1.
Honolulu
–
Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
Honolulu
–
Port of Honolulu, as seen by Russian artist
Louis Choris in 1816.
Honolulu
–
Clockwise: Aerial view of
Downtown Honolulu,
Pearl Harbor right outside the city, statue of
King Kamehameha I in downtown,
Diamond Head, waterfront on
Waikiki Beach, and
Honolulu Hale (City Hall)
Honolulu
–
Queen Street, Honolulu, 1856, by
George Henry Burgess.
Honolulu
–
The
Great Chinatown Fire.
2.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Hawaii
–
Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length
Hawaii
–
Hawaii from space, January 26, 2014
Hawaii
–
Flag
Hawaii
–
Nā Pali coast, Kaua ʻ i
Hawaii
–
The main islands and undersea terrain of Hawaii
4.
Honolulu County
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Honolulu County is a consolidated city–county located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. The consolidated city-county was established in the city adopted in 1907. As a municipal corporation and jurisdiction it manages aspects of government traditionally exercised by municipalities and counties in the rest of the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 953,207, because of Hawaiis municipal structure, the United States Census Bureau divides Honolulu County into several census-designated places for statistical purposes. The current mayor of Honolulu County is Kirk Caldwell, who reclaimed the job from the person who defeated him in a 2010 special election, Peter Carlisle, the county motto is Haʻaheo No ʻO Honolulu. Approximately 70% of the population lives in Honolulu County. Only Nevada has a percentage of its population living in its most populous county. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 2,128 square miles. However, the majority of area is the Pacific Ocean that surrounds the islands. For 2013, the county has an operating budget of US$2.16 billion. The government of Honolulu County is simplified and streamlined and coalesces at three major divisions of municipal power, the mayor of Honolulu is the principal executor of administrative authority. The mayor is elected on a basis to a four-year term. The Honolulu City Council is the legislative body. Its elected members are responsible for drafting and passing laws, as well as proposing budgets for various departments, unlike other cities in the United States, the council is absolutely independent of the mayor, who does not make any appearances during any of the council sessions. The nine council members represent one of nine districts, and are elected on a non-partisan basis to staggered four-year terms. The Prosecuting Attorney of Honolulu is independently elected of the two major divisions of municipal power, and is charged with prosecuting criminal offenses committed within the county. The office is not charged with providing legal counsel to the mayor or City Council, the prosecuting attorney is elected on a non-partisan basis to a four-year term. The Honolulu County is divided into 36 neighborhood boards, the office of neighborhood board member is an advisory position for public policy and civil investment
Honolulu County
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Downtown Honolulu, the city and county urban center, in 2007.
Honolulu County
–
Honolulu Hale is the county seat, home of the County mayor and council.
Honolulu County
–
The Capitol of the State of Hawai ʻ i
Honolulu County
–
Honolulu International Airport
5.
ZIP Code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
ZIP Code
–
A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign encouraging the use of ZIP codes
ZIP Code
ZIP Code
–
"Use Zip code" labels were also used to promote the use of a ZIP code.
ZIP Code
–
USA postage stamp, 1973: "It all depends on ZIP code".
6.
Hawaiian language
–
The Hawaiian language is a Polynesian language that takes its name from Hawaiʻi, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is a language of the state of Hawaii. King Kamehameha III established the first Hawaiian-language constitution in 1839 and 1840, Hawaiian was essentially displaced by English on six of seven inhabited islands. In 2001, native speakers of Hawaiian amounted to under 0. 1% of the statewide population, linguists were unsure that Hawaiian and other endangered languages would survive. Nevertheless, from around 1949 to the present day, there has been an increase in attention to. Public Hawaiian-language immersion preschools called Pūnana Leo were started in 1984, the first students to start in immersion preschool have now graduated from college and many are fluent Hawaiian speakers. The federal government has acknowledged this development, for example, the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 changed the names of several national parks in Hawaiʻi, observing the Hawaiian spelling. A pidgin or creole language spoken in Hawaiʻi is Hawaiian Pidgin and it should not be mistaken for the Hawaiian language nor for a dialect of English. The Hawaiian alphabet has 12 letters, five vowels and seven consonants and it contains an additional consonantal sound okina which is a glottal stop. The island name was first written in English in 1778 by British explorer James Cook and they wrote it as Owhyhee or Owhyee. Explorers Mortimer and Otto von Kotzebue used that spelling, the initial O in the name is a reflection of the fact that unique identity is predicated in Hawaiian by using a copula form, o, immediately before a proper noun. Thus, in Hawaiian, the name of the island is expressed by saying O Hawaiʻi, the Cook expedition also wrote Otaheite rather than Tahiti. The spelling why in the name reflects the pronunciation of wh in 18th-century English, the spelling hee or ee in the name represents the sounds, or. Putting the parts together, O-why-ee reflects, an approximation of the native pronunciation. American missionaries bound for Hawaiʻi used the phrases Owhihe Language and Owhyhee language in Boston prior to their departure in October 1819 and they still used such phrases as late as March 1822. However, by July 1823, they had begun using the phrase Hawaiian Language, in Hawaiian, ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi means Hawaiian language, as adjectives follow nouns. Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family and it is closely related to other Polynesian languages, such as Marquesan, Tahitian, Māori, Rapa Nui, and less closely to Samoan and Tongan. According to Schütz, the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE followed by waves of immigration from the Society Islands
Hawaiian language
–
Seal of Hawaii
Hawaiian language
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Headline from May 16, 1834, issue of newspaper published by
Lorrin Andrews and students at
Lahainaluna School
7.
Honolulu, Hawaii
–
Honolulu is the capital and largest city of the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is an part of and the county seat of the City and County of Honolulu on the island of Oahu. The city is the gateway to Hawaii and a major portal into the United States. The city is also a hub for international business, military defense, as well as famously being host to a diverse variety of east-west and Pacific culture, cuisine. Honolulu is the most remote city of its size in the world and is both the westernmost and the southernmost major U. S. city. For statistical purposes, the U. S. Census Bureau recognizes the area commonly referred to as City of Honolulu as a census county division. Honolulu is a financial center of the islands and of the Pacific Ocean. The population of the city of Honolulu was 337,256 as of the 2010 census, while the Honolulu CCD was 390,738, Honolulu means sheltered harbor or calm port. The old name is said to be Kou, a district encompassing the area from Nuuanu Avenue to Alakea Street. The city has been the capital of the Hawaiian Islands since 1845, as of 2015, Honolulu was ranked high on world livability rankings, and was also ranked as the 2nd safest city in the U. S. It is also the most populated Oceanian city outside Australasia and ranks second to Auckland as the most populous city in Polynesia, evidence of the first settlement of Honolulu by the original Polynesian migrants to the archipelago comes from oral histories and artifacts. These indicate that there was a settlement where Honolulu now stands in the 11th century, however, after Kamehameha I conquered Oʻahu in the Battle of Nuʻuanu at Nuʻuanu Pali, he moved his royal court from the Island of Hawaiʻi to Waikīkī in 1804. His court relocated in 1809 to what is now downtown Honolulu, the capital was moved back to Kailua-Kona in 1812. In 1794, Captain William Brown of Great Britain was the first foreigner to sail into what is now Honolulu Harbor, more foreign ships followed, making the port of Honolulu a focal point for merchant ships traveling between North America and Asia. In 1845, Kamehameha III moved the permanent capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom from Lahaina on Maui to Honolulu and he and the kings that followed him transformed Honolulu into a modern capital, erecting buildings such as St. Andrews Cathedral, ʻIolani Palace, and Aliʻiōlani Hale. At the same time, Honolulu became the center of commerce in the islands, an economic and tourism boom following statehood brought rapid economic growth to Honolulu and Hawaiʻi. Modern air travel brings, as of 2007,7.6 million visitors annually to the islands, today, Honolulu is a modern city with numerous high-rise buildings, and Waikīkī is the center of the tourism industry in Hawaiʻi, with thousands of hotel rooms. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 68.4 square miles
Honolulu, Hawaii
–
Port of Honolulu, as seen by Russian artist
Louis Choris in 1816.
Honolulu, Hawaii
–
Clockwise: Aerial view of
Downtown Honolulu,
Pearl Harbor right outside the city, statue of
King Kamehameha I in downtown,
Diamond Head, waterfront on
Waikiki Beach, and
Honolulu Hale (City Hall)
Honolulu, Hawaii
–
Queen Street, Honolulu, 1856, by
George Henry Burgess.
Honolulu, Hawaii
–
The
Great Chinatown Fire.
8.
Oahu
–
Oʻahu or Oahu /oʊˈɑːhu/, known as The Gathering Place, is the third largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to about two-thirds of the population of the U. S. state of Hawaii, the state capital, Honolulu, is on Oʻahus southeast coast. Along with the rest of the Hawaiian Islands, Oahu is one of the largest and northernmost islands of Polynesia, in the greatest dimension, this volcanic island is 44 miles long and 30 miles across. The length of the shoreline is 227 miles, the island is the result of two separate shield volcanoes, the Waiʻanae and Koʻolau Ranges, with a broad valley or saddle between them. The highest point is Kaʻala in the Waiʻanae Range, rising to 4,003 feet above sea level, the island was home to the Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center from 1941 to 2012, it is now home to the National Security Agencys Hawaii Cryptologic Center. The island is home to 953,207 people in 2010, Oʻahu has for a long time been known as the Gathering Place. The term Oʻahu has no confirmed meaning in Hawaiian, other than that of the place itself, ancient Hawaiian tradition attributes the names origin in the legend of Hawaiʻiloa, the Polynesian navigator credited with discovery of the Hawaiian Islands. The story relates that he named the island after a son, residents of Oʻahu refer to themselves as locals, no matter their ancestry. The city of Honolulu—largest city, state capital, and main deepwater marine port for the State of Hawaiʻi—is located here. As a jurisdictional unit, the island of Oʻahu is in the Honolulu County, although as a place name. Well-known features found on Oʻahu include Waikīkī, Pearl Harbor, Diamond Head, Hanauma Bay, Kāneʻohe Bay, Kailua Bay, being roughly diamond-shaped, surrounded by ocean and divided by mountain ranges, directions on Oʻahu are not generally described with the compass directions found throughout the world. Locals instead use directions originally using Honolulu as the central point, to go ewa means traveling toward the western tip of the island, Diamond Head is toward the eastern tip, mauka is inland and makai toward the sea. Oʻahu is also known for having the longest rain shower in history, kaneohe Ranch, Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi reported 247 straight days with rain from August 27,1993 to April 30,1994. The island has many one of them being rainbow state. This is because rainbows are a sight in Hawaiʻi due to the frequent rain showers. The average temperature in Oʻahu is around 70 to 85 degrees, the weather during the winter is cooler, but still warm with the average temperature of 68-78 degrees. The windward side is known for some of the most beautiful beaches in the world, lanikai Beach on the windward coast of Oʻahu has been consistently ranked among the best beaches in the world. The 300-year-old Kingdom of Oʻahu was once ruled by the most ancient aliʻi in all of the Hawaiian Islands, the first great king of Oʻahu was Mailikukahi, the lawmaker, who was followed by many generation of monarchs
Oahu
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Satellite photo of O ʻ ahu
Oahu
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Aerial view of O ʻ ahu with freeways and highways, 3D computer-generated image
Oahu
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Pearl Harbor is the home of the largest
U.S. Navy fleet in the Pacific. The harbor was attacked on
December 7, 1941, by the
Japanese bringing the
United States into
World War II.
Oahu
–
USS Arizona Memorial at
Pearl Harbor
9.
Kapiolani Park
–
The 300-acre park, named after Queen Kapiʻolani, the queen consort of King David Kalākaua, is home to the Waikiki Shell and the Honolulu Zoo. Prior to being used as a space, the area was a mix of swamp land. In the 1870s, Kalākaua was charged to find a permanent, since Waikiki was popular with wealthy racing fans, Kalākaua chose the unoccupied and dry plain at the foot of Diamond Head where the park now stands. On June 11,1877, the park was dedicated as the first Hawaiian public space, cleghorn was a Hawaiian citizen married into Hawaiian Royalty. Cleghorn planned the landscaping, including the majestic ironwood trees. Money was raised with $50 shares in the association, shareholders could lease a beachfront lot near the park, and many had cottages there by the 1880s. A lease was granted to the Honolulu Cricket Club in 1893, top cricket players from San Franciscos California Cricket Association played for local teams. During the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii, most of these privately owned. Now the park consists of green space, lilyponds, the Honolulu Zoo. After the overthrow, the land was conveyed to the Republic of Hawaii, since 1913, the park has been maintained by the City and County of Honolulus Department of Parks & Recreation. Besides the zoo and the Shell, the park includes tennis and basketball courts, soccer, baseball, lacrosse and rugby fields, the park hosts many international lacrosse and rugby tournaments a year. Its bandstand serves as an entertainment venue and it is also a popular course for joggers who utilize its two-mile circumference. The park also serves as the site, as both the starting and finish lines, of road races in Honolulu including the Honolulu Marathon, Kapiʻolani park is also home to Honolulu Cricket Club, the only cricket club in the Hawaiian Islands. Founded in 1893, it is the oldest sporting club in the Pacific according to Guinness World Records, as Kapiʻolani Park continues south it becomes Kapiʻolani Beach Park, adjacent to Kuhio Beach and Waikiki Beach. The park itself also serves as a border between Waikiki and Diamond Head neighborhood. It is located at coordinates 21°16′9″N 157°49′8″W
Kapiolani Park
–
Diamond Head seen from Kapiolani Park
Kapiolani Park
–
Kapiolani Beach Park
Kapiolani Park
–
One of the many Kapiolani Park
Banyan Trees
10.
Fort de Russy Military Reservation
–
Fort DeRussy is a United States military reservation in the Waikiki area of Honolulu, Hawaii, under the jurisdiction of the United States Army. Unfenced and largely open to traffic, the installation consists mainly of landscaped greenspace. The former Battery Randolph now houses the U. S. Army Museum of Hawaiʻi, the Hale Koa Hotel, an Armed Forces Recreation Center, and the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies are also located on Fort DeRussy. Fort DeRussy in Honolulu is one of four Forts DeRussy in the United States, the one in Louisiana, one in Kentucky, and one in Washington, D. C. were all built during the American Civil War. This one was named for General René Edward De Russy, Rene and his brother Lewis were both graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Lewis was the oldest West Point graduate to serve in the Confederate Army, Fort DeRussy was one of a number of shore batterys on the island of Oahu designed to provide coastal defense. Most of the guns on these sites were retired during the early 1950s, official military functions include the Daniel K. Inouye Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, the Fort DeRussy Chapel, and the Hale Koa Hotel, a Morale, Welfare and Recreation facility. The U. S. Army Museum of Hawaiʻi is housed inside Battery Randolph, Battery Randolph was constructed in 1911 to defend Honolulu Harbor on Oahu from attack, and was equipped with two 7-inch guns on disappearing carriages with a range of about 40,000 yards. It was named for Maj Benjamin H. Randolph, the museums collection contains some World War II armor pieces, an AH-1 Cobra helicopter, and small arms indoors, as well as the battery itself. The exhibits cover the history of US Army warfare in the Pacific hemisphere and it is located on Kalia Road, coordinates 21°16′44″N 157°50′1″W. Another installation of two 6-inch guns was called Battery Dudley, named for Gen. Edgar S. Dudley, the Artillery District of Honolulu was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu on June 5,1984. See, National Museum of the United States Army#Other Army museums 16th Coast Artillery Pierre Moulin, a History of Fort Derussy, U. S. Army Museum of Hawaii. US Army Museum of Hawaii Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies
Fort de Russy Military Reservation
–
Battery Randolph
Fort de Russy Military Reservation
–
Fort DeRussy Beach, 1959
11.
Duke Paoa Kahanamoku Lagoon
–
The Hilton Hawaiian Village is adjacent to the lagoon. The lagoon was developed in the 1950s along with Henry J. Kaisers Hawaiian Village development project, when completed, the new beach and lagoon were named after surfer and Olympic swimming champion Duke Kahanamoku. In 1961, Hilton Hotels acquired Kaisers Hawaiian Village Resort property, as the lagoon aged, it became murky, stagnant and undesirable for swimming. In 2006 the lagoon underwent renovations for approximately $15 million, with introduction of a new water circulation system, smaller size and shallower waters, the pond became a desirable swimming spot for many. The renovations also incorporated a small island, palm trees, on October 16,2007 the lagoon was officially re-opened with a ceremony attended by Hawaii Lieutenant Governor Duke Aiona and relatives of Duke Kahanamoku. Ala Moana Beach Park U. S. Army Museum of Hawaii List of beaches in Oahu Magic Island Waikiki Beach Activities at the Duke Kahanamoku Lagoon
Duke Paoa Kahanamoku Lagoon
–
Duke's Lagoon with
Diamond Head in the background
12.
Kuhio Beach Park
–
Kūhiō Beach Park is a public ocean-side park on the island of Oahu, U. S. state of Hawaii, located within Waikiki Beach. Its a common gathering place for the Honolulu population and tourists due to its location, the park was named for Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaole, the youngest son of Kekaulike Kinoiki II and High Chief David Kahalepouli Piʻikoi. The current park was the site of Pualeilani, the home of Prince Kūhiō and his wife, in July 1918, the prince removed a high board fence, opening a section of the beach to the public. The property was given to the city after his death in 1922, Kuhio Beach Park is the site of three well-known landmarks, the Stones of Kapaemahu, the Duke Kahanamoku statue and the Prince Kuhio statue. The stones represent four legendary men, Kapaemahu, Kahaloa, Kapuni and Kinohi, the Duke Kahanamoku statue was created by sculptor Jan-Michelle Sawyer and dedicated on August 24,1990. The statue of Prince Kuhio was created by sculptor Sean Browne, the park hosts two famous surf breaks, Queens and Canoes, where several surf competitions are held annually
Kuhio Beach Park
–
v
13.
Ala Wai Harbor
–
Ala Wai Harbor is the largest small boat and yacht harbor in Hawaii. The harbor is situated in Honolulu at the mouth of the Ala Wai Canal, to the east are Waikiki and Diamond Head, to the west, Magic Island and the Honolulu waterfront. The harbor has 699 berths,85 moorings, one boat ramp and it can accommodate vessels up to 85 feet in length. The TransPac sailing race begins in Los Angeles to and ends at the harbor and it is one of the worlds longest-running ocean races. The harbor is home to the Waikiki Yacht Club and the Hawaii Yacht Club, which host junior sailing clubs, weekly sailing races, boats from around the world find shelter in state harbor berths, yacht club berths, and fuel dock berths. The harbor began with a gift from the Hobron family to create a harbor for the people of Hawaii. Ala Moana Beach Park Duke Paoa Kahanamoku Lagoon
Ala Wai Harbor
–
Ala Wai Harbor
Ala Wai Harbor
–
Ala Wai Harbor map
Ala Wai Harbor
–
Waikiki Yacht Club
14.
Longboard (surfing)
–
A surfboard is an elongated platform used in the sport of surfing. Surfboards are relatively light, but are enough to support an individual standing on them while riding a Ocean surface wave breaking wave. Major advances over the years include the addition of one or more fins on the rear of the board to improve directional stability. Modern surfboards are made of polyurethane or polystyrene foam covered with layers of fiberglass cloth, the result is a light and strong surfboard that is buoyant and maneuverable. Recent developments in technology have included the use of carbon fiber. Each year, approximately 400,000 surfboards are manufactured, the surface of the board that rests on the water, usually concave but sometimes convex. Modern surfboards often contain multiple contours on the bottom of the board and these concaves have different uses and vary among different types of surfboards. Most concaves on the modern shortboard begin about twelve inches back from the nose of the board on the bottom, the purpose of concave is to direct water through the fins of the surfboard. Surfboard shapers sometimes experiment with concaves to create different drive and response characteristics on each individual surfboard, some older and more traditional surfboards along with many modern boards that take inspiration from these older boards utilize a convex rather than concave design on the bottom of the surfboard. These boards displace more water and sit lower in the wave than a surfboard with a concave bottom, the deck is the surface of the board that the surfer stands on. Surfwax is applied to this surface, wax comes in different degrees of hardness allowing its application in differing water temperatures. The surfboard fin is a stabilizing rudder fixed to the rear of the surfboard to prevent it from sliding sideways. In the early days, surfers would stabilize the board by hanging the toes of their foot over the edge of the board. The American surfer Tom Blake was the first to experiment with adding a fin to a surfboard, fastening the keel from an old speedboat to a surfboard in 1935. About one or two later, Woody Spider Brown independently developed a similar design, but Brown himself gave Blake precedence, about 36 or 37, somewhere in there. But, I didnt know anything about and his experiments with adding fins to surfboards, see, we were all separated out. I was in San Diego and he was in L. A. way up there and this innovation revolutionized surfing, allowing surfers to direct the boards momentum and providing more balance when turning. The template of the surfboard fin was developed by George Greenough in the 1960s
Longboard (surfing)
–
A stack of boards in
Waikiki during a surf competition.
Longboard (surfing)
–
A chart showing various shapes of the bottoms of surf boards.
Longboard (surfing)
–
A man standing on a board as the wave passes under him.
Longboard (surfing)
–
Nubster Fin Seen In Middle
15.
George Lycurgus
–
George Lycurgus was a Greek American businessman who played an influential role in the early tourist industry of Hawaii. He ran afoul of the government of the Republic of Hawaii and was accused of treason, later he was instrumental in the development of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory and Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park. He was born in 1858 in Vasara, in 1877 he traveled in steerage class to New York City, and worked his way across the country. A relative convinced him to join a wholesale fruit business trading between Hawaii and California in 1881, in San Francisco he shipped California produce and wine to his cousin in Honolulu, who shipped Hawaiian bananas to the mainland. He became friends with Claus Spreckels, whose family owned the Oceanic Steamship Company, in 1889 he was supervising shipment being loaded at the docks, when some of the Spreckels family invited him on board for a poker game. By the time he noticed, the ship was on its way across the Pacific and he spent only a week in Hawaii, but must have enjoyed the stay, since he took more trips and spent more time on the islands. In 1892 he sent for his nephew Demosthenes Lycurgus, who would help him manage his Hawaiian enterprises, along with other recent immigrants, he formed the Pearl City Fruit Company. Their competition was the Hawaiian Fruit and Packing Company, owned by established descendants of American missionaries such as Lorrin A. Thurston, eventually he would sell his restaurant in San Francisco and move to the islands. Lycurgus leased the small guest house of Allen Herbert in 1893 on Waikīkī beach in Honolulu and he expanded it and renamed it the Sans Souci for the Sanssouci Palace in Potsdam. It became one of the first beach resorts and the area at coordinates 21°15′49″N 157°49′17″W is still called Sans Souci Beach, celebrities such as Robert Louis Stevenson stayed there on his second trip later that year, and it became a popular destination for tourists from the mainland. In 1894 Lycurgus made his first trip to the Kīlauea volcano with Admiral Royal R. Ingersoll, the volcano impressed him and he took note of the future possible business opportunities. A friendship had evolved between Lycurgus and the Hawaiian royal Kalākaua family, who were regulars at his resorts and this earned him the nickname Duke of Sparta, a title borne by the Crown Prince of Greece. Despite being a commoner, he felt comfortable with monarchy than the Americans. In 1893, after the death of Kalākaua, Thurston and other Americans led the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and declared a Republic of Hawaii, the new government, controlled by conservative missionaries, fined Lycurgus for selling liquor at his resort. Lycurgus hired a band of Hawaiians who played music honoring Queen Liliʻuokalani instead of The Star-Spangled Banner, after the failed 1895 counter-revolution, he was accused of smuggling guns to the Royalists. Several leaders had meetings in the Sans Souci hotel, by January 20 the leaders were all captured. Lycurgus was arrested, charged with treason, spent 52 days in jail, by 1898, the Spanish–American War had increased American interest in the Pacific. He entertained press correspondents on their way to the Philippines at his Sans Souci hotel, Hawaii was annexed as a territory of the United States that year and the practical Lycurgus applied for American citizenship
George Lycurgus
–
c. 1892
George Lycurgus
–
Sans Souci Hotel circa 1893
George Lycurgus
–
An 1893 advertisement that appeared in the Hawaii Holomua
George Lycurgus
–
Demosthenes Lycurgus in Volcano House, 1908
16.
Robert Louis Stevenson
–
Robert Louis Balfour Stevenson was a Scottish novelist, poet, essayist, and travel writer. His most famous works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped, Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, a literary celebrity during his lifetime, Stevenson now ranks as the 26th most translated author in the world. M. Barrie, and G. K. Chesterton, who said of him that he seemed to pick the word up on the point of his pen. Stevenson was born at 8 Howard Place, Edinburgh, Scotland, on 13 November 1850, to Thomas Stevenson, a lighthouse engineer. He was christened Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson, at about age 18, Stevenson was to change the spelling of Lewis to Louis, and in 1873, he dropped Balfour. Lighthouse design was the profession, Thomass father was the famous Robert Stevenson. Indeed, even Thomass maternal grandfather, Thomas Smith, had been in the same profession, however, Roberts mothers family were not of the same profession. Margarets natal family, the Balfours, were gentry, tracing their lineage back to a certain Alexander Balfour who had held the lands of Inchyra in Fife in the fifteenth century. Margarets father, Lewis Balfour, was a minister of the Church of Scotland at nearby Colinton, and her siblings included the physician George William Balfour, Stevenson spent the greater part of his boyhood holidays in his maternal grandfathers house. Now I often wonder, wrote Stevenson, what I inherited from this old minister, I must suppose, indeed, that he was fond of preaching sermons, and so am I, though I never heard it maintained that either of us loved to hear them. Lewis Balfour and his daughter both had weak chests, so they often needed to stay in warmer climates for their health, Stevenson inherited a tendency to coughs and fevers, exacerbated when the family moved to a damp, chilly house at 1 Inverleith Terrace in 1851. The family moved again to the sunnier 17 Heriot Row when Stevenson was six years old, illness would be a recurrent feature of his adult life and left him extraordinarily thin. Contemporary views were that he had tuberculosis, but more recent views are that it was bronchiectasis or even sarcoidosis, Stevensons parents were both devout and serious Presbyterians, but the household was not strict in its adherence to Calvinist principles. His nurse, Alison Cunningham, was fervently religious. Her Calvinism and folk beliefs were a source of nightmares for the child. But she also cared for him tenderly in illness, reading to him from Bunyan, Stevenson recalled this time of sickness in The Land of Counterpane in A Childs Garden of Verses, dedicating the book to his nurse. In any case, his frequent illnesses often kept him away from his first school and he was a late reader, first learning at age seven or eight, but even before this he dictated stories to his mother and nurse. He compulsively wrote stories throughout his childhood and his father was proud of this interest, he had also written stories in his spare time until his own father found them and told him to give up such nonsense and mind your business
Robert Louis Stevenson
–
Robert Louis Stevenson
Robert Louis Stevenson
–
Daguerreotype portrait of Robert Louis Stevenson as a young child
Robert Louis Stevenson
–
Stevenson's childhood home in Heriot Row
Robert Louis Stevenson
–
Robert Louis Stevenson at the age of seven
17.
Hilton Hawaiian Village
–
The Hilton Hawaiian Village Beach Resort and Spa is one of the most prominent and iconic resort hotels on Waikiki Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii. The resort first opened in 1955, and since has grown to become the largest in the Hilton chain of hotels and it is the largest hotel in the United States outside the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Located on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, the John Ena Estate was originally built on the site of the village of Kalia. It consisted of an estate with an owners residence, tenant houses. The portion of the estate nearest the beach was developed around 1900 as a small hotel named the Old Waikiki. In 1954, Kaiser and developer Fritz B, burns bought the 16 acres Kalia estate of John Ena and combined it with the Niumalu Hotel to construct the Hawaiian Village, converting the flat to a lagoon. They built thatched-roof cottages with 70 guest rooms, The Tapa Room, gardens, on May 1,1956, Western Hotels assumed management of the Hawaiian Village Hotel. In 1957 the modern Ocean Tower and the famous Geodesic Dome were added, conrad Hilton bought half of the resort from Henry J. Kaiser in 1961. Hilton Hotels & Resorts assumed management on February 1,1961, elvis Presley stayed at the hotel soon after while filming Blue Hawaii. The Tapa Tower was added in 1982, and the original Ocean Tower was gutted and rebuilt in 1987, the 25-story Kalia Tower was added in 2001. In 2006, Hilton Hotels received $25 million in settlement of its lawsuit over mold growth in the Hilton Hawaiian Villages Kalia Tower. Today, the Hilton Hawaiian Village Hotel sits on over 22 acres of beachfront property and it features the largest swimming pool in Waikiki, over twenty-two restaurants, exotic wildlife, and botanical gardens, Dukes Lagoon and a branch of the Bishop Museum. In building the Hawaiian Village Hotel, Kaiser developed the plan for his resort. In the village plan, various sections of the development were designed in specific types of motifs indicative of the culture of the hotels surroundings, the newest tower is the Grand Islander, which was opened to the public March 1,2017. Kaisers village plan is now used in various layouts of hotels, the Village Hotel includes a small pond filled with several types of turtles. Other animals that live on the grounds several types of ducks, lesser flamingos, sacred ibis, black-crowned night herons, koi fish, chameleons, macaws. As of June 2014, Hilton Hawaiian Village relocated their 3 remaining South African black-footed penguins to the Maryland Zoo in Baltimore, the Village was the site one of the earlier geodesic domes constructed in the United States. Wanting an auditorium at the Honolulu village, Henry Kaiser acquired the license to produce geodesic domes following the work of Buckminster Fuller
Hilton Hawaiian Village
–
Hilton Hawaiian Village
Hilton Hawaiian Village
–
Hilton Hawaiian Village sign.
Hilton Hawaiian Village
–
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verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013)
Hilton Hawaiian Village
18.
Halekulani hotel
–
Halekulani is an oceanfront luxury hotel located on Waikiki Beach in Honolulu, Hawaii. The hotel contains 453 rooms in five buildings on 5 acres of property, Halekulani is a Hawaiian word meaning House Befitting Heaven. It has three restaurants on the property - House Without a Key, Orchids, and La Mer and it is also the home of SpaHalekulani and the Lewers Lounge. The hotel is a member of both The Leading Hotels of the World and Imperial Hotel, Ltd. marketing and trade associations geared toward luxury hotels, Halekulani has received numerous awards, including a Worlds Best 2005 award from Travel & Leisure magazine. It received Four Stars from Mobil Travel Guide and a AAA Four Diamonds rating, the hotel is currently owned and operated by the Japanese company Mitsui Fudosan. The hotels boutique sister property, Waikiki Parc, is located across the street, the original Halekulani was opened in 1907 as a residential hotel called Hau Tree and was owned by Robert Lewers. It was purchased in 1917 by Juliet and Clifford Kimball before being sold to the Norton Clapp family in 1962, in 1981 the hotel was purchased by Mitsui Fudosan USA and incorporated as the Halekulani Corporation, a U. S. based company. It re-opened as its present incarnation in 1984, the original Halekulani was a plain residential hotel, more an informal grouping of simple bungalows on simple landscaping, offering inexpensive, unpretentious accommodations, with simple food. The other was the Coral Tree Lanai, known for its gracious seaside service, the low density on the extensive grounds made it an attractive investment for rebuilding and rebirth. Biggers had many of Chans suspects stay there, just down the beach from the cottage where a star is murdered in The Black Camel. Charlie Chan ate there with his friend, Inspector Duff, even though the soup, the swimming pools bottom is covered in 1.2 million South African glass mosaic tiles that form a distinctive design in the shape of an Cattleya orchid. Official website Leading Hotels of the World Home Page Halekulani history book
Halekulani hotel
–
View on a balcony from Halekulani featuring pool and lounge area in foreground, and
Waikiki Beach and
Diamond Head in the distance.
Halekulani hotel
–
View of Hotel from the Street
19.
Waikiki Hotel
–
The Sheraton Waikiki Hotel is a resort hotel in Honolulu, Hawaii on Waikīkī Beach. It was built in 1971 and is owned by Kyo-Ya Management Company, Ltd. The hotel was featured in The Brady Bunch season 4 opener in 1972, in 1974, Japanese brothers Kenji Osano and Masakuni Osano bought the 3 year-old Sheraton Waikiki Hotel, along with the Sheraton Maui and the Royal Hawaiian Hotel. They already owned the Princess Kaiulani Hotel, the Moana Hotel, the Osano brothers formed Kyo-Ya Company Limited, a subsidiary of Kokusai Kogyo Company Limited as the corporate entity charged with overseeing the hotel properties. The purchases put the Osano brothers on the Forbes List of Worlds Richest People in 1999, after the death of the Osano brothers, Takamasa Osano inherited the billions of dollars owned in properties. The Sheraton Waikīkī Hotel is used as the office of the Osano Empire. In 2004 Takamasa Osano sold 65% of Kokusai Kogyo to Cerberus Partners LP to cover $4 billion in defaulted loans and he still controls 35% of the company
Waikiki Hotel
–
Sheraton Waikiki
Waikiki Hotel
–
Sheraton Waikiki （from Waikiki beach）
20.
Moana Hotel
–
The Moana Hotel is a historic hotel on the island of Oahu, at 2365 Kalākaua Avenue in Honolulu, Hawaii. Built in the late 19th century as the first hotel in Waikiki and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The wealthy Honolulu landowner Walter Chamberlain Peacock, in an effort to establish a resort in the previously neglected Waikiki area of Honolulu. Working with a design by architect Oliver G. Traphagen and $150,000 in capital, construction of The Moana marked the beginning of tourism in Waikiki, becoming the first hotel amidst the bungalows and beach houses. The Moanas architecture was influenced by European styles popular at the time, with Ionic columns and intricate woodwork, the Moana was designed with a grand porte cochere on the street side and wide lānais on the ocean side. Some of the 75 guest rooms had telephones and bathrooms, and the featured a billiard room, saloon, main parlor, reception area. Peacock installed the first electric-powered elevator in the islands at the Moana, design features of the original structure that survive to this day include extra-wide hallways, high ceilings, and cross-ventilation windows. The Moana officially opened on March 11,1901 and its first guests were a group of Shriners, who paid $1.50 per night for their rooms. Peacock did not find success with his endeavor and sold the hotel in 1907 to Alexander Young, in Hawaiian, moana means open sea or ocean. The Moana grew along with the popularity of Hawaiian tourism, two floors were added in 1918, along with Italian Renaissance-styled concrete wings on each side of the hotel, creating its H-shape seen today. In the 1930s, the hotel was known for a few years as the Moana-Seaside Hotel & Bungalows, the bungalows were additional buildings constructed on the large plot of land directly across Kalakaua Avenue. The hotels outward appearance was altered slightly over the years, including updates to such designs as Art Deco in the 1930s, from 1935 to 1975, the Moanas courtyard hosted the Hawaii Calls live radio broadcast. Legend has it that listeners mistook the hiss of the transmission as the waves breaking on the beach. When learning of this, the host instructed the man to run down to the waterfront to actually record the sound. In 1952, Matson built a new hotel adjacent to the Moana on the southeast side, in 1953, Matson demolished the Moanas bungalows across the street and, two years later, opened the new Princess Kaiulani Hotel on the site. Matson sold all of their Waikiki hotel properties to the Sheraton Company in 1959, Sheraton sold the Moana and the SurfRider to Japanese industrialist Kenji Osano and his Kyo-Ya Company in 1963, though Sheraton continued to manage them. In 1969, Kyo-Ya built a new hotel on the Moanas northwest side. They named it the Surfrider Hotel, the older SurfRider Hotel on the other side was turned into part of the Moana, named the Diamond Head Wing
Moana Hotel
–
Moana Hotel
Moana Hotel
–
Original 1901 wing
Moana Hotel
–
Moana, with 1969 Surfrider tower behind it
Moana Hotel
–
Porte cochere
21.
Royal Hawaiian Hotel
–
The Royal Hawaiian Hotel is a beachfront luxury hotel located in Waikiki in Honolulu, Hawaii, on the island of Oahu. In 1925, the Territorial Hotel Company, by owner of all three hotels, decided to demolish the Honolulu Seaside and replace it with a large, modern resort. They contracted Warren & Wetmore to design the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, the sprawling pink stucco concrete façade Spanish/Moorish styled complex, built at a cost of over $5 million, was surrounded by a fifteen-acre landscaped garden. The H-shaped layout featured 400 rooms, each with bath and balcony, the complex had an offsite golf course, today known as the Waialae Country Club. The hotel commenced operations on 1 February 1927, with a black tie gala attended by over 1,200 guests, the hotel was a huge success, and in 1928 the islands counted over 20,000 visitors for the first time. The Great Depression struck in 1929, bankrupting the Territorial Hotel Company, in 1932 the Matson Line purchased the companys hotels. During World War II, the Royal Hawaiian was used exclusively by the US military as an R&R center, barriers of concertina wire blockaded access from the adjacent beaches. The hotel recuperated much of its clientele after 1945 and it was sold, along with the rest of Matsons hotels in Hawaii, to the Sheraton Hotels and Resorts chain in 1959. During the 1960s, the Pink Palace was home to Concert by the Sea which broadcast daily through the Armed Forces Radio Network, in September 1974, Japanese businessmen-brothers Kenji Osano and Masakuni Osano purchased the Royal Hawaiian Hotel from ITT Sheraton. They formed Kyo-ya Company Ltd, a subsidiary of Kokusai Kogyo Company Ltd as the entity to manage all their hotels. After the Osano brothers deaths, Takamasa Osano inherited their properties, the ground upon which the hotel is built is owned by Kamehameha Schools, which leases the land. The Royal Hawaiian closed on 1 June 2008 for renovation and it reopened on 20 January 2009 as a member of The Luxury Collection division of Starwood Hotels. An extended renovation of the Royal Beach Tower was completed in 2010, the Royal Hawaiian Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The six-story structure has 400 rooms and it was designed in the Spanish and Moorish styles with stucco façades. Its design was influenced by Hollywood film star and legend Rudolph Valentino, cupolas were created to resemble Spanish Mission style bell towers. The pink color was deemed popular in modern US architecture of the time, the architects were Warren and Wetmore of New York City. The hotels public rooms were redecorated in 1946 by Frances Elkins, as soon as The Royal Hawaiian opened, a non-stop flood of tourists from the mainland United States poured through its doors. It served as the Pacific home to the worlds most influential statesmen and its first official registered guest was Princess Abigail Kawananakoa, who would have been Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii had the monarchy survived
Royal Hawaiian Hotel
–
The Royal Hawaiian
Royal Hawaiian Hotel
Royal Hawaiian Hotel
–
Royal Hawaiian seen from Waikiki Beach
Royal Hawaiian Hotel
–
The Royal Hawaiian and Diamond Head, seen from the Sheraton Waikiki
22.
Surfing
–
Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider, referred to as a surfer, rides on the forward or deep face of a moving wave, which is usually carrying the surfer towards the shore. Waves suitable for surfing are primarily found in the ocean, however, surfers can also utilize artificial waves such as those from boat wakes and the waves created in artificial wave pools. The term surfing refers to the act of riding a wave, regardless of whether the wave is ridden with a board or without a board, and regardless of the stance used. The native peoples of the Pacific, for instance, surfed waves on alaia, paipo, and other such craft, and did so on their belly and knees. The modern-day definition of surfing, however, most often refers to a riding a wave standing up on a surfboard. Another prominent form of surfing is body boarding, when a surfer rides a wave on a bodyboard, either lying on their belly, drop knee, other types of surfing include knee boarding, surf matting, and using foils. Body surfing, where the wave is surfed without a board, using the surfers own body to catch, recently with the use of V-drive boats, Wakesurfing, in which one surfs on the wake of a boat, has emerged. For centuries, surfing was a part of ancient Polynesian culture. Surfing may have first been observed by British explorers at Tahiti in 1767, samuel Wallis and the crew members of the Dolphin who were the first Britons to visit the island in June of that year. Another candidate is the botanist Joseph Banks being part of the first voyage of James Cook on the HMS Endeavour, who arrived on Tahiti on 10 April 1769. Lieutenant James King was the first person to write about the art of surfing on Hawaii when he was completing the journals of Captain James Cook upon Cooks death in 1779. When Mark Twain visited Hawaii in 1866 he wrote, In one place we came upon a company of naked natives. In July 1885, three teenage Hawaiian princes took a break from their school, St. Mathew’s Hall in San Mateo. George Freeth is often credited as being the Father of Modern Surfing and he is thought to have been the first modern surfer. In 1907, the interests of the land baron Henry E. Huntington brought the ancient art of surfing to the California coast. While on vacation, Huntington had seen Hawaiian boys surfing the island waves, looking for a way to entice visitors to the area of Redondo Beach, where he had heavily invested in real estate, he hired a young Hawaiian to ride surfboards. George Freeth decided to revive the art of surfing, but had success with the huge 16-foot hardwood boards that were popular at that time. When he cut them in half to them more manageable, he created the original Long board
Surfing
–
A surfer at the Cayucos Pier,
Cayucos, California
Surfing
–
Surfing on the
Gold Coast, Queensland Australia
Surfing
–
Synchronised surfing, Manly Beach, New South Wales, 1938–46
Surfing
–
A surfer wipes out
23.
Performance
–
A performance, in the performing arts, generally comprises an event in which a performer or group of performers present one or more works of art to an audience. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand, the means of expressing appreciation can vary by culture. Chinese performers will clap with the audience at the end of a performance, in Japan, folk performing-arts performances commonly attract individuals who take photographs, sometimes getting up to the stage and within inches of performers faces. Sometimes the dividing line between performer and the audience may become blurred, as in the example of theatre where audience members get involved in the production. Theatrical performances can take place daily or at some other regular interval, performances can take place at designated performance spaces, or in a non-conventional space, such as a subway station, on the street, or in somebodys home. Theatrical performances, especially when the audience is limited to only a few observers and this increase takes place in several stages relative to the performance itself, including anticipatory activation, confrontation activation and release period. The same physiological reactions can be experienced in other mediums, such as instrumental performance, heart rate shares a strong, positive correlation with the self reported anxiety of performers. Other physiological responses to public performance include perspiration, secretion of the adrenal glands, a performance may also describe the way in which an actor performs. In a solo capacity, it may refer to a mime artist, comedian, conjurer. Audio electronics Entertainment Live sound mixing Performance science Rock festival Sound technology Spectacle Stadium Stagecraft Theater
Performance
–
Cowboy Mouth performing in 2007.
Performance
–
Palermo Concertmaster
Salvatore Greco in performance
Performance
–
Kristin Chenoweth performs the national anthem of the United States at a
baseball game
Performance
–
Live event support.
24.
Outrigger canoe
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The outrigger canoe is a type of canoe featuring one or more lateral support floats known as outriggers, which are fastened to one or both sides of the main hull. Smaller canoes often employ a single outrigger on the side, while larger canoes may employ a single-outrigger, double-outrigger. The sailing canoes are an important part of the Polynesian heritage and are raced and sailed in Hawaii, Tahiti, Samoa and they are also very popular in Puerto Rico. Unlike a single-hulled canoe, an outrigger or double-hull canoe generates stability as a result of the distance between its hulls rather than due to the shape of individual hull. As such, the hulls of outrigger or double-hull canoes are typically longer, narrower, compared to other types of canoes, outrigger canoes can be quite fast, yet are also capable of being paddled and sailed in rougher water. This paddling technique, however, differs greatly from kayaking or rowing, the paddle, or blade, used by the paddler is single sided, with either a straight or a double-bend shaft. Despite the single paddle, an experienced paddler will only paddle on one side, using a technique such as a J-stroke to maintain heading, the outrigger float is called the ama in many Polynesian and Micronesian languages. The spars connecting the ama to the hull are called ʻiako in Hawaiian and kiato in Māori, in Micronesian languages. Outrigger canoes were developed by the Austronesian-speaking peoples of the islands of Southeast Asia for sea travel. They were used to transport these peoples both eastward to Polynesia and New Zealand and westward across the Indian Ocean as far as Madagascar during the Austronesian migration period. While today they can be found in East Africa, the Austronesian peoples continue to be the users of the outrigger canoes. The ethnological significance of this spread has been studied by James Hornell, when Magellans ships first encountered the Chamorros of the Mariana Islands in 1521, Antonio Pigafetta recorded that the Chamorros sailboats far surpassed Magellans in speed and maneuverability. The Hikianalia and Alingano Maisu are other extant double-hulled voyaging canoes, the technology has persisted into the modern age. Outrigger canoes can be quite large fishing or transport vessels, in the Philippines, outrigger canoes are often fitted with petrol engines. A variety of boat types exist, including the OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4 and OC6, outriggers without a rudder are referred to as V1, V2, etc. Single-hull outrigger canoes have an ama connected to the hull by spars called ʻiako, ʻiato. The ama, which is rigged on the left side. The paddlers need to be careful to avoid leaning too far on the side of the ama
Outrigger canoe
–
Modern sailing outrigger canoe in
Hawaii,
US
Outrigger canoe
–
A double outrigger canoe in
White Island,
Philippines.
Outrigger canoe
–
The traditional pōpao of
Tonga.
Outrigger canoe
–
Hawaiiloa, a double-hull sailing canoe built as a replica of Polynesian voyaging canoes.
25.
Diamond Head, Hawaii
–
Its English name was given by British sailors in the 19th century, who mistook calcite crystals on the adjacent beach for diamonds. Diamond Head, like the rest of the Honolulu Volcanic Series, is younger than the main mass of the Koʻolau Mountain Range. While the Koʻolau Range is about 2.6 million years old, the interior and adjacent exterior areas were the home to Fort Ruger, the first United States military reservation on Hawaii. Only a National Guard facility and Hawaii State Civil Defense remain in the crater, an FAA air traffic control center was in operation from 1963 to 2001. Diamond Head is a feature of the view known to residents and tourists of Waikīkī. The volcanic tuff cone is a State Monument, a 0. 75-mile hike leads to the edge of the craters rim. Signs at the trailhead say that the hike takes 1. 5–2 hours round-trip, and recommends that hikers bring water. Although not difficult, the signs also say that the hike is not a casual one, next is a small lighted tunnel to a narrow spiral staircase inside a coastal artillery observation platform built in 1908. From the summit above the observation platform both Waikīkī and the Pacific Ocean can be seen in detail and it is a short but steep hike – it is a 170 m elevation gain for a total elevation of 232 m. There is a fountain near the bathrooms at the foot of the trail in case you want to hydrate before the hike or fill an empty bottle. The park closes at 6,00 pm and signs posted indicate that you are not allowed to head up the trail after 4,30 pm, a downloadable certificate is available to those who complete the climb. In 1968, Diamond Head was declared a National Natural Landmark, the crater, also called Diamond Head Lookout was used as a strategic military lookout in the early 1900s. Spanning over 475 acres, it served as an effective defensive lookout because it provides views of Waikīkī. The Diamond Head Lighthouse, a lighthouse built in 1917 is directly adjacent to the craters slopes. In addition, a few pillboxes are located on Diamond Head’s summit, various views of Diamond Head Diamond Head appears on an 80-cent air mail stamp issued in 1952 to pay for shipping orchids to the mainland of the U. S. A1975 televised game show, The Diamond Head Game was set at Diamond Head, official website Hawaii State Parks - Diamond Head State Monument Geographic data related to Diamond Head, Hawaii at OpenStreetMap Satellite image of Diamond Head
Diamond Head, Hawaii
–
Diamond Head cone seen from
Round Top Road
Diamond Head, Hawaii
–
View from the rim showing the Waikiki neighborhood (left), the cone (right) and the war bunker at the peak (middle)
Diamond Head, Hawaii
Diamond Head, Hawaii
–
Diamond Head cone seen from the coast off Waikīkī
26.
Ala Wai Canal
–
The Ala Wai Canal is an artificial waterway in Honolulu, Hawaii which serves as the northern boundary of the tourist district of Waikīkī. It was created in 1928 for the purpose of draining the rice paddies and it also serves as a primary drainage corridor for the rivers and streams that run through central and east Honolulu. The canal runs from just northwest of Kapahulu Avenue along the length of Waikīkī, bridges cross the canal at McCully Street, Kalākaua Avenue, and Ala Moana Boulevard. Ala Wai Boulevard runs parallel to the west side of the canal in Waikiki, before the canal existed, Waikiki consisted of wetlands which were fed by streams running from the Makiki, Palolo, and Manoa valleys to the sea. In the early 1900s, Lucius Pinkham, then President of the Territorial Board of Health, developed the idea of constructing a canal to drain the wetlands. Although the canal proposal was approved by the Board of Health, Construction of the canal, by Walter F. Dillinghams Hawaiian Dredging Construction Company, began in 1921 and was completed in 1928. When the city was permitting for new buildings in Waikiki they required builders to build above sea level, dillingham then sold the dirt he had dredged to create the canal so they could build up the newly created land. The canal is still routinely dredged, most recently in 2003, the creation of the canal shunted the flow of the streams directly into the ocean, which resulted in the creation of several square miles of new real estate. Among those who benefited from the development were people who, though of modest means, had obtained and maintained small rice, the reclamation of these lands were considered pivotal in the eventual development of Waikiki as a tourist center. When originally designed, the canals two-mile long waterway had two outlets, one on either end, which would allow sedimentation to be flushed into the ocean. To prevent such a disaster, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers has examined various measures, including digging a channel, widening the McCully bridge. Another major issue is the pollution in the canal brought about by urbanization, in addition to runoff from streets and growing neighborhoods, mercury was detected in the canal. The mercury was attributed to the paint used in the Ala Wai Harbor. A1976 Department of Health report also said that canal water regularly violated federal limits on fecal coliform counts, the canal has been dredged at least three times, in 1967,1978 and 2002. Most of the sediment was deposited in the ocean, except for some sediment from the 2002 dredging. In March 2006, heavy thunderstorms and rains overwhelmed the sewers around the Ala Wai Canal and this diversion caused partial overflowing of the canal in some areas, and the sewage then tainted Waikiki and nearby beaches. The beaches near the Ala Wai Canal, including beaches in the Waikiki, in the weeks after the incident, beaches were eventually reopened, but it took several months before the Ala Wai Canal was determined to be safe and free from major health concerns. One person died from shock after falling into the Ala Wai Harbor near the mouth of the canal
Ala Wai Canal
–
Ala Wai Canal
Ala Wai Canal
–
The bank of the Ala Wai
Ala Wai Canal
–
Panoramic view of the Ala Wai Canal
27.
Tuff cone
–
Phreatomagmatic eruptions are volcanic eruptions resulting from interaction between magma and water. They differ from exclusively magmatic eruptions and phreatic eruptions, unlike phreatic eruptions, the products of phreatomagmatic eruptions contain juvenile clasts. It is common for an explosive eruption to have magmatic and phreatomagmatic components. Several competing theories exist as to the mechanism of ash formation. The most common is the theory of explosive thermal contraction of particles under rapid cooling from contact with water, in many cases the water is supplied by the sea, for example with Surtsey. In other cases the water may be present in a lake or caldera-lake, for example Santorini, there have also been examples of interaction between magma and water in an aquifer. Many of the cones on Tenerife are believed to be phreatomagmatic because of these circumstances. The other competing theory is based on fuel-coolant reactions, which have been modeled for the nuclear industry, under this theory the fuel fragments upon contact with a coolant. The propagating stress waves and thermal contraction widen cracks and increase the surface area. The two mechanisms proposed are very similar and the reality is most likely a combination of both, phreatomagmatic ash is formed by the same mechanisms across a wide range of compositions, basic and acidic. Blocky and equant clasts with low vesicule content are formed, the deposits of phreatomagmatic explosive eruptions are also believed to be better sorted and finer grained than the deposits of magmatic eruption. This is a result of the much higher fragmentation of phreatomagmatic eruptions, hyaloclastite is glass found with pillow basalts that were produced by non-explosive quenching and fracturing of basaltic glass. These are still classed as phreatomagmatic eruptions, as they produce juvenile clasts from the interaction of water and they can be formed at water depths of >500 m, where hydrostatic pressure is high enough to inhibit vesiculation in basaltic magma. Hyalotuff is a type of rock formed by the fragmentation of glass during phreatomagmatic eruptions at shallow water depths. Hyalotuffs have a nature that is believed to be a result of dampened oscillation in discharge rate. The deposits are much finer grained than the deposits of magmatic eruptions, a clast known as an accretionary lapilli is distinctive to phreatomagmatic deposits, and is a major factor for identification in the field. Accretionary lapilli form as a result of the properties of wet ash. They have a structure when specimens are viewed in hand
Tuff cone
–
Ashfall deposit of phreatomagmatic origin, overlying magmatic lapilli fall deposit of magmatic origin.
Tuff cone
–
Crest of old tuff ring, including part of the maar crater of a monogenetic volcano,
Tenerife,
Canary Islands. The maar crater has been used for agriculture.
Tuff cone
–
Koko Crater is an old extinct tuff cone in the Hawaiian Island of Oahu.
Tuff cone
–
Fort Rock, an eroded tuff ring in
Oregon,
USA.
28.
Surf break
–
The topography of the seabed determines the shape of the wave and type of break. Since shoals can change size and location, affecting the break, it takes commitment, some surf breaks are quite dangerous, since the surfer can collide with a reef or rocks below the water. Surf breaks may be defended vehemently by surfers, as human activities and constructions can have unintended and unpredictable consequences which can be positive, negative. One of the largest surf breaks in the world is the Jaws surf break in Maui, Hawaii, however waves which break off Nazare in Portugal have been recorded to exceed 80 feet, with estimates of waves ridden up to over 100 feet, from trough to peak. The peculiar ocean bathymetry off Nazare is largely responsible for the large wave faces. There are numerous types of surf breaks and these are defined as permanent or semi permanent obstructions that causes a wave to break, rather than by the nature of the wave itself. Artificial wave pools are an example of changing what is considered a surf break or surfable wave. Some surf break locations may be partly or wholly formed and influenced by human activities and these effects are variable and may be either negative or positive with respect to the effect on local surf quality. A point break refers to the place where waves hit a point of land or rocks jutting out from the coastline, bells Beach in Australia and Jardim do Mar in Madeira, Portugal are examples of point breaks. They can break either left or right, and in rare cases forms a peak which breaks both ways around a central headland. The bottom can be made of rocks, sand, or coral, a beach break takes place where waves break on a usually sandy seabed. An example of a beach break is Hossegor in Southern France. Sometimes beaches can contain little or no sand, and the bottom may be only rock or boulders. A boulder beach is an example, a reef break happens when a wave breaks over a coral reef or a rocky seabed. Examples are Cloudbreak in Fiji and Jaws in Maui, a reef break may occur close to the shore, or well offshore from the shoreline, breaking in open ocean and petering out before the wave reaches the shore. Examples include Queenscliff Bommie in Australia and Dungeons in South Africa, in Australia these open ocean reefs are sometimes called Bombora or Bommie waves, after the aboriginal word for offshore reef, bombora. Sometimes reefs which occur in open ocean but which do not breach the surface are also called Banks, the Cortes Bank off California is an example. There are also examples of man-made reefs specifically designed and made for surfing, some artificial harbours also create new reef break waves
Surf break
–
Surfing a break in
Oahu
Surf break
29.
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
–
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts is a chain of luxury hotels owned by Marriott International. The origins of the date back to 1933, when Harvard classmates Ernest Henderson and Robert Moore purchased the Continental Hotel in Cambridge. In 1937 they purchased the Standard Investing Company and made it the company through which ran their hotels. Their second hotel, and the first as part of the new company, was the Stonehaven Hotel in Springfield, Massachusetts, a converted apartment building they purchased in 1937. The chain got its name from a hotel the pair acquired in Boston. Instead, Henderson and Moore decided to all their hotels by that name. Henderson and Moore purchased Bostons famed Copley Plaza Hotel in 1941, in 1945, Sheraton was the first hotel chain to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1949 Sheraton expanded internationally with the purchase of two Canadian hotel chains, in 1956, Sheraton purchased the Eppley Hotel Company, which was then the largest privately held hotel business in the United States, for $30 million. Three years later, in 1959 it purchased the four hotels owned by the Matson Lines in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1955, Sheraton began to build large highway hotels, in 1962 a franchise division was created to promote Sheraton Motor Inns. These provided free parking and competed with roadside motels, the 1960s saw the first Sheraton hotels outside the US and Canada with the opening of the Tel Aviv-Sheraton in Israel in February 1961 and the Macuto-Sheraton outside Caracas, Venezuela, in 1963. By 1965, the 100th Sheraton property, the Sheraton-Boston Hotel, had opened its doors, the multinational conglomerate ITT purchased the chain in 1968, after which it was known as ITT Sheraton. The chain deployed its automated Reservatron system and, in late 1969, in 1985, Sheraton became the first western company to operate a hotel in the Peoples Republic of China. It assumed management of the state-built Great Wall Hotel in Beijing, the flagship of the division was The St Regis in New York City. The chain had begun by operating hotels in Italy, but over-expanded across Europe just as a recession hit, the majority of these hotels were placed in the ITT Sheraton Luxury Collection, though a few were placed in the Sheraton division. After Sheratons purchase by Starwood, The Luxury Collection was marketed as a separate division, in April 1995, Sheraton introduced a new, mid-scale hotel brand, Four Points by Sheraton Hotels, to replace the designation of certain hotels as Sheraton Inns. In 1998, Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc. acquired ITT Sheraton, under Starwoods leadership, Sheraton has begun renovating many existing hotels and expanding the brands footprint. In 2016, Marriott International purchased Starwood Hotels, and the merged company became the largest resort company
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
–
Sheraton New York Times Square Hotel,
New York City
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
–
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
–
Le Centre Sheraton Hotel,
Montreal
Sheraton Hotels and Resorts
–
Sheraton Princess Kaiulani Hotel,
Hawaii
30.
Hyatt
–
Hyatt Hotels Corporation is an American multinational owner, operator, and franchiser of hotels, resorts, and vacation properties. The Hyatt Corporation came into being upon purchase of the Hyatt House, at Los Angeles International Airport, as of September 30,2016, Hyatt has 679 properties in 54 countries. In 2017, Fortune magazine listed Hyatt as the 32nd-best U. S. company to work for, the original owners were entrepreneurs Hyatt Robert von Dehn and Jack Dyer Crouch, after a few years, Von Dehn sold his share in the hotel to entrepreneur Jay Pritzker. Jays younger brother Donald Pritzker also took on an important role in the company, over the following decade, acquisitions were made, and Hyatt became the fastest-growing hotel chain in the United States. Donald died in 1972, Jay continued to run the company, in 1969, Hyatt opened its first hotel outside the United States, the Hyatt Regency Hong Kong. In 1980 the Grand Hyatt and Park Hyatt brands were introduced, Hyatt runs resort hotels, starting with the Hyatt Regency Maui in 1980. As of 30 November 2015 Hyatt had over 627 hotels worldwide, in 1972 Hyatt formed Elsinore Corporation, a subsidiary to operate the Four Queens Hotel and Casino and the Hyatt Regency Lake Tahoe Resort, Spa & Casino. After Hyatt became a company in 1979, Elsinore was spun off as a public company. The company opened the Playboy Hotel and Casino as a joint venture with Playboy Enterprises, on June 30,2009, Global Hyatt Corporation changed its name to Hyatt Hotels Corporation. Blackstone had inherited AmeriSuites from its 2004 acquisition of Prime Hospitality, the AmeriSuites chain was rebranded and called Hyatt Place, a competitor to the limited-service products Marriott Internationals Courtyard by Marriott and Hilton Worldwides Hilton Garden Inn. In December 2005 Hyatt acquired limited service company Summerfield Suites from the Blackstone Group, Blackstone had inherited Summerfield Suites from its purchase of Wyndham International. In August 2009 it was reported that Hyatt Hotels Corporation filed plans to raise up to $1.15 billion in a share sale. That November Hyatt completed a public offering and began trading publicly on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol H. According to the filing Mark S. Hoplamazian was to serve as CEO, the public offering is a result of the acrimonious breakup of the Pritzker family empire. As of 31 December 2014 Hyatt Corporations worldwide portfolio consisted of 587 properties, on September 1,2011, Hyatt acquired Hotel Sierra, which has 18 properties in 10 states. Along with Hyatt Summerfield Suites hotels, several of these properties were rebranded as Hyatt house in January 2012, Hyatt Hotels Corporation operates several chains. The Human Rights Campaign awarded the company 100% in the HRC Equality Index for eight consecutive years, the Hyatt Regency brand is the oldest brand in the company, with the Grand Hyatt and Park Hyatt brands being introduced in 1980. Some of these are styled as resort properties, and may have spas or other recreational facilities, other brands include Hyatt Place, designed as a limited service offering for business travelers
Hyatt
–
Hyatt Regency in Hong Kong (left)
Hyatt
–
Hyatt Gold Passport
Hyatt
–
The Grand Hyatt
Bangkok,
Thailand, on Ratchadamri Road
Hyatt
–
Looking up inside the 32-story atrium of the Shanghai Grand Hyatt, part of the
Jin Mao Tower
31.
Apple Inc.
–
Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
Apple Inc.
–
Apple Campus (1
Infinite Loop,
Cupertino, California)
Apple Inc.
–
Home of Paul and Clara Jobs, on Crist Drive in
Los Altos, California.
Steve Jobs formed Apple Computer in its garage with
Steve Wozniak and
Ronald Wayne in 1976.
Apple Inc.
–
The
Apple I, Apple's first product, was sold as an assembled circuit board and lacked basic features such as a keyboard, monitor, and case. The owner of this unit added a keyboard and a wooden case.
Apple Inc.
–
Apple's
"1984" television ad, set in a
dystopian future modeled after the
George Orwell novel
Nineteen Eighty-Four, set the tone for the introduction of the Macintosh.
32.
Chanel
–
Chanel S. A. is a French, privately held company owned by Alain and Gérard Wertheimer, grandsons of Pierre Wertheimer, who was an early business partner of the couturière Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel. Chanel S. A. is a fashion house that specializes in haute couture and ready-to-wear clothes, luxury goods. In her youth, Gabrielle Chanel gained the nickname Coco from her time as a chanteuse, the House of Chanel is known for the little black dress, the perfume No.5 de Chanel, and the Chanel Suit. Chanel’s use of jersey fabric produced garments that were comfortable and affordable, Chanel used colors traditionally associated with masculinity in Europe, such as grey and navy blue, to denote feminine boldness of character. An example of haute couture techniques is the woolen Chanel suit — a knee-length skirt. The complementary accessories were two-tone pump shoes and jewellry, usually a necklace of pearls, Coco Chanel thus could sell to them the hats she designed and made, she thus earned a living, independent of her financial sponsor, the socialite Balsan. Despite that social circumstance, Boy Capel perceived the businesswoman innate to Coco Chanel, because that locale already housed a dress shop, the business-lease limited Chanel to selling only millinery products, not couture. The First World War affected European fashion through scarcity of materials, in 1915 and in 1917, Harper’s Bazaar magazine reported that the garments of the House of Chanel were on the list of every buyer for the clothing factories of Europe. After the First World War, the House of Chanel, following the trends of the 1920s, produced beaded dresses. Originally, a bottle of No.5 de Chanel was a gift to clients of Chanel, the popularity of the perfume prompted the House of Chanel to offer it for retail sale in 1922. In 1923, to explain the success of her clothes, Coco Chanel told Harper’s Bazaar magazine that design simplicity is the keynote of all true elegance, business partners — late 1920s The success of the No. To that end, the businessman Théophile Bader introduced the venture capitalist Pierre Wertheimer to Coco Chanel, moreover, by 1937, the House of Chanel had expanded the range of its clothes to more women, and presented prêt-à-porter clothes designed and cut for the petite woman. Among fashion designers only the clothes created by Elsa Schiaparelli could compete with the clothes of Chanel. A. at 31 rue Cambon, meanwhile, because of the Nazi occupation’s official anti-Semitism, Pierre Wertheimer and family, had fled France to the U. S. in mid-1940. Later, in 1941, Coco Chanel attempted to assume control of Parfums Chanel. Occupied France abounded with rumours that Coco Chanel was a Nazi collaborator, her identity was secret agent 7124 of the Abwehr. At War’s end, upon the Allied liberation of France, Chanel was arrested for having collaborated with the Nazis, in Switzerland, the news revived Coco Chanel’s resentment at having been exploited by her business partner, for only ten per cent of the money. So she established a rival Swiss parfumerie to create, produce, in exchange Gabrielle Chanel closed her Swiss parfumerie enterprise, and sold to Parfums Chanel the full rights to the name Coco Chanel. As a post–War fashion that used some 20 yards of fabric, having decided to do business with Coco Chanel, Wertheimer’s negotiations to fund the resurgence of the House of Chanel, granted him commercial rights to all Chanel-brand products
Chanel
–
The actress Gabrielle Dorziat wearing a Chanel plumed hat (1912)
Chanel
–
Chanel S.A.
Chanel
–
Chanel’s spymaster: General Walter Schellenberg Chief of the Sicherheitsdienst.
Chanel
–
A classic Chanel suit, 1965
33.
Louis Vuitton
–
Louis Vuitton Malletier, commonly referred to as Louis Vuitton, or shortened to LV, is a house founded in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. The labels LV monogram appears on most of its products, ranging from luxury trunks and leather goods to ready-to-wear, shoes, watches, jewelry, accessories, sunglasses, for six consecutive years, Louis Vuitton was named the worlds most valuable luxury brand. Its 2012 valuation was US$25.9 billion, the 2013 valuation of the brand was US$28.4 billion with revenue of US$9.4 billion. The company operates in 50 countries with more than 460 stores worldwide, the Louis Vuitton label was founded by Vuitton in 1854 on Rue Neuve des Capucines in Paris, France. Louis Vuitton had observed that the HJ Cave Osilite trunk could be stacked and in 1858, Vuitton introduced his flat-bottom trunks with trianon canvas. Before the introduction of Vuittons trunks, rounded-top trunks were used, generally to promote water run off and it was Vuittons gray Trianon canvas flat trunk that allowed the ability to stack with ease for voyages. Many other luggagemakers imitated LVs style and design, the company participated in the 1867 Universal Exhibition in Paris. To protect against the duplication of his look, Vuitton changed the Trianon design to a beige, by 1885, the company opened its first store in London on Oxford Street. In 1892, Louis Vuitton died, and the management passed to his son. After the death of his father, Georges Vuitton began a campaign to build the company into a worldwide corporation, in 1896, the company launched the signature Monogram Canvas and made the worldwide patents on it. Its graphic symbols, including quatrefoils and flowers, were based on the trend of using Japanese Mon designs in the late Victorian era, the patents later proved to be successful in stopping counterfeiting. In this same year, Georges traveled to the United States, where he toured cities such as New York, Philadelphia, in 1901, the Louis Vuitton Company introduced the Steamer Bag, a smaller piece of luggage designed to be kept inside Vuitton luggage trunks. By 1913, the Louis Vuitton Building opened on the Champs-Elysees and it was the largest travel-goods store in the world at the time. Stores also opened in New York, Bombay, Washington, London, Alexandria, afterwards, in 1930, the Keepall bag was introduced. During 1932, LV introduced the Noé bag and this bag was originally made for champagne vintners to transport bottles. Soon thereafter, the Louis Vuitton Speedy bag was introduced, in 1936 Georges Vuitton died, and his son, Gaston-Louis Vuitton, assumed control of the company. During World War II, Louis Vuitton collaborated with the Nazis during the German occupation of France, the family set up a factory dedicated to producing artifacts glorifying Pétain, including more than 2,500 busts. Caroline Babulle, a spokeswoman for the publisher, Fayard, said, They have not contested anything in the book, responding to the books release in 2004, a spokesman for LVMH said, This is ancient history
Louis Vuitton
–
This article is about the French fashion house. For the founder of the Louis Vuitton brand, see
Louis Vuitton (designer).
Louis Vuitton
–
Advert for Louis Vuitton luggage, 1898.
Louis Vuitton
–
Louis Vuitton store in
Nicosia,
Cyprus
Louis Vuitton
–
Louis Vuitton store in
Lugano,
Switzerland.
34.
Prada
–
Prada S. p. A. is an Italian luxury fashion house, specializing in leather handbags, travel accessories, shoes, ready-to-wear, perfumes and other fashion accessories, founded in 1913 by Mario Prada. The company was started in 1913 by Mario Prada and his brother Martino as a goods shop – Fratelli Prada – in Milan. Initially, the shop sold leather goods and imported English steamer trunks, Mario Prada did not believe that women should have a role in business, and so he prevented female family members from entering into his company. Ironically, Marios son harbored no interest in the business, so it was his daughter Luisa Prada who took the helm of Prada as his successor and her own daughter, Miuccia Prada, joined the company in 1970, eventually taking over for her mother in 1978. Miuccia began making waterproof backpacks out of Pocone and she met Patrizio Bertelli in 1977, an Italian who had begun his own leather goods business at the age of 17, and he joined the company soon after. He advised Miuccia—and she followed the advice—on better decisions for the Prada company and it was his advice to discontinue importing English goods and to change the existing luggage. Miuccia inherited the company in 1978 by which time sales were up to U. S. $450,000, with Bertelli alongside her as business manager, Miuccia was allowed time to implement her creativity in the companys designs. She would go on to incorporate her ideas into the house of Prada that would change it and she released her first set of backpacks and totes in 1979. They were made out of a tough military spec black nylon that her grandfather had used as coverings for steamer trunks. Initial success was not instant, as they were hard to sell due to the lack of advertising and high-prices, next, Miuccia and Bertelli sought out wholesale accounts for the bags in upscale department stores and boutiques worldwide. The next big release was a nylon tote and that same year, the house of Prada began expansion across continental Europe by opening locations in prominent shopping districts within Florence, Paris, Madrid, and New York City. A shoe line was released in 1984. In 1985, Miuccia released the classic Prada handbag that became an overnight sensation, although practical and sturdy, its sleek lines and craftsmanship exuded an offhand aura of luxury that has become the Prada signature. In 1987, Miuccia and Bertelli married, Prada launched its womens ready-to-wear collection in 1989, and the designs came to be known for their dropped waistlines and narrow belts. Pradas popularity skyrocketed when the world took notice of its clean lines, opulent fabrics. The logo for the label was not as obvious a design element as those on bags from other prominent luxury brands such as Louis Vuitton and it tried to market its lack of prestigious appeal, including the apparel, was its image of anti-status or reverse snobbery. Pradas originality made it one of the most influential fashion houses, sales were reported at L70 billion, or US$31.7 million, in 1998. Partrizio di Marco took charge of the business in the United States after working for the house in Asia
Prada
–
Prada
Prada
–
A Prada shop in
Rome, Italy.
Prada
–
Prada
Fifth Avenue, Manhattan
Prada
–
The Prada boutique at the
Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, Italy.
35.
Burberry
–
Burberry Group, Inc. is a British luxury fashion house headquartered in London, England. Its main fashion house focuses on and distributes ready-to-wear outerwear, fashion accessories, fragrances, sunglasses, the first shop opened up in the Haymarket, London, in 1891. Burberry was an independent family controlled company until 1955, when it was reincorporated, the fashion house has dressed notable actors, world leaders, musicians, and athletes. Its distinctive check pattern has one of its most widely copied trademarks. Burberry is most famous for its trench coat, Burberry has branded stores and franchises around the world and sells through concessions in third-party stores. Christopher Bailey has been the CEO and Chief Creative Officer since 2014, the company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. In 2015, Burberry ranked 73rd in Interbrands Best Global Brands report, ahead of Ralph Lauren, Burberry has more than 500 stores in over 50 countries. Burberry was founded in 1856 when 21-year-old Thomas Burberry, a drapers apprentice, opened his own store in Basingstoke, Hampshire. By 1870, the business had established itself by focusing on the development of outdoors attire, in 1879, Burberry introduced in his brand the gabardine, a hardwearing, water-resistant yet breathable fabric, in which the yarn is waterproofed before weaving. Burberry was the name, but then the company soon switched to using the name Burberrys. In 1999, it reverted to its old name, Burberry, the name Burberrys of London is still visible on many older Burberry products. In 1891, Burberry opened a shop in the Haymarket, London, in 1901, the Burberry Equestrian Knight Logo was developed containing the Latin word Prorsum, meaning forwards, and later registered it as a trademark in 1909. In 1911 they became the outfitters for Roald Amundsen, the first man to reach the South Pole, and Ernest Shackleton, a Burberry gabardine jacket was worn by George Mallory on his attempt on Mount Everest in 1924. Adapted to meet the needs of military personnel, the coat was born during the First World War. After the war, the coat became popular with civilians. The iconic Burberry check has been in use since at least the 1920s, Burberry also specially designed aviation garments. In 1937, A. E. Clouston and Betty Kirby-Green broke the record for the fastest return flight from London to Cape Town in The Burberry plane – which was sponsored by the brand. Burberry was an independent family controlled company until 1955, when it was taken over by Great Universal Stores, stars of the modern world began wearing the Burberrys brand
Burberry
–
Former Burberry headquarters on the Haymarket (built 1913)
Burberry
–
Burberry Group
Burberry
–
A Burberry store in
Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong
Burberry
–
Burberry children at department store
Smith & Caughey's Queen Street in
Auckland,
New Zealand
36.
Dior
–
Christian Dior SE, commonly known as Dior, is a French luxury goods company controlled and chaired by French businessman Bernard Arnault, who also heads LVMH – the worlds largest luxury group. Dior itself holds 42. 36% shares of and 59. 01% voting rights within LVMH, while the Christian Dior label remains largely for womens offerings, the company also operates the Dior Homme division for men and the baby Dior label for childrens wear. Products are sold throughout its portfolio of retail stores worldwide, as well as through its online store, the House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946, in a private house at 30 Avenue Montaigne Paris B. However, the current Dior corporation celebrates 1947 as the opening year, Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessman Marcel Boussac. Boussac had originally invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston, the new couture house became a part of a vertically integrated textile business already operated by Boussac. Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at 80 employees, Diors creativity also negotiated him a good salary. On 12 February 1947, Dior launched his first fashion collection for Spring–Summer 1947, the show of 90 models of his first collection on six mannequins was presented in the salons of the companys headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne. Originally, the two lines were named Corolle and Huit, however, the new collection went down in fashion history as the New Look after the editor-in-chief of Harpers Bazaar Carmel Snow exclaimed, Its such a New Look. At a time of post-war fabric restrictions, Dior used up to twenty yards of extravagant fabrics for his creations, as a result, Paris, which had fallen from its position as the capital of the fashion world after WWII, regained its preeminence. The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as an antidote to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms. According to Harold Koda, The Costume Institute curator in charge, not everyone was pleased with the New Look, however. Some considered the amount of material to be wasteful, especially after years of cloth rationing, feminists in particular were outraged, feeling that the new designs with its return to corsets were restrictive and regressive, and that Diors designs took away womens independence. Fellow designer Coco Chanel remarked, “Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable. ”Available references contradict themselves whether Christian Dior Parfums was established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation itself lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its first perfume, Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popular Miss Dior parfum, which was named after Catherine Dior. Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, pierre Cardin was made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York City Christian Dior Parfums branch was established—this could be the cause of establishment-date issue. The modern Dior corporation also notes that a luxury ready-to-wear house is established in New York at the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street, in 1949, the Diorama perfume is released and by 1949, the New Look line alone made a profit FFr 12.7 million. Expansion from France began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior boutique in New York City, by the end of the year, Dior fashions made up 75% of Pariss fashion exports and 5% of Frances total export revenue
Dior
–
"Bar" suit, 1947. As displayed in Moscow, 2011.
Dior
–
Christian Dior SE
Dior
–
Eva Perón, the First Lady of Argentina, wearing a Dior Dress in 1950
Dior
–
A Dior Haute Couture jacket designed by
Marc Bohan. The Haute Couture label is clearly visible in the enlarged photo.
37.
Fendi
–
Fendi is an Italian luxury fashion house whose specialities include fur, ready-to-wear, leather goods, shoes, fragrances, eyewear, timepieces and accessories. Founded in 1925 in Rome, Fendi is renowned for its fur and fur accessories, Fendi is also well known for its leather goods such as Baguette, 2jours, Peekaboo or Pequin handbags. The house of Fendi was launched in 1925 by Adele and Edoardo Fendi as a fur and leather shop in Via del Plebiscito, since 1946, the five sisters of second generation started entering the company and bought new wave of enthusiasm. Karl Lagerfeld joined Fendi in 1965 and became the Creative Director for Fur, silvia Venturini Fendi, daughter of Anna, joined in 1994 and is the Creative Director for Accessories and Mens lines. Since 2001, Fendi became a luxury fashion brand and member of LVMH group. In 2014, Fendi started making plans to use drones to show its catwalk fashions, Fendi invested more than 2 million euros to help restore the Trevi Fountain in Rome designed by Nicola Salvi in 18th century. The restoration works started June 2014, “It’s about tying us with a city that makes millions of people dream, ” Fendi CEO Pietro Beccari said. Official homepage Fendi – brand and company profile at Fashion Model Directory
Fendi
–
Fendi boutique in
The Landmark,
Hong Kong
Fendi
–
Fendi
38.
Cartier SA
–
Société Cartier is a French luxury goods conglomerate company. The company designs, manufactures, distributes and sells jewellery and watches, founded in Paris, France in 1847 by Louis-François Cartier, the company remained under family control until 1964. The company maintains its headquarters in Paris and is now a wholly owned subsidiary of the Compagnie Financière Richemont SA. Cartier is well known for its jewellery and wrist watches, including the Bestiary, the diamond necklace created for Bhupinder Singh the Maharaja of Patiala and the Santos wristwatch of 1904. Cartier has a history of sales to royalty and celebrities. For example, Kate Middleton. King Edward VII of England referred to Cartier as the jeweller of kings, for his coronation in 1902, Edward VII ordered 27 tiaras and issued a royal warrant to Cartier in 1904. Similar warrants soon followed from the courts of Spain, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Greece, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Egypt, Albania, Monaco, Louis-François Cartier founded Cartier in Paris in 1847 when he took over the workshop of his master. In 1874, Louis-François son Alfred Cartier took over the company, but it was Alfreds sons Louis, Pierre and Jacques, in 1904, the Brazilian pioneer aviator, Alberto Santos-Dumont complained to his friend Louis Cartier of the unreliability and impracticality of using pocket watches while flying. Cartier designed a flat wristwatch with a square bezel. This watch was liked by not only Santos-Dumont but also many other customers and this was Cartiers first mens wristwatch. Louis retained responsibility for the Paris branch, moving to the Rue de la Paix in 1899, in 1907, Cartier signed a contract with Edmond Jaeger, who agreed to exclusively supply the movements for Cartier watches. By this time, Cartier had branches in London, New York, the Baignoire and Tortue models were introduced in 1912, followed by the Tank model in 1917. This, designed by Louis Cartier, was inspired from the newly introduced tanks on the Western Front and this line too has survived, with over thirty varieties made since. In the early 1920s, Cartier formed a joint company with Edward Jaeger to produce movements solely for Cartier, thus was the European watch and clock company born, although Cartier continued to use movements from other makers. Cartier watches can be found with movements from Vacheron Constantin, Audemars Piguet, Movado, Pierre Cartier established the New York City branch in 1909, moving in 1917 to 653 Fifth Avenue, the Neo-Renaissance mansion of Morton Freeman Plant and designed by architect C. P. H. Cartier acquired the mansion from the Plants in exchange for $100 in cash, among the Cartier team was Charles Jacqueau, who joined Louis Cartier in 1909 for the rest of his life, and Jeanne Toussaint, who was Director of Fine Jewellery from 1933. After the death of Pierre in 1964, Jean-Jacques Cartier, Claude Cartier, in 1972, a group of investors led by Joseph Kanoui bought Cartier Paris. President Robert Hocq, who created the phrase Les Must de Cartier with Alain Dominique Perrin, General Director, in 1974 and 1976 respectively, the group repurchased Cartier London and Cartier New York
Cartier SA
–
Cartier Santos - steel/gold from 1988
Cartier SA
–
Société Cartier
Cartier SA
–
Mackay emerald and diamond necklace, 168 carats Muzo, Colombia, 1931.
Cartier SA
–
Bismarck sapphire necklace (1935), now at
National Museum of Natural History US.
39.
Gucci
–
Gucci is an Italian luxury brand of fashion and leather goods, part of the Gucci Group, which is owned by the French holding company Kering. Gucci was founded by Guccio Gucci in Florence in 1921, Gucci is also the biggest-selling Italian brand. Gucci operates about 278 directly operated stores worldwide as of September 2009, in the year 2013, the brand was valued at US$12.1 billion, with sales of US$4.7 billion. In the Forbes Worlds Most Valuable Brands list, Gucci is ranked the 38th most valuable brand, as of January 2015, the creative director is Alessandro Michele. With beginnings at the end of the 19th century, the Gucci company became one of the world’s most successful manufacturers of leather goods, clothing. As an immigrant hotel worker in Paris and later London, young Guccio Gucci was impressed with the luggage he saw urbane guests bring with them. Before leaving, he visited the manufacturer, H. J. Cave & Sons, upon returning to his birthplace of Florence, a city distinguished for high-quality materials and skilled artisans, he established a shop in 1920 that sold fine leather goods with classic styling. Although Gucci organized his workrooms for industrial methods of production, he maintained traditional aspects of fabrication, initially, Gucci employed skilled workers in basic Florentine leather crafts, attentive to finishing. With expansion, machine stitching was a method that supported construction. Together with three of his sons, Aldo Gucci, Vasco Gucci, and Rodolfo Gucci, Gucci expanded the company to include stores in Milan and Rome as well as additional shops in Florence. Guccis stores featured such finely crafted leather accessories as handbags, shoes, the company made handbags of cotton canvas rather than leather during World War II as a result of material shortages. The canvas, however, was distinguished by a signature double-G symbol combined with prominent red, after the war, the Gucci crest, which showed a shield and armored knight surrounded by a ribbon inscribed with the family name, became synonymous with the city of Florence. Aldo and Rodolfo Gucci further expanded the horizons in 1953 by establishing offices in New York City. Film stars and jet-set travelers to Italy during the 1950s and 1960s brought their glamour to Florence, movie stars posed in Guccis clothing, accessories, and footwear for lifestyle magazines around the world, contributing to the company’s growing reputation. Guccis distinctive lines made its products among the most frequently copied in the world in the early 2000s, pigskin, calf, and imported exotic animal skins were subjected to various methods of fabrication. Waterproof canvas and satin were used for evening bags, bamboo was first used to make handbag handles by a process of heating and molding in 1947, and purses made with a shoulder strap and snaffle-bit decoration were introduced in 1960. In 1964 Gucci’s lush butterfly pattern was custom-created for silk foulards, the original Gucci loafer was updated by a distinctive snaffle-bit ornament in 1966, while the Rolls-Royce luggage set was introduced in 1970. Watches, jewelry, ties, and eyewear were then added to the product lines
Gucci
–
Gucci shop on
Strøget in Copenhagen, Denmark
Gucci
–
Gucci shop on 5th Avenue in New York
Gucci
–
Gucci store in Toronto
Gucci
–
Gucci store at night
40.
Coach, Inc.
–
Coach, Inc. is a multinational luxury fashion company based in New York City. Coach was founded in 1941, as a workshop in a loft on 34th Street in Manhattan, with six leatherworkers who made wallets. In 1946, Miles Cahn and his wife Lillian joined the company, Miles and Lillian Cahn were owners of a leather handbag manufacturing business, and were knowledgeable about leatherworks and business. By 1950, Cahn had taken over the business, during the early years, Cahn noticed the distinctive properties and qualities of the leather used to make baseball gloves. With wear and use, the leather in a glove became softer and suppler, attempting to mimic this process, Cahn made a way of processing the leather to make it stronger, softer, and more flexible. Since the leather absorbed dye very well, this also created a richer, deeper color in the leather. Soon after Cahn developed this new process, Lillian Cahn suggested to Miles that the supplement the factorys mens accessories business by adding womens leather handbags. The sturdy cowhide bags were an immediate hit, Miles and Lillian Cahn bought the company through a leveraged buyout in 1961. In 1961, Cahn hired Bonnie Cashin, a sportswear pioneer, Cashin revolutionized the products design, working as creative head for Coach from 1962 through 1974. Cashin instituted the inclusion of side pockets, coin purses, in 1979, Lewis Frankfort joined the company as vice-president of business development. During this time, Coach was making $6 million in sales and products were being distributed through the wholesale channel. He was mentored by the then executive VP of sales, Richard Rose, Richard joined Coach in 1965, and he is credited with making Coach a household name after putting the product in department stores across the United States and abroad. He retired from his position in the company in 1995, in 1981, under Frankforts leadership, the company opened its first directly operated retail location on Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan. Coach was then sold to Sara Lee Corporation for a reported $30 million, Lew Frankfort succeeded Cahn as president. Sara Lee structured Coach under its Hanes Group, in early 1986, new boutiques were opened in Macys stores in New York City and San Francisco. Additional Coach stores were under construction, and similar boutiques were to be opened in major department stores later that year. By November 1986, the company was operating 12 stores, along with nearly 50 boutiques within department stores. In 1996, Lew Frankfort was named chairman and CEO of Coach, the following year, under Frankforts leadership, Coach hired Reed Krakoff, whose creative and commercials instincts aimed to make Coach products functional, lightweight, and stylish
Coach, Inc.
–
Coach store on
Bleecker Street in New York City
Coach, Inc.
–
Coach, Inc.
Coach, Inc.
–
Coach in
Markville Shopping Centre
Coach, Inc.
–
Coach purse with the signature monogram C's
41.
Quiksilver
–
Quiksilver, Inc. is an American retail sporting company, founded in Torquay, Australia, but now based in Huntington Beach, California. It is one of the worlds largest manufacturers of surfwear and other boardsport-related equipment and its logo, designed by company founder Alan Green and John Law in 1973, was inspired by Japanese painter Hokusais woodcut The Great Wave off Kanagawa. It consists of a wave with a mountain on a red background. The company also produces a line of apparel for young women, the Roxy logo consists of two copies of the Quiksilver logo, one reflected, forming a heart. Quiksilver has another line of apparel for women under the brand Quiksilver Women, as of 2013, the company lost financially for six years and initiated a turnaround plan to resolve this. However, in September 2015 the company filed for bankruptcy, after emerging from bankruptcy in early 2016, the company once again became privately held with Oaktree Capital Management as the majority shareholder. Quiksilver purchased Skis Rossignol for $560 million in 2005, but sold Rossignol on 12 November 2008 for $37.5 million in cash and it owned golf-equipment maker Cleveland Golf up until 31 October 2007, when it sold the company to a Japanese sporting goods company. In 2009 Moodys included Quiksilver on its Bottom Rung list of companies most likely to default on its debt, Quiksilver also owns DC Shoes, a skateboard shoe brand. Co-founder and CEO of Quiksilver Bob McKnight stepped down as CEO on 11 January 2013, McKnight then acted as Executive Chairman, until retiring in October 2014. Andy Mooney, who was chairman of Disney Consumer Products. The current CEO is Pierre Agnes, andy Mooney stepped down as the CEO of Quiksilver and was replaced in March 2015 by longtime Quiksilver employee Pierre Agnes to restructure the brand. Their products were sold in many other outlets across the world such as PacSun. With PacSuns decline in prominence, Quiksilver and other brands have suffered diminished sales. In addition, the company operated a number of separate Roxy, as of 2013, the company lost financially for six years and initiated a turnaround plan in an attempt to resolve this. In September 2015 the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. After emerging from bankruptcy in early 2016, the once again became privately held with Oaktree Capital Management as the majority shareholder. As of 2016, their current retail presence is significantly smaller after restructuring by Oaktree, in 1990, Quiksilver launched its sister brand for young women, Roxy. The brand was shuttered after 1991 surf industry crash but revived by Bob McKnight and Danny Kwock in 1992 and it was differentiated from the main Quiksilver line for fear it would damage the mens brand, according to Randy Hild, the companys senior vice president of marketing. Roxy was chosen because it sounded like a band or club
Quiksilver
–
Quiksilver, Inc.
42.
Billabong
–
A billabong is an oxbow lake, an isolated pond left behind after a river changes course. Billabongs are usually formed when the path of a creek or river changes, Billabongs, reflecting the arid Australian climate in which these dead rivers are found, fill with water seasonally and are dry for a greater part of the year. The etymology of the word billabong is disputed, the word is most likely derived from the Wiradjuri term bilabaŋ, which means a watercourse that runs only after rain and is derived from bila, meaning river, and possibly bong or bung, meaning dead. One source, however, claims that the term is of Scottish Gaelic origin, Billabongs attained significance as they held water longer than parts of rivers and it was therefore important for people to name these areas. Both Aboriginal Australians and European artists use billabongs as subject matter in painting, for example, american avant-garde filmmaker Will Hindle produced a short film titled Billabong in 1969. Billabong is the name of an Australian surfwear, skateboard and snowboard brand, limnology Meander Waltzing Matilda Media related to Billabongs of Australia at Wikimedia Commons
Billabong
–
A billabong along Scrubby Creek at Berrinba Wetlands in
Berrinba,
Logan City, 2014
Billabong
–
Billabong,
Northern Territory
43.
Volcom
–
Volcom, Inc. is a lifestyle brand that designs, markets, and distributes boardsports-oriented products. The company primarily produces clothing, footwear, accessories, and related products for men and women. Volcom is headquartered in Costa Mesa, California, United States, Volcom is known for its trademark stone logo, its slogan True To This, and the Let the Kids Ride Free campaign. Todd Hymel is the CEO of Volcom, Volcom was founded in 1991 by Richard Wooly Woolcott and Tucker T-Dawg Hall, who based the ethos of the company on their own experiences with boardsports. In March 1991, the two went on a snowboarding trip to Tahoe, U. S. and afterward. Chet Thomas was the first professional skateboarder to be sponsored by the brand, in 1995, Volcom was the first action sports company to create a record label, Volcom Entertainment. In April 2005, the company adopted its current name, Volcom, Volcom became a publicly traded entity on June 29,2005, when Wachovia Securities, D. A. Davidson and Piper Jaffray underwrote an initial public offering on NASDAQ. They priced 4.69 million shares at US$19 a share, in early 2008, Volcom made its first acquisition, taking ownership of Electric Visual Evolution LLC for US$25.3 million. On May 2,2011, French luxury, sport, and lifestyle group Kering launched a takeover offer to buy Volcom Inc. for US$24.50 a share. Volcoms board unanimously backed the Kering offer, and shareholders were advised to tender their shares to the French company, since the takeover, Kering has sought to expand and diversify the Volcom brand. The support from Kering allowed Volcom to launch its first ever closed-toe footwear line in July 2013, volcoms first retail store was opened on November 23,2002, in Los Angeles. Since then, seven more Volcom stores have opened in the United States, natalie Suarez, Jennifer Herrema, Billie Edwards, Elle Green, Mike Correia, Stephanie Cherry, Amy Smith, Zoe Grisedale-Sherry and Hannah Logic are Volcom ambassadors. In 2012, Volcom collaborated with Volcom ambassadors POSSO for the second time, POSSO is described by the brand as 2 best friends from Northern California with a love for art, design, fashion, and music. The collection included dresses and a bikini outfit, the event strove to reduce the environmental impacts of a professional surfing contest and to provide social benefits for the local community. The 2014 Volcom Pipe Pro surf competition took place between January 26 and February 7,2014, at the Banzai Pipeline with waves at 8–12 feet, and was televised on Saturday, June 7,2014, on NBC. The competition is an ASP, WQS 5-Star Event with a $130,000 prize purse, and once again has been designated as a Deep Blue Surfing Event, working with Sustainable Surf, a waste diversion company. Volcom created the V. Co-logical Series collection, whereby one percent of sales are donated to environmentally focused non-profit organizations, the company is a member of the 1% for the Planet initiative. In 2011, Volcom collaborated with Krochet Kids International, an organization that seeks to reduce poverty, Volcom sold handmade clothes from Uganda and some of the revenue was donated to Krochet Kids International
Volcom
–
Volcom, LLC
Volcom
–
Street art featuring the Volcom logo.
44.
Groyne
–
A groyne is a rigid hydraulic structure built from an ocean shore or from a bank that interrupts water flow and limits the movement of sediment. It is usually out of wood, concrete or stone. In the ocean, groynes create beaches or prevent them being washed away by longshore drift, in a river, groynes prevent erosion and ice-jamming, which in turn aids navigation. Ocean groynes run generally perpendicular to the shore, extending from the foreshore or beach into the water. All of a groyne may be water, in which case it is a submerged groyne. The areas between groups of groynes are groyne fields, Groynes are generally placed in groups. They are often used in tandem with seawalls, Groynes, however, may cause a shoreline to be perceived as unnatural. A groynes length and elevation, and the spacing between groynes is determined according to local energy and beach slope. Groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion, Groynes that are too short, too low, or too permeable are ineffective because they trap too little sediment. If a groyne does not extend far enough landward, water may flow past the end and erode a channel bypassing the groyne. A groyne creates and maintains a wide area of beach or sediment on its updrift side and it is a physical barrier to stop sediment transport in the direction of longshore drift. This causes a build-up, which is accompanied by accelerated erosion of the downdrift beach. Groynes add sediment to the beach by capturing downward drift, however, this can cause severe erosion on shorelines downstream from the groyne. If a groyne is correctly designed, then the amount of material it can hold will be limited, however, if a groyne is too large it may trap too much sediment, which can cause severe beach erosion on the down-drift side. River groynes are often constructed nearly perpendicular to the riverbanks, beginning at a riverbank with a root and they maintain a channel to prevent ice jamming, and more generally improve navigation and control over lateral erosion, that would form from meanders. Groynes have a impact on the river morphology, they cause autonomous degradation of the river. They are also used bridges to prevent bridge scour. Groynes can be distinguished by how they are constructed, whether they are submerged, Groynes can be permeable, allowing the water to flow through at reduced velocities, or impermeable, blocking and deflecting the current
Groyne
–
Groynes in
Sitges
Groyne
–
Rock groyne
Groyne
–
Submerged Groin (US spelling), Hunting Island, South Carolina
Groyne
–
A "Keep off the groynes" sign in
Brighton with a groyne showing in the background.
45.
Beach nourishment
–
Beach nourishment is typically part of a larger coastal defense scheme. Nourishment is typically a repetitive process, since it does not remove the forces that cause erosion. The first nourishment project in the United States was at Coney Island and it is now a common shore protection measure utilized by public and private entities. Nourishment is one of three commonly accepted methods for protecting shorelines, the structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater. Alternatively, with managed retreat the shoreline is left to erode, while relocating buildings, Nourishment gained popularity because it preserved beach resources and avoided the negative effects of hard structures. Instead, nourishment creates a structure by creating a larger sand reservoir. Beaches can erode both naturally and due to human impacts, erosion is a natural response to storm activity. During storms, sand from the visible beach submerges to form sand bars that protect the beach, submersion is only part of the cycle. During calm weather smaller waves return sand from bars to the beach surface in a process called accretion. Some beaches do not have enough available to coastal processes to respond naturally to storms. When not enough sand is available, the beach cannot recover following storms, many areas of high erosion are due to human activities. Reasons can include, seawalls locking up sand dunes, coastal structures like ports and harbors that prevent longshore transport, dams, continuous, long-term renourishment efforts, especially in cuspate-cape coastlines, can play a role in longshore transport inhibition and downdrift erosion. The proportion of sand in a beach that lies below the waterline critically impacts beach nourishment. Two beaches with the amount of visible sand may be much different below the surface. An eroded beach with substantial submerged sand surrounding it may recover without nourishment, nourishing a beach that has little submerged sand requires understanding of the reason that the submerged sand is missing. The same forces that stripped the submerged sand once are likely to do so again, the amount of submerged sand eroded is typically much greater than the amount of missing sand on shore. Replacing only the sand is insufficient unless the submerged sand is also replaced. Otherwise, the beach is unstable and the sand quickly erodes
Beach nourishment
–
Before and after photos of beach restoration efforts, Florida coastline, USA.
Beach nourishment
–
Beach nourishment device
Beach nourishment
–
Performance Predicability Beach Nourishment
Beach nourishment
–
Management
46.
Manhattan Beach, California
–
Manhattan Beach is a city in southwestern Los Angeles County, California, United States, on the Pacific coast south of El Segundo, and north of Hermosa Beach. Manhattan Beach is one of the three Beach Cities that make up the South Bay, Mira Costa High School in Manhattan Beach is ranked in the top 1% of high schools nationally. In 1863, a Scottish immigrant, Sir Robert Burnett, purchased Rancho Sausal Redondo, ten years later in 1873, Burnett leased the ranch to a Canadian, Daniel Freeman. Freeman moved his wife and three children onto the ranch and started growing various crops, on May 4,1885, Freeman bought the ranch from Burnett for $140,000. George H. Peck owned a lot of the land became part of the north section of Manhattan Beach. A coin flip decided the towns name, around 1902, the beach suburb was named Manhattan after developer Stewart Merrills home, the New York City borough of Manhattan. Beach was appended to the name in 1927 at the behest of the postmaster. The land in Manhattan Beach was formerly sand dunes, during the 1920s and 1930s, builders leveled uneven sandy sites and some excess sand was sold and shipped to Waikiki, Hawaii, to convert their reef and rock beach into a sandy beach. The sand was used to build the Los Angeles Coliseum. Manhattan Beach benefits from ocean breezes that provide air and summer temperatures that are 10 to 20 °F cooler than the inland regions of Southern California. The Manhattan Beach Unified School District has test scores ranked #3 in the state of California according to California Department of Education statistics, forbes magazine ranked Manhattan Beach Unified as the sixth best School District in the U. S. According to a July 5,2014, article in the Beach Reporter newspaper, GQ Magazine named Manhattan Beach one of the nations six best beaches in their July 2014 issue. The city has an area of 3.9 square miles. Manhattan Beach features 2.1 miles of ocean frontage, Manhattan Beach is a hotspot for beach volleyball and surfing. A majority of the land in Manhattan Beach was once exposed sand dunes which now lie beneath the citys buildings, the underlying dunes afford residents ocean views throughout western portions of the city. The tallest hill is 244 feet high and located in the citys southwest region, the only remaining exposed sand dune is at Sand Dune Park, where sand resembling the original landscape can also be found. The beach is approximately 400 feet wide and 2.1 miles long, in the early part of the last century, the beach was narrow and sloping. The sand was carried southward by the oceans natural littoral flow, every August, the city hosts the Manhattan Beach Open Volleyball Tournament and the International Surf Festival
Manhattan Beach, California
–
The Manhattan Beach Pier on a typical fall afternoon.
Manhattan Beach, California
–
Seal
Manhattan Beach, California
–
The
Manhattan Beach Pier in 2013.
Manhattan Beach, California
–
Glass home on the "Strand"
47.
Shoal
–
Often it refers to those submerged ridges, banks, or bars that rise near enough to the surface of a body of water as to constitute a danger to navigation. Shoals are also known as sandbanks, sandbars, or gravelbars, two or more shoals that are either separated by shared troughs or interconnected by past and or present sedimentary and hydrographic processes are referred to as a shoal complex. The term shoal is also used in a number of ways that can be similar or quite different from how it is used in the geologic, geomorphic. Shoals are characteristically long and narrow ridges and they can develop where a stream, river, or ocean current promotes deposition of sediment and granular material, resulting in localized shallowing of the water. Marine shoals also develop either by the in place drowning of barrier islands as the result of sea level rise or by the erosion. Shoals can appear as a coastal landform in the sea, where they are classified as a type of bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams. A shoal–sandbar may seasonally separate a smaller body of water from the sea, such as, Marine lagoons Brackish water estuaries Freshwater seasonal stream and river mouths and deltas. They are typically composed of sand, although they could be of any matter that the moving water has access to and is capable of shifting around. Wave shoaling is the process when surface waves move towards shallow water, such as a beach, they slow down, their wave height increases and this behavior is called shoaling, and the waves are said to shoal. The waves may or may not build to the point where they break, depending on how large they were to begin with, in particular, waves shoal as they pass over submerged sandbanks or reefs. This can be treacherous for boats and ships, shoaling can also diffract waves, so the waves change direction. For example, if waves pass over a bank which is shallower at one end than the other. Thus the wave fronts will refract, changing direction like light passing through a prism, refraction also occurs as waves move towards a beach if the waves come in at an angle to the beach, or if the beach slopes more gradually at one end than the other. Sandbars, also known as a trough bars, form where the waves are breaking, sometimes this occurs seaward of a trough. Sand carried by the moving bottom current is deposited where the current reaches the wave break. Other longshore bars may lie further offshore, representing the point of even larger waves. A harbor or river bar is a sedimentary deposit formed at an entrance or river mouth by. Where beaches are suitably mobile, or the river’s suspended and/or bed loads are large enough, deposition can build up a sandbar that completely blocks a river mouth and damming the river
Shoal
–
Sandbar between
St Agnes and
Gugh on the
Isles of Scilly, off the coast of
Cornwall,
England,
United Kingdom.
Shoal
–
A tidal sandbar connecting the islands of Waya and Wayasewa of the
Yasawa Islands,
Fiji.
Shoal
–
Amanohashidate in
Miyazu,
Kyoto Prefecture,
Japan
Shoal
–
White Island in
Camiguin, Philippines
48.
China Airlines
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China Airlines is the flag carrier and largest airline of the Republic of China. It is headquartered in Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport and has 12,607 regular employees, China Airlines operates over 1,400 flights weekly to 118 airports in 115 cities across Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. The cargo division operates 91 pure freighter flights weekly, the carrier was, in 2013, the 29th and 10th largest airline in the world in terms of passenger revenue per kilometer and freight RPK, respectively. With a fleet of two PBY Amphibians, China Airlines was established on December 16,1959, with its shares held by the Republic of China government. It was founded by an air force officer and initially concentrated on charter flights. During the 1960s, China Airlines was able to establish its first scheduled routes, in October 1962, a flight from Taipei to Hualien became the airlines first domestic service. Later, with the introduction of Caravelle and Boeing 727-100s, the airlines introduced international flights to South Vietnam, Hong Kong, with the airlines first two Boeing 707 aircraft, trans-Pacific flights to San Francisco via Tokyo were initiated on February 2,1970. The expansion of the companys 707 fleet also permitted more services in Southeast Asia, Northeast Asia, shortly thereafter, four brand new Boeing 747SP were introduced in 1977. Due to political pressure, Japan ended its ties with Taiwan in 1972. The 747SP aircraft made it possible for China Airlines to fly daily nonstop services from Taipei to its North American destinations without stopping over in Japan and it also allowed the airlines to introduce flights to Saudi Arabia and South Africa. In 1979, the airlines switched all operations from the small downtown Songshan International Airport to the newly built Chiang Kai-shek International Airport, following the introduction of 747-200s, the airlines introduced its first European destination, Amsterdam. The premise being that air carriers from the PRC and Taiwan were prevented crossing paths at any Japanese airports, thus CALs Osaka service, due to the citys only airport at Itami, would not be reinstated until years later. The crossing of flag-carriers occurred almost hourly at then British-controlled Hong Kongs Kaitak International Airport, adversely, other regional airports such as Bangkok, Singapore and Manila were entirely spared of this indignity imposed on Japan by China. The next 20 years saw sporadic but far-reaching growth for the company, later, the airline inaugurated its own round-the-world flight. 1993 saw China Airlines listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange, later CAL would place one of the largest orders for the newest Boeing 747. The new 747s and an earlier an order with Airbus for over a dozen A300B4 wide body regional jets allowed for addition destination growth, as a result, in the mid-1990s, China Airlines subsidiary Mandarin Airlines took over some of its Sydney and Vancouver international routes. The plum blossom is Taiwans National Flower, throughout the 1990s, the airline employed many ex-ROC Air Force pilots. In addition, the company began recruiting university graduates as trainees in its own training program
China Airlines
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China Airlines
Boeing 727-109C at
Singapore International Airport in 1974
China Airlines
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The China Airlines Taipei Branch Office and the former China Airlines headquarters in
Songshan District, Taipei
China Airlines
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A Boeing 747-400 in CAL's initial livery, with the ROC flag
China Airlines
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China Airlines
MD-11 wearing pre-Skyteam livery
49.
NTT DoCoMo
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NTT DOCOMO, Inc. is the predominant mobile phone operator in Japan. The name is officially an abbreviation of the phrase, do communications over the mobile network, Docomo provides phone, video phone, i-mode, and mail services. The companys headquarters are in the Sanno Park Tower, Nagatachō, Chiyoda, at the beginning of 2015, it was the fourth largest public company in Japan when measured by market capitalization. Docomo was spun off from Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in August 1991 to take over the mobile cellular operations. It provides 2G PDC cellular services on the 800 MHz band, and 3G FOMA W-CDMA services on the 2 GHz and 800 MHz and 1700 MHz bands and its businesses also included PHS, paging, and satellite. Docomo ceased offering a PHS service on January 7,2008, NTT Docomo is a subsidiary of Japans incumbent telephone operator, NTT. The majority of NTT Docomos shares are owned by NTT, while some NTT shares are publicly traded, control of the company by Japanese interests is guaranteed by the number of shares available to buyers. It provides wireless voice and data communications to subscribers in Japan, NTT Docomo is the creator of W-CDMA technology as well as mobile i-mode service. In late 1995, Docomo CEO hired the consulting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers for strategy development, NTT Docomo has more than 53 million customers, which is more than half of Japans cellular market. The company provides a variety of mobile multimedia services. NTT Docomo is listed on the Tokyo, London, and New York stock exchanges, on April 19,2008, it was announced that Ryuji Yamada, the current co-president of NTT Docomo, will be promoted as the president of NTT Docomo in June 2008. Masao Nakamura will stay in NTT Docomo as a director and also the senior adviser. Since October 2006, when the introduction to the service allows the user to carry their original phone number with a new provider was made, NTT Docomo has lost many users to KDDI. This promotion was made in order to get more users for NTT Docomo, the company was the last major global mobile carrier to offer Apples iPhone, which it finally did with the release of the iPhone 5s and 5c. This has been cited as one of the reasons for the stream of its customers switching for competing networks. In June 2011, the announced that they were teaming up with McAfee to provide McAfee VirusScan Mobile for its Android mobile users. In July 2012, NTT Docomo acquired Italys Buongiorno in a deal worth 209 million euros, on October 2007, the prototype Wellness mobile phone of Japans NTT Docomo Inc. and Mitsubishi Electric Corp. was launched at CEATEC. It checks health with a sensor that detects body movement and measures calories
NTT DoCoMo
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Sanno Park Tower, which has the headquarters of NTT Docomo.
NTT DoCoMo
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NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building in
Shibuya, Tokyo
NTT DoCoMo
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A large pile of Docomodake merchandise.
NTT DoCoMo
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GSMA Mobile World Congress, Barcelona 2008 99. Note the new logo.
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Bixby, Oklahoma, United States
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