1.
Walker Art Gallery
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The Walker Art Gallery is an art gallery in Liverpool, which houses one of the largest art collections in England, outside London. In 1843, the Royal Institution’s collection was displayed in a gallery next to the Institution’s main premises. In 1850 negotiations by an association of citizens to take over the Institution’s collection, for display in an art gallery, library and museum. The competition between the Academy and Society eventually led to both collapsing, the success of the exhibition enabled the Library, Museum and Arts Committee to purchase works for the council’s permanent collection, buying around 150 works between 1871 and 1910. Works acquired included WF Yeames’ And when did you last see your father, designed by local architects Cornelius Sherlock and H. H. Vale, the Walker Art Gallery was opened on 6 September 1877 by Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby. In 1893, the Liverpool Royal Institution placed its collection on loan to the gallery and in 1948 presented William Roscoes collection. This occurred during post-war reconstruction when the gallery was closed, re-opening in 1951, during the Second World War the gallery was taken over by the Ministry of Food and the collection was dispersed for safety. Extensions to the gallery were opened in 1884 and 1933 when the gallery re-opened with an exhibition including Picasso, in 2002 the gallery re-opened following a major refurbishment. In 1986, the gallery achieved national status, as part of the National Museums, the select collection of minor or decorative arts covers a wide range, from Gothic ivories to British ceramics up to the present day. The first John Moores Contemporary Painting Prize exhibition was held in 1957, sponsored by Sir John Moores, founder of Littlewoods, the competition has been held every two years ever since and is the biggest painting prize in the UK. There is a programme of temporary exhibitions which in 2009-10 has included Aubrey Williams, Bridget Riley, Sickert. In 2004, the gallery staged The Stuckists Punk Victorian, the first national exhibition of the Stuckist art movement. The Gallery also takes part in the Liverpool Biennial, the gallery is located on William Brown Street in a neo-Classical building. The neighbouring area includes the William Brown Library, World Museum Liverpool, St. Georges Hall, Wellingtons Column, Lime Street Station, the other major art gallery in Liverpool is Tate Liverpool, at the Albert Dock, which houses modern art. On 17 December 2011, the Walker Art Gallery got a new addition to its collection - a statue of a priest vandalised by Banksy, the renowned graffiti artist has sawn off the face of an 18th-century replica stone bust and glued on a selection of bathroom tiles. The resulting pixellated portrait is entitled Cardinal Sin and is believed to be a comment on the scandal in the Church. This piece of art is displayed in Room three, which is one of the 17th-century Old Master galleries, architecture of Liverpool Liverpool Biennial The Stuckists Punk Victorian Collection Website for The Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
Walker Art Gallery
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Walker Art Gallery
Walker Art Gallery
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Arthur Devis - Mr and Mrs Atherton
Walker Art Gallery
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Martin Archer Shee -
William Roscoe 's collection was the first founding collection of the gallery
Walker Art Gallery
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Bust of Alexander the Great
2.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
Minneapolis
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Clockwise from top:
Downtown Minneapolis,
Downtown,
TCF Bank Stadium, the
Guthrie Theater,
Minnehaha Falls, and
First Avenue and 7th St Entry nightclub
Minneapolis
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Taoyateduta was among the 121
Sioux leaders who from 1837 to 1851 ceded what is now Minneapolis.
Minneapolis
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Loading
flour,
Pillsbury, 1939
Minneapolis
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Mississippi riverfront and
Saint Anthony Falls in 1915. At left,
Pillsbury, power plants and the
Stone Arch Bridge. Today the
Minnesota Historical Society 's Mill City Museum is in the
Washburn "A" Mill, across the river just to the left of the falls. At center left are
Northwestern Consolidated mills. The tall building is
Minneapolis City Hall. In the right foreground are
Nicollet Island and the
Hennepin Avenue Bridge.
3.
Minnesota
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Minnesota is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States. Minnesota was admitted as the 32nd U. S. state on May 11,1858, the state has a large number of lakes, and is known by the slogan Land of 10,000 Lakes. Its official motto is LÉtoile du Nord, Minnesota is the 12th largest in area and the 21st most populous of the U. S. Minnesota is known for its progressive political orientation and its high rate of civic participation and voter turnout. Until European settlement, Minnesota was inhabited by the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, in recent decades, immigration from Asia, the Horn of Africa, and Latin America has broadened its historic demographic and cultural composition. Minnesotas standard of living index is among the highest in the United States, Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mnisota. Many places in the state have similar names, such as Minnehaha Falls, Minneiska, Minneota, Minnetonka, Minnetrista, and Minneapolis, a combination of mni and polis, Minnesota is the second northernmost U. S. state. Its isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods county is the part of the 48 contiguous states lying north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U. S. region known as the Upper Midwest and it shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, with 86,943 square miles, or approximately 2.25 percent of the United States, Minnesota is the 12th-largest state. Minnesota has some of the Earths oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old. About 2.7 billion years ago, basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean, the roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Following a period of volcanism 1, in more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the landscape of the state and sculpted its terrain. The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago and these glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift, much of the remainder of the state outside the northeast has 50 feet or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago and its bed created the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling. Minnesota is geologically quiet today, it experiences earthquakes infrequently, the states high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet, which is only 13 miles away from the low of 601 feet at the shore of Lake Superior. Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a rolling peneplain. Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesotas northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed, precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean
Minnesota
Minnesota
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Flag
Minnesota
Minnesota
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Eagle Mountain, the highest natural point in Minnesota at 2,301 feet (701 m) is located in northeastern part of the state.
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
6.
Contemporary art
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Contemporary art is the art of today, produced by artists who are living in the twenty-first century. Contemporary art provides an opportunity to reflect on contemporary society and the relevant to ourselves. Contemporary artists work in a globally influenced, culturally diverse, and their art is a dynamic combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects that challenge traditional boundaries and defy easy definition. In vernacular English, modern and contemporary are synonyms, resulting in some conflation of the modern art. Some define contemporary art as art produced within our lifetime, recognizing that lifetimes, however, there is a recognition that this generic definition is subject to specialized limitations. The classification of art as a special type of art, rather than a general adjectival phrase. In London, the Contemporary Art Society was founded in 1910 by the critic Roger Fry and others, as a private society for buying works of art to place in public museums. A number of other institutions using the term were founded in the 1930s, such as in 1938 the Contemporary Art Society of Adelaide, Australia, particular points that have been seen as marking a change in art styles include the end of World War II and the 1960s. There has perhaps been a lack of natural break points since the 1960s, and definitions of what contemporary art in the 2010s vary. Art from the past 20 years is likely to be included, and definitions often include art going back to about 1970, the art of the late 20th and early 21st century. Many use the formulation Modern and Contemporary Art, which avoids this problem, smaller commercial galleries, magazines and other sources may use stricter definitions, perhaps restricting the contemporary to work from 2000 onwards. One of the many people have in approaching contemporary artwork is its diversity - diversity of material, form, subject matter. It is distinguished by the lack of a uniform organizing principle, ideology, or -ism that we so often see in other. Broadly speaking, we see Modernism as looking at modernist principals - the focus of the work is self-referential, likewise, Impressionism looks at our perception of a moment through light and color as opposed to attempts at stark realism. Contemporary art, on the hand, does not have one. Its view, instead, is refracted, prismatic, and multi-faceted, reflecting the diversity of the world today, in all of its complexities, contemporary art reflects life as we know it. It can be, therefore, contradictory, confusing, and open-ended, there are, however, a number of common themes that have appeared in contemporary works. Post-modern, post-structuralist, feminist, and Marxist theory have played important roles in the development of theories of art
Contemporary art
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History of art
Contemporary art
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The
Museum of Contemporary Art in
Miami, Florida.
7.
Neighborhoods of Minneapolis
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The city of Minneapolis, Minnesota is officially defined by the Minneapolis City Council as divided into eleven communities, each containing multiple official neighborhoods. Informally, there are city areas with colloquial labels, residents may also group themselves by city street suffixes South, North, Southeast, Southwest, and Northeast. The Council has authority to define neighborhood boundaries by the State Legislature, but these are separate from Council Ward boundaries, generalized names such as North Minneapolis are actually a combination of the Near North and Camden communities with each of these communities made up of several neighborhoods. The local community defines several general areas based on the directional suffixes added to streets in the city and these city areas do not necessarily correlate with official community or neighborhood definitions. Downtown Minneapolis refers to the grid area aligned on a diagonal with the Mississippi River bend. South of this grid begins South Minneapolis, Southwest Minneapolis is not as clearly defined within South Minneapolis. The core is considered the community of Southwest and is bounded on the north by the line of 36th St W, extending west from where it ends at Lake Calhoun. The part of Minneapolis on the east bank of the Mississippi River is divided into Northeast and Southeast street suffixes by East Hennepin Avenue and these suffixes approximately align with the communities of Northeast and University respectively. The Old St. Anthony business district along Main Street Southeast tends to orient toward Northeast, the University of Minnesota-oriented University community and the traditionally working-class Northeast community have quite distinct identities. Minneapolis consists of 11 communities, each of which are subdivided into anywhere between 4 and 13 neighborhoods, the division of the city into official neighborhoods and communities occurred as part of the Neighborhood Revitalization Program in the early 1990s. They remain associated with this community-based funding program, and are used for statistical purposes. For purposes of the NRP, some of the 81 official neighborhoods have combined forces, neighborhoods historically defined themselves around schools and commercial hubs, and many trace neighborhood identity back into community organizations formed in the early part of the 20th Century. The oldest, the Prospect Park East River Road Association formed in 1901 to oppose city plans to level Tower Hill. Lake Street, running the width of the city in south Minneapolis is a string of commercial districts which includes Uptown, Lyn-Lake and Midtown. Nicollet was historically the Main Street of the Whittier neighborhood, but was cut off from Lake Street by construction of a K-Mart, the named district was an effort to give the neighborhood a fresh identity. It was the downtown for the city of St. Anthony before it joined Minneapolis in 1872, dinkytown is the coined name for an area just north of the University of Minnesota within the official Marcy-Holmes neighborhood, heavily populated by students. A row of historic fraternity houses along University Avenue is referred to as fraternity row, similarly, Stadium Village on the east end of campus is named for the now-demolished Memorial Stadium and is officially part of Prospect Park neighborhood. The Warehouse District was a 19th and early 20th-century rail and truck shipping center for the region, in the 1970s and 1980s it became an artists quarter, and then a nightlife and entertainment district, which the southern portion remains
Neighborhoods of Minneapolis
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Map of Minneapolis neighborhoods and communities. Neighborhood boundaries are in black, community boundaries are in blue.
8.
Thomas Barlow Walker
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Thomas Barlow Walker was a highly successful American businessperson who acquired timber in Minnesota and California and became an art collector. Walker founded the Minneapolis Public Library and he was among the ten wealthiest men in the world in 1923. He built two towns, one of which his son sold to become part of what is today known as Sunkist. He is the founder and namesake of the Walker Art Center, T. B. Walker was the son of Platt Walker and Anstis Keziah Walker, a sister of New York State Senator Thomas Barlow. He was born in Xenia, Ohio, in 1840, where in 1849 he got his first job in a bakery cutting biscuits. He had accompanied his parents and siblings west from New York when his father died of cholera in 1849 at Westport, Missouri, when he finished college at age 19, he filled a contract in Paris, Illinois for railroad ties. He then taught school and then became a salesman of grindstones. He is remembered as a man of strong opinions who would not eat grapefruit and his brother Platt Bayless Walker II founded Mississippi Valley Lumberman, a magazine. He had another brother and two sisters, Oliver W. Barnes, Adelaide B, Walker married his college classmate and bosss daughter Harriet Granger Hulet in 1863. They had eight children and lived in Minneapolis at first in a home on the east side rented for $9 per month and their children were Gilbert M. Julia A. Leon B. Harriet, Fletcher L. Willis J. Clinton L. the Walkers celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in 1913. From a man in Iowa, Walker heard good things about Minneapolis, Minnesota and he arrived at Saint Paul where he met and sold grindstones, once to James Jerome Hill, then employed as a clerk who carefully sorted them for the buyer. Within one hour of his arrival in Minneapolis, he was hired as a chainman to George B, wright, who was surveying federal pine lands in the north of the state. He became a deputy surveyor within a few days and his application to become assistant professor in mathematics at the University of Wisconsin had been accepted but he loved his new career and turned it down. Walker worked for years on government surveys and on surveys for the St. Paul. His work took him away from home for periods. He began to acquire land in 1867, but without capital of his own, he partnered at first with Dr. Levi Butler and Howard W. Mills. Red River Lumber Company was founded in 1883 and incorporated the following year and his oldest sons Gilbert and Leon became partners with Walker and the company built more mills in Crookston, Minnesota and at Grand Forks, Dakota Territory
Thomas Barlow Walker
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T.B. Walker, c. 1860.
Thomas Barlow Walker
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Thomas Barlow Walker in 1888
Thomas Barlow Walker
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Harriet G. Walker, mother of eight children and president of
Northwestern Hospital
Thomas Barlow Walker
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Minneapolis Public Library in the early 1900s
9.
Federal Art Project
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The Federal Art Project was a New Deal program to fund the visual arts in the United States. Under national director Holger Cahill, it was one of five Federal Project Number One projects sponsored by the Works Progress Administration, the Federal Art Project was the visual arts arm of the Great Depression-era Works Progress Administration, a Federal One program. Funded under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, it operated from August 29,1935, the Federal Art Project operated community art centers throughout the country where craft workers and artists worked, exhibited and educated others. The project created more than 200,000 separate works, some of them remaining among the most significant pieces of art in the country. The Federal Art Projects primary goals were to employ out-of-work artists and to art for non-federal municipal buildings. Artists were paid $23.60 a week, tax-supported institutions such as schools, hospitals, the work was divided into art production, art instruction and art research. The primary output of the group was the Index of American Design. As many as 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the WPA Federal Art Project. The WPA program made no distinction between representational and nonrepresentational art, abstraction had not yet gained favor in the 1930s and 1940s and, thus, was virtually unsalable. As a result, the Federal Art Project supported such artists as Jackson Pollock before their work could earn them income. One particular success was the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, which started in 1935 as an experiment that employed 900 people who were classified as unemployable due to their age or disability. The project came to employ approximately 5,000 unskilled workers, many of them women, historian John Gurda observed that the citys unemployment hovered at 40 percent in 1933. In that year, he said,53 percent of Milwaukees property taxes went unpaid because people just could not afford to make the tax payments, workers were taught bookbinding, block printing and design, which they used to create handmade art books and childrens books. They produced toys, dolls, theatre costumes, quilts, rugs, draperies, wall hangings and furniture that were purchased by schools, hospitals and municipal organizations for the cost of materials only. In 2014, when the Museum of Wisconsin Art mounted an exhibition of items created by the Milwaukee Handicraft Project, Holger Cahill was national director of the Federal Art Project. Other administrators included Audrey McMahon, director of the New York Region, haupers, director for Minnesota, and Robert Bruce Inverarity, director for Washington state. Some 10,000 artists were commissioned to work for the Federal Art Project, notable artists include the following, The first federally sponsored community art center opened in December 1936 in Raleigh, North Carolina. The Index of American Design program of the Federal Art Project produced a survey of the crafts
Federal Art Project
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Eagle and palette design regarded as the logo of the Federal Art Project
Federal Art Project
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Poster summarizing Federal Art Project employment and activities (November 1, 1936)
Federal Art Project
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Holger Cahill, national director of the Federal Art Project, speaking at the
Harlem Community Art Center (October 24, 1938)
Federal Art Project
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WPA National Park Service poster (1940)
10.
Works Progress Administration
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In a much smaller but more famous project, Federal Project Number One, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects. Almost every community in the United States had a new park, the WPAs initial appropriation in 1935 was for $4.9 billion. Headed by Harry Hopkins, the WPA provided jobs and income to the unemployed during the Great Depression in the United States. At its peak in 1938, it provided jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the National Youth Administration. Between 1935 and 1943, when the agency was disbanded, the WPA employed 8.5 million people, most people who needed a job were eligible for employment in some capacity. Hourly wages were set to the prevailing wages in each area. The stated goal of building programs was to end the depression or, at least, alleviate its worst effects. Millions of people needed subsistence incomes, Work relief was preferred over public assistance because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp. The WPA was a program that operated its own projects in cooperation with state and local governments. Usually the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation or Federal Emergency Relief Administration programs. It was liquidated on June 30,1943, as a result of low unemployment due to the shortage of World War II. The WPA had provided millions of Americans with jobs for eight years, on May 6,1935, FDR issued Executive Order 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration. The WPA superseded the work of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major public works program directed by the WPA. The WPA was largely shaped by Harry Hopkins, supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA. The Division of Professional and Service Projects, which was responsible for projects including education programs, recreation programs. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division, the Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty. The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research, the Project Control Division, which processed project applications. Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, the goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered
Works Progress Administration
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Typical plaque on a WPA project
Works Progress Administration
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Poster summarizing
Federal Art Project employment and activities as of November 1, 1936
Works Progress Administration
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The WPA legacy includes public recreation buildings. WPA canoe house,
University of Iowa campus, 1937.
Works Progress Administration
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Nancy Blair, state supervisor of the
South Carolina WPA Library Project, inspecting a model of a
bookmobile.
11.
Robert Irwin (artist)
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Robert Irwin is an American installation artist. He lives and works in San Diego, California, Robert Irwin was born in 1928 in Long Beach, California to Robert Irwin and Goldie Anderberg Irwin. He spent the two years living in Europe and North Africa. Between the years 1957-1958, he taught at the Chouinard Art Institute, how is it that a space could ever come to be considered empty when it is filled with real and tactile events. ”Robert Irwin’s notion of art derived from a series of experiential perceptions. As an abstract, open-minded thinker, he presented experience first as perception or sense and he concluded that a sense of knowing, or ability to identify, helped to clarify perception. For example, “We know the sky’s blueness even before we know it as “blue”, let alone as “sky. ”He explained later that the conception of an abstract thought occurs in the mind, following, the physical form is then recognized, communicating the form to the community. Then, the Objective compound occurs, delineating behavioral norms and artistic norms, then the boundaries and axioms introduce logic and reasoning and decisions can be made, either inductive or deductive. Formalism follows, proving and convincing a decision about the object being perceived, melinda Wyatt was opening a gallery in the building next door to his former work space and invited Irwin to create an installation. The room seemed to change its aspect with the day, people came and sat on the opposite curb, watching. The piece was up for two weeks in one of the more derelict beachfront neighborhoods of Los Angeles, no one so much as laid a hand on it. Because of the ephemeral or subtle nature of his work, this book not just an introduction but, for many artists and art students. He told Jori Finkel of the New York Times in 2007 that people come up to him at lectures for book autographs. ”Irwins early work began with painting. In 1959, he painted a series of objects and exhibited for the second time, as an individual exhibitor. The following year,1960, he was asked to exhibit there again as well as at the Pasadena Art Museum, by that time he began a continuous series of experiments. In 1962, he began teaching at the University of California, Los Angeles and that year, he began his line paintings. He exhibited at the Ferus Gallery in 1964 and presented a different study, between the years 1966-1967, he began painting aluminum discs. He was invited back as an exhibitor to The Pace Gallery in New York. In 1968, he began teaching at the University of California, for the next two years, he started his work with clear acrylic discs, white convex structures fixed to the wall and illuminated by lamps
Robert Irwin (artist)
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Scrim Veil—Black Rectangle—Natural Light, Whitney Museum Of American Art, New York (1977) - (2013)
Robert Irwin (artist)
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"Two Running Violet V Forms" — site-specific sculpture by artist Robert Irwin. Located in the eucalyptus grove behind the Faculty Club at UCSD, San Diego. Part of the on campus Stuart Collection of site specific outdoor sculptures.
12.
Barry McGee
–
Barry McGee is a painter and graffiti artist. He is also known by such as Ray Fong, Lydia Fong, Bernon Vernon, P. Kin, Ray Virgil, Twist and further variations of Twist, such as Twister, Twisty, Twisto. McGee graduated from El Camino High School in South San Francisco and he later graduated from the San Francisco Art Institute in 1991 with a concentration in painting and printmaking. McGee rose out of the Mission School art movement and graffiti boom in the San Francisco Bay Area during the early nineties, McGees paintings are very iconic, with central figures dominating abstracted backgrounds of drips, patterns and color fields. He has also painted portraits of characters on their own empty bottles of liquor, painted flattened spray cans picked up at train yards. McGee has had shows in many kinds of galleries and was also an artist in residence at inner-city McClymonds High School in Oakland. He was married to the artist Margaret Kilgallen, who died of cancer in 2001, the couple has a daughter named Asha. The market value of his work rose considerably after 2001 as a result of his being included in the Venice Biennale, as a result, much of his San Francisco street art has been scavenged or stolen. Barry McGee the Buddy System exhibits at Deitch in NY, March 20,1999 — April 24,1999 Barry McGee HOSS exhibits at Rice Gallery in Houston, Texas. From September 16 through October 24,1999 McGees work was included in the 2001 Venice Biennale, Barry McGee exhibits at Gallery Paule Anglim in San Francisco, CA –View Examples of Artwork Barry McGee solo exhibition at Rose Art Museum in Waltham, MA. Barry Mcgee featured in Beautiful Losers exhibition at Circleculture Gallery in Berlin, february 13 – March 6,2006. Barry McGee LOFT installation at Roberts & Tilton Gallery Los Angeles, dec.2,2006 – Feb 3,2007. Barry McGee solo exhibits at Watari-um Museum in Tokyo, Japan Jun 2 -Sept 30,2007, Barry McGee solo exhibits at BALTIC Centre in UK. January 21 – April 27,2008, Barry McGee and Clare Rojas exhibition The Big Sad at Riverside Art Museum, Riverside, CA. 2008 Life on Mars, the 2008 Carnegie International Barry McGee solo exhibition at Ratio 3 in San Francisco, September 5 – October 18,2008. Barry McGee exhibits at McGee / Templeton / Pettibon exhibition curated by Aaron Rose at Circleculture Gallery in Berlin, 2009–2010 Biennale de Lyon, France Barry McGee and HuskMitNavn exhibition The Last Night at A. L. I. C. E. March 25 – April 28,2010, Barry McGee Retrospective at the Berkeley Art Museum. 2012 McGee was highly influential on the art scene that followed in his wake
Barry McGee
–
Murals,
LACMA parking garage (now torn down) by Barry McGee (Twist).
Barry McGee
–
Barry McGee self-portrait
Barry McGee
–
Adidas Y1 HUF shoes
13.
Catherine Opie
–
Catherine Opie is an American fine-art photographer. She studies the relationships between mainstream and infrequent society, with a emphasis on sexual identity, specializing in portraiture, studio. Through photography Opie documents the connections between the individual and the space inhabited and she lives and works in West Adams, Los Angeles. She is well known for her work of portraits exploring the Los Angeles leather-dyke community, Opie is currently a tenured professor of photography at University of California at Los Angeles. Opie was influenced early in life by photographer Lewis Hine, at the age of nine she received a Kodak Instamatic camera, immediately capturing her family and community. Opie spent her childhood in Ohio. She completed a Masters of Fine Arts from the California Institute of the Arts in 1988, in 1988 Opie moved to Los Angeles, California and began working as an artist, supported herself by accepting a job as a lab technician at the University of California, Irvine. Opie and her companion, painter Julie Burleigh, constructed working studios in the backyard of their home in South Central Los Angeles, Opies work is characterized by a combination of formal concerns, a variety of printing technologies, references to art history, and social/political commentary. An example of formal concerns include addressing issues of the line in the ice house. She has printed photographs using chromochrome, iris prints, Polaroids, examples of art history references include the use of bright color backgrounds in portraits which reference the work of Hans Holbein and the full body frontal portraits that reference August Sander. Certain art historical attributes throughout her images, themes and/or icons that have been referenced throughout art history, use of certain symbols in her works have allowed these portraits to sit separately from any of her previous works. The portraits, for instance, from Opies more recent work in the 2012, the symbolism used in this work is recognized as a reoccurring statement for Opie, personally and allegorically. These images convey symbolic references to the celebration, embracing and remembrance of the shift, most of Opies work sits in this very personal community, allowing for selective perceptions. Where these images demand to be read as allegories, the aspect of this work differs from previous work Catherine has produced. A common social/political theme in her work is the concept of community, Opie has investigated aspects of community, making portraits of many groups including LGBT community, surfers, and most recently high school football players. Opie is interested in how identities are shaped by our surrounding architecture and her work is informed by her identity as an out lesbian. Her works balance personal and political and her assertive portraits bring queers to a forefront that is normally silenced by societal norms. Opie first came to be known with Being and Having and Portraits, Opie focused heavily on her surrounding environment during her time in Los Angeles in her works In Houses, Freeways and Mini-malls
Catherine Opie
–
Dusty by Opie, 2007
14.
Lorna Simpson
–
Lorna Simpson is an African-American photographer and multimedia artist who made her name in the 1980s and 1990s with artworks such as Guarded Conditions and Square Deal. She is one of the artists of her generation. Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1960, she attended the High School of Art and Design, after receiving her BFA, she traveled to Europe and Africa, developing skills in documentary photography, her earliest works. While traveling, she inspired to expand her work beyond the field of photography in order to challenge and engage the viewer. It was these ideas that she worked on earning her Masters of Fine Arts degree from the University of California at San Diego in 1985. What emerged was her signature style of photo-text, in which text is inserted into studio-like portraiture. These works generally related to the perception of African-American women within American culture, throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Simpson was showing work through solo exhibitions all over the country, and her name was synonymous with photo-text artworks. She was awarded a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in 1985, by the 2000s she had started exploring the medium of video installations in order to avoid a paralysis brought on by outside expectations. In 2001 she was awarded the Whitney Museum of Art Award, in 2016 Simpson created the album artwork for Black America Again by Common. During the same year, she was featured in the book In the Company of Women, Inspiration and Advice from over 100 Makers, Artists, and Entrepreneurs. In a 2017 issue of Vogue Magazine, Simpson showcased a series of portraits of 18 professional creative women who hold art central to their lives, the women photographed included Teresita Fernández, Huma Bhabha, and Jacqueline Woodson. Inspired by their resilience, Simpson said of women, They dont take no for an answer. In 2007, Simpson had a 20-year retrospective of her work at the Whitney Museum of American Art in her hometown of New York City. Simpson first came to prominence in the 1980s for her works that combined photography and text and defied traditional conceptions of sex, identity, race, culture, history. Drawing on this work, she started to create large photos printed on felt that showed public, recently, Simpson has experimented with film as well as continuing to work with photography. Simpsons 1989 work, Necklines, shows two circular and identical photographs of a womans mouth, chin, neck, and collar bone. The white text, “ring, surround, lasso, noose, eye, areola, halo, cuffs, collar, loop”, individual words on black plaques, imply menace, binding or worse. The final phrase, text on red “feel the ground sliding from under you, ” openly suggests lynching, though the adjacent images remain serene, non-confrontational and elegant
Lorna Simpson
–
Simpson in April 2009
Lorna Simpson
–
Lorna Simpson, Untitled (2 Necklines), 1989, 2 gelatin silver prints and 11 engraved plastic plaques, 40 x 100 in.,
National Gallery of Art,
Washington, DC
15.
Chuck Close
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Charles Thomas Chuck Close is an American painter and artist and photographer who achieved fame as a photorealist, through his massive-scale portraits. Close often paints abstract portraits of himself and others, which hang in collections internationally, although a catastrophic spinal artery collapse in 1988 left him severely paralyzed, he has continued to paint and produce work that remains sought after by museums and collectors. Close also creates photo portraits using a large format camera. Chuck Close was born in Monroe, Washington and his father, Leslie Durward Close, died when Chuck was eleven years old. His mothers name was Mildred Wagner Close, Close suffered, as a child, from a neuromuscular condition that made it difficult to lift his feet and a bout with nephritis that kept him out of school for most of sixth grade. Even when in school, he did poorly, as result of dyslexia, most of his early works are very large portraits based on photographs of family and friends, often other artists. Chuck suffers from prosopagnosia and has suggested that this condition is what first inspired him to do portraits, I saw this Jackson Pollock drip painting with aluminum paint, tar, gravel and all that stuff. It was so far removed from what I thought art was, however, within 2 or 3 days, I was dripping paint all over my old paintings. In a way Ive been chasing that experience ever since, Close attended Everett Community College in 1958–60. Notable Snohomish County resident, author John Patric, was an intellectual influence on Chuck Close. In 1962, Close received his B. A. from the University of Washington in Seattle. In 1961 he won a scholarship to the Yale Summer School of Music and Art, and the following year entered the graduate degree program at Yale University. Among Closes classmates at Yale were Brice Marden, Vija Celmins, Janet Fish, Richard Serra, Nancy Graves, Jennifer Bartlett, Robert Mangold, after Yale, he studied at Academy of Fine Arts Vienna for a while on a Fulbright grant. When he returned to the US, he worked as an art teacher at the University of Massachusetts, Close came to New York City in 1967 and established himself in SoHo. His early airbrush techniques inspired the development of the ink jet printer, Close had been known for his skillful brushwork as a graduate student at Yale University. There, he emulated Willem de Kooning and seemed destined to become an abstract expressionist. I threw away my tools, Close said, I chose to do things I had no facility with. The choice not to do something is in a way more positive than the choice to do something
Chuck Close
–
Mark (1978–1979), acrylic on canvas, left; detail of eye, right.
16.
Franz Marc
–
Franz Marc was a German painter and printmaker, one of the key figures of the German Expressionist movement. He was a member of Der Blaue Reiter, a journal whose name later became synonymous with the circle of artists collaborating in it. Franz Marc was born in 1880 in Munich, then the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria and his father, Wilhelm Marc, was a professional landscape painter, his mother, Sophie, was a homemaker and a devout, socially liberal Calvinist. In 1900 Marc began to study at the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, in 1903 and 1907, he spent time in France, particularly in Paris, visiting the museums in the city and copying many paintings, a traditional way for artists to study and develop technique. In Paris, Marc frequented artistic circles, meeting numerous artists and he discovered a strong affinity for the work of painter Vincent van Gogh. In 1906, Marc traveled with his elder brother Paul, a Byzantine expert, to Thessaloniki, Mount Athos, a few years later, in 1910, Marc developed an important friendship with the artist August Macke. In 1910 Marc painted Nude with Cat and Grazing Horses, Marc showed several of his works in the first Der Blaue Reiter exhibition at the Thannhauser Galleries in Munich between December 1911 and January 1912. As it was the apex of the German expressionist movement, the exhibit also showed in Berlin, Cologne, Hagen and he painted The Tiger and Red Deer in 1912 and The Tower of Blue Horses, Foxes, and Fate of the Animals in 1913. With the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Marc was drafted into the German Army as a cavalryman, by February 1916, as shown in a letter to his wife, he had gravitated to military camouflage. His technique for hiding artillery from aerial observation was to paint canvas covers in broadly pointillist style, after mobilization of the German Army, the government identified notable artists to be withdrawn from combat for their own safety. Marc was on the list but was struck in the head, Marc made some sixty prints in woodcut and lithography. Most of his mature work portrays animals, usually in natural settings and his work is characterized by bright primary color, an almost cubist portrayal of animals, stark simplicity and a profound sense of emotion. Even in his own time, his work attracted notice in influential circles. ”One of Marcs best-known paintings is Tierschicksale, Marc had completed the work in 1913, when the tension of impending cataclysm had pervaded society, as one art historian noted. On the rear of the canvas, Marc wrote, Und Alles Sein ist flammend Leid, serving in World War I, Marc wrote to his wife about the painting, is like a premonition of this war—horrible and shattering. I can hardly conceive that I painted it and his family house in Munich is marked with a historical plaque. In October 1998, several of Marcs paintings garnered record prices at Christies art auction house in London, including Rote Rehe I, in October 1999, his Der Wasserfall was sold by Sothebys in London to a private collector for $5. 06m. This price set a record for both Franz Marcs work, and twentieth-century German painting, during his twenties, Marc was involved in a number of stormy relationships, including an affair lasting for many years with Annette Von Eckardt, a married antique dealer nine years his senior. He married twice, first to Marie Schnür, then to Maria Franck, both were artists
Franz Marc
–
Franz Marc in 1910
Franz Marc
–
Blaues Pferd I, Blue Horse I (1911)
Franz Marc
–
Plaque on the house where Marc was born
Franz Marc
–
Die gelbe Kuh, The Yellow Cow (1911)
17.
Edward Hopper
–
Edward Hopper was a prominent American realist painter and printmaker. While he was most popularly known for his oil paintings, he was proficient as a watercolorist. Both in his urban and rural scenes, his spare and finely calculated renderings reflected his vision of modern American life. Hopper was born in Upper Nyack, New York, a center on the Hudson River north of New York City. He was one of two children of a comfortably well-to-do family and his parents, of mostly Dutch ancestry, were Elizabeth Griffiths Smith and Garret Henry Hopper, a dry-goods merchant. Although not so successful as his forebears, Garrett provided well for his two children with help from his wifes inheritance. Edward and his only sister Marion attended both private and public schools and they were raised in a strict Baptist home. His father had a nature, and the household was dominated by women, Hoppers mother, grandmother, sister. His birthplace and boyhood home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 and it serves as a nonprofit community cultural center featuring exhibitions, workshops, lectures, performances, and special events. Hopper was a student in grade school and showed talent in drawing at age five. He readily absorbed his fathers intellectual tendencies and love of French and he also demonstrated his mothers artistic heritage. Hoppers parents encouraged his art and kept him supplied with materials, instructional magazines. By his teens, he was working in pen-and-ink, charcoal, watercolor, in 1895, he created his first signed oil painting, Rowboat in Rocky Cove. It shows his early interest in nautical subjects, in his early self-portraits, Hopper tended to represent himself as skinny, ungraceful, and homely. Though a tall and quiet teenager, his sense of humor found outlet in his art. Later in life, he mostly depicted women as the figures in his paintings, in high school, he dreamed of being a naval architect, but after graduation he declared his intention to follow an art career. Hoppers parents insisted that he study commercial art to have a means of income. In developing his self-image and individualistic philosophy of life, Hopper was influenced by the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson and he later said, I admire him greatly. I read him over and over again
Edward Hopper
–
Edward Hopper, Self-Portrait, 1906
Edward Hopper
–
Childhood home of Edward Hopper in Upper Nyack, New York
Edward Hopper
–
Summer Interior (1909)
Edward Hopper
–
Night on the El Train (1918) by Edward Hopper
18.
Yves Klein
–
Yves Klein was a French artist considered an important figure in post-war European art. He is the member of the French artistic movement of Nouveau réalisme founded in 1960 by art critic Pierre Restany. Klein was a pioneer in the development of art, and is seen as an inspiration to. Klein was born in Nice, in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France and his parents, Fred Klein and Marie Raymond, were both painters. From 1942 to 1946, Klein studied at the École Nationale de la Marine Marchande, at this time, he became friends with Arman and Claude Pascal and started to paint. During the years 1948 to 1952, he traveled to Italy, Great Britain, Spain, and Japan. In Japan, at the age of 25, he became a master at judo receiving the rank of yodan from the Kodokan and he also stayed in Japan in 1953. Klein later wrote a book on judo called Les Fondements du judo, in 1954, Klein settled permanently in Paris and began in earnest to establish himself in the art world. Parodying a traditional Catalogue raisonné, the featured a series of intense monochromes linked to various cities he had lived in during the previous years. Yves Peintures anticipated his first two shows of oil paintings, at the Club des Solitaires, Paris, October 1955 and Yves, Proposition monochromes at Gallery Colette Allendy, February 1956. From the reactions of the audience, realized that. viewers thought his various, uniformly colored canvases amounted to a new kind of bright, abstract interior decoration. Discovered with the help of Edouard Adam, a Parisian paint dealer, the optical effect retained the brilliance of the pigment which, Klein later deposited a Soleau envelope for this recipe to maintain the authenticity of the pure idea. This colour, reminiscent of the lapis lazuli used to paint the Madonnas robes in medieval paintings, was to become known as International Klein Blue, the paintings were attached to poles placed 20 cm away from the walls to increase their spatial ambiguities. The show was a critical and commercial success, traveling to Paris, Düsseldorf, the Parisian exhibition, at the Iris Clert Gallery in May 1957, became a seminal happening. To mark the opening,1001 blue balloons were released and blue postcards were sent out using IKB stamps that Klein had bribed the postal service to accept as legitimate, concurrently, an exhibition of tubs of blue pigment and fire paintings was held at Galerie Collette Allendy. Thanks to a publicity drive,3,000 people queued up. The art historian Olivier Berggruen situates Klein as one who strove for total liberation, Klein had studied judo in Japan between 1952 and 1954, and also displayed an interest in Zen Buddhism. Recently my work with color has led me, in spite of myself, to search little by little, with assistance, for the realization of matter
Yves Klein
–
Yves Klein during the work on the Gelsenkirchen Opera, 1959
Yves Klein
–
Yves Klein, IKB 191, 1962.
Yves Klein
–
Le Vide (The Void) displayed at the
Iris Clert Gallery
Yves Klein
–
Sponge Relief (1959),
Musiktheater im Revier, Gelsenkirchen
19.
Andy Warhol
–
Andy Warhol was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. Born and raised in Pittsburgh, Warhol initially pursued a career as a commercial illustrator. After exhibiting his work in galleries in the late 1950s. He promoted a collection of known as Warhol superstars, and is credited with coining the widely used expression 15 minutes of fame. In the late 1960s, he managed and produced the rock band The Velvet Underground. He authored numerous books, including The Philosophy of Andy Warhol and Popism and he is also notable as a gay man who lived openly as such before the gay liberation movement. Warhol has been the subject of retrospective exhibitions, books. The Andy Warhol Museum in his city of Pittsburgh, which holds an extensive permanent collection of art. Many of his creations are very collectible and highly valuable, the highest price ever paid for a Warhol painting is US$105 million for a 1963 canvas titled Silver Car Crash, his works include some of the most expensive paintings ever sold. A2009 article in The Economist described Warhol as the bellwether of the art market, Warhol was born on August 6,1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the child of Ondrej Warhola and Julia, whose first child was born in their homeland. His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó, located in todays northeastern Slovakia, Warhols father emigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhols grandparents. Warhols father worked in a coal mine, the family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church, Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol, the oldest, was born before the family emigrated, Ján was born in Pittsburgh. Pavols son, James Warhola, became a childrens book illustrator. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors, often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio, Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences. When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident, as a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945
Andy Warhol
–
Warhol in 1975
Andy Warhol
–
Warhol's childhood home. 3252 Dawson Street,
South Oakland neighborhood of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Andy Warhol
–
Warhol (left) and
Tennessee Williams (right) talking on the
SS France, 1967; in the background:
Paul Morrissey.
Andy Warhol
–
Campbell's Soup I (1968)
20.
Marcel Duchamp
–
Duchamp has had an immense impact on twentieth-century and twenty first-century art. By World War I, he had rejected the work of many of his artists as retinal art. Instead, Duchamp wanted to use art to serve the mind, Marcel Duchamp was born at Blainville-Crevon in Normandy, France, and grew up in a family that enjoyed cultural activities. The art of painter and engraver Émile Frédéric Nicolle, his grandfather, filled the house, and the family liked to play chess, read books, paint. Of Eugene and Lucie Duchamps seven children, one died as an infant, Marcel Duchamp was the brother of, Jacques Villon, painter, printmaker Raymond Duchamp-Villon, sculptor Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti, painter. At 8 years old, Duchamp followed in his brothers footsteps when he left home and began schooling at the Lycée Pierre-Corneille, two other students in his class also became well-known artists and lasting friends, Robert Antoine Pinchon and Pierre Dumont. For the next 8 years, he was locked into a regime which focused on intellectual development. Though he was not a student, his best subject was mathematics. He also won a prize for drawing in 1903, and at his commencement in 1904 he won a coveted first prize and he learned academic drawing from a teacher who unsuccessfully attempted to protect his students from Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, and other avant-garde influences. However, Duchamps true artistic mentor at the time was his brother Jacques Villon, whose fluid, at 14, his first serious art attempts were drawings and watercolors depicting his sister Suzanne in various poses and activities. That summer he painted landscapes in an Impressionist style using oils. Duchamps early art works align with Post-Impressionist styles and he experimented with classical techniques and subjects. He studied art at the Académie Julian from 1904 to 1905, during this time Duchamp drew and sold cartoons which reflected his ribald humor. Many of the drawings use verbal puns, visual puns, or both, such play with words and symbols engaged his imagination for the rest of his life. In 1905, he began his military service with the 39th Infantry Regiment. There he learned typography and printing processes—skills he would use in his later work, due to his eldest brother Jacques membership in the prestigious Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture Duchamps work was exhibited in the 1908 Salon dAutomne. The following year his work was featured in the Salon des Indépendants, of Duchamps pieces in the show, critic Guillaume Apollinaire—who was to become a friend—criticized what he called Duchamps very ugly nudes. The group came to be known as the Puteaux Group, or the Section dOr, uninterested in the Cubists seriousness or in their focus on visual matters, Duchamp did not join in discussions of Cubist theory, and gained a reputation of being shy
Marcel Duchamp
–
Portrait of Marcel Duchamp, 1920-21, by
Man Ray, Yale University Art Gallery
Marcel Duchamp
Marcel Duchamp
–
Three Duchamp brothers, left to right: Marcel Duchamp,
Jacques Villon, and
Raymond Duchamp-Villon in the garden of Jacques Villon's studio in Puteaux, France, 1914, (
Smithsonian Institution collections.)
Marcel Duchamp
21.
William Klein (photographer)
–
He was ranked 25th on Professional Photographers list of 100 most influential photographers. Klein trained as a painter, studying under Fernand Léger, and he soon moved on to photography and achieved widespread fame as a fashion photographer for Vogue and for his photo essays on various cities. He has directed feature-length fiction films, numerous short and feature-length documentaries and has produced over 250 television commercials, Klein was born in New York City into an impoverished Jewish family. He graduated from school early and enrolled at the City College of New York at the age of 14 to study sociology. He joined the US Army and was stationed in Germany and later France, in 1948, Klein enrolled at the Sorbonne, and later studied with Fernand Léger. At the time, Klein was interested in painting and sculpture. In 1952, he had two solo exhibitions in Milan and began a collaboration with the architect Angelo Mangiarotti. Klein also experimented with art, and it was at an exhibition of his kinetic sculptures that he met Alexander Liberman. He moved on to photography and achieved fame as a fashion photographer for Vogue. Despite having no training as a photographer, Klein won the Prix Nadar in 1957 for New York. The world of fashion would become the subject for the first feature film Klein directed in 1966, Who Are You, which, like his other two fiction features, Mr. Freedom and The Model Couple, is a satire. He has produced over 250 television commercials, a long time tennis fan, in 1982 he directed The French, a documentary on the French Open tennis championship at Roland-Garros. A study of Broadway by night, Paris traffic jams for French TV. Film of Sonny Liston Cassius Clay fight in Miami, aux grands magasins with Simone Signoret. Collective film with segments contributed by Klein, Jean-Luc Godard, Chris Marker, Claude Lelouch, Alain Resnais, Joris Ivens, on Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther Party leader. May 1968 in the Latin Quarter of Paris, a documentary about the French Open tennis tournament in 1981. Klein comments photographs by great photographers, based on Georg Friedrich Haendels oratorio Messiah directed by Marc Minkowski. With Delphine Seyrig, Jacques Seiler, Alice Sapritch, Philippe Noiret, Samy Frey, with Delphine Seyrig, John Abbey, Donald Pleasence, Jean-Claude Drouot and Serge Gainsbourg
William Klein (photographer)
–
Klein at the
Cinémathèque française in 2008
22.
Derek Jarman
–
Michael Derek Elworthy Jarman was an English film director, stage designer, diarist, artist, gardener and author. Jarman was born in Northwood, Middlesex, England, the son of Elizabeth Evelyn and Lancelot Elworthy Jarman. His father was an officer, born in New Zealand. He boarded at Canford School in Dorset, and from 1960 studied at Kings College London and this was followed by four years at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London, starting in 1963. He had a studio at Butlers Wharf, London, in the 1970s, Jarman was outspoken about homosexuality, his public fight for gay rights, and his personal struggle with AIDS. On 22 December 1986, Jarman was diagnosed as HIV positive and his illness prompted him to move to Prospect Cottage, Dungeness in Kent, near the nuclear power station. In 1994, he died of an AIDS-related illness in London, Jarman was buried in the graveyard at St. Clements Church, Old Romney, Kent. The Garden was entered into the 17th Moscow International Film Festival, the Angelic Conversation featured Toby Mott and other members of the Radical artist collective the Grey Organisation. Jarman first became known as a designer, getting his break in the film industry as production designer for Ken Russells The Devils. He later made his debut in overground narrative filmmaking with Sebastiane and this was an early British film featuring positive images of gay sexuality, and its dialogue was entirely in Latin. He followed this with Jubilee, in which Queen Elizabeth I of England is seen to be transported forward in time to a desolate and this was followed in 1979 by an unconventional adaptation of Shakespeares The Tempest. Praised by several Shakespeare scholars, but dismissed by some traditionalist critics, the contains a considerable amount of nudity, some unconventional casting. During the 1980s Jarman was a campaigner against Clause 28. He also worked to raise awareness of AIDS and his artistic practice in the early 1980s reflected these commitments, especially in The Angelic Conversation, a film in which the imagery is accompanied by a voice reciting Shakespeares sonnets. Jarman spent seven years making experimental super 8 mm films and attempting to raise money for Caravaggio, released in 1986, Caravaggio attracted a comparatively wide audience. This is partly due to the involvement, for the first time, of the British television company Channel 4 in funding, Caravaggio also saw Jarman work with actress Tilda Swinton for the first time. Overt depictions of love, narrative ambiguity, and the live representations of Caravaggios most famous paintings are all prominent features in the film. The conclusion of Caravaggio also marked the beginning of an abandonment of traditional narrative in Jarmans films
Derek Jarman
–
Derek Jarman
Derek Jarman
–
Jarman's grave stone in the graveyard of
St. Clement's Church, Old Romney.
Derek Jarman
–
Derek Jarman's garden, Prospect Cottage, Dungeness, taken in May 2007
23.
Bruce Conner
–
Bruce Conner was an American artist renowned for his work in assemblage, film, drawing, sculpture, painting, collage, and photography, among other disciplines. Born in McPherson, Kansas, Conner was raised in Wichita, Kansas, attended Wichita University, Conner then received a scholarship to the Brooklyn Museum Art School, where he studied for a semester. He then attended the University of Colorado on scholarship, also there was Jean Sandstedt, whom he had met at Nebraska, on September 1,1957, the two married and immediately flew to San Francisco. There, Conner quickly assimilated into the citys famous Beat community, Conner worked in a variety of mediums from an early age. His first solo show in New York City took place in 1956. His first solo shows in San Francisco, in 1958 and 1959, featured paintings, drawings, prints, collages, assemblages, the Designers Gallery in San Francisco held Bruces third solo show. The gallery featured black panels which set off his drawings, one of his paintings, Venus was displayed in the gallery window. The painting showed a nude inside a form representing a clam shell, a local policeman confronted the gallery owners to get it removed, as children in the neighborhood might see the painting. The ACLU stood behind the right to display it. Social commentary and dissension remained a theme among his later works. Conner also began making movies in the late 1950s. Conners first and possibly most famous film was entitled A MOVIE, a MOVIE was a poverty film in that instead of shooting his own footage Conner used compilations of old newsreels and other old films. A MOVIE subsequently was selected for preservation by the National Film Registry at the Library of Congress, Conner subsequently made nearly two dozen mostly non-narrative experimental films. In 1959, Conner founded what he called the Rat Bastard Protective Association and its members included Jay DeFeo, Michael McClure, Manuel Neri, Joan Brown, Wally Hedrick, Wallace Berman, Jess Collins, and George Herms. Conner coined the name as a play on Scavengers Protective Society, a 1959 exhibition at the Spatsa Gallery in San Francisco involved an early exploration by Conner into the notion of artistic identity. To publicize the show, the gallery printed up and distributed an exhibition announcement in the form of a printed card with black borders with the text Works by the Late Bruce Conner. A meditation or perhaps comment on the then pending Caryl Chessman execution and its Not Murder, Its Art, the San Francisco Chronicle headlined, its competitor the News-Call Bulletin headlined its article, The Unliked Child. In 2015-2016, another attempt to restore the work was undertaken, the work was successfully restored and displayed in Its All True, a retrospective exhibition which opened at Museum of Modern Art in July 2016
Bruce Conner
–
May the Heart of the Tin Woodsman be with You by Bruce Conner, 1981,
Honolulu Museum of Art
Bruce Conner
–
A Movie (1958)
24.
Marcel Broodthaers
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Marcel Broodthaers was a Belgian poet, filmmaker and artist with a highly literate and often witty approach to creating art works. Broodthaers was born in Brussels, Belgium, where he was associated with the Groupe Surréaliste-revolutionnaire from 1945 and dabbled in journalism, film, and poetry. After spending 20 years in poverty as a poet, at the end of 1963 he decided to become an artist. He performed the act of embedding fifty unsold copies of his book of poems Pense-Bête in plaster. That same year,1964, for his first exhibition, he wrote a preface for the exhibition catalogue, I, too, wondered whether I could not sell something. For some time I had been no good at anything, finally the idea of inventing something insincere crossed my mind and I set to work straightaway. At the end of three months I showed what I had produced to Philippe Edouard Toussaint, the owner of the Galerie St Laurent, but it is art he said and I will willingly exhibit all of it. If I sell something, he takes 30% and it seems these are the usual conditions, some galleries take 75%. Broodthaers made his first film in 1957, and from 1967 he produced over 50 short films in documentary, narrative, Broodthaers later worked principally with assemblies of found objects and collage, often containing written texts. In his Visual Tower, Broodthaers made a circular tower of wood. He filled each story with uniform glass jars, and in every jar he placed an image taken from an illustrated magazine. From 1968 to 1975 Broodthaers produced large-scale environmental pieces that reworked the very notion of the museum and this installation was followed by a further eleven manifestations of the museum, including at the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf for an exhibition in 1970 and at documenta 5 in Kassel in 1972. In 1970 Broodthaers conceived of the Financial Section, which encompassed an attempt to sell the museum on account of bankruptcy, the sale was announced on the cover of the Art Cologne fair catalogue in 1971, but no buyers were found. As part of the Financial Section, the artist also produced an edition of gold ingots stamped with the museums emblem, an eagle. The ingots were sold to raise money for the museum, at a price calculated by doubling the value of gold. In 1975 Broodthaers presented the exhibition L’Angelus de Daumier at the Centre National d’Art Contemporain in Paris, from late 1969, Broodthaers lived mainly in Düsseldorf, Berlin, and finally London. He died of a disease in Cologne, Germany on his 52nd birthday. He is buried at Ixelles Cemetery in Brussels under a tombstone of his own design, in 1980, the exhibition Marcel Broodthaers was mounted by the Tate Gallery, London
Marcel Broodthaers
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Broodthaers' tomb,
Ixelles Cemetery
25.
Matthew Barney
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Matthew Barney is an American artist who works in sculpture, photography, drawing and film. His early works are sculptural installations combined with performance and video and he is also known for his past relationship with Icelandic singer Björk. Matthew Barney was born March 25,1967, as the younger of two children in San Francisco, California, where he lived until he was 7. He lived in Boise, Idaho from 1973 to 1985, where his father got a job administering a catering service at Boise State University and where he attended elementary, middle, and high school. His parents divorced and his mother, a painter, moved to New York City. It was there where he was first introduced to the art scene, Barney was recruited by Yale University in 1985 to play football and planned to go into pre-med, but he also intended to study art. In 1989, he graduated from Yale and his earliest works, created at Yale, were staged at the university’s Payne Whitney Gymnasium. In the 1990s Barney moved to New York, where he worked as a catalog model, in 2002, Barney had a daughter with his then partner, the singer Björk, with whom he lived in a penthouse co-op in Brooklyn Heights. As of September 2013, Barney and Björk are no longer a couple, Barney maintains a studio in Long Island City, Queens. In literally restraining the body while attempting to make a drawing, Drawing Restraint 1–6 were documentations made using video, a series of ten vitrines containing drawings, Drawing Restraint 8 was included in the 2003 Venice Biennale and prefigured the narrative development for Drawing Restraint 9. A full-scale survey of Barneys work through Drawing Restraint 9 was held at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in 2006, Drawing Restraint 10 –16 are site-specific performances that recall the earlier Yale pieces. Drawing Restraint 19 employs a skateboard as a drawing tool, a block of graphite is mounted beneath the skateboard deck on the front end of the board. A skater performs a nose manual across a surface, tipping the nose of the board forward. The piece was part of an art show and auction titled Good Wood Exhibit, raising awareness and funds for a Do-It-Yourself skate park project in Detroit. The board was purchased by People Skate and Snowboard and it is displayed at their location in Keego Harbor. Barneys epic The Cremaster Cycle is a project consisting of five films that explore processes of creation. His concentration in sculpture is accentuated by his use of video, Barney uses video to perfect his sculpture by evaluating positioning, lighting, size and shape, using video as a means to his end product of sculpture. Barney’s long-time collaborator Jonathan Bepler composed and arranged the films’ soundtracks, the cycle unfolds not just cinematically, but also through the photographs, drawings, sculptures, and installations the artist produces in conjunction with each episode
Matthew Barney
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Matthew Barney (2007)
26.
Nam June Paik
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Nam June Paik was a Korean American artist. He worked with a variety of media and is considered to be the founder of video art and he is credited with an early usage of the term electronic super highway in application to telecommunications. Born in Seoul in 1932, the youngest of five siblings and his father owned a major textile manufacturing firm. As he was growing up, he was trained as a classical pianist, in 1950, Paik and his family had to flee from their home in Korea, during the Korean War. His family first fled to Hong Kong, but later moved to Japan, six years later he graduated from the University of Tokyo where he wrote a thesis on the composer Arnold Schoenberg. Paik then moved to West Germany to study history with composer Thrasybulos Georgiades at Munich University. Nam June Paik then began participating in the Neo-Dada art movement, known as Fluxus, Cage suggested Paik look into Oriental music and Oriental religion. In 1964, Paik moved to New York, and began working with classical cellist Charlotte Moorman, to combine his video, music, in the work TV Cello, the pair stacked televisions on top of one another, so that they formed the shape of an actual cello. When Moorman drew her bow across the cello, images of her and other cellists playing appeared on the screens, in 1965, Sony introduced the Portapak. With this, Paik could both move and record things, for it was the first portable video and audio recorder, from there, Paik became an international celebrity, known for his creative and entertaining works. In a notorious 1967 incident, Moorman was arrested for going topless while performing in Paik’s Opera Sextronique, two years later, in 1969, they performed TV Bra for Living Sculpture, in which Moorman wore a bra with small TV screens over her breasts. Throughout this period it was his goal to bring music up to speed with art and literature, One of his Fluxus concept works instructs the performer to climb inside the vagina of a live female whale. Of the Playable Pieces, the one actually to have been performed was by Fluxus composer Joseph Byrd in 1964 at UCLAs New Music Workshop. In 1971, he made an out of three television sets stacked up on top of each other and some cello strings. He got a famous cellist to play the cello as well, in 1974 Nam June Paik used the term super highway in application to telecommunications, which gave rise to the opinion that he may have been the author of the phrase Information Superhighway. Also in the 1970s, Paik imagined a global community of viewers for what he called a Video Common Market which would disseminate videos freely. In 1978, Paik collaborated with Dimitri Devyatkin to produce a light hearted comparison of life in two cities, Media Shuttle, New York-Moscow on WNET. The video is held in collections around the world
Nam June Paik
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The picture was taken by Lim Young-kyun in 1983 while Nam June Paik was in
New York City
Nam June Paik
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Pre-Bell-Man, statue in front of the 'Museum für Kommunikation', Frankfurt am Main,
Germany
Nam June Paik
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Electronic Superhighway: Continental U.S., Alaska, Hawaii 1995-96. It is exhibited at the Smithsonian American Art Museum
Nam June Paik
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Ommah (2005) in the collection of the
National Gallery of Art
27.
Wolf Vostell
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Wolf Vostell was a German painter and sculptor, considered one of the early adopters of video art and installation art and pioneer of Happening and Fluxus. Techniques such as blurring and Dé-coll/age are characteristic of his work, as is embedding objects in concrete, Wolf Vostell was born in Leverkusen, Germany, and put his artistic ideas into practice from 1950 onwards. In 1953, he began an apprenticeship as a lithographer and studied at the Academy of Applied Art in Wuppertal, Wolf Vostell created his first Dé-collage in 1954. In 1955-1956, he studied at the École Nationale Superieur des Beaux Arts in Paris, Wolf Vostells philosophy was built around the idea that destruction is all around us and it runs through all of the twentieth century. He used the term Dé-coll/age, in 1954 to refer to the process of tearing down posters, Vostell’s working concept of décollage is as a visual force that breaks down outworn values and replaces them with thinking as a function distanced from media. His first Happening, Theater is in the Street, took place in Paris in 1958, and incorporated auto parts, in 1958, he took part in the first European Happening in Paris and he produced his first objects with television sets and car parts. He was impressed by the work of Karlheinz Stockhausen, which he encountered in 1964 in the studios of the German radio station WDR. It marked the beginning of his dedication to the Fluxus Movement, Vostell was behind many Happenings in New York, Berlin, Cologne, Wuppertal and Ulm among others. In 1962, he participated in the Festum Fluxorum, an event in Wiesbaden together with Nam June Paik. In 1967 his Happening Miss Vietnam dealt with the subject of the Vietnam war, in 1968, he founded Labor e. V. A group that was to investigate acoustic and visual events, together with Mauricio Kagel, Wolf Vostell was the first artist in art history to integrate a television set into a work of art. This installation was created in 1958 under the title The black room is now part of the collection of the art museum Berlinische Galerie in Berlin, early works with television sets are Transmigracion I-III from 1958 and Elektronischer Dé-coll/age Happening Raum an Installation from 1968. In 1974, his first major retrospective took place in the ARC2 at the Musée dArt Moderne de la Ville de Paris, an expanded version of which was shown at the Neue Nationalgalerie, in 1974. Nam June Paik and Wolf Vostell were both participants in the Fluxus movement and the work of artists involved a critique of the fetishization of television and the culture of consumption. The catalogue raisonné of his prints and posters has been published in the Nouvelles de lestampe by Françoise Woimant. In 1992, the town of Cologne honoured Wolf Vostell with a retrospective of his work. Under the artistic direction of David Vostell, the documentary Vostell 60 - Rückblick 92 was created, Wolf Vostells grave is at the Cementerio Civil de la Almudena in Madrid. At more or less the time, he founded the Vostell Archive
Wolf Vostell
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Wolf Vostell, 1980
Wolf Vostell
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Wolf Vostell, Goethe Heute, 1967
Wolf Vostell
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Wolf Vostell, Elektronischer dé-coll/age Happening Raum, 1968
Wolf Vostell
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Ruhender Verkehr / Stationary traffic, Cologne, 1969
28.
Paul Sharits
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Paul Sharits film work primarily focused on installations incorporating endless film loops, multiple projectors, and experimental soundtracks. Sharits was born in Denver, Colorado, Colorado, and earned a B. F. A. in painting at the University of Denvers School of Art where he was a protégé of Stan Brakhage. He also attended Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana where he received an M. F. A. in Visual Design, in July 1960, he married Frances Trujillo Niekerk, and in 1965 they had a son, Christopher. He was subsequently a teacher at the Maryland Institute College of Art, Antioch College, son Christopher Sharits suggests on the memorial website that Sharits suffered from bipolar disorder. His works of the 70s were among the forerunners of contemporary installation art, themes of violence permeate his work. His work has been preserved by Anthology Film Archives and is distributed by The Film-Makers Cooperative, in the late 1980s, Sharits was shot in his stomach at a local bar. He claimed the incident to have been an accident, for he was mistaken for someone else and he later experienced bouts of depression trying to recuperate from his wound, as well as having broken up with a designer named Laurie. Five Mexican Pyramids Poison Paul Sharits
Paul Sharits
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Still from Sharits' short film
T,O,U,C,H,I,N,G.
29.
Stan Brakhage
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James Stanley Brakhage, better known as Stan Brakhage, was an American non-narrative filmmaker. He is considered to be one of the most important figures in 20th-century experimental film, interested in mythology and inspired by music, poetry, and visual phenomena, Brakhage sought to reveal the universal in the particular, exploring themes of birth, mortality, sexuality, and innocence. Brakhages films are noted for their expressiveness and lyricism. Born Robert Sanders in Kansas City, Missouri on January 14,1933, as a child, Brakhage was featured on radio as a boy soprano and sang in church choirs and as a soloist at other events. He was raised in Denver, Colorado, where he attended school with the filmmaker Larry Jordan. Together, Brakhage, Jordan, Tenney and Subotnick formed a group called the Gadflies. Brakhage briefly attended Dartmouth College on a scholarship before dropping out to make films and he completed his first film, Interim, at the age of 19, the music for the film was composed by his school friend James Tenney. In 1953, Brakhage moved to San Francisco to attend the San Francisco Art Institute and he found the atmosphere in San Francisco more rewarding, associating with poets Robert Duncan and Kenneth Rexroth, but did not complete his education, instead moving to New York City in 1954. There he met a number of artists, including Maya Deren, Willard Maas, Jonas Mekas, Marie Menken, Joseph Cornell. Brakhage would collaborate with the two, making two films with Cornell and using Cages music for the soundtrack of his first color film. Brakhage spent the few years living in near poverty, depressed about what he saw as the failure of his work. While living in Denver, Brakhage met Mary Jane Collom, whom he married in late 1957, known as Jane Brakhage, she became his first wife. Brakhage tried to make money on his films, but had to take a job making industrial shorts to support his family. In 1958, Jane gave birth to the first of the five children they would have together, from 1961 to 1964, Brakhage worked on a series of 5 films known as the Dog Star Man cycle. The Brakhages moved to Lump Gulch, Colorado in 1964, though Brakhage continued to make visits to New York. During one of those visits, the 16mm film equipment he had been using was stolen, Brakhage couldnt afford to replace it, instead opting to buy cheaper 8mm film equipment. He soon began working in the format, producing a 30-part cycle of 8mm films known as the Songs from 1964 to 1969, the Songs include one of Brakhages most acclaimed films, 23rd Psalm Branch, a response to the Vietnam War and its presentation in the mass media. Brakhage began teaching history and aesthetics at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1969
Stan Brakhage
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Stan Brakhage
