold. The Pakistani military will seek the target, once found, it will be destroyed. The Seek and Destroy component is from the Vietnam War whereas the Clear, the Pakistani military combined the two doctrines as a single doctrine for the operation to be successful. Peace negotiations with the Taliban were announced by Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif after his election, the first session of talks, between committees appointed by the Pakistani Government and the Taliban, was held on 26 March 2014 at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa House in Islamabad. The Taliban did not name representatives from their ranks, instead nominating pro-Taliban religious figures to present their views, a month-long ceasefire was reached on 1 March 2014. Besides the meetings at Khyber Pakhtunkhwa House, negotiations also involved helicopter travel by government representatives to the areas under militant control near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, the government had indicated that stronger military action would be implemented if the talks failed. Negotiations collapsed after the execution of 23 Pakistani Frontier Corps soldiers by the Taliban on 17 February 2014, the soldiers had been held by the insurgents since 2010, and on 17 April 2014 the TTP formally ended the ceasefire. Taliban infighting since March 2014 killed more than 90 militants, the strife, triggered by differences between the Mehsud group and another TTP faction, impeded the negotiations. The negotiations were irreversibly damaged by a terrorist attack on Karachi Airport for which the Taliban claimed responsibility, a Pakistani military official was quoted to have said, The army is ready for an operation. It now all depends on the government to make a decision, the operation began one week after a terrorist attack on Pakistans busiest airport. On 8 June 2014,10 militants from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and TTP attacked Jinnah International Airport, Karachi, killing 28 people including security personnel, in retaliation, the Pakistani military launched a series of air-strikes targeting terrorist hideouts in the areas bordering Afghanistan. At least 25 militants were killed on 10 June, the figure also included foreign militants killed. Two drone attacks on 12 June killed Uzbek, Afghan and local militants, on 15 June the Pakistani military intensified air-strikes and bombed eight foreign militant hideouts, killing as many as 140 militants in North Waziristan. Defence Minister Khawaja Asif said that the nation stood by its military, the operation will continue until it reaches its logical conclusion. Any group that challenges Pakistans constitution, attacks civilians, soldiers, the combat troops encircled militant bases in the towns of Mirali and Miranshah
25.
Khyber Pass
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The Khyber Pass is a mountain pass connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan, cutting through the northeastern part of the Spin Ghar mountains. An integral part of the ancient Silk Road, it has long had significant cultural, economic, throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent and a strategic military location. The summit of the pass is 5 kilometres inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal, the Khyber Pass is part of the Asian Highway 1. Khyber is the Hebrew word for fort, well known invasions of the area have been predominantly through the Khyber Pass, such as the invasions by Darius I, Genghis Khan and later Mongols such as Duwa, Qutlugh Khwaja and Kebek. Prior to the Kushan era, the Khyber Pass was not a widely used trade route, among the Muslim invasions of ancient India, the famous invaders coming through the Khyber Pass are Mahmud Ghaznavi, and the Afghan Muhammad Ghori and the Turkic-Mongols. Finally, Sikhs under Ranjit Singh captured the Khyber Pass in 1834 until they were defeated by the forces of Wazir Akbar Khan in 1837, hari Singh Nalwa, who manned the Khyber Pass for years, became a household name in Afghanistan. To the north of the Khyber Pass lies the country of the Mullagori tribe, to the south is Afridi Tirah, while the inhabitants of villages in the Pass itself are Afridi clansmen. Throughout the centuries the Pashtun clans, particularly the Afridis and the Afghan Shinwaris, have regarded the Pass as their own preserve and have levied a toll on travellers for safe conduct. Since this has long been their main source of income, resistance to challenges to the Shinwaris authority has often been fierce, for strategic reasons, after the First World War the British built a heavily engineered railway through the Pass. The Khyber Pass Railway from Jamrud, near Peshawar, to the Afghan border near Landi Kotal was opened in 1925, during World War II concrete dragon’s teeth were erected on the valley floor due to British fears of a German tank invasion of India. The Pass became widely known to thousands of Westerners and Japanese who traveled it in the days of the Hippie trail, at the Pakistani frontier post, travelers were advised not to wander away from the road, as the location was a barely controlled Federally Administered Tribal Area. Then, after customs formalities, a quick daylight drive through the Pass was made, monuments left by British Army units, as well as hillside forts, could be viewed from the highway. Almost 80 percent of the NATO and US supplies that are brought in by road were transported through this Khyber Pass, furthermore, it has also been used to transport civilians from the Afghan side to the Pakistani one. Until the end of 2007, this route had been relatively safe since the living there were paid by the Pakistani government to keep the area safe. However, since that year, the Taliban began to control the region, since the end of 2008, supply convoys and depots in this western part increasingly came under attack by elements from or supposedly sympathetic to the Pakistani Taliban. In January 2009, Pakistan sealed off the bridge as part of an offensive against Taliban guerrillas. This military operation was focused on Jamrud, a district on the Khyber road. The target was to “dynamite or bulldoze homes belonging to men suspected of harboring or supporting Taliban militants or carrying out other illegal activities”, the result meant that more than 70 people were arrested and 45 homes were destroyed
26.
BBC News
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BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the worlds largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, the service maintains 50 foreign news bureaux with more than 250 correspondents around the world. James Harding has been Director of News and Current Affairs since April 2013, the departments annual budget is in excess of £350 million, it has 3,500 staff,2,000 of whom are journalists. BBC News domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. Through the BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England, as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, all nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. As with all media outlets, though, it has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922, on Easter weekend in 1930, this reliance on newspaper wire services left the radio news service with no information to report. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, however, it could not broadcast news before 6 PM until World War II. Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, a weekly Childrens Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The publics interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth IIs coronation in 1953 and it is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radios audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission and that year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a commentary by John Snagge. It was revealed that this had been due to producers fearing a newsreader with visible facial movements would distract the viewer from the story. On-screen newsreaders were finally introduced a year later in 1955 – Kenneth Kendall, Robert Dougall, mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises – mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherds Bush, west London – taking Current Affairs with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953. On 28 October 1957, the Today programme, a radio programme, was launched in central London on the Home Service. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs and he set up a BBC study group whose findings, published in 1959, were critical of what the television news operation had become under his predecessor, Tahu Hole
27.
Wikinews
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Wikinews is a free-content news source wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The site works through collaborative journalism, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has distinguished Wikinews from Wikipedia by saying on Wikinews, each story is to be written as a news story as opposed to an encyclopedia article. The neutral point of view policy espoused in Wikinews distinguishes it from other citizen journalism efforts such as Indymedia, in contrast to most projects of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikinews allows original work under the form of original reporting and interviews. The first recorded proposal of a Wikimedia news site was a two-line anonymous post on January 5,2003, daniel Alston, who edited Wikipedia as Fonzy, claimed to have been the one who posted it. The proposal was further developed by German freelance journalist, software developer. In November 2004, a demonstration wiki was established to show how such a news site might work. A month later, in December 2004, the site was moved out of the demo stage, a German language edition was launched at the same time. On March 13,2005, the English edition of Wikinews reached 1,000 news articles, a few months later in September 2005, the project moved to the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 license. It reached 5,000 articles on April 29,2006, Wikinews reporters have conducted interviews with several notable people, including an interview in December 2007 with Israeli President Shimon Peres by Wikinews reporter David Shankbone. Shankbone had been invited to conduct the interview by the America-Israel Friendship League, other notable interviews have included writers, actors and politicians, such as Augusten Burroughs, several 2008 U. S. Wikinews—like Wikipedia—has been criticized for its inability to be neutral or include only verified. Robert McHenry, former editor-in-chief of the Encyclopædia Britannica, criticized the credibility of the project, Above all, the central question about the Wikinews effort is its credibility. Making a newspaper is hard. Someone who wants to do it but doesnt really know how hasnt solved the problem by gathering a lot of people who dont know. McHenry was skeptical about Wikinews ability to provide a point of view and its claim to be evenhanded. At its heart, its just a craft, and that means that it can be practiced by anyone who is sensible and intelligent and thoughtful and curious. I go back to the morning of Virginia Tech – the morning I decided I wanted to work, the conversation on the talk page that day was extremely thoughtful. I remember thinking to myself if my own newsroom had been having a conversation that intelligent I would have been delighted. So yes, you absolutely have proved Robert McHenry wrong, on bigger stories theres just no point in competing with the ruthless purview of the encyclopedia
28.
Michael Palin
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Michael Edward Palin CBE FRGS is an English comedian, actor, writer and television presenter. He was one of the members of the comedy group Monty Python, Palin wrote most of his comedic material with fellow Python member Terry Jones. Before Monty Python, they had worked on shows such as the Ken Dodd Show, The Frost Report. Palin appeared in some of the most famous Python sketches, including Argument Clinic, Dead Parrot sketch, The Lumberjack Song, The Spanish Inquisition, Bicycle Repair Man, Palin continued to work with Jones after Python, co-writing Ripping Yarns. In a 2005 poll to find The Comedians Comedian, he was voted the 30th favourite by fellow comedians, after Python, he began a new career as a travel writer and travel documentarian. His journeys have taken him across the world, including the North and South Poles, the Sahara Desert, in 2000 Palin was honoured as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his services to television. From 2009 to 2012 Palin was the president of the Royal Geographical Society, on 12 May 2013, Palin was made a BAFTA fellow, the highest honour that is conferred by the organisation. Palin was born in Broomhill, Sheffield, the child and only son of Edward Moreton Palin. His father was a Shrewsbury School and Cambridge University-educated engineer working for a steel firm and his maternal grandfather, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Lockhart Ovey, DSO, was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire in 1927. He started his education at Birkdale Preparatory School, Sheffield, and his sister Angela was nine years older than he was. Despite the age gap the two had a relationship until her suicide in 1987. He has ancestral roots in Letterkenny, County Donegal, when he was five years old, Palin had his first acting experience at Birkdale playing Martha Cratchit in a school performance of A Christmas Carol. At the age of 10, Palin, still interested in acting, made a comedy monologue, after his school days in 1962 he went on to read modern history at Brasenose College, Oxford. With fellow student Robert Hewison he performed and wrote, for the first time, Terry Jones, also a student in Oxford, saw that performance and began writing together with Hewison and Palin. In the same year Palin joined the Brightside and Carbrook Co-operative Society Players and he also performed and wrote in the Oxford Revue with Jones. In 1966 he married Helen Gibbins, whom he first met in 1959 on holiday in Southwold in Suffolk and this meeting was later fictionalised in Palins play East of Ipswich. The couple have three children and two grandchildren, Rachel is a BBC TV director, whose work includes MasterChef, The Professionals, shown on BBC2 throughout October and November 2010. A photograph of William as a baby briefly appeared in Monty Python and his nephew is the theatre designer Jeremy Herbert
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Himalaya with Michael Palin
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Himalaya with Michael Palin is a 2004 BBC television series presented by comedian and travel presenter Michael Palin. It records his six-month trip around the Himalaya mountain range area, the trip covered only 4,800 km horizontally, but involved a lot of vertical travelling, including several treks into the mountains. The highest point attained by Michael Palin was Everest Base Camp at 5,300 metres, a book by the same name written by Palin was published to accompany the series. This book contained both Palins text and many pictures by Basil Pao, the photographer on the team. Basil Pao also produced a book of the photographs he took during the journey, Inside Himalaya. The series is divided up into six one-hour episodes Palins Travels - the official web site Himalaya with Michael Palin at the Internet Movie Database
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Mochi Gate
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The Mochi Gate locally known as Mochi Darwaza is located within the Walled City of Lahore in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. Mochi Gate is a gate built by the Mughals. It is at the site of one of the thirteen gates of the old walled city of Lahore. The Darwaza used to exist next to the Laal Haveli, in Urdu, Mochi means cobbler which indicates that the bazaar was a market for shoes and repair shops. Mochi Gate is also known for ancient Mosque of Muhammad Saleh Kamboh, according to a legend it is named after Moti, a guard of the gate during the Mughal era, who guarded and looked after the gate all his life. The most likely origin of its name, however, seems to be from the word Morchi, the Governors Piada units were stationed here during the pre-Mughal dynasty rule. This is further borne by the fact that the different streets which still bear their old names are the Mohalla Teer-garan, a number of Imaam Bargahs in the form of Havelis are situated here. Apart from their religious significance, some are a masterpiece depicting the architecture of their times. Mubarak Haveli, Nisar Haveli and Laal Haveli are, Mochi Baagh/Garden is Pakistans most famous political rally spot. Mochi Baagh is located on the right of Mochi Gate. Many renowned political leaders of Pakistan and the era have delivered speeches here. Until the late 1980s, it was held that unless a politician could deliver a speech to a packed Mochi Baagh crowd s/he was not worth his/her political salt. Currently, Mochi Baagh has been spoiled by the half of it being encroached upon by heavy duty truck drivers using it as a parking stand in violation of public area laws. In March 2007, the PHA announced that works would be carried out in Mochi Baagh. In response to the opposition chanting slogans in the Pakistan assembly, Lahore Lahore Fort Muhammad Saleh Kamboh Walled City of Lahore Badshahi Mosque A Detailed Guide to Mochi Gate A Brief Guide to Mochi Gate Lal Khoo Visit of Lahore
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Lohari Gate, Lahore
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The Lahori Gate is located within Walled City of Lahore in Pakistan. Lahori Gate is one of the 13 gates of the Walled City of Lahore, being one of the oldest gates of the old city, Lahori Gate is also known as Lohari gate. According to some historians, the city of Lahore was originally located near Ichhra. The name also traces back its roots to the language of Urdu, in which and this could also be another reason behind naming it this way. However, there are no concrete evidences available that used to live or work here. The bazar inside Lohari gate is known as Lohari Mandi which is one of the oldest markets of South Asia, in the distant past, caravans and travelers coming from Multan used to enter the city from this gate. According to historians, behind Lohari Gate once stood a brick fort called Kacha Kot which was probably the first fortified city of Lahore founded by Malik Ayaz. During the Mughal rule, the two divisions of the Walled City, namely Guzar Bahar Khan and Guzar Machhi Hatta, were connected by this Gate. Unfortunately, during the rule of the 18th century, all the city gates. The current building of Lohari gate was rebuilt in 1864 by Sir Robert Montgomery, Lahore Lahore Fort Walled City of Lahore Badshahi Mosque Walled City Has thirteen gates
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Bhati Gate
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The Bhati Gate is located within Walled City of Lahore in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is one of six remaining gates of the thirteen that once allowed access into Lahores walled city. The gate is similar in style to Lahores Kashmiri Gate, Bhati Gate entrance is located on the Western wall of the Old City. It is one of the two oldest entry points into the Walled City which controlled the only major thoroughfare during Ghaznavid period. The gate is said to be named after the Bhati Clan of Rajputs, the famed poet Alama Iqbal lived in a house near Bhati gate between 1901 and 1905. Bhati Gate is known historically as a centre for arts and literature in Old Lahore, the area inside the gate is well known throughout the city for its food. Just outside Bhati Gate is Data Durbar, the mausoleum of the Sufi saint Ali Hajweri, every Thursday evening musicians used to gather here to perform Qawwali music, though these are sometimes replaced with Naats and religious sermons. The gate serves as the point for Lahores Hakiman Bazaar. Near the gate is located the Old Citys Oonchi Mosque. Lahore Lahore Fort Walled City of Lahore Badshahi Mosque Walled City Has thirteen gates Islamic Web Sites About Hazrat Data Ganj Bakhsh
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