1.
Sydney
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Sydney /ˈsɪdni/ is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania. Located on Australias east coast, the metropolis surrounds the worlds largest natural harbour, residents of Sydney are known as Sydneysiders. The Sydney area has been inhabited by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years, the first British settlers, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, arrived in 1788 to found Sydney as a penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Since convict transportation ended in the century, the city has transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural. As at June 2016 Sydneys estimated population was 5,005,358, in the 2011 census,34 percent of the population reported having been born overseas, representing many different nationalities and making Sydney one of the most multicultural cities in the world. There are more than 250 different languages spoken in Sydney and about one-third of residents speak a language other than English at home and it is classified as an Alpha+ World City by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, indicating its influence in the region and throughout the world. Ranked eleventh in the world for economic opportunity, Sydney has a market economy with strengths in finance, manufacturing. Its gross regional product was $337 billion in 2013, the largest in Australia, there is a significant concentration of foreign banks and multinational corporations in Sydney and the city is promoted as one of Asia Pacifics leading financial hubs. Its natural features include Sydney Harbour, the Royal National Park, man-made attractions such as the Sydney Opera House, Sydney Tower and the Sydney Harbour Bridge are also well known to international visitors. The first people to inhabit the now known as Sydney were indigenous Australians having migrated from northern Australia. Radiocarbon dating suggests human activity first started to occur in the Sydney area from around 30,735 years ago, the earliest British settlers called them Eora people. Eora is the term the indigenous used to explain their origins upon first contact with the British. Its literal meaning is from this place, prior to the arrival of the British there were 4,000 to 8,000 native people in Sydney from as many as 29 different clans. Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan, the principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. The earliest Europeans to visit the area noted that the people were conducting activities such as camping and fishing, using trees for bark and food, collecting shells. Development has destroyed much of the citys history including that of the first inhabitants, there continues to be examples of rock art and engravings located in the protected Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park. The first meeting between the people and the British occurred on 29 April 1770 when Lieutenant James Cook landed at Botany Bay on the Kurnell Peninsula. He noted in his journal that they were confused and somewhat hostile towards the foreign visitors, Cook was on a mission of exploration and was not commissioned to start a settlement
2.
New South Wales
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New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
3.
Census in Australia
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The census in Australia, or officially, the Census of Population and Housing, is a descriptive count of population of Australia on one night, and of their dwellings, generally held quinquennially. Participation in the census is compulsory, though answering some questions is optional, the count is taken every five years and is managed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The first Australian census was held in 1911, on the night of 2 April, in 1961 the five-year period was introduced. Censuses are held on the second Tuesday of August, the most recent was held on 9 August 2016. The cost of the 2011 census was $440 million, a separate census of Norfolk Island has been conducted by the Norfolk Island Government every five years since 1981, and occurs on the same day as the Australian census. The census examines data such as age, gender, incomes, occupations, dwelling types and occupancy, transportation modes, ancestry, languages spoken, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 led to the 1906 establishment of the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics. The Bureau was renamed the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1975, the census is collected and published against geographic areas defined by the Australian Standard Geographical Classification. The ASGC provides a set of classifications for the dissemination of all ABS statistics. In 2007 the ABS published a set of spatial units called mesh blocks. The primary aim of mesh blocks is to provide a block for constructing alternative. Only data on persons and total dwellings is released at the mesh block level. Mesh blocks will form the basis of a new statistical geography, the traditional concept of a Collection District is that it was the area that one census collector can cover in about a ten-day period. In the 2001 census, collectors may be allocated more than one urban district because of their size. In urban areas collection districts average about 220 dwellings, in rural areas the number of dwellings per collection district reduces as population densities decrease. For the 2001 census there were 37,209 collection districts and 1,353 Statistical Local Areas defined throughout Australia, the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and Privacy Act 1988 guarantee that no personally-identifiable information is released from the ABS to other government organisations, or the public. However the ABS makes confidential census data available to researchers, who must make various legal commitments before being given access, in the 1970s there was public debate about privacy and the census. In 1979 the Law Reform Commission reported on Privacy and the Census, one of the key elements under question was the inclusion of names. It was found that excluding names reduced the accuracy of the data, individuals were likely to leave questions blank
4.
Postcodes in Australia
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Postcodes are used in Australia to more efficiently sort and route mail within the postal system. All postcodes in Australia have four digits and are placed at the end of the Australian address, Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post. Postcodes are published in booklets available from post offices or online from the Australia Post website, Australian envelopes and postcards often have four square boxes printed in orange at the bottom right for the postcode. These are used when addressing mail by hand, use of the Australian postcode system commenced in 1967, implemented by the Postmaster-Generals Department, now called Australia Post. It replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbournes letter and number codes, if addressing a letter from outside Australia, the postcode is recorded before Australia. They are often linked with one area, due to post code rationalization, But are now sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas. The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people and this means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong. Some postcodes cover large populations, while other postcodes have much smaller populations, Australian postcodes range from 0200 for the Australian National University to 9944 for Cannonvale, Queensland. Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes — one for deliveries and one for post office boxes. g. The Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital has the postcode 4029, the Australian National University had the postcode 0200, more postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s. Australia Post has been progressively discontinuing the LVR programme since 2006, Australian National Universitys postcode 0200 was the last LVR to be closed in September 2014. For example, postcode 2620 covers both a locality in NSW as well as a locality in the ACT, and postcode 0872 covers a number of localities across WA, SA, NT and QLD. Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW. It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT. The numbers used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the number as the first number for postcodes in that state, e. g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria. Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than forty years, australias external territories are also included in Australia Posts postcode system. Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs, however, postcodes with the same second number are not always next to each other. As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–2299 are split between the suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales
5.
Sydney central business district
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The Sydney central business district is the main commercial centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It extends southwards for about 3 km from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established, due to its pivotal role in Australias early history, it is one of the oldest established areas in the country. Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south, at the 2011 Australian Census, the CBD recorded a population of 14,308. Sydney CBD is very used to refer not only to the CBD proper. The Sydney CBD is Australias main financial and economic centre, as well as a hub of economic activity for the Asia-Pacific region. The city centre employs approximately 13% of the Sydney regions workforce and it produced $64.1 billion worth of goods and services in 2011–12. Culturally, the city centre is Sydneys focal point for nightlife and it is also home to some of the citys most significant buildings and structures. The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Gardens. George Street is the Sydney CBDs main north–south thoroughfare, the CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream, bridge Street, took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House, administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, the Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. Sydneys CBD is serviced by rail, light rail, buses. There is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five additional CBD stations, plus a spur line to Bondi Junction which services two. The only light rail line currently operating links the southern part of the CBD, buses, both government-run and privately owned, service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an bus service that operates between midnight and 5, 00am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the edge of the CBD
6.
Local government areas of New South Wales
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Local government authorities provide a wide range of services. The most important of these are the services of administration, health, community amenities, recreation and culture, roads. Councils also provide a range of trading activities, mainly in areas of NSW. These trading activities include water supply, sewerage services, gas services, some areas retain designations they held under prior legislation, even though these titles no longer indicate a legal status. Many councils now choose not to use any title, and simply refer to themselves as councils, e. g. Northern Beaches Council. The smallest local government area by area in the state is the Municipality of Hunters Hill, the formation of local govermment in New South Wales predates the formation of responsible government in the state. The Sydney Corporation was formed in 1842, a body to manage primary services such as street lighting. The Municipalities Act,1858 introduced a system of local government, Municipalities were compulsorily incorporated by legislation in 1876, the third Municipalities Act,1897 consolidated municipal law, and in 1905 legislation was enacted to establish shires. The Local Government Act,1906 reformed the system, replaced by the Local Government Act,1919. Maximum flexibility was given in respect to provision, with some constraints. In regard to regulatory functions, proper attention had to be given to due process, the NSW Government has undertaken periodic reviews of local government since the early 1900s. Reforms included providing enfranchisement for women and for residents who did not own property in the LGA, standardising land valuation systems, the Barnett Committee Review of Local Government Areas, conducted during 1973-74, sought to create stronger economic LGAs through a substantial reduction in council numbers. The Barnett Report recommended the merging of the then 223 existing local government entities into 97 districts. However by 1980 and after references to the NSW Local Government Boundaries Commission. Bains review had major influence on the engagement of more general managers, councillors becoming policy makers. However, only four councils entered into voluntary mergers in order to avoid potential forced amalgamations, the Sproats Inquiry into the structure of local government in eight council areas of the Inner City and Eastern Suburbs of Sydney was commissioned by the state government in October 2000. The Carr government abandoned its policy of no forced mergers after the 2003 state election, in October 2013, the NSW Government released the findings of an independent review of local government in New South Wales. Included in the report were 65 recommendations to the Government, the IPART proposed a series of council mergers and amalgamation in both metropolitan and regional areas which proposed a reduction in the number of councils from 152 to 112
7.
Electoral district of Ku-ring-gai
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Ku-ring-gai is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales. It is represented by Alister Henskens of the Liberal Party of Australia, Ku-ring-gai was created before the 1973 election and was held by Askin, Lewis and Willis government minister John Maddison, who retired in 1980, when it was won by Nick Greiner at a by-election. He held the seat until resigning from Parliament and as Premier in 1992 in the aftermath of the ICAC enquiry into the Metherell affair and he was succeeded by Stephen ODoherty, who in 1999 chose to follow the majority of his constituents into the re-created seat of Hornsby. He retired after the 2015 state election and handed the seat to current member Henskens, located in the Liberal heartland of the North Shore, Ku-ring-gai has been in Liberal hands for its entire existence. However, even by North Shore standards, Ku-ring-gai is an ultra-safe Liberal seat, the Liberals have never tallied less than 65 percent of the two-party vote, and have always taken the seat on the first count with no need for preferences. At the 2011 election, OFarrell was reelected with 81. 3% of the two-candidate-preferred vote, Ku-ring-gai is one of four other electorates in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly to have been held by two Premiers of New South Wales while in office. Both Premiers Nick Greiner and Barry OFarrell have held Ku-ring-gai while in office, the other three electorates being Willoughby, Wollondilly and Maroubra
8.
Division of Bradfield
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The Division of Bradfield is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1949 and is named in honour of Dr John Bradfield, the current Member for Bradfield, since the 2009 Bradfield by-election, is Paul Fletcher, a member of the Liberal Party of Australia. Bradfield was created in the 1949 expansion of Parliament and its first member was Billy Hughes, a former Prime Minister of Australia and the last serving member of the first federal Parliament. The bulk of the seat was carved out of North Sydney, after Hughes, its best-known member was Brendan Nelson, a minister in the third and fourth Howard Governments and the federal Leader of the Opposition from 2007 to 2008. Indeed, for years it was the safest Coalition seat in metropolitan Australia. After the 2013 federal election, Bradfield became the second-safest, behind neighboring Mitchell, however, as of the 2016 federal election, Bradfield is once again the safest metropolitan Coalition seat, with a 21-point swing needed for Labor to win it. As at the 2011 Census, households within the Division of Bradfield had the highest level of median household income of any electorate in Australia. Division of Bradfield - Australian Electoral Commission
9.
Hornsby, New South Wales
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Hornsby is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the Australian state of New South Wales 25 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district. It is the centre of the local government area of Hornsby Shire. The name Hornsby is derived from convict-turned-constable Samuel Henry Horne, who took part in the apprehension of bushrangers Dalton, in return he was granted land which he named Hornsby Place. The suburb of Hornsby was established on the lands of the Darug. There are more than 200 known Aboriginal sites in the Hornsby Shire, the first European settler in the area was Thomas Higgins, who received a grant of land in Old Mans Valley. A railway station named Hornsby Junction opened on 17 September 1886 to the north of the town of Hornsby and it formed the junction of the Northern Line and the North Shore Line which were yet to be completed at that time. Hornsby station was one further south on the Northern Line. The first Hornsby Post Office opened on 1 August 1864, and was renamed South Hornsby on 1 May 1900, the latter office remains open, the South Hornsby office was renamed Normanhurst in 1905. Residential growth in the area was left to private developers, who acquired land both east and west of the railway station. Realizing that working class housing tended to be close to railway stations, one of the first purchasers of land in the area was Annie Roberts, wife of Oscar Garibaldi Roberts, who became one of the first councilors in the Hornsby Shire. Having acquired a property in Rosemead Road, the Roberts family built Mount Errington, the Roberts family later acquired twelve blocks of land, which were then sub-divided into twenty-three blocks and offered for sale as the Roberts Mount Errington Sub-division. The area proceeded to grow as a housing estate, featuring a number of houses in the Federation style. One of them was Birklands, a heritage-listed, Federation house built in 1902 in Dural Street, the house was originally built for Louis Spier Roberts and his wife Elizabeth, and stayed with the Roberts family until 1938. The Hornsby Shire Council was established in 1906, in 1961, The Westfield Group built a shopping mall at Hornsby, making it one of the first suburbs in Sydney with a modern-style shopping centre. A competing shopping centre, Northgate, opened in 1979 but was bought by Westfield. In late 1999, the two sites were amalgamated when the original Westfield was demolished and Northgate was renovated to create the new Westfield Hornsby which opened in November 2001, Hornsby is 25 kilometres by train and about 24 kilometres by road from the Sydney central business district. Hornsby railway station is the junction of the North Shore and Northern & Western Lines of the Sydney Trains network, there are frequent railway services to the central business district via Macquarie Park or via Gordon. Intercity and Express trains also stop here on the way to the Central Coast, Newcastle, bus services operate from Hornsby Station Interchange
10.
Waitara, New South Wales
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Waitara is a word in the New Zealand Maori language that means hail, pure water or hail, wide steps. Waitara is a town in New Zealand, myles McRae once owned land in Southern Sydney, near Hurstville. When he sold land to a development company, the manager used the name Waitara for the subdivision project. McCrae later bought land near Hornsby and when the station opened in 1895 he suggested the name Waitara. Waitara Post Office opened on 1 October 1913 and closed in 1986, Waitara East Post Office opened on 1 June 1966 and closed in 1994. Waitara railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network and it was originally known as Sandy Bank. Waitara is a centre for all things automotive, car dealerships both new and used, car maintenance and smash repairers, Waitara has just one hotel, the Blue Gum Hotel. There has been a hotel on the site since 1884, the current building dates from 1962. Waitara also has a Rugby League Club, called Asquith Rugby League Club, police and Community Youth Clubs run a Performing Arts Centre in Edgeworth David Avenue. The public school is Waitara Public School, which has two O. C classes, the Catholic school is Our Lady of the Rosary Primary School. It was established in approximately 1918 and was located on the Pacific Highway opposite the railway station and it has since been relocated to Yardley Avenue. Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic Church was originally situated on the Pacific Highway opposite Hornsby railway station and it was later relocated to 27 Yardley Avenue. It has since become the church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Broken Bay and is known as Our Lady of the Rosary Cathedral. Waitara is home to a large Korean Catholic Community Church, which has produced the youth activity group WCKYS, the latter can be divided into three subgroups, Kerygma, J. O. Y. and Youth Legion of Mary. Kerygma group organises the youth mass, while J. O. Y, consists of teachers of Waitara Korean Sunday School. The Anglican Church of Waitara is located on the corner of Burdett Street, in addition to church services, there are a number of other events during the week including ESL classes, kids groups, youth groups and Bible studies. The Seventh-day Adventist Church, located at the corner of Park Avenue, the 2011 census community profile for Waitara revealed roughly equal proportions of men and women in a total population of 5,370. The median age of the Waitara population was 34 years of age, the most common ancestries in Waitara were English 16. 3%, Chinese 15. 1%, Australian 12. 6%, Indian 7. 7% and Korean 6. 2%
11.
North Wahroonga, New South Wales
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North Wahroonga is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. North Wahroonga is located 23 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, Wahroonga is a separate suburb, to the south. North Wahroonga is bounded by the F3 Sydney-Newcastle Freeway on the west, Wahroonga is an Aboriginal word meaning our home. In the early days of British settlement in New South Wales, the Wahroonga area was first settled in 1822 by Thomas Hyndes, a convict who became a wealthy landowner. Later there were orchards, and when the railway was built it became a popular place for businessmen to build out-of-town residences with large gardens in the 1920s and 1930s
12.
North Turramurra
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North Turramurra is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. North Turramurra is located 20 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district, Turramurra and South Turramurra are separate suburbs. Turramurra is an Aboriginal word which is thought to mean either big hill, high place, early settlers referred to the area as Eastern Road until the name Turramurra was adopted when the railway station was built in 1890. Eastern Road was an area of orchards, samuel King, born in 1828 in County Donegal Ireland, arrived in Sydney in 1853. With his wife Ann, he established several orchards along Bobbin Head Road and at North Turramurra and was a noted church, eccleston du Faur secured the name Turramurra. Du Faur was born in England in 1832 and was recognised in Sydney as a supporter of the arts and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society in 1875 and was an early bush conservationist. Most importantly, Du Faur secured the land for the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park from the government of the day, the Chase was declared in 1894. Du Faur personally funded and made a road through the bushland to Bobbin Head, in 1895 he built a house on 25 acres at the Chase Gates. After his death in 1915, part of property became Lady Davidson Home. North Turramurra became a suburb from Turramurra when it was officially gazetted as on 5 August 1994. North Turramurra is home to the war memorial. This 1.5 m high replica of the Great Sphinx of Egypt was carved out of sandstone in the 1920s by William Shirley, a returned soldier, in memory of fallen comrades. The suburb is a starting point for many bush walkers as it has easy access to Bobbin Head. North Turramurra is also the site of an official Bureau of Meteorology rainfall observation station, North Turramurra lies on a narrow spur between two creeks that flow eventually to the sea through the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park on the northern outskirts of the city. The heavily forested valleys pose a bush-fire threat each summer, but residents are blessed with common sightings of a variety of peculiar. This is a suburb where you can often see wallabies hopping around backyards, at the 2011 census, North Turramurra recorded a population of 3,970. Of these, The age distribution is very unusual, due to the number of Aged Care Facilities. The median age was 53 years, compared to the median of 37 years
13.
Normanhurst, New South Wales
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Normanhurst was originally known as Hornsby, with the suburb that is now known as Hornsby called Jacks Island. The construction of the Main Northern and North Shore railway lines in the 1890s brought about a name change, the two lines were joined at a station called Hornsby Junction, whereas the station one stop south on the Northern line kept the name Hornsby. Due to confusion around the similarly named stops, the postmaster demanded that Hornsby station change its name, the railway station originally known as Hornsby, opened on 21 November 1895 and the name was changed to Normanhurst in 1900. The first Hornsby Post Office opened on 1 August 1864 and was renamed South Hornsby in 1900, Normanhurst was derived from the name of a prominent resident, civil engineer Norman Selfe, with hurst being the English word for a wooded hill. Ironically, Selfe protested against the name change, the railway station was renamed in 1900 and was used for the suburb that developed around it. Normanhurst is divided by Pennant Hills Road, a major thoroughfare that leads north to the M1 Motorway. However, both the east and west sections have extensive bush access, on the east side, a small section of bush lies between Normanhurst and Fox Valley. This is land occupied by the SAN Hospital, on the western side, the suburb backs onto the southern reaches of the Berowra Valley, a continuous section of bush stretching all the way to Broken Bay. This gives Normanhurst a very leafy and rural look, in comparison to its neighbours Hornsby, Pennant Hills and this in turn contributes to making native bird life abundant. The area is home to cockatoos, rainbow lorikeets, kookaburras, noisy miners, additionally, Normanhurst has several small waterfalls, which promote reptile life. It also has encouraged the growth of retirement residences in the suburb, Normanhurst has a small number of shops close to Normanhurst railway station, which includes cafes, restaurants, a dry cleaner and an original milk bar. Normanhurst is serviced by rail and buses, Normanhurst railway station is on the Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network. At the 2011 census, only 25% of employed people travelled to work on public transport, at the 2011 census, the suburb of Normanhurst recorded a population of 5,156. Of these, Age and sex distribution The distribution of ages in Normanhurst was reasonably similar to the country as a whole, Normanhurst residents median age was 40 years, compared to the national median of 37. Children aged under 15 years made up 21% of the population and people aged 65 years, there was a notable difference in the proportion of people aged 85 and over, who made up 4. 1% of the population. There was a notable over-representation of women in Normanhurst,46. 7% of residents were male and 53. 3% were female, however, only 24% identify their ancestry as Australian, the other common self-identified ancestries were English 26%, Irish 8%, Scottish 8% and Chinese 5%. More than three-quarters only spoke English at home, the next most common languages spoken at home were Mandarin 2. 8%, Cantonese 2. 3%, Korean 2. 0%, Arabic 1. 8% and Hindi 1. 3%. Finances The median weekly income was $1,775, compared to the national median of $1,234
14.
Thornleigh, New South Wales
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Thornleigh is a suburb of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia 25 kilometres north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of Hornsby Shire. Thornleigh is bounded to the north by Waitara Creek, Thornleigh borders the suburbs of Normanhurst, Westleigh, Hornsby, Wahroonga and Pennant Hills. It is considered part of the Northern Suburbs of Sydney, Thornleigh offers great district views and the topography varies greatly with many properties built around bushland settings and into the hills to afford the great views. Top streets are considered the top of Tillock Street and Wanawong Drive for some of the suburbs best views, the first non indigenous people to explore the area of Thornleigh were a party led by Governor Arthur Phillip in 1788. Settlers moved into the area in the 1830s and among them were James Milson, Patrick Duffy, John Thorn, hornes land became Hornsby, and Thorns land became Thornleigh. The railway line was built in the 1880s and development followed, Thornleigh Post Office opened on 12 March 1888. As part of the construction of the railway from Strathfield to Hornsby, the tracks included a zig zag section. In 1901, the National Brickworks started operations at Thornleigh, in 1913, the largest malt works in the southern hemisphere was established by WG Chilvers. The track begins at Thornleigh Oval, at the bottom of Handley Avenue and it then goes parallel to the river for a short distance before looping back to arrive at Comenarra Parkway. An extension goes down to the river, through a spot called Conscript Pass, at this spot, there are rock carvings done by the men who worked on the track. One of the carvings is a caricature of Bertram Stevens, Premier of New South Wales from 1932 to 1939. The track is known as Lorna Pass in memory of Lorna Brand, and is now part of the Great North Walk, Thornleigh railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network. Pennant Hills Road is part of the National Highway, and is one of Sydneys major thoroughfares, the Esplanade from Pennant Hills is a main road accessing Thornleigh to Normanhurst. Thornleigh contains industrial and commercial areas, Thornleigh Marketplace containing a supermarket and speciality stores was constructed in 2005. Shops and restaurants are located around Thornleigh railway station and nearby Pennant Hills Road, american multinational fast food restaurant chain McDonalds have their Australian headquarters in Thornleigh. Thornleigh West Public School is a primary school, Thornleigh Public School closed at the end of 1989 with the widening of Pennant Hills Road to six lanes. Normanhurst West Public School at the corner of Sefton and Dartford Roads, at the 2011 census, the population of Thornleigh in 2011 was 8,115 people. Of these, Age distribution The distribution of ages in Thornleigh was very similar to the country as a whole, Thornleigh residents median age was 38 years, compared to the national median of 37
15.
Turramurra
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Turramurra is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is located 17 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district and it shares the postcode of 2074 with the adjacent suburbs of North Turramurra, South Turramurra and Warrawee. Turramurra is an Aboriginal word which is thought to mean either high hill, big hill, high place, the Aboriginal reference of high hill covered the range from Pymble to Turramurra. Early European settlers referred to the area as Eastern Road, the name Turramurra was adopted when the railway station was built in 1890. One of the local landmarks was Ingleholme, a two-storey Federation home in Boomerang Street. It was designed by John Sulman as his own home and built circa 1896, the house was part of the Presbyterian Ladies College until 1977 and is now on the Register of the National Estate. It is notable as an example of John Sulmans style, Turramurra Post Office opened on 16 August 1890. St Andrews in Kissing Point Road is an example of the Federation Carpenter Gothic style, in 1932, Lewy Pattinson, founder of Washington H. Soul Pattinson, gave the Presbyterian Church in NSW the land for Mission Hall, at what is now 106 Kissing Point Road. In 1936, ownership was transferred by Pattinson to St Margarets Presbyterian Church, a Turramurra East Post Office opened on 1 May 1959 and closed in 1993. The Turramurra North Post Office opened on 1 September 1953, North Turramurra and South Turramurra became separate suburbs on 5 August 1994. The Hillview estate, situated on the Pacific Highway, started circa 1890 with a modest Federation cottage facing the highway. Later, the owner realized the potential of the site, with its sweeping views. A large, six-car garage with a dwelling above it was added at the end of the site in 1915. The estate was leased out to Ku Ring Gai Hospital, Hornsby. The Pacific Highway is a arterial road in Turramurra. Turramurra railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network, transdev NSW buses run services from the railway station to local residential areas. The largest commercial area in Turramurra is located along the Pacific Highway and Rohini Street and this shopping precinct includes real-estate agents, fruit-markets, banks, bakeries, a musical instrument store, and a petrol station. There are two supermarkets in this vicinity, there is Turramurra Plaza with shops, such as shoe-repairs, a fruit shop and a newsagent
16.
Pennant Hills, New South Wales
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Pennant Hills is a suburb in the Northern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Pennant Hills is located 25 kilometres north of the Sydney central business district in the government area of Hornsby Shire. The area was first explored by Governor Arthur Phillip shortly after 15 April 1788 and it was noted that the party saw fine views of the mountains inland. Governor Phillip did not doubt that a river would be found nearby. The first white settlement occurred in the area with the establishment of convict timber camps in the time of Governor Lachlan Macquarie, permanent white settlement of Pennant Hills began only in the 1840s and took off with the arrival of the Northern railway line in the 1880s. In August 1912 the federal government opened a Wireless Telegraphy Station, the suburb has grown considerably since the 1950s, when the motor car became commonplace. There are two theories about the origin of the suburbs name, one is that the name comes from a hill where a pennant was flown as a signal during the early days of New South Wales. Also, references to the suburb of Pennant Hills were written 20 years before the establishment of pennant stations, elizabeth MacArthur records receiving a flag signal at Parramatta that her husband John had returned from England in 1806. The other theory says that Pennant Hills was named after an 18th Century botanist, Thomas Pennant, the fact that the area was first referred to as Pendant Hills in the Sydney Gazette when first published in 1803 makes this theory unlikely, as there was no Thomas Pendant either. The name Pennant Hills originally applied to the now known as West Pennant Hills. However, when the railway line was built it passed through what is now Pennant Hills, so a suburb grew around the station. The area around Thompsons Corner was renamed West Pennant Hills, Pennant Hills is hilly and the highest altitude is at Observatory Park on Pennant Hills Road, which once was the site of the old astronomical observatory. Pennant Hills is one of the commercial centres of Hornsby Shire, along with Epping, Carlingford. Several dozen shops are located at the north-west of the railway line, residential houses are found in all areas in Pennant Hills, with recent modern apartments and office towers found along Pennant Hills Road. A significant commercial/industrial area can be found along Pennant Hills Road, Pennant Hills is home to several entertainment venues including the Pennant Hills Hotel incorporating Patricks Nightclub. Pennant Hills railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network, Pennant Hills Road is one of Sydneys major thoroughfares. Bus services by Transdev NSW and Hillsbus have their terminus in Pennant Hills and run to West Pennant Hills, Castle Hill, Pennant Hills was established as a Catholic parish in 1928 and a number of Catholic churches have been built since then. The parishs current church, St. Agathas, was built in 1979, St Marks Anglican Church, Pennant Hills Baptist Church and a Pennant Hills Uniting Church also serve Pennant Hills
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Warrawee, New South Wales
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Warrawee is a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Warrawee is located 21 kilometres north-west of the Sydney Central Business District in the government area of Ku-ring-gai Council. Warrawee is predominantly an area with few commercial entities. Notably its railway station provides no commercial activity, Warrawee is believed to have come from an Aboriginal word meaning rest a while, stop here or to stand. The earliest significant homes were Pibrac, Cheddington and Wirepe, all very fine houses, in 1888, the public servant and patron of exploration Frederick Ecclestone du Faur built his house Pibrac in Pibrac Avenue. Later alterations were carried out by B. J. Waterhouse, the house is composed predominantly of timber, with extensive use of timber shingles, on a sandstone base. It is considered an example of Hunts work and is listed on the Register of the National Estate. Cheddington, the oldest home in established Hastings Road, is attributed to Horbury Hunt, of brick and slate. Halligan for architect Walter Traill, used deep verandahs and high ceilings to elicit a homestead atmosphere, with fine corbelled chimneys, the brickwork is of Colonial Bond design, and the house sits at the heart of the Ku-ring-gai heritage precinct on Hastings Road. Upton Grey was built in 1894 to a John Sulman design, across the century it has served as a government social services home, a CSIRO field station, and a boarding house for Knox Grammar School. It is now in hands and retains features replicated at Sulmans important Ingleholme. As all North Shore suburbs with aboriginal names, Warrawee was the name of a station which became attached to the surrounding suburb. Warrawee had developed in the 1900s as a residential district with no shops, offices, post office, public school. All the blocks were kept to one and four acres and the form of houses tightly controlled. Joseph Beresford Grant used his money to guarantee the exclusiveness of the development, the architect William Hardy Wilson built his home, Purulia, in Fox Valley Road in 1913. The house was unusual at the time, but became a significant influence over the years. The Pacific Highway is the arterial road. Warrawee railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network, the railway station built in 1900 was the last one built on the North Shore Line before it was extended to North Sydney
18.
South Turramurra
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Turramurra and North Turramurra are separate suburbs. Turramurra is an Aboriginal word which is thought to mean either big hill, high place, early settlers referred to the area as Eastern Road until the name Turramurra was adopted when the railway station was built in 1897. During the early 1990s a community organisation was formed to oppose plans for the construction of the B2/B3 extension, South Turramurra became a separate suburb from Turramurra on 5 August 1994. At the 2011 census, the suburb of South Turramurra recorded a population of 2,974 people, Census data shows that, South Turramurras Age distribution reflects the popularity of the suburb with families and retirees. The median age was 40 years, compared to the median of 37 years. Children aged under 15 years made up 24. 7% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 17. 2% of the population. At home,81. 4% of residents only spoke English, finances, South Turramurra is a wealthy suburb. The median household income was $2,343, compared to the national median of $1,234. This difference is reflected in real estate, with the median mortgage payment being $2,838 per month. Transport, On the day of the Census,20. 0% of employed people traveled to work on public transport and 56. 6% by car. Housing, The great majority of occupied dwellings were separate houses,0. 4% were flats, units or apartments and 0. 3% were semi-detached. The average household size was 3.0 people, the nearest train station is Turramurra railway station. Buses to South Turramurra operate from Turramurra train station, shorelink bus route 571 runs between Turramurra and South Turramurra along Kissing Point Road, and route 572 runs the same route extended to Macquarie University. The Comenarra Parkway, an arterial road consisting of only one lane in each direction, creates a boundary with Turramurra. South Turramurra Shopping Village is located on the corner of Auluba Road, many different and diverse action groups were formed in order to effectively lobby government. The environmental community group STEP Inc, which was formed in South Turramurra in 1978 has grown to be a force for the environment in northern Sydney. There are also a number of Churches and various temples in South Turramurra
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North Shore (Sydney)
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The North Shore is a term used to describe the primarily residential area of northern metropolitan Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia. The term refers to the suburbs located on the shore of Sydney Harbour up to Hornsby. Before British settlement, the Lower North Shore was home to the Gorualgal and Cammeraygal, after the establishment of Sydney in 1788, settlement of the North Shore of the harbour was quite limited. One of the first settlers was James Milson who lived in the vicinity of Jeffrey Street in Kirribilli, the north shore was more rugged than the southern shore and western areas of the harbour and had limited agricultural potential. The early activities in the area included tree felling, boatbuilding, the North Shore railway line was built in the 1890s. Access to the Sydney CBD, located on the shore of the harbour remained difficult until the completion of the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 1932. This led to commencement the development of suburbs on the North Shore, cumberland County mapping from 1792 to 1894 indicate that the four local governments that stand today were derived from one, the Parish of Willoughby. From the Parish of Willoughby came the City of Willoughby and the municipalities of Mosman, Lane Cove, North Sydney was formerly known as St. Leonards. Most of the North Shore suburbs are part of the Hawkesbury Plateau, the Plateau begins north of the Port Jackson and runs up until the Hawkesbury River. Thus much of the North Shore is hilly with steep valleys running down into the harbour. These ridges and valleys were populated with dry sclerophyll forest. There are many parks and areas of the sclerophyll forest adjacent to and within residential areas. The Lane Cove National Park and the Garigal National Park include many areas of remnant bushland adjacent to the Lane Cove River, there is excellent bushwalking, abseiling and bouldering around Lindfield and North Turramurra. Gordon houses one of Sydneys largest bat colonies in a bat reserve leading to Middle Harbour, the Upper North Shore usually refers to the suburbs between Chatswood and Hornsby. It is made up of the handful of suburbs located within Ku-ring-gai, the affluent area is known for its clean leafy streets, stately homes and high property prices. Ku-ring-gai was rated as having the one quality of life in Australia in the BankWest Quality of Life Index 2008. The Lower North Shore refers to the Sydney Harbour Peninsula that is located on the side of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The three bodies of water surround the Lower North Shore are Lane Cove River on its western border, Sydney harbour on its south side
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Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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Local government in Australia
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Local government in Australia is the third tier of government in Australia administered by the states and territories, which in turn are beneath the federal tier. Local government is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and two referenda in the 1970s and 1980s to alter the Constitution relating to local government were unsuccessful, every state government recognises local government in their respective constitutions. Unlike Canada, or the United States there is one level of local government in each state. In August 2016 there were 547 local councils in Australia, despite the single level of local government in Australia, there are a number of extensive areas with relatively low populations which are not a part of any local government area. Despite this, they occupy a role in each state. State-based departments oversee local councils and may intervene in their affairs, the first official local government in Australia was the Perth Town Trust, established in 1838, only three years after British settlement. The Adelaide Corporation followed, created by the province of South Australia in October 1840, the City of Melbourne and the Sydney Corporation followed, both in 1842. Council representatives attended conventions before Federation, however local government was regarded as outside the Constitutional realm. In the 1970s, the Whitlam Government expanded the level of funding to local governments in Australia beyond grants for road construction, general purpose grants become available for the first time. Significant reforms took place in the 1980s and 1990s in which state governments used metrics, each state conducted an inquiry into the benefits of council amalgamations during the 1990s. In the early 1990s, Victoria saw the number of local councils reduced from 210 to 78, South Australia, Tasmania and Queensland saw some reductions in the number of local governments while Western Australia and New South Wales rejected compulsory mergers. New South Wales eventually forced the merging of some councils, the main purpose of amalgamating councils was for greater efficiency and to improve operations, but forced amalgamation of councils is sometimes seen as a dilution of representative democracy. An increase in the range of services offered by councils, the council mergers have resulted in widespread job losses and lingering resentment from some whose roles have experienced a larger workload. The growth of the Regional Organisations of Councils has also been a factor in local government reform in Australia, in 1995, there were 50 such agreements across the country. A2002 study identified 55 ROCs with the largest involving 18 councils, Local governments are subdivisions of the states and the Northern Territory. Although they are all identical in function, Australian local governments have a variety of names. The term local government area is used to refer collectively to all local governments regardless of status, whilst the local governing body itself is generally known as a council. Today, the borough, city, district, municipality, region, shire, town, community government, Aboriginal shire
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Ku-ring-gai Council
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Ku-ring-gai Council is a local government area in the north shore region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The region is named after the Kuringgai tribe who inhabited the area. Major transport routes through the area include the Pacific Highway and North Shore railway line, there are also many domestic gardens in the residential parts of Ku-ring-gai. The Mayor of Ku-ring-gai Council is Cr, at the 2012 local government election, David Ossip, aged 20 years, made history as he became the youngest person to ever be elected as a Councillor in the history of Ku-Ring-Gai Council. He was elected as the Councils Deputy Mayor in September 2015, aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0. 1% of the population, significantly below the national average of 2. 5%. The median age of people in the Ku-ring-gai Council area was 41 years, children aged 0 –14 years made up 20. 6% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 17. 4% of the population. Of people in the area aged 15 years and over,61. 5% were married and 6. 1% were either divorced or separated, a rate that is approximately half the national average. Population growth in the Ku-ring-gai Council area between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 0. 93% and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, the median weekly income for residents within the Ku-ring-gai Council area was significantly higher than the national average. At the 2011 Census, the area was diverse, with Asian languages spoken in more than 12% of households. Ku-ring-gai a Council is composed of ten Councillors elected proportionally as five separate wards, all Councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The Mayor is elected by the Councillors at the first meeting of the Council, the first leader of the council was elected at the first meeting on 8 December 1906, when Councillor William Cowan was elected as Shire President. There would not be a Deputy President until the election on 1 March 1920. On 22 September 1928, the Shire of Ku-ring-gai was proclaimed as the Municipality of Ku-ring-gai, in 1993, with the passing of a new Local Government Act, council was retitled as simply Ku-ring-gai Council and Aldermen were retitled as Councillors. During the term of former Planning Minister, Frank Sartor, planning law reforms were passed that gave development approval to a panel and this has been termed The Rape of Ku-ring-gai. The laws are intended to take development approval power away from local councils and to the Planning NSW, Planning panels are about to be introduced across New South Wales under recently passed planning reforms. In 2005-06, Ku-ring-gai had the second highest reported total development value in the state - A$1.7 billion, more than Parramatta, the proposal is currently on hold, pending a legal challenge initiated by the council. Ku-Ring-Gai Council Ku-Ring-Gai Art Centre and Gallery Artabase page
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Hornsby Shire
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Hornsby Shire is a local government area in the northern region of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire stretches from the M2 Hills Motorway in the south to the Hawkesbury River town of Wisemans Ferry, as at the 2011 Census the Shire had an estimated population of 156,847. The Mayor of Hornsby Shire is Cr Steve Russell, a member of the Liberal Party, a 2015 review of local government boundaries by the NSW Government Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal recommended that Hornsby Shire merge with adjoining councils. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 0. 4% of the population, the median age of people in the Hornsby Shire was 39 years. Children aged 0 –14 years made up 19. 4% of the population and people aged 65 years, of people in the area aged 15 years and over,57. 9% were married and 8. 0% were either divorced or separated. Population growth in the Hornsby Shire between the 2001 Census and the 2006 Census was 4. 58% and in the subsequent five years to the 2011 Census, the median weekly income for residents within the Hornsby Shire was higher than the national average. Hornsby Shire Council is composed of ten Councillors, including the Mayor, for a fixed term of office. The Mayor is directly elected while the nine other Councillors are elected proportionally as three separate wards, each electing three Councillors, in return he was granted land in the locality known as Hornsby Place. Hornsby Shire has remained rural for many decades. Some parts of this Shire were transferred in May 2016 due to New South Wales Local Government amalgamations, Hornsby calls itself the Bushland Shire. These provide large areas of parkland that form a green belt running from Sydney at the south to the Hawkesbury River at the Shires northern end. These parks are popular with day-trippers from all areas of Sydney. The northern half of Hornsby Shire remains an area, retaining a number of farmlands. The village of Galston is the centre of this rural area, the southern half of the Shire is urban, forming part of Sydneys suburbia. The Shire has two areas, in Hornsby and Thornleigh. The major commercial centres of the Shire, apart from Hornsbys central business district, are the suburbs of Pennant Hills, North Epping, suburbs including Epping were under Hornsby Shire. However they are transferred into other district councils including Parramatta City Council, the urban areas of Hornsby are serviced by two branches of the North Shore, Northern & Western Line) of the Sydney Trains network. The branches connect Hornsby to Chatswood via either Macquarie Park or Gordon, from Chatswood both branches proceed to the Sydney central business district
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Indigenous Australians
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Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture
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Lane Cove River
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The Lane Cove River, a northern tributary of the Parramatta River, is a youthful tide-dominated, drowned valley estuary west of Sydney Harbour, located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The picturesque river is a tributary of the Parramatta River, winding through a peaceful bushland valley and it joins Parramatta River at Greenwich and Woolwich, where together they form an arm of Sydney Harbour. The Lane Cove River rises near Thornleigh and flows south for about 15 kilometres. Its catchment area is approximately 95.4 square kilometres, the upper reaches are in a narrow, forested valley eroded into the North Shore Plateau. The middle reaches are impounded by a weir just upstream of Fullers Bridge, sections of the valley are richly forested and are protected within the Lane Cove National Park, an area of 598 hectares, formerly a State Recreation Area. The lower reaches of the Lane Cove River, downstream from the weir near Fullers Bridge, are tidal, there are significant areas of mangrove communities along the shores. The confluence of the river is with Scout Creek in Lane Cove National Park at Cheltenham, at North Epping, still within the confines of the national park, it is joined by Devlins Creek from the south and Terrys Creek near Macquarie Park. Devlin Creek was named after the Devlin family, who lived in Willandra, the area surrounding the river, no more than 1 kilometre wide, is called Lane Cove National Park, and is a site of ecological importance, listed on the Australian Register of the National Estate. It contains a community of fungi, significant by international standards. A popular caravan park and campground known as Lane Cove River Tourist Park is located on the side of the valley above the river. The Lane Cove River is the site of many old trails and tracks and they are now used extensively for recreational purposes. Many of them have been incorporated into the Great North Walk and this trail passes along the Lane Cove River between Boronia Avenue, Hunters Hill, and Thornleigh Oval, Thornleigh. On the east side of Thornleigh Oval, the trail makes use of Lorna Pass, the pass was named after Lorna Brand, who raised money for the work. From 1913 to the early 1970s, the Swan family operated a picnic area called Fairyland, the area was originally a market garden, but the family turned it into a picnic area when they realized the commercial potential. Facilities were developed to the point where Fairyland had its own footbridge, BBQ fireplaces, boat swing, razzle dazzle ride, shelter, dance hall, the area has now returned to nature and is contained within the Lane Cove National Park. The Great North Walk passes through it, harry Smith was a businessman who owned land in what is now the Marsfield area. Smith created an area in a section of his property he called Curzon Park. The picnic area has long since returned to nature, but a set of stone steps can still be seen at the top of the escarpment above the river and it is almost certain that Smith had these steps built to provide access to the picnic area
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Gordon, New South Wales
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East Gordon is a locality within Gordon and West Gordon within West Pymble. The name Gordon first appears as the name of the parish covering most of the upper north shore. This is believed to commemorate Sir Willoughby Gordon, with whom he had served during the Peninsular War, the survey parish, and later suburb and municipality of Willoughby also commemorates his name. Settlement of the area commenced about 1820, the early settlement at Gordon was originally known as Lane Cove. The earliest school at Lane Cove, as Gordon was then known, was established at the behest of Governor Macquarie in 1816, the first Lane Cove Post Office opened on 1 February 1860. The name of the village and Post Office was changed to Gordon, after the Gordondale estate of Robert McIntosh, Gordon Railway Station on the North Shore Line was built in 1888. Gordon Public School, now used as a library, was constructed in 1878 on the Pacific Highway, a Gothic Revival style was used in accordance with the tradition that educational buildings, like churches, were designed in a Gothic style. A second block was added in 1912, the school was originally called Lane Cove School, and the name was officially changed to Gordon Public School in November 1885. The school buildings are one of the few remaining buildings date back to the pioneering days of northern Sydney. It is listed on the Register of the National Estate, the Gordon Public School was closed in 1989, however East Gordon Public School and West Gordon Public School remain nearby. Annie Wyatt was the founder of the National Trust in Australia and she lived for a time in a single-storey cottage in Park Avenue. Gordon railway station is on the North Shore, Northern & Western Line of the Sydney Trains network with frequent commuter services. The railway station was built in 1888 and has an important heritage relationship with its landscaped gardens, lifts to the platforms have been a recent addition. A bus stop outside the station is a terminus for various routes including those to St Ives, West Pymble, Mona Vale/Warriewood and these are operated by two different bus companies, Transdev NSW and Forest Coach Lines. At the 2011 census,28. 9% of employed people travelled to work on public transport and 47. 6% by car, churches in Gordon comprise, St Johns Anglican Church, Gordon Uniting Church, Gordon Baptist Church and The Liberal Catholic Church of St. Francis. Gordon is home to two schools, Gordon East Public School Ravenswood School for Girls Gordon West Public School is named for the suburb, Gordon has a commercial area with many shops and restaurants along the Pacific Highway and around Gordon railway station. Gordon Centre, is a shopping centre owned by Charter Hall which includes a Harvey Norman, Woolworths, Gordon Centre was originally built as a Farmers & Co department store, now part of Myer, before reopening as Gordon Centre in 1985. Gordon Village Arcade is a shopping arcade also owned by Charter Hall, the administrative buildings for the local government area of Ku-ring-gai Council are located in Gordon
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IGA (Australian supermarket group)
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Independent Grocers of Australia is a Australian chain of supermarkets. IGA itself is owned by Metcash, but individual IGA stores are independently owned and it is the local variant of the international American-based Independent Grocers Association. Its main competitors are Woolworths, Coles and Aldi, IGA has over 5,000 stores in over 30 countries. IGA was brought to Australia by Davids Holdings in 1988 when 10 stores became members of IGA, there are over 1400 IGA stores in Australia. Deliveries were sourced from Queensland, rather than Metcash in Blacktown, in 2006, these stores returned to IGAs and Metcash. IGA was launched in Queensland and northern New South Wales in 1998, there are now over 200 stores operating from Port Macquarie to Cooktown, and west to Mount Isa. After the takeover of FAL Foodland Associated Limited from Perth, Action Supermarkets across Queensland, on 1 July 2010, it was announced that all 85 Franklins stores had been sold to Metcash for A$215 million, to become part of the IGA chain. In South Australia, large IGA supermarkets are branded as Foodland rather than Supa IGA, small-to-medium supermarkets and convenience stores using the IGA brand also exist. The IGA brand is used by retailers belonging to the Tasmanian Independent Retailers cooperative, there is no formal trading relationship with IGA retailers in Tasmania and Metcash Limited, merely an agreement between Tasmanian Independent Retailers and Metcash for use of the IGA brand. SIW also supplies Tasmanian Woolworths stores, progressively, the relationship between TIR and Metcash Ltd. has allowed for greater involvement for Tasmanian IGA retailers in national IGA programs. IGA Everyday, a medium format store which exist mostly in regional areas and it had been known as Value Plus IGA, and before that as Sams Cut Price Stores. Supa IGA, Full service supermarket, in competition with the major chains. It had been known as Festival IGA, and before that as Festival Supermarkets, Everyday was added to the IGA medium format channel in Tasmania to differentiate it from the other two channels. This was required as Tasmanian Independent Retailers have traditionally provided extensive channel-specific advertising for its members, there are 3 IGA business channels in Western Australia, Supa IGA, IGA, Progressive Supa IGA. In 2005 Metcash Limited purchased Foodland Associated Limited, a group of 11 Action supermarkets was sold to a consortium and these stores now trade as Progressive Supa IGA. Metcash still holds a percentage interest in these stores, the rest of the Action Supermarkets were sold to independent grocery operators who trade as Supa IGA. IGA Western Australias Head Office is still located at 218 Bannister Road Canning Vale, Action consisted of 34 Action stores in Western Australia, and 40 in Queensland and northern New South Wales. IGA Western Australias slogan is How the WA Locals Like It, Foodland Associated Limited has used these store trading names, Action Supermarkets, Full service supermarkets, in direct competition with the major chains
28.
Sydney Adventist Hospital
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Sydney Adventist Hospital, commonly known as the San, is a large private hospital in Sydney, Australia, located on Fox Valley Road in Wahroonga. Established on 1 January 1903, as an organisation, it was originally named the Sydney Sanitarium from which its colloquial name was derived. The hospital is operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church, whose South Pacific Division headquarters are located in the vicinity of the San. The hospital offers a range of acute medical, surgical, diagnostic, outpatient, support and wellness services. As a not-for-profit health care facility,2,200 staff and 700 accredited medical officers provide services for more than 50,000 inpatients, the hospital is the base for the nursing course offered by Avondale College. Sydney Sanitarium opened in Wahroonga on 1 January 1903 with a bed capacity of 70 and was known as a ‘home of health’, the original Hospital building was designed by Dr Merritt Kellogg, brother of Dr John Harvey Kellogg. The Sanitarium became widely known as the ‘San’, and today, many years after its 1973 official name change to Sydney Adventist Hospital, the Hospital was rebuilt in 1973 and became an acute care institution. Since then almost 100 HCO trips to 13 countries have made with over 2,850 surgeries performed. In 2007 the 21st anniversary of the first trip was celebrated, surgeries have now been expanded to cover cleft palate defect repair, orthopaedic surgery, burns scar contracture repair, and uterine prolapse. In 2005 the Hospital in the Home program commenced at the San, in 2006 the San won the prestigious national Australian Private Hospital Award for Clinical Excellence. The San also become home to the Southern Hemisphere’s first Dual Source Computerised Tomography Scanner in the same year, Sydney Adventist Hospital offers acute surgical, medical and obstetric care. On-site accommodation is available at Jacaranda Lodge for outpatients, family members who live far from the hospital, Jacaranda Lodge also houses the extensive Cancer Support Centre and services. The San Clinic opened in 2003 adjacent to the hospital, Sydney Adventist Hospital also owns two other hospitals. The San Day Surgery Hornsby is a day surgery facility located near Hornsby Hospital. In July 2010, Dalcross Adventist Hospital was purchased in nearby Killara, Dalcross has over 50 beds and offers ophthalmic, vascular, spinal and other surgical services
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Globalstar
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Globalstar is a low Earth orbit satellite constellation for satellite phone and low-speed data communications, somewhat similar to the Iridium satellite constellation and Orbcomm satellite systems. The Globalstar second-generation constellation will consist of 24 Low Earth Orbiting satellites, the Globalstar project was launched in 1991 as a joint venture of Loral Corporation and Qualcomm. At that time, the predicted the system would launch in 1998. Globalstar received its US spectrum allocation from the FCC in January 1995, in February 2000, it launched the last of 52 satellites—48 satellites and four in-orbit spares. Another eight unlaunched satellites were maintained as ground spares, in October 1999, the system began friendly user trials with 44 of 48 planned satellites. In December 1999, the system began limited commercial service for 200 users with the full 48 satellites, in February 2000, it began full commercial service with its 48 satellites and 4 spares in North America, Europe and Brazil. On February 15,2002, the predecessor company Globalstar and three of its subsidiaries filed voluntary petitions under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code, in 2004, restructuring of the old Globalstar was completed. Thermo Capital Partners, became the principal owner, Globalstar LLC was formed as a Delaware limited liability company in November 2003, and was converted into Globalstar, Inc. on March 17,2006. In 2007, Globalstar launched eight additional first-generation spare satellites into space to compensate for the premature failure of their in-orbit satellites. Between 2010 and 2013, Globalstar launched 24 second-generation satellites in an effort to restore their system to full service. Between 2010 and 2011, Globalstar moved its headquarters from Silicon Valley to Covington, Louisiana in part to take advantage of the tax breaks. Globalstar is a provider of mobile satellite voice and data services, Globalstar offers these services to commercial and recreational users in more than 120 countries around the world. The Companys products include mobile and fixed satellite telephones, simplex and duplex satellite data modems, in late 2007, Globalstar subsidiary SPOT LLC launched a handheld satellite messaging and tracking personal safety device known as the SPOT Satellite Messenger. Many land based and maritime industries make use of the various Globalstar products and services from areas beyond the reach of cellular. Globalstar data solutions are used for a variety of asset and personal tracking, data monitoring and Supervisory Control, a network of ground gateway stations provides connectivity from the 40 satellites to the public switched telephone network and Internet. A satellite must have a Gateway station in view to provide service to any users it may see, twenty Four Globalstar Gateways are located around the world, including 7 in North America. Globalstar Gateways are the largest cellular base stations in the world with a capacity for over 10,000 concurrent phone calls over a coverage area that is roughly 50% of the size of the USA. Globalstar supports CDMA technology such as the receiver and soft handoffs
30.
South Pacific Division of Seventh-day Adventists
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Its headquarters is in Wahroonga, Australia. It is made up of four regional offices and they are the Australian Union Conference, New Zealand Pacific Union Conference, Papua New Guinea Union Mission and Trans-Pacific Union Mission. On May 10,1885,11 Americans set sail on the Australia from San Francisco with hopes to “open up a mission in Australia”. While Haskell and Israel stayed in Sydney, the others went on a ride in a small coastal steamer to Melbourne. The first Seventh-day Adventist church in Australia was the Melbourne Seventh-day Adventist Church, Pastor Stephen Haskell, one of the pioneer missionaries to Australia, was also keen to spread the message throughout New Zealand, which he had visited briefly on his initial voyage to Australia. He returned to Auckland four months later to begin marketing the soon-to-be-released religious paper, The Bible Echo and Signs of the Times, Daniells had astounding success through his dynamic preaching and on October 15,1887, he opened the first Seventh-day Adventist church in New Zealand at Ponsonby. Daniells would eventually go on to become the president of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. John Tay, an American, was the first Seventh-day Adventist to visit the Cook Islands, during his visit in 1886 Tay sold Adventist literature to the people there. Another missionary voyage to the Pitcairn Islands provided an opportunity to sell literature. Dr Joseph and his wife Julia accepted a request to stay on the island as permanent doctor, Julia, a schoolteacher, opened an English-language school. Along with them remained Dudley and Sarah Owen and Maud Young, the five Adventists worshipped regularly with the London Missionary Society believers in their church in Avarua. The services were conducted in English, but many islanders attended as well, the first Adventist contact in Fiji was the arrival of the ship the Pitcairn in 1891. The Pitcairn missionaries began to conduct meetings for the Fijians, two of the missionaries, John and Hannah Tay, remained in Suva while the others journeyed to neighbouring islands to sell books to the Fijians. After six months in Fiji John Tay died, bringing his contribution to Adventist evangelism in the Pacific to a premature end, by 1895, more Adventist missionaries arrived to deliver the Advent message, these included John Fulton and family, and Pastor John Cole and his wife. During Fultons effort to translate books into Fijian, Pauliasi became convinced of the accuracy of the Seventh-day Sabbath, in those days, Seventh-day Adventists were often referred to by Fijian locals as lotu savasava or the clean church. This was based on the Adventist doctrine emphasising healthy living which includes a ban on the consumption of pork, alcohol, tobacco, caffeine, four Adventist schools were established to reach the different ethnic and religious divisions of Fiji. Fulton College was founded three of these schools combined. Its mission was to provide training, teacher training and technical instruction
31.
North Shore, Northern & Western Line
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The North Shore, Northern & Western Line is a commuter rail line operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It serves the North Shore, Northern Suburbs and parts of the Inner West, following victory in the 2011 New South Wales election, the OFarrell Government embarked on reform of transport in New South Wales. In November 2011, a new organisation, Transport for NSW, was created to improve planning and coordination of transport projects, the organisation developed a new rail timetable and branding, which was put into effect on 20 October 2013. This saw the merger of the North Shore Line and Western Line with the Northern Line, a new numbering system was also introduced and the line was given the number T1. The North Shore, Northern & Western Line utilises a number of different railway lines and is the result of various schemes to link the lines together, the line is centred around the Main Suburban railway line which runs from Central to Granville. The Main Northern and Main Western lines branch from the Main Suburban Line, the North Shore Line branches from the Main Northern Line and was later extended through the city and connected to the Main Suburban Line as well. The Epping to Chatswood line provides a connection between the Main Northern and North Shore lines, enabling the creation of the North Shore. The Main Western line opened to Penrith in 1863 as a branch from the junction with the Main South line at Granville, electrification reached Parramatta in 1928 and Penrith in 1955. A branch line was opened to Richmond in 1864 under the stewardship of engineer James Moore, electrification from Riverstone to Richmond opened in August 1991. Through running to and from Sydney commenced in 1992, Trains from the Main Western and Richmond lines run as the Western Line. The North Shore line was opened on 1 January 1890 between Hornsby and St Leonards, the line was extended to the Sydney Harbour foreshore at Milsons Point in 1893. Transport between this original Milsons Point station and central Sydney was by ferry boat, the line was electrified in 1927. The result is that the two ends of the North Shore Line link to the Sydney railway system at Central and Hornsby, the traditional Northern Line was the suburban portion of the Main Northern line which opened in 1886 and was electrified in 1926. When the Sydney Harbour Bridge was opened, the Northern Line was connected to the City underground, in 2009 the Epping to Chatswood line was opened. The traditional Northern line route ran from Hornsby to North Sydney via Strathfield, the Northern Line was colour coded red prior to being merged with the North Shore and Western lines. After merging, the Northern Line loop was split on weekdays, in 2018 the Epping to Chatwood line will be closed and be converted to a metro. As a result, the traditional Northern line route from Hornsby to Central via Strathfield will be reinstated with expanded train services on the North Shore line and this will coincide the proposed new timetable that year. The route is complex and features many branches and it passes through a number of business districts and major centres, namely Hornsby, Macquarie Park, Chatswood, North Sydney, the Central Business District, Parramatta, Blacktown and Penrith
32.
Sydney Trains
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Sydney Trains is the suburban passenger rail network serving the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The network is a hybrid suburban-commuter railway with a central core that covers over 815 km of track and 178 stations over 7 lines. During weekend services trains are frequent with headways of upwards of a half-hour on outer stations with frequencies of less than 10 minutes in the underground core. The network is controlled by the New South Wales Governments transport authority, Transport for NSW, in 2015-16,322 million passenger journeys were made on the network. The Sydney Trains network is operated by a government owned organisation–also called Sydney Trains–that replaced the government operator. In May 2012 the Minister for Transport announced a restructure of RailCorp, intercity and Hunter Line services previously operated by CityRail are now operated by NSW TrainLink which was also formed as part of the restructure. RailCorp was left as the owner of the network infrastructure, in April 2013 the Sydney Trains logo was unveiled. The first expansion of the Sydney suburban network during the Sydney Trains era occurred in 2015 when the South West Rail Link opened between Glenfield and Leppington. The network will reduce in size over the years as sections of the network are transferred to the city’s metro. The line between Chatswood and Epping will form part of Sydney Metro Northwest and will close for conversion in 2018, the section of line between Sydenham and Bankstown will form part of Sydney Metro City & Southwest. This is due to open in 2024, the section of line between Camellia and Carlingford will form part of the Parramatta Light Rail network. Construction is expected to be completed by 2023, the following table lists patronage figures for the network during the corresponding financial year. Australias financial years start on 1 July and end on 30 June, major events that affected the number of journeys made or how patronage is measured are included as notes. Sydney Trains operates seven suburban lines across metropolitan Sydney, in conjunction with a new timetable released on 20 October 2013, the Sydney Trains network was reorganised with a new numbering system. The number of lines was reduced from eleven to seven by grouping some lines together, the main hub of the Sydney Trains system is Central Station, which most lines pass through. Central is also the terminus of most NSW TrainLink lines, after leaving Central, trains coming from the T2 Airport, Inner West & South Line and T3 Bankstown Line then travel through the City Circle - a ring line serving the Sydney Central Business District. After completing the City Circle, these pass through Central for a second time. The T1 North Shore, Northern & Western Line and T4 Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra Line pass through the Central Business District and continue on to other areas of Sydney
33.
Newcastle, New South Wales
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Located 162 kilometres north-northeast of Sydney, at the mouth of the Hunter River, it is the predominant city within the Hunter Region. Famous for its coal, Newcastle is the largest coal exporting harbour in the world, beyond the city, the Hunter Region possesses large coal deposits. Geologically, the area is located in the part of the Sydney basin. Newcastle and the lower Hunter Region were traditionally occupied by the Awabakal and Worimi Aboriginal People, in September 1797 Lieutenant John Shortland became the first European settler to explore the area. His discovery of the area was largely accidental, as he had sent in search of a number of convicts who had seized HMS Cumberland as she was sailing from Sydney Cove. While returning, Lt. Shortland entered what he described as a very fine river. He returned with reports of the port and the areas abundant coal. Over the next two years, coal mined from the area was the New South Wales colonys first export, Newcastle gained a reputation as a hellhole as it was a place where the most dangerous convicts were sent to dig in the coal mines as harsh punishment for their crimes. By the start of the 19th century the mouth of the Hunter River was being visited by groups of men, including coal diggers, timber-cutters. Philip Gidley King, the Governor of New South Wales from 1800, in 1801, a convict camp called Kings Town was established to mine coal and cut timber. In the same year, the first shipment of coal was dispatched to Sydney and this settlement closed less than a year later. A settlement was attempted in 1804, as a place of secondary punishment for unruly convicts. The settlement was named Coal River, also Kingstown and then renamed Newcastle, the new settlement, comprising convicts and a military guard, arrived at the Hunter River on 27 March 1804 in three ships, HMS Lady Nelson, the Resource and the James. The convicts were rebels from the 1804 Castle Hill convict rebellion, Morpeth, New South Wales is a similar distance north of Newcastle as Morpeth, Northumberland is north of Newcastle upon Tyne. Under Captain James Wallis, commandant from 1815 to 1818, the conditions improved. The quality of these first buildings was poor, and only breakwater survives, during this period, in 1816, the oldest public school in Australia was built in East Newcastle. Newcastle remained a settlement until 1822, when the settlement was opened up to farming. As a penal colony, the rule was harsh, especially at Limeburners Bay
34.
Transdev NSW
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Transdev NSW is an Australian bus operator in the northern, southern and western suburbs of Sydney on behalf of Transport for New South Wales. It is a subsidiary of Transdev Australasia, the origins of the company that is now Transdev NSW can be traced back to February 1935 when GH Ramsay commenced a bus service between Sutherland station and Woronora River. It was sold to Mayman Brothers in 1948 and Doug and Barry Smith in 1966 trading as Woronora Bus Company, following the opening of the Alfords Point Bridge in September 1973 the service was extended to Padstow station. The operation was renamed Menai Bus Service, in August 1988 Menai Bus Service was purchased by Ron Deane who at the time operated Deanes Coaches on the North Shore. In March 1989 the Hurstville to Bankstown and Lugarno services of Peakhurst Coaches were purchased, in July 1989 the business of Hadfields Bus Lines, Engadine were purchased and at this point, all the operations were rebranded as Southtrans. In October 1990, three routes were transferred from South Western Coach Lines, followed in December 1990 by two routes from Sutherland Bus Service, in September 1999 Southtrans was sold to Connex and renamed Connex Southtrans. It was renamed again to Connex NSW in 2002, in January 2005, the Granville and Bankstown routes of Baxters Bus Lines were transferred to Connex and Transit First and became part of Region 13. In April 2006 the company was renamed Veolia Transport NSW as part of a global re-branding exercise, soon after, Veolia undertook a re-organisation and simplification of its route services across Region 13 in September 2006 and Region 10 in November 2007. However, many of the altered Region 10 bus routes were restored to their original state due to a severe decline in passenger numbers. The idea to make bus services straighter did not have a reception with passengers who preferred convenience as opposed to speed for the sake of it on shorter routes. In February 2007 Veolia bought out its Region 13 partner Transit First which included the transfer of 86 buses,15 routes and this purchase also saw Veolia move their head office from Taren Point to Bankstown Airport. In January 2009 Region 11 operator Crowthers was purchased followed in October 2011 by fellow Region 11 operator Caringbah Bus Service, in March 2011, Veolia Transport worldwide merged with Transdev, to form Veolia Transdev. As a result, in July 2013, Veolia Transport NSW was renamed Transdev NSW, later that year, fellow Transdev Australasia subsidiary Transdev Shorelink Buses, was also absorbed into the Transdev NSW business. Rebranding of all Transdev NSW buses to the new Transdev logo took place in mid 2014, a new website for all Transdev NSW public bus operations was opened on 8 September 2014. A separate website has also set up to manage its charter operations. Transdev NSW operates the Region 10,11,12 and 13 commuter bus services contract to Transport for NSW. Regions 10 services were operated by the company since early 2000s. Region 11 and 13 services became fully operated by the company after the acquisition of bus companies such as Transit First in the late 2000s
35.
Harry Seidler
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Seidler designed more than 180 buildings and he received much recognition for his contribution to the architecture of Australia. He was a controversial figure throughout his career as he regularly publicly criticised planning authorities. Seidler was born in Vienna, the son of a Jewish textile manufacturer and he fled as a teenager to England soon after Nazi Germany occupied Austria in 1938. In England, he studied building and construction at Cambridgeshire Technical School, after working briefly for an architectural firm in Toronto, Seidler was registered as an architect in Canada in early 1945. He became a Canadian citizen in mid 1946, although he was ten years old when the Bauhaus was closed, Seidlers analysts invariably associate him with the Bauhaus because he later studied under emigrent Bauhaus teachers in the USA. He then attended Black Mountain College under the painter Josef Albers in mid 1946, Seidler then worked as the first ever assistant to Marcel Breuer in New York from late 1946-mid 1948. Seidlers parents migrated to Sydney in 1946, and in early 1948, Seidler arrived in Sydney in July 1948, with no intention to remain in Australia, but to stay only until the house was finished. The house became known as the Rose Seidler House, in Wahroonga and this project was the first completely modern domestic residence to fully express the philosophy and visual language of the Bauhaus in Australia and won the Sulman Award of 1951. From the huge publicity of this house, others approached Seidler to design their homes, with so many clients and his enjoyment of the Sydney climate and harbour views, Seidler decided to stay in Australia. The Rose Seidler House became a house-museum in 1991, in the 1960s Seidler again broke new ground with his design for the Australia Square project. At the time, the Australia Square tower was the worlds tallest light weight concrete building, the design introduced the concept of a large public open plaza and prominent artworks to office towers in Australia. In 1966, he helped lead the protests to try to keep Jorn Utzon as the architect of the Sydney Opera House. He was a member of the Australian Architecture Association. For 50 years Harry Seidler has played a role in international architecture. His work is recognised as an original and intensely creative contribution to the architecture of the second half of the 20th Century. Harry Seidler travelled to Australia in 1948 on his Canadian passport and he became an Australian citizen in late 1958 so he would have a passport to travel for work and on his honeymoon. Harry Seidler married Penelope Evatt, daughter of Clive Evatt on 15 December 1958, Seidler enjoyed photographing architecture around the world and some of these are documented in his photography book The Grand Tour. Penelope Seidler, herself an architect, gained her Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Sydney and joined Seidler and Associates in 1964 as architect and she co-designed the Harry & Penelope Seidler House in Killara which won the NSW Wilkinson award of 1967
36.
John Horbury Hunt
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John Horbury Hunt was a Canadian-born architect who worked in Sydney, Australia and rural New South Wales from 1863. Born in Saint John, New Brunswick, the son of a builder, Hunt was trained in Boston, Massachusetts and he worked in Sydney with Edmund Blacket for seven years prior to pursuing his own practice. His output was varied and included cathedrals, churches, chapels, houses, homesteads, stables. Probably his first building designed in Australia was the Superintendents Residence at the Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, a few years later he designed the Catherine Hayes Hospital, which was also built at the Prince of Wales Hospital, with the design modified by Thomas Rowe. In Armidale, New South Wales, he designed St Peters Anglican Cathedral and Booloominbah and it has been said that Undoubtedly men such as Hunt. Have, through their buildings and their ideas, stiffened the intellectual backbone of Australian architecture and he was instrumental in bringing the North American Shingle Style to Australia. The outstanding example of style was Highlands, a two-storey home designed by Hunt. Situated in Highlands Avenue, Wahroonga, Sydney, Highlands is listed on the Register of the National Estate, another notable example is Pibrac, designed by Hunt for Frederick Ecclestone du Faur. Pibrac is also on the Register of the National Estate, Hunt was ruined by the Depression of the 1890s. He died in Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, eleven days after suffering from Brights disease. His personal effects, recorded in the hospital Admission Book, consisted of a metal box and he was buried at South Head Cemetery, Vaucluse, Sydney. He was close to destitute at the time of his death and his home, Cranbrook Cottage, had been repossessed by the mortgagor, it was demolished in 1925 to make room for the widening of New South Head Road. The site of the cottage is marked by a rock garden. Havilah, homestead Hunter Valley NSW Riversdale House at Chevalier College, Burradoo, architecture of Australia Francis Greenway Edmund Blacket John H. Buckeridge John Horbury Hunt, Radical Architect 1838–1904, author, Peter Reynolds, Historic Houses Trust Of New Sou,2008. Architect Extraordinary – the Life and Work of John Horbury Hunt, 1838–1904, author, J. M. Freeland, Cassell, Historic Houses Trust of NSW – John Horbury Hunt – Radical Architect St Peters Cathedral, Armidale – History Australian Dictionary of Biography Booloominbah and other buildings
37.
Arts and Crafts movement
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It stood for traditional craftsmanship using simple forms, and often used medieval, romantic, or folk styles of decoration. It advocated economic and social reform and was essentially anti-industrial and it had a strong influence on the arts in Europe until it was displaced by Modernism in the 1930s, and its influence continued among craft makers, designers, and town planners long afterwards. It was inspired by the ideas of architect Augustus Pugin, writer John Ruskin, the movement developed earliest and most fully in the British Isles, and spread across the British Empire and to the rest of Europe and North America. It was largely a reaction against the perceived impoverished state of the arts at the time. The Arts and Crafts style emerged from the attempt to reform design, but it was as much a movement of social reform as design reform and its leading practitioners did not separate the two. The art historian Nikolaus Pevsner has said that exhibits in the Great Exhibition showed ignorance of basic need in creating patterns. Owen Jones, for example, declared that Ornament, fiona MacCarthy says that unlike later zealots like Gandhi, William Morris had no practical objections to the use of machinery per se so long as the machines produced the quality he needed. Morriss followers also had differing views or changed their minds over time. C. R. Ashbee, for example, a figure in the Arts and Crafts Movement. At the time of his Guild of Handicraft, initiated in 1888, he said, We do not reject the machine, but we would desire to see it mastered. Morris insisted that the artist should be a working by hand and advocated a society of free craftspeople. Because craftsmen took pleasure in their work, he wrote, the Middle Ages was a period of greatness in the art of the common people. The treasures in our museums now are only the common used in households of that age. Medieval art was the model for much Arts and Crafts design and medieval life, before capitalism, the founders of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society did not insist that the designer should also be the maker. Peter Floud, writing in the 1950s, said that The founders of the Society, never executed their own designs, but invariably turned them over to commercial firms. The Arts and Crafts Movement was associated with socialist ideas in the persons of Morris, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, Walter Crane, Ashbee, in the early 1880s Morris was spending more of his time on socialist propaganda than on designing and making. Ashbee established a community of craftsmen, the Guild of Handicraft, in east London and those adherents who were not socialists, for example, Alfred Hoare Powell, advocated a more humane and personal relationship between employer and employee. Lewis Foreman Day, a successful and influential Arts and Crafts designer, was not a socialist either
38.
Shingle style architecture
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In the Shingle style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed the 1876 celebration of the Centennial. The plain, shingled surfaces of buildings were adopted. Aside from being a style of design, the style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume, perhaps the most famous Shingle-style house built in American was Kragsyde the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky shore near Manchester-By-the-Sea, Massachusetts. The William G. Low House, designed by McKim, Mead & White, many of the concepts of the Shingle style were adopted by Gustav Stickley, and adapted to the American version of the Arts and Crafts Movement. Additionally, there are other notable styles of Victorian architecture, including Italianate, Second Empire, Folk. Some concentrations of shingle-style architecture are listed in the U. S. National Register of Historic Places and this was followed by several magazine articles on the subject, culminating in Scullys The Shingle Style with the Stick Style in 1971 and The Shingle Style Today in 1974. This impression of the passage of time is enhanced by the use of shingles, some architects, in order to attain a weathered look on a new building, had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried and then installed, to leave a grayish tinge to the façade. Shingle-style houses often use a single, large roof, such as a gambrel or hip roof, the houses thus emanate a more pronounced mass and a greater emphasis on horizontality. The Shingle Style eventually spread beyond North America, in Australia, it was introduced by the Canadian architect John Horbury Hunt in the nineteenth century. Some of his Shingle Style homes still survive and are heritage-listed, some of his most notable examples of the style are Highlands, a home in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga, and Pibrac, in the nearby suburb of Warrawee. The latter house has featured in a television commercial. Gatehouse, also in Wahroonga, was not one of Hunts designs, Victorian architecture Queen Anne style architecture in the United States Scully, Vincent. ISBN 0-8076-0760-6 About Shingle architecture, photo-essay at About. Com Definition with examples at Phorio Standards
39.
Register of the National Estate
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The Register of the National Estate was a heritage register that listed natural and cultural heritage places in Australia that was closed in 2007. It has been replaced by the Australian National Heritage List and the Commonwealth Heritage List, the register was initially compiled between 1976 and 2003 by the Australian Heritage Commission, after which the register was maintained by the Australian Heritage Council. The expression national estate was first used by the British architect Clough Williams-Ellis and it was incorporated into the Australian Heritage Commission Act and is used to describe a collection of buildings and sites that are worthy of preservation for a variety of reasons. It covers natural environments as well as European history and Aboriginal culture, anyone could suggest that a certain site should be listed on the Register of the National Estate. A nomination form was provided and was submitted to an expert group for evaluation. If a place was accepted for listing, the nomination is declared in the Commonwealth Gazette, the Heritage Council eventually made a decision after the public has had time to comment and raise possible objections. The listing, if it took place, was based on an assessment of the values of the place, whether aesthetic, historic, scientific, or social significance. The listing did not impose any legal obligations on private owners, companies, the Australian Heritage Council had to be consulted if any government wanted to take a course of action that might have an adverse effect on a listed subject. The Council itself could not make decisions on a course of action. The Register of the National Estate was frozen in February 2007
40.
William Hardy Wilson
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William Hardy Wilson was an Australian architect, artist and author. He is regarded as one of the most outstanding architects of the twentieth century, Wilson was born in Campbelltown, New South Wales in 1881, the second son of William and Jessie Wilson, and attended Newington College. He was a brother of David Wilson KC. The following year he was articled to the firm of Kent & Budden, during this period he took instruction in art from Sydney Long. Upon completion of his articles he went to England and successfully sat for the intermediate, in London his circle of friends included George Washington Lambert and Arthur Streeton, and he served as secretary of the Chelsea Arts Club. Wilson travelled widely in Europe and the United States of America, after returning to Sydney in 1910, he married Margaret McKenzie, and in 1913 he went into partnership with Stacey Neave. Wilson exhibited regularly with the Society of Artists, and with artists he founded the Fine Arts Society. In 1923 his work was hung in the Exhibition of Australian Art at Burlington House, Wilson designed mainly homes and small commercial buildings. Having been impressed by the Colonial Revival style in the US, nowadays he is particularly remembered for three of his homes, all of them on Sydneys North Shore and all of them now heritage-listed. He is regarded as a key practitioner of the Inter-War Georgian Revival style, Eryldene, located in McIntosh Street, Gordon, was designed by Wilson and Prof. Eben Gowrie Waterhouse and built circa 1913. Wilson designed the layout of the gardens as well as garden structures like a gate, tea house, fountain, pigeon house, summerhouse. The garden is heritage-listed along with the house, the house shows the influence of the Indian bungalow style. It is open to the public at set times, macquarie Cottage, in Avon Road, Pymble, was built in 1918 in a Georgian Revival style. It is a single-storey house featuring deep eaves, a slate roof, purulia, located in Fox Valley Road, Warrawee, was Wilsons own home, designed in Georgian Revival style and built in 1913. It was considered unusual at the time, but eventually had a influence on the design of North Shore homes. It bears a resemblance to Eryldene, with similar gardens. In 1920 he published The Cow Pasture Road, and Wilson, the following year Wilson visited China, and his architectural style started at that time to include Oriental elements. Wilson contributed to Art in Australia, The Home, and The Sydney Morning Herald, in 1924 he published Old Colonial Architecture in New South Wales and Tasmania, a large book of his drawings undertaken between 1912 and 1922
41.
Colonial Revival architecture
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Colonial Revival architecture was and is a nationalistic design movement in the United States. The Centennial Exhibition of 1876 reawakened Americans to their colonial past, successive waves of revivals of British colonial architecture have swept the United States since 1876. In the 19th century, Colonial Revival took a formal style, public interest in the Colonial Revival style in the early 20th century helped popularize books and atmospheric photographs of Wallace Nutting showing scenes of New England. Historical attractions such as Colonial Williamsburg helped broaden exposure in the 1930s, in the post-World War II era, Colonial design elements were merged with the then popular ranch-style house design. In the early part of the 21st century, certain regions of the United States embraced aspects of Anglo-Caribbean, Colonial Revival sought to follow American colonial architecture of the period around the Revolutionary War, which drew strongly from Georgian architecture of Great Britain. Structures are typically two stories with the ridge running parallel to the street, have a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway. William Butler, Another City Upon a Hill, Litchfield, Connecticut, richard Guy Wilson and Noah Sheldon, The Colonial Revival House 2004. Richard Guy Wilson, Shaun Eyring and Kenny Marotta, Re-creating the American Past, Essays on the Colonial Revival 2006
42.
Berith Park, Wahroonga
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Berith Park is an historic house in the Sydney suburb of Wahroonga. It is listed as a Heritage item on the Ku-Ring-Gai Heritage register and is in a conservation area I Berith Park was designed by F. Ernest Stowe for Alfred Smith. Smith acquired the land in 1897 and the house was finished around 1909, by 1914 the house was in the hands of Sir Arthur Rickard, the founder of the Dr Barnardos charity for children. Rickard made substantial changes to the house, putting in tennis courts, a pool, a ballroom. The house was bought by Alderman Crick, the Lord Mayor of Sydney. Berith Park was used extensively as a location in a number of films, Crick later started selling off parts of the property. The Catholic Church bought the house in 1955 for use as a home for the Dominican Fathers and it was sold again in 1979 and extensive changes were made. In 2004 more subdivisions were made and an acre of the land was sold off
43.
Howard Joseland
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Howard Joseland was an English architect who migrated to Australia and pursued a successful and influential career there. Richard George Howard Joseland was born on 14 January 1860 at Claines, Worcestershire, England, in the early days of his career, he was articled to the Haddon Brothers at Hereford, but moved to London in 1881. There, he obtained a position as assistant to George Robinson in the architectural company George Trollope, in time, his health suffered as a result of overwork, and he was advised to migrate to a more temperate clime. He went to New Zealand, where he worked on the railways for six months and he then moved to Sydney, Australia, in 1888, where he married Alice Taylor. In Sydney, Joseland met Walter Liberty Vernon, another English architect who had migrated to Australia for health reasons, the two architects joined forces and entered a competition to design a model suburb. It was the first of several projects they would work on together, in 1890, Vernon became New South Wales Government Architect, as a result of which he handed his private practice over to Joseland. Joseland had relatively little work during the Depression of the 1890s, to make things even worse, in 1897 Joseland married Blanche Hay. His practice also began to recover with commissions in 1898, in 1903, he took on Hugh Vernon—a son of Walter Vernon—who had been Joselands pupil. The practice took on a variety of commissions, including commercial buildings, many of them were moving into the new residential areas in Sydneys north, where suburbs like Wahroonga and Warrawee developed. Joseland is credited with designing something like nineteen homes in these areas and his output included his own home, Malvern, which he built in 1900 in Burns Road, Wahroonga. He designed it in the Federation Bungalow style, featuring a prominent veranda to create shade, from 1914 to 1919, Joseland conducted a solo practice before joining forces with Glynn Gilling, another young English architect who had migrated to Australia. Joseland retired in 1929, selling the business to Gilling, who retained the business name Joseland and Gilling. Joseland was active in community activities and musical societies, as well as being a keen fisherman and author of the book Angling in Australia and Elsewhere. He also found time to visit England twice with his wife Blanche and he died of cancer in the eastern Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst on 20 July 1930, and was buried at South Head Cemetery in another eastern Sydney suburb, Vaucluse. Joseland was one of the earliest architects in Australia to reject the Victorian architectural styles that had developed in England and he wrote a magazine article, Domestic Architecture in Australia, in which he advocated architectural styles that were suitable for the local climate. Parish in Queen Anne style, considered an important example of Joselands work, designed in Arts and Crafts style for John Bennett, built 1894. Designed for Florence Hooke circa 1900, became Eldinhope School for Girls in 1901, Built circa 1891 for ophthalmic surgeon Dr. Francis Packley, became Franciscan Order retreat 1950s–1980s. Designed with John Sulman circa 1898 in the Arts and Crafts style, Joseland and Vernon were commissioned to design the garden of one hectare
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Introduced species
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Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species, some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem. Some introduced species may have no effect or only minor impact. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests and they are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown, a list of some introduced species is given in a separate article. The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists, governments, the terminology associated with introduced species is now in flux for various reasons. The term invasive refers only to those species that become established, for practical purposes, this term is applied only to invasive species that cause damage. With respect to plants, these latter are in this case defined as either ornamental or cultivated plants, also called an exotic or non-native species. Such species might be termed naturalized, established, wild non-native species, if they further spread beyond the place of introduction they are called invasive. The transition from introduction, to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants, introduced species are essentially non-native species. Invasive species are introduced species that spreadwidely or quickly and cause harm, be that to the environment, human health. There have been calls from scientists to consider a species only in terms of their spread. According to a definition, an invasive species is one that has been introduced and become a pest in its new location. The term is used to both a sense of urgency and actual or potential harm. Executive Order 13112 defines invasive species as a species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. The biological definition of species, on the other hand, makes no reference to the harm they may cause. From a regulatory perspective, it is neither desirable nor practical to list as undesirable or outright ban all non-native species, regulations require a definitional distinction between non-natives that are deemed especially onerous and all others. Introduced pest species that are listed as invasive, best fit the definition of an invasive species
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