1.
Territorial authorities of New Zealand
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Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. There are 67 territorial authorities,12 city councils,53 district councils, Auckland Council, six territorial authorities also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are unitary authorities. A unitary authority may also have local boards, currently only Auckland Council has them, territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupo District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions, Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations, the boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities from 200 to 75, the new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council, as a result, the term city began to take on two meanings. The word city came to be used in a formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000, since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list,1991, Invercargill re-proclaimed a city,1992, Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council abolished by a Local Government Amendment Act. Of its territorial authorities, Kaikoura District was transferred to the Canterbury Region,2004, Tauranga became a city again on 1 March. 2006, Banks Peninsula District merged into Christchurch City as a result of 2005 referendum,2010, Auckland Council, a unitary authority, replaced seven local councils and the regional council. Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commissions site, the split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council. Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area, tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District. Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with areas of the current Papakura District. The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils, the National-led Government responded within about a week
2.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
3.
South Island
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The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
4.
Canterbury, New Zealand
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Canterbury is a region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island. The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres, the region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms. The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council, Christchurch, the South Islands largest city and the countrys third-largest urban area, is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the regions population. Other major towns and cities include Timaru, Ashburton, Rangiora, in 1848, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a Briton, and John Robert Godley, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, founded the Canterbury Association to establish an Anglican colony in the South Island. The colony was based upon theories developed by Wakefield while in prison for eloping with a woman not-of-age, due to ties to the prestigious Oxford University, the Canterbury Association succeeded in raising sufficient funds and recruiting middle-class and upper-class settlers. In April 1850, a group led by Godley landed at Port Cooper—modern-day Lyttelton Harbour—and established a port, housing. In December 1850, the first wave of 750 settlers arrived at Lyttelton in a fleet of four ships, following 1850, the provinces economy developed with the introduction of sheep farming. The Canterbury regions tussock plains in particular were suitable for sheep farming. Since they were valued by settlers for their meat and wool. By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million, during this period, the architect Benjamin Mountfort designed many civic and ecclesiastical buildings in the Gothic Revival style. The Canterbury Province was formed in 1853 following the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 and it was formed from part of New Munster Province and covered the middle part of the South Island, stretching from the east coast to the west coast. The province was abolished, along with provinces of New Zealand. The modern Canterbury Region has slightly different boundaries, particularly in the north and it is New Zealands largest region by area, with an area of 45,346 km2. Canterbury was traditionally bounded in the north by the Conway River, to the west by the Southern Alps, the area is commonly divided into North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury and Christchurch City. Canterbury is home to 600,100 people according to Statistics New Zealands June 2016,13 percent of New Zealands population and it the most populous in the South Island and the second most populous region in New Zealand. The median age of Canterburys population is 39.9 years, around 15.5 percent of the population is aged 65 or over while 18.7 percent is aged under 15. There are 97.5 males for every hundred females in Canterbury, just under 20 percent of Canterburys population was born overseas, compared to 25 percent for New Zealand as a whole. The British Isles remains the largest region of origin, accounting for 36.5 percent of the population in Canterbury
5.
Waimakariri River
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The Waimakariri River, formerly briefly known as the Courtenay River, is one of the largest of the North Canterbury rivers, in the South Island of New Zealand. It flows for 151 kilometres in a southeastward direction from the Southern Alps across the Canterbury Plains to the Pacific Ocean. In Māori, Waimakariri has several meanings, one of which is river of cold rushing water, the river is known colloquially in Canterbury as The Waimak. The river rises on the flanks of the Southern Alps. For much of its reaches, the river is braided. As the river approaches the Canterbury Plains, it passes through a belt of mountains and it finally enters the Pacific north of Christchurch, near the town of Kaiapoi. In 1849, the surveyor of the Canterbury Association, Joseph Thomas, gave the river the name Courtenay River after Lord Courtenay. Instead of being unoccupied crown land as are most New Zealand river beds, chinook salmon were introduced from California in the 1900s and persist today. In 1923 the river was investigated for a hydroelectric dam to supply electricity to Christchurch. It received support from the community but the dam was never built since the Government offered inexpensive electricity from the Lake Coleridge scheme. The Central Plains Water Trust is proposing to take 40 cubic metres per second of water from two points on the Waimakariri River as part of the Central Plains Water enhancement scheme. In 2007 the Waimakariri was ranked as one of the ten most polluted of the rivers in New Zealand. Some of the pollution was caused by liquid wastes from industries such as a processing plant. The wastes were discharged directly into it but as of 2012 it was piped to the sewage treatment plant. There had been some issues with the resource consents for water discharge. Waimakariri River Regional Plan at Environment Canterbury
6.
Rangiora
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Rangiora is the largest town and seat of the Waimakariri District, in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is 29 kilometres north of Christchurch, and is considered a town of the city. With a population of 17,350, Rangiora is the 25th largest urban area in New Zealand, Rangiora is 29 kilometres north of Christchurchs Cathedral Square or 20 minutes drive north of the Christchurch International Airport. It is close to the end of Canterburys Inland Scenic Route. The Ashley River is just to the north of the town, as of the 2006 census the population of the urban area was 11,871. There were approximately 4,500 more people living in the rural area. The urban area has seen a rate of over 10% in the last five years. The highest official temperature recorded in New Zealand was 42.4 °C at Rangiora on 7 February 1973. The town has primary schools and two secondary schools. They are, Ashgrove School, a full primary school in the north-west of the town with a roll of 488 students. The current principal is Christine Chadwick, Rangiora Borough School, a state full primary school in the centre of the town with a roll of 571 students. The current principal is Alan Sutton, St Josephs School, a state-integrated Catholic full primary school in the centre of the town with a roll of 158 students. The school opened in 1887 as a school and integrated into the state education system in the early 1980s. The current principal is Ben Gormen, Rangiora High School, a state co-educational secondary school, which serves Rangiora and the surrounding area, with a roll of 1768 students. The school opened in 1884, and the current acting principal is Julia Malcolm, Rangiora New Life School, a state-integrated Christian Area School situated in the Rangiora suburb of Southbrook. The school opened in 1979 as a school and integrated into the state education system in the early 1990s. A school roll of apx.400 students and growing, the current principal is Stephen Walters. Population growth in the Rangiora area since the mid-2000s, especially following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, has seen the towns primary schools start to approach capacity
7.
Ashley, New Zealand
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Ashley is a small rural area in North Canterbury, in the South Island of New Zealand. It used to have a station on the Main North Line that runs through the village. As of the 2013 New Zealand Census,1083 people live in Ashley, Ashley School is Ashleys only school, and was established in 1864. It is a decile 9 state co-educational full primary, with 159 students, the average temperature in summer is 15.9 °C, and in winter is 7 °C
8.
Coopers Creek, New Zealand
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Coopers Creek is a small rural community in the Waimakariri District, New Zealand. It has only eight roads, and no shops and it has a number of mountains and walking tracks. In 1901, Coopers Creek had a population of 168, the average temperature in summer is 16.2 °C, and in winter is 5.9 °C
9.
Cust, New Zealand
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Cust is a rural village in the South Island of New Zealand. It is located in North Canterbury and comes under seat of the Waimakariri District Council and it is located approximately 16 km east of Oxford and 17 km west of Rangiora. The town is named after Sir Edward Cust, who was a member of the Canterbury Association which organised European settlement of the area around 1850, earlier names for the town were Moeraki Downs and Middleton-on-the-Cust. Cust School is Custs only school and it is a state co-educational full primary school with a decile rating of 10 and a roll of 140 students. For more than 20 years, a racing circuit at Cust was used as the venue for the New Zealand Grand Prix for motorcycling. The Easter event, last held in 1963, would swell the population to 25,000. The average temperature in summer is 16.2 °C, media related to Cust, New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons Cust School Cust Volunteer Fire Brigade
10.
Eyrewell Forest
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Eyrewell Forest is a small rural area in the Waimakariri District, New Zealand. About half of the area is forestland, which the name is derived from. Due to Canterburys lack of native forest, in the early 1900s the government planted exotic forests throughout North Canterbury, on 1 August 1975, however, most of the forest was blown over by strong north-westerly winds. The average temperature in summer is 16.2 °C, and in winter is 5.9 °C
11.
Fernside, New Zealand
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Fernside is a small rural community in the Waimakariri District, New Zealand. In 1901, Fernside had a population of 550, as of the 2006 New Zealand Census, Fernside has a population of 1491. Fernside School is Fernsides only school, and was established in 1864 and it is a decile 10 state co-educational full primary, with 280 students. The average temperature in summer is 16.2, and in winter is 6.4, media related to Fernside, New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
12.
Kaiapoi
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Kaiapoi is a town in the Waimakariri District of the Canterbury region, in the South Island of New Zealand. The town is located approximately 17 kilometres north of central Christchurch and it is considered to be a satellite town of Christchurch, although in the Waimakariri for statistical purposes it is part of the Christchurch urban area. In the 2006 census, the population of the town was 10,200 and this represents a growth rate of 11% over the previous five years. Kaiapoi suffered extensive damage in the 2010 Canterbury and also the February 2011 Christchurch earthquakes, Kaiapoi takes its name from the Māori pā which was built just north of the site of the current town around the year 1700 by the Ngāi Tahu chief Turakautahi. Eventually to become the largest fortified village in the South Island it lay on the site of a stronghold of a tribe, Waitaha whose history. Tūrākautahi was the son of Tūāhuriri, consequently Ngāi Tūāhuriri is the name of the hapu of this area. In selecting the pā site, Tūrākautahi determined that kai would need to be poi from other places hence the name Kaiapoi which it is said can be translated as a metaphor for economics, the first attack made against Ngāi Tahu was at Kaikōura during 1827–28. Instead, they found the fleet of canoes belonging to Ngāti Toa who, armed with muskets, Te Rauparaha and his tribes then visited Ngāi Tahu of Kaiapoi to trade muskets for pounamu. Already angered by the desecration of his dead aunts grave Te Maiharanui ordered a retaliatory attack the following day, killing the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs. The only prominent Ngāti Toa leader not slain was Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to Kapiti Island to plan his revenge. In early November 1830, he persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to hide him and they then visited the Ngāi Tahu people of Akaroa under the ruse of trading for flax. Captain Stewart persuaded Te Maiharanui to board the brig and be taken below deck, Te Rauparahas men then surged ashore to sack Te Maiharanuis settlement, Takapuneke. The brig returned to Kapiti with Te Maiharanui and his family held captive and it is said that rather than see his daughter enslaved, Te Maiharanui strangled her and threw her overboard. Te Rauparaha then gave Te Maiharanui to the wife of the Ngāti Toa chief Te Pehi and his wife suffered the same fate. Te Rauparaha then mounted an expedition against Kaiapoi Ngāi Tahu in the summer of 1831–32. Ngāi Tahu, lacking muskets to repel the armed Ngāti Toa, took a defensive strategy, the ensuing siege lasted for three months. However, during a skirmish between the two tribes, a shelter caught fire, fanned by the norwester, the palisades quickly ignited, allowing Ngāti Toa warriors to enter the village, capture its leaders and kill the people. Ngāti Toa then attacked the Banks Peninsula tribes, taking the fort at Ōnawe
13.
Loburn
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Loburn is a rural community in North Canterbury, New Zealand. It is located ten kilometres northwest of Rangiora and nearly 50 kilometres north of Christchurch, Loburn is a small community, with no shops. Local industries include a factory and orchards. Farms in the community include those raising sheep, cattle and emu, Loburn is located close to the northern most extreme of the Canterbury Plains. It is bounded to the south and west by the Ashley and Okuku rivers, to the north it is bounded by the foothills, Mount Grey / Maukatere and Mt Karetu and bounded to the east by the Ashley forest. The Loburn-Ashley fault zone is located from the banks of the Ashley River through to about Hodgsons road in the north. The Loburn fault, which runs along the side of Hodgsons Road, is responsible for various terraced abandoned stream channels, wedge structures and scarps. The topography in Loburn is generally flat with rolling hills. Loburn School is a decile 9 state co-educational primary school with a role of 162 students, North Loburn School is a decile 9 state co-educational primary school with a role of 123 students
14.
Oxford, New Zealand
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Oxford is a small town of around 2,100 people serving the farming community of North Canterbury, New Zealand. It is part of the Waimakariri District and is a linear town, originally, it was served by the Oxford Branch railway, and had two stations, East Oxford and West Oxford. The line closed in 1959 and was dismantled, some railway signs and the remnants of railway platforms can still be seen along Oxford Road on the way to Rangiora. It was originally a town, trees were felled from forests in the area. A mural depicting life from that era is painted on the wall of the butchers shop. Oxford has won awards for the most beautiful village and the most beautiful toilet, Oxford is located at the inland edge of the Canterbury Plains, approximately 50 km northwest of Christchurch. The township is about 30 km from Rangiora to the East, and it was named by the chief surveyor of the Canterbury Association, Joseph Thomas, in 1849. The town of Tirau in the North Island was originally also named Oxford, owing to confusion between the two towns, the North Island town was later renamed Oxford North before adopting its current name in 1895. The town has one school, Oxford Area School and it is a state composite school with a role of 517 students. The community saved hard during 2005 and 2006 to raise funds for such as the Oxford Community Pool, a community-based swimming pool in Burnett Street. The town prides itself on its ability to self-fund community projects through organizations such as the Lions, the branch stretched from Rangiora through Bennetts Junction, Oxford and Sheffield. This necessitated a high bridge across the Waimakariri Gorge. From Oxford to Sheffield closed in 1931 along with the Eyreton Branch and it lost its passenger service in the 1940s. Due to declining revenue, the branch closed on 31 May 1959 and the track was sold to Scotts Engineering of Christchurch, the line was latterly worked by the A and AB class 4-6-2 and C class 2-6-2 tender locomotives. No diesel locomotives or railcars are known to have used the branch, the OB&I was formed during World War I to provide charitable support to war widows. To raise money, it showed films in the old Oxford Town Hall and it provides charitable support to the citizens of Oxford. Movies are screened in the Town Hall approximately every other Saturday during the winter, the heyday of the OB&I movies was the middle of the 20th century, when three or four films would be shown every week and queues often extended around the building. This was before private car became popular, as the nearest cinema was in Christchurch
15.
Pegasus Town
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Pegasus Town is a new town under construction in the Waimakariri District of Canterbury, New Zealand. Named for the nearby Pegasus Bay, it is adjacent to the town of Woodend and is 25 km north of Christchurch, once fully constructed, Pegasus will be home to up to 6000 people. The town will have approximately 1700 residential house sites, retail and office space is located in the centre of the town adjacent to Lake Pegasus The project ran into financial trouble in late 2012, with the developers going into receivership. Todd Property bought it for a sum in December 2012. The project was first proposed in 1997 by Southern Capital and is being developed by Infinity Investment Group of Wanaka, over 950 houses have been completed or are currently under construction and the population is now over 2500. At the heart of the town, Lake Pegasus has become a popular venue for regional and national sporting events including national triathlons, dragon boat regattas, dive schools. Pegasus Bay School is a state full primary school located on Solander Road. The school was established in 1872 as Waikuku School, but population growth in the late 2000s, the school relocated to its current site over the two-week term break in April 2014, and was renamed Pegasus Bay School. For secondary education, the town is zoned for Kaiapoi High School,13 km away in Kaiapoi
16.
Sefton, New Zealand
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Sefton is a small populated area in the Waimakariri District, New Zealand, about 23 miles from Christchurch. In 1886, it had a population of 276 and was a station on the Christchurch Ashley line. In 1891 it had a population of 390, of which 202 were male and 188 were female, in the 2013 census, the population was 627. Sefton has one school, Sefton School and it is a decile 7 state non-integrated co-educational full primary, with 101 students. Media related to Sefton, New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
17.
Swannanoa, New Zealand
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Swannanoa is a small originally farming village 35 kilometres northwest of Christchurch, New Zealand. The area has an population of 1,000 with around 200 pupils enrolled in the primary school. The population is increasing due to new subdivisions being developed there. Swannanoa School is a state full primary school with a decile rating of 10. The schools Country Fair is held every March, the 2009 fair was attended by over 15,000 people and raised $63,000. New Zealand motorcycle speed record holder Russell Wright gained the World Land Speed Record, reaching 184.83 miles per hour on a Vincent HRD motorcycle on 2 July 1955, Tram Road, the main road through Swannanoa, is an almost dead straight, ten-mile-long two-lane highway. It is a location for speed trial events. This World Record is unusual as most that were recognised were achieved in the United States. The name Swannanoa originated from American John Evans Brown, who named the land he settled after a Native American settlement, the Swannanoa Homestead has for many years been farmed by the Petrie Family
18.
Woodend, New Zealand
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Woodend is a town in the Waimakariri District, in the Canterbury Region of New Zealands South Island. It is named one of New Zealands early settlers, Thomas Woodend. It is situated with both the Waimakariri and Ashley Rivers running either side, the town has a population of 3,040. It is 25 kilometres north of central Christchurch, and is a town of the city, at the 2006 Census. Woodend School is Woodends only school and it is a state co-educational full primary school with a decile rating of 8 and a roll of 335 students. Anton Cooper, cross-country cyclist and World Under 23 Cross-country champion Statistics New Zealand 2006 Census Data
19.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
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Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
21.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
22.
Selwyn District
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The Selwyn District is a predominantly rural area in central Canterbury, on the east coast of New Zealands South Island. The district is governed by a mayor and a council of 10 members. The current mayor is Kelvin Coe who was first elected mayor in October 2007, the mayor is elected on a First Past the Post basis. The 10 councillors are elected from four wards on a multi-member First Past the Post basis,2 councillors are elected from Ellesmere ward,2 from Malvern,3 from Selwyn Central, and 3 from Springs. Malvern and Selwyn Central wards also have Community Boards, which have powers delegated to them by the Council, the Selwyn District is within the Canterbury region so Canterbury Regional Council has responsibilities for regional planning, and water, air, discharge and river bed resource consents. In national politics, Selwyn is represented in the Selwyn electorate, amy Adams of the National Party is the incumbent MP. The Selwyn District lies in central Canterbury, and occupies a position in the South Island. Boundaries, On the Canterbury Plains, the Waimakariri River forms the northern boundary, the eastern boundary comprises the city of Christchurch, Banks Peninsula, and the South Pacific Ocean. The southern boundary is the Rakaia River, beyond which lies Ashburton District, the western boundary is the main divide of the Southern Alps. Geographical features, Selwyn District contains within it two distinct regions, the plains and the high country, the plains, where most of the population lives and the majority of activity takes place, form an expanse of low-lying, flat, and comparatively dry grassland. The extreme south-east is dominated by Lake Ellesmere, an expanse of water surrounded by marshes, the tributaries of the Selwyn River include the Waianiwaniwa River, the Hororata River and the Hawkins River. The high country is a region, mainly consisting of hill and mountain ranges. Most of the country is grassland, including some tussocklands, areas of beech forest remain within the Craigieburn Forest Park. Population, The total population of Selwyn District was 44,595 in the 2013 Census,2013 Census information confirmed that Selwyn District is the fastest growing area of New Zealand. Selwyn’s population grew from 33,642 to 44,595 between 2006 and 2013, a 33% increase, the average growth for New Zealand as a whole during that period was 5. 3%. Approximately half the population lives in the towns and villages in the district. 95% of the live on the plains. The largest towns are Darfield, Leeston, Lincoln, Prebbleton, Templeton and Rolleston which is also the home of the Councils main office, the towns of Springfield and Sheffield are on State Highway 73, where the foothills start to rise from the Canterbury Plains
23.
Hurunui District
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The Hurunui District is a political district on the east coast of New Zealands South Island, north of Christchurch, New Zealand. It forms part of the Canterbury region and stretches from the east coast to the main divide and its land area is 8,660.43 square kilometres. The district had a resident population of 12,700 as of June 2016. Local populations could even recognise the identities of every local Maori or Asian recorded in the census, during the period,1853 to 1876, the area north of the Hurunui River was administrated as part of the Nelson Province. After the abolition of the provinces in 1876 the Amuri and Cheviot counties were formed, in 1989, these counties were merged with the Ashley and Waipara counties to form the present district. The current district mayor is Winton Dalley, who was elected in 2010 upon the retirement of previous mayor Gary Jackson, media related to Hurunui District at Wikimedia Commons Hurunui District Council website
24.
Courtenay, New Zealand
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Courtenay is a settlement in inland Canterbury, New Zealand. It was once important as a place where the Waimakariri River could be forded and was a stop on the way to the West Coast. Its decline began when the Midland Line was routed via the nearby Kirwee, early pioneers in Canterbury found it challenging to cross the Waimakariri River, and struggled with its pronunciation. The best opportunity for fording the river was 35 kilometres from Christchurch, when building timber ran low in Christchurch, the logs from the Harewood Forest at Oxford were brought across the river at Courtenay. Courtenay is an agricultural district. It originally formed part of the Racecourse Hill and Desert runs, the latter was bought by the Rev Octavius Mathias for his friend, the Rev John Owen, a member of the Canterbury Association who never came out to New Zealand. Courtenay was one of the earliest settled districts in Canterbury, a hotel was built in 1861 and operated by Charles White, and a store was opened at the township in the days when Cobb & Co coaches ran through it on their way to the West Coast. A second hotel, the Halfway House, was opened by Charles Watson just east of Courtenay and it was so named because it was equidistant to Christchurch and Sheffield, and Cobb & Co made it its breakfast stop on the journey from Christchurch. The Courtenay Road Board, of which Colonel Brett was the first chairman, had jurisdiction in the district, subsequently the Boards headquarters were transferred to Kirwee. The Courtenay Agricultural and Pastoral Association, and a society, were also formed in the early days, and shows were initially held at the Desert homestead. St. Matthews church is an Anglican church, located where Halkett, the township had a country model school, i. e. a school where trainee teachers worked under the supervision of experienced teachers. The school closed long ago, but the building is still in existence, Courtenay celebrated its 150th history in 2000, and a memorial is located next to Old West Coast Road. The Waimakariri River makes a curve across the Canterbury Plains. River terraces are low-lying, and old flood channels starting at Courtenay can easily be recognised on aerial photos. The flood risk was recognised early on, but no action was taken until Christchurch was hit by a flood in February 1868 that saw Victoria Square 1 metre under water. The Waimakariri flood waters had reached the source of the Avon River in Avonhead, subsequently, flood banks were built by the Canterbury Provincial Council. The Courtenay district gave its name to a general electorate, the 1902 electoral redistribution created six new electorates, including Courtenay. It existed for two terms and was abolished for the 1908 election
25.
New Zealand census
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The New Zealand government department Statistics New Zealand conducts a census of population and dwellings every five years. The census scheduled for 2011 was cancelled due to the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, the 2013 census took place on Tuesday,5 March 2013. Since 1926, the census has always held on a Tuesday. Since 1966, the census officially occurs at midnight on a Tuesday in March and these are statistically the month and weekday on which New Zealanders are least likely to be travelling. All census forms are hand-delivered by census workers during the lead-in to the census, with one form per person, in addition, teams of census workers attempt to cover all hospitals, camp grounds, workplaces and transport systems where people might be found at midnight. The smallest geographic unit used in the census for population data is the mesh block, which there are 39,300 of, with an average of 110 people in each. The 2013 Census collected data on the topics, The first full census in New Zealand was conducted in 1851. The 1931 census was cancelled due to the effects of the Great Depression, the 1946 census was brought forward to Tuesday 25 September 1945, so that the results could be used for an electoral redistribution before the 1946 election. Results for those censuses before 1966 have been destroyed with a few exceptions, the 2006 census was held on Tuesday,7 March. For the first time, respondents had the option of completing their census form via the Internet rather than by a printed form, the 2011 census was to be held on Tuesday,8 March. However, due to the Christchurch earthquake on 22 February 2011, for the first time ever, all 2011 census forms would have been digitally archived. On 27 May 2011 Statistics New Zealand announced that a census would take place in March 2013, the legislation required to change the census date was introduced to Parliament in August 2011. The 2013 census took place on Tuesday 5 March 2013, the next census will take place in 2018. A few people object to the census and attempt to evade it, following the 2006 Census, Statistics New Zealand prosecuted 72 people for failing to return their forms, with 41 convictions. After the 2013 Census, they wrote to 450 people in July 2013 who had failed to return the forms, of whom 99 were prosecuted, most of those convicted faced two charges and were fined $50 to $500 per charge. Results of the 2013 census are being released over an 18-month period, Statistics New Zealand - census page New Zealand 2013 Census
26.
European New Zealanders
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European New Zealanders, or White New Zealanders, are New Zealanders of European descent. The term European New Zealander also includes people who are of indirect European descent, such as Americans, Canadians. The Māori term Pākehā is sometimes used as a synonym for European New Zealander, Cook claimed New Zealand for Britain on his arrival in 1769. The establishment of British colonies in Australia from 1788 and the boom in whaling and sealing in the Southern Ocean brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries, some of the early visitors stayed and lived with Māori tribes as Pākehā Māori. Often whalers and traders married Māori women of status which served to cement trade and political alliances as well as bringing wealth. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non Māori which included a total of about 200 runaway convicts, the seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later. In 1839 there were 1100 Europeans living in the North Island, by this time, many Māori, especially in the north, could read and write Māori and to a lesser extent English. European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand, early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance. They came from the Australian colonies, Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, The United States, British sovereignty was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840. Some would later argue that the proclamation of sovereignty was in conflict with the treaty which in its Maori version had guaranteed sovereignty to the Maori who signed it. By the end of the 1850s the European and Mäori populations were of a size as immigration. Following the formalising of British sovereignty, the organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain, government-chartered ships like the clipper Gananoque and the Glentanner carried immigrants to New Zealand. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand, the Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was about 3 to 3 1/2 months to New Zealand, cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a cargo worth 45,000 pounds. In the 1860s discovery of gold started a rush in Otago
27.
State-integrated school
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As of July 2013, there are 331 state-integrated schools in New Zealand, of which 238 identify as being Catholic. They educate approximately 87,500 students, or 11. 5% of New Zealands student population, New Zealands state education system was established in 1877, and prior to then, schools were run by church groups and other private groups. From 1852 until provinces were abolished in 1876, all schools were entitled to some financial assistance from provincial governments. As a result, both Catholic and Protestant churches set up their own private school networks, after the Second World War, private religious schools had to cope with increasing rolls due to changes in the compulsory school starting and leaving ages and the post-war baby boom. Catholic parishes were struggling to meet the costs while keeping tuition fees down. By the end of the 1960s, the Catholic school system was facing a crisis and was on the brink of collapse. In November 1972, the Labour Party was elected to government, the idea of integrating private schools into the state system has been credited to MP Jonathan Hunt, and after consultation, the Private Schools Conditional Integration Act was drawn up. The Act was passed by Parliament and signed into law on 10 October 1975, the first private school to integrate was Wesley College, Pukekohe, in 1977. The first two Catholic schools to integrate were Cardinal McKeefry School and St Bernards School, both in Wellington, in August 1979, despite the increasing urgency, it took until 1984 to integrate every Catholic school. State-integrated schools are established through an agreement between the Crown and the proprietors of the private school to be integrated. Each integration agreement sets out the particular special character, which is usually a religious or philosophical belief. Of the 331 state-integrated schools,238 are Catholic schools, with the local Catholic diocese or religious institute acting as proprietor, the special characters of the remaining 93 schools include Anglican, Presbyterian, non-denominational Christian, Montessori and Waldorf. Proprietors retain ownership of the land and buildings, and representatives of the proprietors sit as trustees on the schools board of trustees. With several major exceptions relating to their characters and their proprietors. State-integrated schools must follow the curriculum, but they may teach to their special character within it. State-integrated schools are permitted to give preference in enrolment to students who, either themselves or through their parents, each proprietor defines what is required for preferential enrolment. g. Catholic priests usually require a minimum of the students baptism into the Catholic faith, Schools may admit a limited number of non-preference students after all preferential enrolments, up to the maximum school roll set in the schools integration agreement. State-integrated schools are allowed to charge a fee to parents of students known as attendance dues, proprietors cannot charge attendance dues for more than the amount set for their school and published in The New Zealand Gazette
28.
Rangiora New Life
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Rangiora New Life School is a state-integrated Christian area School situated in Southbrook, Rangiora, New Zealand. It was established in 1979 as a school and integrated into the state education system in March 1994. The school has a roll of 399 students from years 9 to 13 as of July 2016, the current principal is Stephen Walters. It is notable for its success rate of students passing their respective NCEA qualifications. In 2010, all Year 11 students at the school passed their NCEA Level 1 standards, Rangiora New Life has a team of just under 60. Made up of management, teaching, support, administration and property staff as of 20 April 2016
29.
Rangiora High School
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Rangiora High School is a state co-educational secondary school located in Rangiora, New Zealand. Established in 1881 by an act of parliament and opened in 1884, Rangiora High School operates an enrolment scheme to help curb roll numbers and prevent overcrowding. However, the zone excludes the towns of Kaiapoi, Woodend, Pegasus and Waikuku, students residing outside the zone are sometimes accepted, as roll places allow in accordance with the enrolment scheme order of preference and secret ballot. At the March 2012 Education Review Office review of the school, the school rolls gender composition was 49% male and 51% female, and its ethnic composition was 85% New Zealand European, 10% Māori, 3% Asian and 2% other. The school has a decile rating of 9, meaning it draws its school community from areas of low to moderately-low socio-economic disadvantage when compared to other New Zealand schools. The current decile came into force in January 2015, after a review of deciles following the 2013 Census. Previously, the school had a decile of 8, as a state school, Rangiora High School follows The New Zealand Curriculum. In Years 9 and 10, English, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies, Year 9 students select four half-year elective subjects, which must include one Arts subject, one Technology subject and one Language subject. Year 10 students select either two full-year electives, one full-year elective and two electives, or four half-year electives. In Years 11 to 13, students complete the National Certificate of Educational Achievement, in Year 11, students study English, Mathematics, Science or Agricultural Science, and three full-year elective subjects. Students in Year 12 study six full-year elective subjects, with English required if a student wants to gain University Entrance, students in Year 13 study five full-year elective subjects, with study for an additional four periods per week. Rangiora High School has a farm, which is used to teach agriculture and horticulture. Set up in 1910, it started out running stock and growing crops, before being opened in November 1930 by Lord Bledisloe. In 2013,89.0 percent of students leaving Rangiora High held at least NCEA Level 1,81.4 percent held at least NCEA Level 2 and this is compared to 85. 2%,74. 2%, and 49. 0% respectively for all students nationally. In 2005, Rangiora High Schools house system was re-established, under this system, the school is divided into six houses, each containing approximately 300 students and 30 staff. Houses also provide a basis for competition in sport and cultural activities. The houses are named for New Zealanders who have achieved distinction in their respective areas
30.
Kaiapoi High School
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Kaiapoi High School is a state co-educational secondary school located in Kaiapoi, in the Waimakariri District of New Zealands South Island. The school serves 833 students from Years 9 to 13 as of July 2016, the school opened in February 1972 as the Waimakariri Districts second secondary school, supplementing Rangiora High School 11 km away in Rangiora. Other schools using this design in the wider Canterbury area include Hornby High School, Kaiapoi High School serves the coastal Waimakariri District, including the towns of Kaiapoi, Woodend, Pegasus, Waikuku, and the surrounding rural area west to Swannanoa. It also serves the northeastern part of Christchurch City as far south as the Styx River, including Kainga, Brooklands. At the April 2014 Education Review Office review of the school, Kaiapoi High School had 587 students, there were slightly more male students than female students. 79% of students identified as New Zealand European, 14% identified as Māori, Kaiapoi High School has a socio-economic decile of 7, meaning it draws its school community from areas of moderately-low socio-economic disadvantage when compared to other New Zealand schools. This changed from decile 5 at the beginning of 2015, as part of the review of deciles following the following the 2013 census. Karanga Mai Young Parents College is a teen parent unit attached to Kaiapoi High School designed to assist teenage parents in gaining a school education. Opened in 1992, it was the first teen parent unit in the South Island, School website Education Review Office reports for Kaiapoi High School Education Review Office reports for Karanga Mai Young Parents College
31.
Statistics New Zealand
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Statistics New Zealand is the public service department of New Zealand charged with collecting and producing information of a statistical nature. Standards and Methods studies statistical methods, statistical education and research, solutions and capabilities, information management, there is one general manager in Christchurch and one in Auckland. It develops products and services, manages publishing and customer services, industry and Labour Statistics studies business indicators, finance and performance, agriculture, energy and work knowledge and skills. Many of the powers, duties, and responsibilities are governed by acts of the New Zealand Parliament. The agency is a state organisation of New Zealand operating under the authority of the Statistics Act 1975. The department conducts the census five years. The census is officially done on one day, the most recent census was on 5 March 2013. This information is helpful for business purposes, government decision making, media purposes, foreign policy, journalism, public information, planning, the department supplies a wide variety of information. In addition, it analyzes trends and publishes forecasts, the agency does not involve itself with political polling generally. The agency provides information to the public, many surveys and reports are available free of charge on its website, users can download spreadsheets electronically. Information from demographers is used as material by journalists for articles. Sometimes statistics can influence public policy, for example, Statistics New Zealand demographers in 2008 spotted a trend of fewer women having children and wrote, Deciding not to have children happens as a consequence of other life events. Education, career, mortgages, changes in family and partners for many couples and their report was picked up by journalists at the Sunday Star-Times to form the basis of an article with the headline New Zealand women stop having babies. The article discussed ramifications, such as possible workforce shortages and increased cost of elderly care, newspaper headlines can influence public opinion which may impact policy decisions. Statistics New Zealand information is used by government to explore tough problems, agency data is quoted by a wide variety of sources, even in the footnotes of books. For example, in Connecting the Clouds - the Internet in New Zealand, author Keith Newman cites agency statistics regarding telecommunications cost decreases, data is used to help retailers spot trends and act accordingly. A newspaper article on decreased do-it-yourself retail spending in 2008 quoted an agency source and this information helps businesses adjust to new realities. Radio programmes such as Radio New Zealand National have quoted agency data, some agency policies result in controversy
32.
North Island
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The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
33.
Auckland Council
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The Auckland Council is the local government council for the Auckland Region in New Zealand. The governing body consists of a mayor and 20 councillors, elected from 13 wards, There are also 149 members of 21 local boards who make decisions on matters local to their communities. It is the largest council in Australasia, with a $3 billion annual budget, $29 billion of ratepayer equity, and 9,870 full time staff as of 30 June 2016. The council began operating on 1 November 2010, combining the functions of the regional council. The Council was established by a number of Acts of Parliament, both the means by which the Council was established and its structure came under repeated criticism from a broad spectrum during the establishment period. The initial Council elections in October 2010 returned a mostly centre-left council with Len Brown as mayor, Brown was re-elected in October 2013, again with a largely supportive council. The 2016 mayoral election was won by Labour MP Phil Goff, the Auckland Regional Council was formed in 1989, replacing the Auckland Regional Authority. Until 2010, the Auckland Region had seven City/District authorities, plus one Regional authority, in 2007, the government set up a Royal Commission on Auckland Governance to report on what restructuring should be done. Some recommendations of the Royal Commission which have not been adopted or implemented, 6B The Mayor of Aucklands annual State of the Region address should describe progress towards the attainment of the vision. 19C, Leadership support and development programmes for elected councillors should be strengthened, 21D, Auckland Council CCOs and their statements of intent should be subject to performance review by the proposed Auckland Services Performance Auditor. 21A 22A Two Māori members should be elected to the Auckland Council by voters who are on the parliamentary Māori Electoral Roll, 22B There should be a Mana Whenua Forum, the members of which will be appointed by mana whenua from the district of the Auckland Council. Where appropriate, current structures and/or memoranda of understanding should be transferred to local councils, 24F Auckland Council should consider creating an Urban Development Agency, to operate at the direction of the Auckland Council, with compulsory acquisition powers. The Auckland Council should determine the extent to which responsibilities for the delivery of services are shared between local councils and Watercare Services Limited. 26I Watercare Services Limited should be required by legislation to demand management. 26M Watercare Services Limited should be required to prepare an action plan. 27D The Auckland Council should prepare an e-government strategy as an part of its proposed unified service delivery. B) require Auckland Council CCOs providing council services to adopt the councils ICT infrastructure standards, the role of the Performance Auditor will include a) reviewing the adequacy and relevance of CCO performance targets. B) protecting the interests and advocating for them in respect of the reliability and affordability of council services
34.
Hamilton, New Zealand
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Hamilton is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region with a population of 161,200. Initially an agricultural centre, Hamilton now has a growing and diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand, behind Pukekohe. Education and research and development play an important part in Hamiltons economy, the area now covered by the city was originally the site of a handful of Māori villages, including Pukete, Miropiko and Kirikiriroa, from which the city takes its Māori name. Magistrate Gorst, estimated that Kirikiriroa had a population of about 78 before the Waikato Kingitanga wars of 1863–64, the government estimated the Waikato area had a Maori population of 3,400 at the same time. Missionaries arrived in the area in the 1830s, at the end of the Waikato Campaign in the New Zealand wars the four regiments of the Waikato Militia were settled as a peace-keeping force across the region. The 1st Regiment was at Tauranga, the 2nd at Pirongia, the 3rd at Cambridge, many of the soldier/settlers who intended to farm after the 1863 war, walked off their land in 1868 disgusted at the poor quality of the land. Much of the land was swampy or under water, in 1868 Hamiltons population, which was about 1,000 in 1864, dropped to 300 as farmers left. The road from Auckland reached Hamilton in 1867 and the railway in December 1877 and that same month, the towns of Hamilton West and Hamilton East merged under a single borough council. The first traffic bridge between Hamilton West and Hamilton East, known as the Union Bridge, opened in 1879 and it was replaced by the Victoria Bridge in 1910. The first railway bridge, the Claudelands Bridge, was opened in 1884 and it was converted to a road traffic bridge in 1965. Hamilton reached 1,000 people in 1900, and the town of Frankton merged with the Hamilton Borough in 1917, between 1912 and 1936, Hamilton expanded with new land in Claudelands, Maeroa, and Richmond – modern day Waikato Hospital and northern Melville. Hamilton was proclaimed a city in 1945, from 1985 MV Waipa Delta provided excursions along the river through the town centre. In 2009 Waipa Delta was moved to provide trips on Waitemata Harbour in Auckland and that too ceased operation and the pontoon at Parana Park was removed in 2013. The Delta moved to Taupo in 2012, the former Golden Bay vessel, Cynthia Dew, has run 4 days a week on the river since 2012. On 10 March 2013 a statue was erected in honour of Captain John Charles Fane Hamilton, Hamiltons population growth has been rapid in recent decades – Hamilton Central, on the Waikato River, is a bustling retail precinct. The entertainment area is quite vibrant due to the student population. Many of the venues and attractions are located on the old Town Belt, including Hamilton Gardens, Waikato Stadium, Seddon Park, Founders Theatre
New Zealand
