1.
Territorial authorities of New Zealand
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Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. There are 67 territorial authorities,12 city councils,53 district councils, Auckland Council, six territorial authorities also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are unitary authorities. A unitary authority may also have local boards, currently only Auckland Council has them, territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupo District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions, Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations, the boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities from 200 to 75, the new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council, as a result, the term city began to take on two meanings. The word city came to be used in a formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000, since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list,1991, Invercargill re-proclaimed a city,1992, Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council abolished by a Local Government Amendment Act. Of its territorial authorities, Kaikoura District was transferred to the Canterbury Region,2004, Tauranga became a city again on 1 March. 2006, Banks Peninsula District merged into Christchurch City as a result of 2005 referendum,2010, Auckland Council, a unitary authority, replaced seven local councils and the regional council. Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commissions site, the split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council. Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area, tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District. Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with areas of the current Papakura District. The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils, the National-led Government responded within about a week
2.
Regions of New Zealand
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New Zealand is divided into sixteen regions for devolved local government. Eleven are administered by councils, and five are administered by unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands Council is similar to an authority, authorised under its own legislation. The regional councils are listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Local Government Act 2002, the Act requires regional councils to promote sustainable development – the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of their communities. The current regions and most of their councils came into being through a government reform in 1989 that took place under the Local Government Act 1974. In addition they took over roles that had previously been performed by county councils. Auckland Regional Council, formed in 1989, was replaced by Auckland Council, the boundaries of the regions are based largely on drainage basins. This anticipated the responsibilities of the Resource Management Act 1991, most regional boundaries conform with territorial authority boundaries but there are a number of exceptions. An example is Taupo District, split between four regions, although most of its area is in the Waikato region, property rates are used to fund both regional and territorial government activities. There is often a degree of co-operation between regional and territorial councils as they have complementary roles. Regional councils have these specific functions under the Resource Management Act 1991, notes, These regions have unitary authorities. The Gisborne Region is still widely but unofficially known by its name or as East Coast. Some outlying islands are not included within regional boundaries, the Chatham Islands is not in a region, although its council has some of the powers of a regional council under the Resource Management Act. Councils may use a first past the post or single transferable vote system, the chairperson is selected by the elected council members. The Auckland Regional Council was preceded by the Auckland Regional Authority, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. In 1978, legislation was passed enabling the formation of regions with united councils, twenty regions were designated, excluding the Auckland and Wellington areas. For most of the country this was the first regional level of government since the abolition of provinces in 1876, councillors were not elected directly – they were appointed from the various territorial local authorities within the region. For example, in a number of cases the united council took responsibility for the allocation of revenue from regional petrol taxes, the united councils were based in the facilities of the largest TLA in the region and largely dependent on the TLAs for resources
3.
Canterbury, New Zealand
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Canterbury is a region of New Zealand, located in the central-eastern South Island. The region covers an area of 44,508 square kilometres, the region in its current form was established in 1989 during nationwide local government reforms. The Kaikoura District joined the region in 1992 following the abolition of the Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council, Christchurch, the South Islands largest city and the countrys third-largest urban area, is the seat of the region and home to 65 percent of the regions population. Other major towns and cities include Timaru, Ashburton, Rangiora, in 1848, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, a Briton, and John Robert Godley, an Anglo-Irish aristocrat, founded the Canterbury Association to establish an Anglican colony in the South Island. The colony was based upon theories developed by Wakefield while in prison for eloping with a woman not-of-age, due to ties to the prestigious Oxford University, the Canterbury Association succeeded in raising sufficient funds and recruiting middle-class and upper-class settlers. In April 1850, a group led by Godley landed at Port Cooper—modern-day Lyttelton Harbour—and established a port, housing. In December 1850, the first wave of 750 settlers arrived at Lyttelton in a fleet of four ships, following 1850, the provinces economy developed with the introduction of sheep farming. The Canterbury regions tussock plains in particular were suitable for sheep farming. Since they were valued by settlers for their meat and wool. By the 1860s, this figure had risen to three million, during this period, the architect Benjamin Mountfort designed many civic and ecclesiastical buildings in the Gothic Revival style. The Canterbury Province was formed in 1853 following the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 and it was formed from part of New Munster Province and covered the middle part of the South Island, stretching from the east coast to the west coast. The province was abolished, along with provinces of New Zealand. The modern Canterbury Region has slightly different boundaries, particularly in the north and it is New Zealands largest region by area, with an area of 45,346 km2. Canterbury was traditionally bounded in the north by the Conway River, to the west by the Southern Alps, the area is commonly divided into North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury and Christchurch City. Canterbury is home to 600,100 people according to Statistics New Zealands June 2016,13 percent of New Zealands population and it the most populous in the South Island and the second most populous region in New Zealand. The median age of Canterburys population is 39.9 years, around 15.5 percent of the population is aged 65 or over while 18.7 percent is aged under 15. There are 97.5 males for every hundred females in Canterbury, just under 20 percent of Canterburys population was born overseas, compared to 25 percent for New Zealand as a whole. The British Isles remains the largest region of origin, accounting for 36.5 percent of the population in Canterbury
4.
Otago
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Otago is a region of New Zealand in the south of the South Island administered by the Otago Regional Council. It has an area of approximately 32,000 square kilometres and its population was 219,200 in the June 2016. The name Otago is an old Māori southern dialect word, introduced to the south by Europeans in the 1840s. Otago is also the old name of the European settlement on the Otago Harbour, established by the Weller Brothers in 1831, major centres include Dunedin, Oamaru, Balclutha, Alexandra, and the major tourist centres Queenstown and Wanaka. Kaitangata in South Otago is a prominent source of coal, the Waitaki and Clutha rivers provide much of the countrys hydroelectric power. Some parts of the area covered by Otago Province are now administered by either Canterbury Regional Council or Southland Regional Council. The Central Otago wine region produces award winning wines made from such as the Pinot noir, Chardonnay, Sauvignon blanc, Merlot. It has a reputation as New Zealand’s leading Pinot noir region. The Otago Province was the whole of New Zealand from the Waitaki River south, including Stewart Island and it included the territory of the later Southland Province and also the much more extensive lands of the modern Southland Region. Initial settlement was concentrated on the port and city, then expanded, notably to the south-west, the 1860s saw rapid commercial expansion after Gabriel Read discovered gold at Gabriels Gully near Lawrence, and the Central Otago goldrush ensued. Further gold discoveries at Clyde and on the Arrow River around Arrowtown led to a boom, New Zealands first daily newspaper, the Otago Daily Times, originally edited by Julius Vogel, dates from this period. New Zealands first university, the University of Otago, was founded in 1869 as the university in Dunedin. The Province of Southland separated from Otago Province and set up its own Provincial Council at Invercargill in 1861, after difficulties ensued, Otago re-absorbed it in 1870. Its territory is included in the region of the old Otago Province which is named after it and is now the territory of the Southland region. The provincial governments were abolished in 1876 when the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 November 1876, two in Otago were named after the Scottish independence heroes Wallace and Bruce. From this time the national limelight gradually shifted northwards, beginning in the west, the geography of Otago consists of high alpine mountains. The highest peak in Otago is Mount Aspiring / Tititea, which is on the Main Divide, from the high mountains the rivers discharge into large glacial lakes. In this part of Otago glacial activity - both recent and very old - dominates the landscape, with large U shaped valleys and rivers which have high sediment loads, River flows also vary dramatically, with large flood flows occurring after heavy rain
5.
Oamaru
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Oamaru (/ɒməˈruː/, the largest town in North Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand, is the main town in the Waitaki District. It is 80 kilometres south of Timaru and 120 kilometres north of Dunedin, on the Pacific coast, and State Highway 1 and the railway Main South Line connect it to both. With a population of 13,850, Oamaru is the 28th largest urban area in New Zealand, the name Oamaru derives from Māori words meaning the place of Maru. The identity of Maru remains open to conjecture, there are some important archaeological sites around Oamaru. Those at the Waitaki River mouth and at Awamoa both date from the Archaic phase of Māori culture, when New Zealands human population clustered along the south-east coast from about AD1100, the Waitaki River mouth had at least 1,200 ovens. Awamoa saw the first archaeological excavation in New Zealand when W. B. D, mantell dug there at Christmas 1847 and in 1852. Smaller Archaic sites exist at Cape Wanbrow and at Beach Road in central Oamaru, the distinctive Archaic art of the Waitaki Valley rock shelters dates from this period — some of it presumably made by the occupants of these sites. The area also features Classic and Protohistoric sites, from after about AD1500, at Tamahaerewhenua, Tekorotuaheka, Te Punamaru, Papakaio and Kakanui. Māori tradition tells of the ancient people Kahui Tipua building a canoe, Arai Te Uru, on its return it became waterlogged off the Waitaki River mouth, lost food baskets at Moeraki beach and ended up wrecked at Matakaea where it turned into Danger Reef. Modern academics have suggested this tale is an explanation of the fact that kumara will not grow south of Banks Peninsula. On 20 February 1770 James Cook in the Endeavour reached a very close to the Waitaki mouth. He said the land here is low and flat and continues so up to the skirts of the Hills which are at least 4 or 5 Miles in land. The whole face of the Country appears barren, nor did we see any signs of inhabitants and he stayed on this part of the coast four days. Sydney Parkinson, the expeditions artist, described what seems to be Cape Wanbrow, on 20 February he wrote. we were near the land, which formed an agreeable view to the naked eye. The hills were of a height, having flats that extended from them a long way. Māori did live in the area, and sealers visited the coast in 1814, the Creed manuscript, discovered in 2003, records, Some of the people absent on a feasting expedition to meet a great party from Taumutu, Akaroa, Orawenua. The boat passed on to the Bluff 8 miles north of Moeraki where they landed & arranged their boat – & lay down to sleep in their boat. At night Pukuheke, father of Te More, went to the boat and they went with 100 killing 5 Europeans & eat them
6.
Hampden, New Zealand
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Hampden is a rural settlement defined as a populated area less than a town in North Otago, New Zealand. It is located close to the North Otago coast, some 30 kilometres south of Oamaru and it was named after the English politician John Hampden. In 2004, the population was put at 304, there is a primary school with less than thirty pupils. Hampden was featured on National Radios Your Place show where it was said that the fish, Hampden is situated beside a broad bay stretching from Aorere Point to Moeraki Point, on a coastal plain which rises westward to the foothills of the Horse Range and the Kakanui Mountains. The soil of this surrounding plain overlies a limestone formation and is valued for agricultural production. Sheep husbandry is the economic activity of the region and is augmented by some deer and cattle farming. The streets of Hampden are laid out in a rectangular grid centred on the main highway and they are named after English locations, hence Lancaster, Shrewsbury, Worcester, Norfolk etc. The popular Moeraki Boulders, together with a cafe and restaurant are located 2 kilometres south of Hampden. There is some good surfing locally on the Katiki straight, as well as trout fishing in the local Waianakarua. The local hills are popular for pig and deer hunting, close by at Moeraki, deep sea fishing and diving are also very popular. The Hampden Energy Forum was established in 2007, at the inaugural meeting to establish the Forum, more than one third of the towns population was present. The Forum won the Trustpower Community Award in 2008, mainly for the staging of the Hampden Energy Expo and this was a one-day event that demonstrated many ways of surviving with minimum reliance on fossil fuels. The Forum continues to involve the community in such processes as waste disposal, car pooling, waste reduction, self-sufficiency gardening, electricity supply, such an initiative was possibly the first to occur in New Zealand, many communities now strive for the same initiatives
7.
Kakanui
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The small town of Kakanui lies on the coast of Otago, in New Zealand, fourteen kilometres to the south of Oamaru. The Kakanui River and its estuary divide the township in two, the part of the settlement south of the river, also known as Kakanui South, formerly Campbells Bay, was developed as a collection of cribs. A recent increase in the development of subdivisions have increased the density of dwellings within South Kakanui, the population was 414 people in the 2006 census, unchanged from 2001. The Kakanui River reaches the sea near the town, and the low known as the Kakanui Mountains stretch inland from south of Oamaru towards the Maniototo. Kai Tahu used to temporarily occupy Kakanui as they travelled north and south, the area around Kakanui has a reputation for its limestone formations, and produces many fossils. The rich and fertile soil of the area around the river has physical properties make it perfect for use in sports grounds. Many of New Zealandss top cricket venues use Kakanui soil on their wicket blocks, kakanuis main beach, south of the main headland, is known as Campbells Bay. It provides the first surfable break and the first safe swimming beach south of Banks Peninsula, the beach has a length of approximately two kilometres, and the southern end, known as All Day Bay, offers more shelter than the northern end, but with less surf. The sandy beach below the shingle spit north of the river mouth stretching toward Oamaru is safely swimmable, the beaches south of the main headland feature orange sand. The northern beach has white sand, kakanuis rich volcanic soil suits intensive horticulture. The township contains a number of glasshouses, primarily used for growing tomatoes, land surrounding the settlement also features market gardens growing a wide range of vegetables. Kakanui has a reputation for its new-season potatoes, which sell throughout all New Zealand. Kakanui was once a port on the northern side of the river, with a hotel, blacksmith, meat works. Kakanuis commerce declined after the railway was built inland, going through Maheno, Kakanui is often named on maps as Taranui. However, this name is not in use locally, nor is it evident on road signs, Taranui may be a naming error from early maps referring to a station farm of that name, located slightly inland from Kakanui
8.
Kurow
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Kurow is a small town in the Waitaki District, New Zealand. It is located on the bank of the Waitaki River,60 kilometres northwest of Oamaru. At the 2013 Census, the town had a population of 312 people, the name is an Anglicised form of the name of the nearby mountain Te Kohurau. In the 1920s the town was the base for the building of the nearby Waitaki Dam, examples of pre-European Māori cave paintings are close to the small settlement of Duntroon. The land around the town includes summerfruit orchards, and increasing amounts of Pinot noir are being planted in the limestone soils. The town was the terminus of the Kurow Branch railway, opened in 1881 to Hakataramea, across the Waitaki River and it closed in 1983, the line can be traced on the ground, and the station still building stands on Liverpool St. From 1928 until 1937, a line owned by the Public Works Department ran from Kurow to the hydroelectric project 6.4 km to the west, notable people from Kurow include All Black captain Richie McCaw, All Black and rugby administrator Charles Saxton and mathematician Roy Kerr. From 1929 to 1934, Dr Gervan McMillan and his wife Ethel were residents of Kurow, with Dr McMillan running a medical practice
9.
Moeraki
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Moeraki is a small fishing village on the east coast of the South Island of New Zealand. It was once the location of a whaling station, in the 1870s, local interests believed it could become the main port for the north Otago area and a railway line, the Moeraki Branch, was built to the settlement and opened in 1877. The village is best known for the nearby Moeraki Boulders, Moeraki is usually translated as sleepy sky. There are other places with the name or versions of it, all along the path from the Polynesian homeland. Gavin McLean tentatively linked its occupants to Waitaha, conventionally the third iwi, or tribe, to arrive in southern New Zealand, after Kahui Tipua and Te Rapuwai. However, as McLean notes, Waitaha is also a name used to designate all the peoples preceding Kati Mamoe. It is safe to say Waimatatai is a Waitaha site in that broad sense, the Moeraki peninsula terminates to the south in Kartigi Point where there was a pā of the Classic period of Māori culture. Its traditional name was Te Raka-a-hineatua, according to tradition it was built by Taoka, a well known fighting chief of the late 17th to early 18th centuries, who also built fortresses at the Ashburton River and near Timaru. Shortly after it was built it was attacked by a party from Kaikoura who were repulsed by Taoka in the battle known as Te Hakopa. Taoka was also in battle with chiefs further south at Huriawa, Mapoutahi, taokas principal opponent was Te Wera. Jill Hamel has reported there were terraces, the best developed of any southern pā, radio carbon dating has confirmed it was occupied in the 18th century. It used to be said Moeraki, like other places on the east coast, was not a site of permanent occupation in pre-European times. Moeraki was traversed during the Sealers War, also known as the War of the Shirt, according to the Creed manuscript, discovered in 2003, they camped for the night by their boat at the Bluff eight miles from Moeraki to the north. However they were observed and attacked by Māori, two of the sealers escaped and fled to Bobbys Head and Goodwood, south of Moeraki, taking two days to get there and where they were later killed and eaten. They will have passed Moeraki going north and fleeing south, john Hughes, accompanied by W. I Haberfield and other men from the Weller brothers Otago whaling station, established a whaling station in Moeraki Bay, Onekakara, on Boxing Day, December 26,1836. Since that time European occupation has been continuous, when Hughes and his men arrived there were only nine Māori living in the area, under Takatahara. In 1838 a large group arrived under Matiaha Tiramorehu and settled, many of the latter married Māori women. Haberfield later maintained alcohol was absent at Moeraki, in striking contrast to more southerly stations, after 1839 whaling dwindled and ceased by the late 1840s, although there was later a brief revival
10.
Omarama
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Omarama is a small township at the junction of State Highways 8 and 83, near the southern end of the Mackenzie Basin, in the South Island of New Zealand. Omarama is in the Waitaki District, in the historic Province of Otago, the Ahuriri River is a short distance to the north of the township. A significant proportion of permanent village residents are employees of Meridian Energy Limited, Omarama is Māori for Place of Light, a reference to its extraordinarily pure and clear sky. This conversion has necessitated major changes to the environment, with iconic tussock lands being ploughed and replaced by pasture. Large centre pivot irrigators and private canal networks now dominate much of the landscape, recently however, diminishing returns on dairy-based agriculture have led to farmers investigating alternative methods and practices, some now experimenting with biofuel crops. There are many rivers and lakes in and near Omarama suitable for recreational fishing, the nearby Ahuriri River is a noted fly-fishing river and adjacent Lake Benmore and Lake Ohau are popular with boaters, as well as fly casters and other anglers. Commonly encountered local fish species include salmon, and brown and rainbow trout, Omarama is home of the annual mid winter star party. Local street lighting and other sources are dimmed or switched off for the duration of the event. Pilots come to Omarama to experience strong lee wave conditions, ridge soaring and it is common for Omarama-based gliders to soar hundreds of kilometers along the Southern Alps each day. In ideal conditions, it is possible for gliders to reach distances in excess of 1000 km, several national and world gliding records have been achieved from Omarama, and the prevailing conditions have attracted record seekers such as Steve Fossett. The Omarama Gliding Club and several commercial gliding organizations are based in Omarama, there are three skifields within the MacKenzie Basin, Ohau, Round Hill, and Mount Dobson. Omarama is a holiday destination amongst those living in surrounding districts and provinces. Tramping is also popular with locals and visitors alike, due to the spectacular, Omarama is on the route of the Alps to Ocean Cycle Trail, after the trail was constructed following approval in 2010. In his novel The Zombie Survival Guide, Max Brooks of World War Z fame makes reference to Omarama as site of a zombie attack. Omarama Gliding Club Gliding World altitude record attempt Skifield list Discover Omarama
11.
Palmerston, New Zealand
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The town of Palmerston, in New Zealands South Island, lies 50 kilometres to the north of the city of Dunedin. It is the largest town in the Waihemo Ward of the Waitaki District, the Main South Line railway passes through the town and the Seasider tourist train travels from Dunedin to Palmerston and back once or twice a week. From 1880 until 1989, the town acted as the junction between the line and a branch line that ran inland, the Dunback and Makareao Branches. Palmerston stands near the banks of the Shag River, five kilometres inland from the Pacific coast, between it and the sea stands the lone hill of Puketapu, crowned with a monument to the 19th century Otago politician Sir John McKenzie. Many people confuse the town of Palmerston with the more populous North Island city of Palmerston North. Otagos town has the claim to the name, however – its surveying dates from 1862. Both towns take their names from Lord Palmerston, the 19th-century British Prime Minister, the nearby Shag River is named for the cormorant, a sea bird that ventures a little inland, colloquially known as a shag. The rivers Maori name, Waihemo, has been translated as Dwindle River and it is thought to arise from the rivers tendency to reduce in summer to a small stream. Palmerston used to be the capital of the Waihemo County, the surrounding district, the area is rich in history and legend. Modern archaeology favours a date for the first settlement of New Zealand by Polynesian people about 1150 AD when population was concentrated on the east coast of the South Island. There is an early settlement site of the Archaic or moa hunter phase of Maori culture near Palmerston on the sea coast at the mouth of the Shag River. It has been known to Europeans since the 1840s and was investigated from a time by archaeologists. In 1987 and 1989 it was very thoroughly re-excavated by a team including Professor Atholl Anderson and it was determined it had been in permanent, year round occupation for a period of perhaps 20–50 years in the 14th century AD. The area is also the site of the wreck of the Arai Te Uru canoe. There are several versions of the tradition but they tell of the arrival of Rakaihautu from the ancestral homeland Hawaiki who met the Kahui Tipua people who were already here. He showed them kumara, or sweet potatoes, and they built canoes including Arai Te Uru to go to Hawaiki and bring back this new and its steersman, Hipo, sits erect at the stern. After this the crew explored the southern South Island giving many place names, Kahui Tipua are ghost or giant people with mythic or magical attributes, although they are also the real ancestors of people living now. If the explorers didnt get back before dawn they turned into hills, one of them was a woman Puketapu who got as far south as Owaka in South Otago
12.
Dunback
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Dunback, formerly Waihemo, is a small town in the Otago region of New Zealand. It is located between Palmerston and Ranfurly on Highway 85 and it has a population of about 200 people. Most of these live in the rural areas near the town. The only remaining buildings now that still stand are the church, the hotel, the coronation hall. All of these buildings are over 100 years old, there is also the domain which includes a cricket field, camping ground and bowling Green. Locals and campers enjoy the facilities that it has to offer. Along Murphy st also stands the bridge which was built in the early 1900s for pupils to cross the shag river for easier access to the school. From 29 August 1885 until 1 January 1968, the town was the terminus of the Dunback Branch, nowadays, some of the old railway formation, a loading bank at the site of the station yard, and other railway relics can still be found around Dunback
13.
Duntroon, New Zealand
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Duntroon is a small farming town in the Waitaki District of New Zealands South Island. Although traditionally considered a North Otago town, it is located within the farthest southern reaches of Canterbury, to the east of the village is the Maerewhenua River. Near the village are the Earthquakes, a cliff formation. The 2001 census recorded Duntroon as having a population of 120, consisting of 69 females and 51 males, by the 2006 census the population had declined to 114. The town was named by Scottish settler and farmer Robert Campbell, economic activity has been mainly agricultural for much of the towns history, focusing primarily on sheep farming and the growth of crops such as wheat and barley. Duntroon is home to the Vanished World Heritage Centre, dedicated to showcasing the geology of the Waitaki region and these include two species of the penguin genus Archaeospheniscus, Lowes penguin and Lopdells penguin, found in the Kokoamu Greensand formation. The town is located near two sites of centuries-old Māori rock drawings. 5 kilometres south of Duntroon, in the Maerewhenua Valley, a group of rock formations called Elephant Rocks has been used as a filming location for the first Chronicles of Narnia movie in 2005. The rock formations are located in a field and can be seen from the road. Duntroon was once the terminus of the branch railway that ultimately became the Kurow Branch. The railway served the town for over a century, closing in mid-1983, near the station building, an old water tank for steam locomotives still stands in good condition. Duntroon is on the route of the Alps to Ocean Cycle Trail,2001 census data for Duntroon Vanished World Centre website Visitors Guide to the Beautiful Waitaki - Duntroon
14.
Herbert, New Zealand
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The small town of Herbert, formerly Otepopo, lies in North Otago, New Zealand,91 kilometres north of Dunedin and 22 kilometres south-west of Oamaru. It lies on the edge of the Herbert Forest, Herbert consists of a group of houses and 3 churches clustered around State Highway 1. A service station is also the postal agency, two main industries operate in Herbert, an agricultural, industrial and forestry helicopter base and a poultry unit. Surrounding the settlement is rolling and fertile pastureland, the poultry farm, Craigs Poultry, was a finalist for the 2007 Otago Ballance Farm Environment Awards. On a north-facing site 300 metres from the town was the Otepopo School and this was a primary school for children from 5 to about 13 years old. Thereafter, the children went to Oamaru for further education, Otepopo school was closed in September 2010, due to a rapid decline in the school roll. From 22 pupils in 2009, its roll had dropped to 4 before its closure, some five kilometres south of Herbert is the farming settlement of Waianakarua. The old stone bridge at Waianakarua is the oldest that is used by the New Zealand State Highway network. This bridge was dismantled stone by stone in 2004, and rebuilt 2 metres wider, in 2005 it was reopened as part of the State Highway network again. Alongside this bridge is an example of a flourmill and 3 km upstream from the bridge is an historical site of another early flourmill. Among Waianakaruas more well-known landmarks is The Big Chicken, a bird standing several metres tall. The son of Burt Munro, portrayed by Anthony Hopkins in the film The Worlds Fastest Indian, pig hunting and sea and river fishing are some of the activities available in the Herbert and Waianakarua district
15.
Macraes
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Macraes, formerly known as Macraes Flat, and known in Māori as Ōtī, is a town in the Waitaki District in Otago, New Zealand. It is known as a town, with a long history of gold extraction. It is near Macraes Mine owned by OceanaGold Corporation, the town sits 55 km north of Dunedin in New Zealands South Island. The settlement was named after John McRae, who lived in the area in the late 1850s before gold was discovered nearby, in 2015 the name of the town was officially altered from Macraes Flat to Macraes
16.
Otematata
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Otematata is a village in the Waitaki District of North Otago in New Zealands South Island. It is defined as an area less than a town. By the 2006 census it had declined to 189 inhabitants and this was considerably higher in the 1960s during the construction of the Benmore and Aviemore dams. Otematata in Māori means place of good flint, the Otematata township was built in 1958 as a base for the construction of the Aviemore and Benmore Dams. ECNZ used it as a base until the early 1990s, prior to that there were a few high country sheep stations, Rostiever Run owned by the Munro family and Otematata Station owned by the Cameron family. ECNZs successors presence is now minimal as the dams are operated by remote control and it is a popular holiday destination with a hotel, restaurant, camping ground, backpackers, and other basic services. The townships population swells to over 5000 people in the Christmas, water skiing is a popular pastime in the Waitaki Valley. Like many inland areas, Otematata has weather that ranges from cold in winter to very hot in summer. In the past five years, temperatures have ranged from 35. 7°C to -6. 7°C, with annual rainfall ranging from 282mm to 431mm
17.
New Zealand electorates
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An electorate is a geographical constituency used for electing members to the New Zealand Parliament. In informal discussion, electorates are often called seats, the most formal description, electoral district, is used in legislation. The size of electorates is determined on a basis such that all electorates have approximately the same population. Before 1996, all members of Parliament were directly chosen for office by the voters of an electorate, the 71 electorates are made up from 64 general and seven Māori electorates. Originally, electorates were drawn up based on political and social links, each electorate was allocated a different number of MPs in order to balance population differences. All electorates used a plurality voting system, from 1881, a special country quota meant that rural seats were allowed to contain fewer people than urban seats, preserving the inequality and over-representing farmers. For the 1905 election the multi-member electorates were abolished, the quota system persisted until 1945. Today, electorate boundaries are determined by the Representation Commission, the Commission consists of, Four government officials—the Government Statistician, the Surveyor-General, the Chief Electoral Officer, and the Chairperson of the Local Government Commission. A representative of the party or coalition, and a representative of the opposition block. A chairperson nominated by the members, with the exception of Chairperson of the Local Government Commission. Boundaries are reviewed after each New Zealand Census, which occurs every five years. The number of māori electorates are determined by the Māori Electoral Option where Māori voters can opt to be in either a māori electorate or a general electorate, South Island Māori opting for the general roll are included in the population on which the South Island Quota is established. The North Island population being divided into electorates of approximately the same population as the South Island ones, electorates may vary by no more than 5% of the average population size. This has caused the number of list seats in Parliament to decline as the population is experiencing northern drift due to internal migration and immigration. Because of the increasing North Island population, the North Island was awarded an additional electoral seat beginning in the 2008 general election, another North Island seat was created for the 2014 general election. Each time, the need for a seat was determined from the results of the most recent census. The total number of list seats has thus declined from 51 to 49 since 2007, although the New Zealand Parliament is intended to have 120 members, recent iterations have exceeded this quantity. Due to some parties winning more seats than their proportion of the party vote suggests
18.
Waitaki (New Zealand electorate)
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Waitaki is an electorate for the New Zealand House of Representatives that crosses the boundary of North Otago and South Canterbury towns on the East Coast of the South Island. The electorate was first established for the 1871 election that determined the 5th New Zealand Parliament and it has been abolished and re-established several times and in its early years was a two-member electorate for two parliamentary terms. The current electorate has existed since the 2008 election and is held by Jacqui Dean of the National Party. Through an amendment in the Electoral Act in 1965, the number of electorates in the South Island was fixed at 25, in the North Island, five electorates were newly created and one electorate was reconstituted while three electorates were abolished. In the South Island, three electorates were created and one electorate was reconstituted while three electorates were abolished. The overall effect of the changes was highly disruptive to existing electorates, with all. These changes came into effect with the 1969 election, the electorate was last re-established for the 2008 election. The 2006 census of population and dwellings showed that there has been a general northwards population movement, however, Waitaki ended up over quota in the 2013 census and redistribution resulted in all communities south of and including Herbert being ceded to Dunedin North. The largest town in the electorate is Oamaru, other towns include Geraldine, Twizel, Wanaka, Waimate, Cromwell and Alexandra. The Waitaki electorate has existed four times, in 1871 to 1946, in 1957 to 1969, in 1978 to 1996, the first election in the electorate was contested by William Steward and Macassey in 1871, with Steward being successful. The next election was held in early January 1876, Waitaki had become a two-member electorate, and four candidates put their names forward. Steward and Joseph OMeagher contested the election as abolitionists, while Thomas William Hislop, the provincialists won the election by quite some margin. Hislop and Shrimski were both confirmed in the 1879 election, but Hislop resigned on 28 April 1880 for private reasons, the resulting 1880 by-election was won by George Jones. From 1881 onwards, the became a single-member constituency again. Thomas Young Duncan won the 1881 election and the two subsequent elections, in the 1887 election, Duncan was opposed by John Reid, but defeated him by 705 to 676 votes. In the 1890 election, Duncan successfully contested the Oamaru electorate instead, McKenzie had previously held Waihemo and went back to that electorate again for the 1893 election. William Steward, who was the first representative of the electorate, had since 1881 represented Waimate and he returned to Waitaki for the 1893 election, was successful and also won the five subsequent elections. He held the electorate until 1911 and he was appointed to the Legislative Council in the following year, but died within months of the appointment
19.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
20.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
21.
Waitaki River
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It starts at the confluence of the Ohau River and the Tekapo River, now in the head of the artificial Lake Benmore, these rivers being fed by three large glacial lakes, Pukaki, Tekapo, and Ohau. The Waitaki flows through Lake Benmore, Lake Aviemore and Lake Waitaki, the Waitaki has several tributaries, notably the Ahuriri River and the Hakataramea River. It passes Kurow and Glenavy before entering the Pacific Ocean, the median flow of the Waitaki River at Kurow is 356 cubic metres per second. The middle of the bed formed a traditional political boundary between Canterbury and Otago. As such, the term South of the Waitaki is often used to refer to the Otago, the river is popular for recreational fishing and jetboating. In 2001 a proposal for a series of canals and dams was made by Meridian Energy for irrigation and electricity generation on the river. This scheme, known as Project Aqua, planned to divert up to 77 percent of the rivers flow to create a hydroelectric scheme. Lack of commercial viability was given as the reason for the schemes shelving. List of rivers of New Zealand Reservoirs and dams in New Zealand Nordmeyer, Waitaki – The River and its Lakes, The Land and its People. Waitaki Valley website Meridian energy Waitaki hydro scheme Hydrologic webmap of the Waitaki river basin
22.
South Island
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The South Island or Te Waipounamu is the larger of the two major islands of New Zealand, the other being the smaller but more populous North Island. It is bordered to the north by Cook Strait, to the west by the Tasman Sea, the South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres and has a temperate climate. In the early stages of European settlement of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population, in prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite article. Charcoal drawings can be found on rock shelters in the centre of the South Island. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old, and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles, some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including moa and Haasts eagles. They were drawn by early Māori, but by the time Europeans arrived, early inhabitants of the South Island were the Waitaha. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāti Mamoe in the 16th century, Kāti Mamoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the Kāi Tahu who migrated south in the 17th century. While today there is no distinct Kāti Mamoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Mamoe links in their whakapapa and, a notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on pacifism, proved disadvantageous when Māori warriors arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship. In the early 18th century, Kāi Tahu, a Māori tribe who originated on the east coast of the North Island, There they and Kāti Mamoe fought Ngāi Tara and Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the Clarence River to Kāi Tahu, Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering Kaikoura. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury, including Banks Peninsula, from there they spread further south and into the West Coast. In 1827-1828 Ngāti Toa under the leadership of Te Rauparaha successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikoura, Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha, Te Rauparaha returned to his Kapiti Island stronghold. After destroying Te Maiharanuis village they took their captives to Kapiti, John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā, Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully sapped the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took the pā at Onawe, in 1832-33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped, fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made an incursion into Kāi Tahu territory
23.
Alluvial fan
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An alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams. If a fan is built up by debris flows it is called a debris cone or colluvial fan. These flows come from a point source at the apex of the fan. Fans are typically found where a canyon draining from mountainous terrain emerges out onto a flatter plain, a convergence of neighboring alluvial fans into a single apron of deposits against a slope is called a bajada, or compound alluvial fan. As a streams gradient decreases, it drops coarse-grained material and this reduces the capacity of the channel and forces it to change direction and gradually build up a slightly mounded or shallow conical fan shape. The deposits are poorly sorted. There will be iso-transport energy lines forming concentric arcs about the point at the apex of the fan. Thus the material will tend to be deposited equally about these lines, Alluvial fans are often found in desert areas subject to periodic flash floods from nearby thunderstorms in local hills. The typical watercourse in an arid climate has a large, funnel-shaped basin at the top, leading to a narrow defile, multiple braided streams are usually present and active during water flows. Phreatophytes are plants that are concentrated at the base of alluvial fans. They have long tap roots 30 to 50 feet to water that has seeped through the fan and hit an impermeable layer, sometimes collecting in springs. These stands of shrubs cling to the soil at their bases, Alluvial fans also develop in wetter climates. Along the upper Koshi tributaries, tectonic forces elevate the Himalayas several millimeters annually, uplift is approximately in equilibrium with erosion, so the river annually carries some 100 million cubic meters of sediment as it exits the mountains. Deposition of this magnitude over millions of years is more than sufficient to account for the megafan, despite overpopulation on the plains, this bhabar zone is highly malarial and has remained largely uninhabited. In North America, streams flowing into Californias Central Valley have deposited smaller, such as that of the Kings River flowing out of the Sierra Nevada creates a low divide, turning the south end of the San Joaquin Valley into an endorheic basin without a connection to the ocean. Alluvial fans are subject to flooding and can be more dangerous than the upstream canyons that feed them. Their slightly convex perpendicular surfaces cause water to spread widely until there is no zone of refuge, if the gradient is steep, active transport of materials down the fan creates a moving substrate that is inhospitable to travel on foot or wheels. But as the gradient diminishes downslope, water comes down from above faster than it can flow away downstream, in the case of the Koshi River, the huge sediment load and megafans slightly convex transverse surface conspire against engineering efforts to contain peak flows inside manmade embankments
24.
Agribusiness
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Agribusiness is the business of agricultural production. The term was coined in 1957 by Goldberg and Davis and it includes agrichemicals, breeding, crop production, distribution, farm machinery, processing, and seed supply, as well as marketing and retail sales. All agents of the food and fiber value chain and those institutions that influence it are part of the agribusiness system. Within the agriculture industry, agribusiness is used simply as a portmanteau of agriculture and business, there are academic degrees in and departments of agribusiness, agribusiness trade associations, agribusiness publications, and so forth, worldwide. The UNs Food and Agriculture Organization operates a section devoted to agribusiness development which seeks to promote food industry growth in developing nations, in the context of agribusiness management in academia, each individual element of agriculture production and distribution may be described as agribusinesses. However, the term agribusiness most often emphasizes the interdependence of these various sectors within the production chain, among critics of large-scale, industrialized, vertically integrated food production, the term agribusiness is used negatively, synonymous with corporate farming. As such, it is contrasted with smaller family-owned farms. As concern over global warming intensifies, biofuels derived from crops are gaining increased public and scientific attention and this is driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, and support from government subsidies. In Europe and in the US, increased research and production of biofuels has been mandated by law, studies of agribusiness often come from the academic fields of agricultural economics and management studies, sometimes called agribusiness management. To promote more development of economies, many government agencies support the research and publication of economic studies. Some of these studies are on foods produced for export and are derived from agencies focused on food exports and these agencies include the Foreign Agricultural Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Austrade, and New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. The Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies and reports by FAS and AAFC, ray A. Goldberg coined the term agribusiness together with coauthor John H. Davis. They provided an economic framework for the field in their book A Concept of Agribusiness. That seminal work traces a complex value-added chain that begins with the purchase of seed and livestock. Agribusiness boundary expansion is driven by a variety of transaction costs, manuel Alvarado Ledesma and Peter D. Goldsmith explain the implications of weak institutions on agribusiness investment. According to them weak institutions lead to development and enforcement grounded in the moment, rather than based on precedent. The Globalization of Agribusiness and Developing World Food Systems, southern Innovator Magazine Issue 3, Agribusiness and Food Security, United Nations Office for South-South Cooperation
25.
Statistics New Zealand
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Statistics New Zealand is the public service department of New Zealand charged with collecting and producing information of a statistical nature. Standards and Methods studies statistical methods, statistical education and research, solutions and capabilities, information management, there is one general manager in Christchurch and one in Auckland. It develops products and services, manages publishing and customer services, industry and Labour Statistics studies business indicators, finance and performance, agriculture, energy and work knowledge and skills. Many of the powers, duties, and responsibilities are governed by acts of the New Zealand Parliament. The agency is a state organisation of New Zealand operating under the authority of the Statistics Act 1975. The department conducts the census five years. The census is officially done on one day, the most recent census was on 5 March 2013. This information is helpful for business purposes, government decision making, media purposes, foreign policy, journalism, public information, planning, the department supplies a wide variety of information. In addition, it analyzes trends and publishes forecasts, the agency does not involve itself with political polling generally. The agency provides information to the public, many surveys and reports are available free of charge on its website, users can download spreadsheets electronically. Information from demographers is used as material by journalists for articles. Sometimes statistics can influence public policy, for example, Statistics New Zealand demographers in 2008 spotted a trend of fewer women having children and wrote, Deciding not to have children happens as a consequence of other life events. Education, career, mortgages, changes in family and partners for many couples and their report was picked up by journalists at the Sunday Star-Times to form the basis of an article with the headline New Zealand women stop having babies. The article discussed ramifications, such as possible workforce shortages and increased cost of elderly care, newspaper headlines can influence public opinion which may impact policy decisions. Statistics New Zealand information is used by government to explore tough problems, agency data is quoted by a wide variety of sources, even in the footnotes of books. For example, in Connecting the Clouds - the Internet in New Zealand, author Keith Newman cites agency statistics regarding telecommunications cost decreases, data is used to help retailers spot trends and act accordingly. A newspaper article on decreased do-it-yourself retail spending in 2008 quoted an agency source and this information helps businesses adjust to new realities. Radio programmes such as Radio New Zealand National have quoted agency data, some agency policies result in controversy
26.
The New Zealand Herald
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The New Zealand Herald is a daily newspaper published in Auckland, New Zealand, owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment. Its main circulation area is the Auckland region and it is also delivered to much of the north of the North Island including Northland, Waikato and King Country. The New Zealand Herald was founded by William Chisholm Wilson, Wilson had been a partner with John Williamson in the New Zealander, but left to start a rival daily newspaper as he saw a business opportunity with Auckland’s rapidly growing population. He had also split with Williamson because Wilson supported the war against the Māori while Williamson opposed it, the Herald also promoted a more constructive relationship between the North and South Islands. After the New Zealander closed in 1866 The Daily Southern Cross provided competition, the Daily Southern Cross was first published in 1843 by William Brown as The Southern Cross and had been a daily since 1862. Vogel sold out of the paper in 1873 and Alfred Horton bought it in 1876, in 1876 the Wilson family and Horton joined in partnership and The New Zealand Herald absorbed The Daily Southern Cross. In 1879 the United Press Association was formed so that the daily papers could share news stories. The organisation became the New Zealand Press Association in 1942, in 1892, the New Zealand Herald, Otago Daily Times, and Press agreed to share the costs of a London correspondent and advertising salesman. The New Zealand Press Association closed in 2011, the Herald is now owned by New Zealand Media and Entertainment. That company is owned by Sydney-based APN News & Media and the Radio Network, dita de Boni was a columnist for the newspaper, writing her first columns for the NZ Herald in 1995. From 2012 -2015 she wrote a business and politics column until – after a series of articles critical of the Key government – the Herald discontinued her column due to financial reasons. Gordon Minhinnick was a staff cartoonist from the 1930s until his retirement in the 1980s, malcolm Evans was fired from his position as staff cartoonist in 2003 after the newspaper received complaints about his cartoons on the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Laurence Clark was the political cartoonist from 1987 to 1996. On 10 September 2012, the Herald moved to a format for weekday editions. The broadsheet format was retained for the Saturday edition, in April 2007, APN NZ announced it was outsourcing the bulk of the Heralds copy editing to an Australian-owned company, Pagemasters. The Herald is traditionally a centre-right newspaper, and was given the nickname Granny Herald into the 1990s, on domestic matters, editorial opinion is centrist, usually supporting socially conservative values. In 2007, an editorial strongly disapproved of some legislation introduced by the Labour-led government, the Herald published Baileys name, photo, and comments after she had retracted permission for Glucina to do so. The council said there was an “element of subterfuge” in Glucinas actions, in its ruling the council said that, “The NZ Herald has fallen sadly short of those standards in this case. ”The Heralds editor denied the accusations of subterfuge
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
28.
Lake Aviemore
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Lake Aviemore or Mahi Tikumu is a man-made lake in New Zealands South Island, part of the Waitaki hydroelectric scheme. Immediately upstream is Lake Benmore and downstream Lake Waitaki, Aviemore lies on both sides of the border between the Waimate and Waitaki districts. The Otematata settlement situated on State Highway 83 is just west of the lake, closer to the lake the old village Wharekuri which encompasses Aviemore was populous in the 1860s. The Aviemore Dam, completed in 1968, is the newest of the three dams on the Waitaki river and it is made out of both earth and concrete. By continuing the course of the river after the lake, one encounters Parsons Rock. A story goes to say that stolen gold taken from the Wharekuri Hotel was hidden near Parsons Rock. The suspects were to be apprehended, in both Lake Aviemore and Benmore, one can fish salmon and trout year round except in September. Two main events are held on Lake Aviemore, there is the Labour weekend Aviemore Classic Trailer yacht race and the Windsurfing Championships in January
29.
Lake Benmore
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Lake Benmore is a lake located in the South Island of New Zealand. It was artificially created in the 1960s by construction of Benmore Dam, the lake covers an area of approximately 75 km². Parts of it lie in the Mackenzie, Waimate, and Waitaki districts within the portion of the Canterbury Region. The major rivers with which it is fed are the Ohau, Pukaki, Tekapo, the lake has New Zealands largest earth dam as part of the Waitaki hydroelectricity power scheme. After the lake was created the incidence of seismic shocks increased by a factor of three to six times, electricity sector in New Zealand Lakes of New Zealand List of lakes in New Zealand Map of Waitaki District showing Lake Benmore bordering the Mackenzie and Waimate Districts
30.
Lake Ohau
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Lake Ohau is a glacial lake in the Mackenzie Basin of New Zealands South Island. It is fed by the Hopkins and Dobson rivers, which have their headwaters in the Southern Alps, and has its outflow in the Ohau River, Ohau is the smallest of three roughly parallel lakes running north-south along the northern edge of the Mackenzie Basin. The Ohau ski field is located close to the shore of the lake. The lake forms part of the boundary between Otago and Canterbury regions, Otagos northernmost point being the headwaters of the Hopkins River. Officially the lake lies in the part of the Waitaki District within the southern part of the Canterbury region. Lake Ohau will be on the route of the Alps to Ocean Cycle Trail, media related to Lake Ohau at Wikimedia Commons Ski Ohau Pictures of Ohau
31.
Lake Waitaki
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Lake Waitaki is the smallest, oldest and farthest downstream of the three man-made lakes of the Waitaki hydroelectric project in New Zealands South Island. It lies below lakes Aviemore and Benmore on the Waitaki River, the lake is created by Waitaki Dam, a 36m high spill weir dam built between 1928 and 1934. The Waitaki power station has a capacity of 105MW. Waitaki was the last dam built in New Zealand with excavation done with pick and shovel, the power station is to be upgraded by Meridian Energy between 2011 and 2016 at a projected cost of $NZ60 -80 million. Meridian Energy - power station information
32.
Lindis Pass
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Lindis Pass is located in the South Island of New Zealand. It lies between the towns of Cromwell in Central Otago and Omarama in North Otago, on the inland route to the Mackenzie Basin in the Canterbury Region. The pass lies between the valleys of the Lindis and Ahuriri Rivers, state Highway 8 transverses the pass on its route from the Mackenzie Basin to Central Otago. The pass is the highest point on the South Islands state highway network, despite this, it is not considered one of the alpine passes as it located in the dry interior of the South Island. Media related to Lindis Pass at Wikimedia Commons
33.
Danseys Pass
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Danseys Pass is a mountain pass located in the Kakanui Mountains, between Central Otago and North Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand. It lies between the Maniototo plain and the foothills of the Kakanui Mountains. Much of the road going over Danseys Pass is unsealed, the road was built for the owners of large sheep runs, the brothers Allan McLean and John McLean. Though not a major road, the pass is a fairly well-used link between the towns of Naseby and Ranfurly in the south and Duntroon in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury. Also, if State Highway 1 between Hampden and Moeraki is closed, it is closest detour, despite adding over 100 km to the journey, the locality of Danseys Pass is located approximately halfway between the pass and Duntroon on the eastern side. Confusingly, however, the historic Danseys Pass Coach Inn / Danseys Pass Hotel is located on the side, at the locality known as Kyeburn Diggings or Upper Kyeburn. Maniototo Promotions information on Danseys Pass Danseys Pass Coach Inn
34.
Windsor, New Zealand
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Windsor is a township in North Otago,19 km inland from Oamaru, situated almost exactly on the 45th latitude. The township was surveyed in 1879 and sold by Edward Menlove and it was situated at the junction of the Ngapara and Tokarahi branch railway lines. The Tokarahi branch closed in the 1930s, and the Ngapara line in 1959, there is a public hall built 1904. The school opened in 1890 and closed in the 1990s, there was also a Presbyterian Church, now also closed. For many years Windsor was host to a car rally, still known as the Windsor run. In 1881 John DArcey bought a quarter acre section and he has never been heard of since. After about 91 years the Waitaki County Council sold title to someone who paid the accrued rates owing, the first store was opened in 1879 by Richard Tayler and burnt down in 1890. The fire started in the adjoining Windsor Railway Hotel, which was owned by Mr Cunningham who died early in 1890 and his widow Mary Cunningham continued operating with declining income. There was a suggestion that the fire was set to collect the insurance. The store was rebuilt, but not the hotel, the Taylor family are described in the 1904 Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Mr Taylor married Mary Anne Joyce, the daughter of Mr James Joyce, prior to leaving Ireland on the James Nicol Fleming in 1875 to settle in New Zealand. The eldest son, Jim, born in 1876, served in the volunteer unit. He was rejected by the artillery as too short, Jim was injured at Shipersfontein, concussed after his horse fell on him and his head struck a rock, then reported sick with dysentery. He returned to New Zealand in 1900 on the SS Aotea and on the journey reputedly slipped, although it is also claimed that the leg injury was as a result of the horse falling on him. He was welcomed back to Windsor 16 July as the local hero and he had recovered from the fever, but was stuck at home with his dud knee. One day he was watching the children playing cricket, and he jumped down from the porch at the front of his fathers store to them what they were doing wrong. His knee clicked back into place and he was fit to return to military journey and he went back to South Africa with the 6th New Zealand Contingent as a Sergeant. Later he was commissioned into the British Imperial Forces and stayed on in charge of a government depot and he never returned to New Zealand
