1.
Assistive cane
–
An assistive cane is a walking stick used as a crutch or mobility aid. Canes can help redistribute weight from a leg that is weak or painful, improve stability by increasing the base of support. In the US, ten percent of older than 65 years use canes. In contrast to crutches, canes are generally lighter, but, another type of crutch is the walker, a frame held in front of the user and which the user leans on during movement. Walkers are more due to their increased area of ground contact. The basic cane has four parts and these parts vary depending on the design of the cane and the needs of the user. Handle The handle of a cane is extremely important to the user, many different styles exist, the most common traditional designs are the Tourist, or crook handle, the Fritz Handle and the Derby Handle. Collar The collar of a cane may be only an addition made for stylistic reasons. Shaft The shaft of the cane transmits the load from the handle to the ferrule and may be constructed from carbon fiber polymer, metal, composites, ferrule The tip of a cane provides traction and added support when the cane is used at an angle. Many kinds of ferrules exist, but most common is a simple, users can easily replace a ferrule with one that better suits their individual needs. Modern canes may differ from the fixed structure. All cane users who need a cane for medical reasons should consult a medical professional before choosing the style that best suits them. It is particularly important that the cane is the height for the individual user. White cane, specifically designed for assisting the visually impaired, these are longer and thinner and they also alert others, such as motorists, to know the user is blind and therefore use caution. In the UK, red banding on a white cane indicates a deaf-blind user, folding cane, has several joints, generally linked by an internal elastic cord, enabling them to be folded into a shorter length when not in use. Forearm cane, a regular or offset cane with additional support, enabling increased stability. Quad cane, has four ferrules at the base, enabling them to stand freely, tripod cane, opens in a tripod fashion. Often available with an attached seat, adjustable cane, features two or more shaft pieces for a telescoping effect that allows the user to lengthen or shorten their walking cane to fit to size
Assistive cane
–
Wooden Cane
Assistive cane
–
Bottom of a quad cane showing ferrules
Assistive cane
–
Forearm crutch/cane
2.
Phasmatodea
–
The Phasmatodea are an order of insects, whose members are variously known as stick insects, stick-bugs or walking sticks, phasmids, ghost insects and leaf insects. The groups name is derived from the Ancient Greek φάσμα phasma, meaning an apparition or phantom and their natural camouflage makes them difficult for predators to detect, but many species have a secondary line of defence in the form of startle displays, spines or toxic secretions. The genus Phobaeticus includes the worlds longest insects, members of the order are found all over the world except for the Antarctic and Patagonia, but they are most abundant in the tropics and subtropics. They are herbivorous with many species living unobtrusively in the tree canopy and they have a hemimetabolous life cycle with three stages, eggs, nymphs and adults. Many phasmids are parthenogenic, and do not require fertilised eggs for female offspring to be produced. In hotter climates, they may breed all year round, in temperate regions, the females lay eggs in the autumn before dying. Some species have wings and can disperse by flying, while others are more restricted, phasmids can be relatively large, ranging from 1.5 centimetres to over 30 centimetres in length. Females of the genus Phobaeticus are the worlds longest insects, measuring up to 56.7 centimetres in length in the case of Phobaeticus chani. The heaviest species of phasmid is likely to be Heteropteryx dilatata, some phasmids have cylindrical stick-like bodies, while others have flattened, leaflike shapes. Many species are wingless, or have reduced wings, the thorax is long in the winged species, since it houses the flight muscles, and is typically much shorter in the wingless forms. Where present, the first pair of wings is narrow and cornified, while the wings are broad, with straight veins along their length. The body is further modified to resemble vegetation, with ridges resembling leaf veins, bark-like tubercles. A few species, such as Carausius morosus, are able to change their pigmentation to match their surroundings. The mouthparts project out from the head, chewing mandibles are uniform across species. The legs are long and slender, and some species are capable of limb autotomy. Phasmids have long, slender antennae, as long as or longer than the rest of the body in some species, all phasmids possess compound eyes, but ocelli are only found in some winged males. Phasmids have a visual system that allows them to perceive significant detail even in dim conditions. They are born equipped with compound eyes with a limited number of facets
Phasmatodea
Phasmatodea
–
Phasmid in marginal forest, Philippines
Phasmatodea
–
Female
Phobaeticus chani, the world's longest insect. This species grows to a total length of 567 mm (22.3 in) (front legs fully extended) and body length of 357 mm (14.1 in).
Phasmatodea
–
Closeup of the head of a female
Extatosoma tiaratum
3.
Walking
–
Walking is one of the main gaits of locomotion among legged animals, and is typically slower than running and other gaits. Walking is defined by an inverted pendulum gait in which the vaults over the stiff limb or limbs with each step. This applies regardless of the number of limbs - even arthropods, with six, eight or more limbs, the word walk is descended from the Old English wealcan to roll. In humans and other bipeds, walking is generally distinguished from running in only one foot at a time leaves contact with the ground. In contrast, running begins when both feet are off the ground with each step and this distinction has the status of a formal requirement in competitive walking events. The most effective method to walking from running is to measure the height of a persons centre of mass using motion capture or a force plate at midstance. During walking, the centre of mass reaches a height at midstance, while during running. This distinction, however, only true for locomotion over level or approximately level ground. For walking up grades above 9%, this no longer holds for some individuals. Running humans and animals may have contact periods greater than 50% of a cycle when rounding corners. Speed is another factor that distinguishes walking from running, champion racewalkers can average more than 14 kilometres per hour over a distance of 20 kilometres. An average human child achieves independent walking ability at around 11 months old, regular, brisk exercise of any kind can improve confidence, stamina, energy, weight control and life expectancy and reduce stress. It can also reduce the risk of heart disease, strokes, diabetes, high blood pressure, bowel cancer. Life expectancy is also increased even for individuals suffering from obesity or high blood pressure, Walking also improves bone health, especially strengthening the hip bone, and lowering the harmful low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and raising the useful high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Studies have found that walking may also help prevent dementia and Alzheimers, the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions fact sheet on the Relationship of Walking to Mortality Among U. S. Adults with Diabetes states that those with diabetes who walked for 2 or more hours a week lowered their mortality rate from all causes by 39 per cent. Walking lengthened the life of people with diabetes regardless of age, sex, race, body mass index, length of time since diagnosis, and presence of complications or functional limitations. It has been suggested there is a relationship between the speed of walking and health, and that the best results are obtained with a speed of more than 2.5 mph
Walking
–
Computer simulation of a human walk cycle. In this model the head keeps the same level at all times, whereas the hip follows a sine curve.
Walking
–
Racewalkers at the World Cup Trials in 1987
Walking
–
Nordic walkers
Walking
–
Walking in Shilda,
Georgia.
4.
Self-defense
–
Self-defense is a countermeasure that involves defending the health and well-being of oneself from harm. The use of the right of self-defense as a justification for the use of force in times of danger is available in many jurisdictions. Physical self-defense is the use of force to counter an immediate threat of violence. Such force can be armed or unarmed. In either case, the chances of success depend on a number of parameters, related to the severity of the threat on one hand. Many styles of arts are practiced for self-defense or include self-defense techniques. Some styles train primarily for self-defense, while other martial or combat sports can be applied for self-defense. Some martial arts train how to escape from a knife or gun situation, or how to break away from a punch, a wide variety of weapons can be used for self-defense. The most suitable depends on the threat presented, the victim or victims, legal restrictions also greatly influence self-defence options. In many cases there are legal restrictions. Non-injurious water-based self-defense indelible dye-marker sprays, or ID-marker or DNA-marker sprays linking a suspect to a scene, would in most places be legal to own. Tie-wraps double as an effective restraint, weapons such as the Kubotan have been built for ease of carry and to resemble everyday objects. Ballpoint pen knives, swordsticks, cane guns and modified umbrellas are similar categories of concealed self-defense weapons that serve a dual purpose, mental self-defense is the ability to get into the proper mindset for executing a physical self-defense technique. Many martial arts schools and self-defense classes focus primarily on the nature of self-defense. If you are skilled in the aspects of a defensive technique. Controlled environments cannot easily mimic the stress and adrenaline dump which occurs during an attack, there is a very real need to be able to enter the proper warrior mindset if one is to have a realistic chance of surviving a potentially deadly encounter. The ability to go over, under, around or through any obstacle is the essence of this never quit mindset - similar to that of the Samurai of Japan, being aware of and avoiding potentially dangerous situations is one useful technique of self-defense. Attackers will typically select victims they feel they have an advantage against, such as physical size
Self-defense
–
This telescopic steel security baton is sold to the public in
Japan (2009).
Self-defense
–
Ju-Jitsu defence against a
knife attack.
Berlin 1924
5.
Assault
–
In criminal and civil law, assault is an attempt to initiate harmful or offensive contact with a person, or a threat to do so. It is distinct from battery, which refers to the achievement of such contact. An assault is carried out by a threat of bodily harm coupled with an apparent, present ability to cause the harm and it is both a crime and a tort and, therefore, may result in either criminal and/or civil liability. Generally, the common law definition is the same in criminal, there is, however, an additional criminal law category of assault consisting of an attempted but unsuccessful battery. The term is confused with battery, which involves physical contact. Assault usually accompanies battery if the assailant both threatens to make unwanted contact and then carries through with this threat. Thus throwing a rock at someone for the purpose of hitting him is a if the rock in fact strikes the person. Aggravated assault is, in some jurisdictions, a form of assault. Aggravated assault can also be charged in cases of attempted harm against police officers or other public servants, Assault can also be considered in cases involving the spitting on, or unwanted exposure of bodily fluids to others. Consent may be a complete or partial defense to assault, in some jurisdictions, most notably England, it is not a defense where the degree of injury is severe, as long as there is no legally recognized good reason for the assault. This can have important consequences when dealing with such as consensual sadomasochistic sexual activity. Legally recognized good reasons for consent include surgery, activities within the rules of a game, bodily adornment, however, any activity outside the rules of the game is not legally recognized as a defense of consent. In Scottish Law, consent is not a defense for assault, Police officers and court officials have a general power to use force for the purpose of performing an arrest or generally carrying out their official duties. Thus, an officer taking possession of goods under a court order may use force if reasonably necessary. In some jurisdictions such as Singapore, judicial corporal punishment is part of the legal system, the officers who administer the punishment have immunity from prosecution for assault. What constitutes reasonable varies in both law and case law. Unreasonable physical punishment may be charged as assault or under a statute for child abuse. Many countries, including some US states, also permit the use of punishment for children in school
Assault
–
Felony Sentences in State Courts, study by the
United States Department of Justice.
6.
Weapon
–
A weapon, arm, or armament is any device used with intent to inflict damage or harm to living beings, structures, or systems. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of such as hunting, crime, law enforcement, self-defense. In a broader context, weapons may be construed to include anything used to gain a strategic, something that has been re-purposed, converted, or enhanced to become a weapon of war is termed weaponized, such as a weaponized virus or weaponized lasers. The use of objects as weapons has been observed among chimpanzees, however, this can not be confirmed using physical evidence because wooden clubs, spears, and unshaped stones would not have left an unambiguous record. The earliest unambiguous weapons to be found are the Schöninger Speere, the first defensive structures and fortifications appeared in the Bronze Age, indicating an increased need for security. Weapons designed to breach fortifications followed soon after, for example the battering ram was in use by 2500 BC, although early Iron Age swords were not superior to their bronze predecessors, once iron-working developed, around 1300 BC in Greece Alex Webb, Metalworking in Ancient Greece. Domestication of the horse and widespread use of spoked wheels by ca.2000 BC, led to the light, the mobility provided by chariots were important during this era. Spoke-wheeled chariot usage peaked around 1300 BC and then declined, ceasing to be militarily relevant by the 4th century BC. Cavalry developed once horses were bred to support the weight of a man, the horse extended the range and increased the speed of attacks. Ships built as weapons or warships such as the trireme were in use by the 7th century BC and these ships were eventually replaced by larger ships by the 4th century BC. European warfare during the Post-classical history was dominated by groups of knights supported by massed infantry. They were involved in combat and sieges which involved various siege weapons. Knights on horseback developed tactics for charging with lances providing an impact on the enemy formations, whereas infantry, in the age before structured formations, relied on cheap, sturdy weapons such as spears and billhooks in close combat and bows from a distance. As armies became more professional, their equipment was standardized and infantry transitioned to pikes, pikes are normally seven to eight feet in length, in conjunction with smaller side-arms. In Eastern and Middle Eastern warfare, similar tactics were developed independent of European influences, the introduction of gunpowder from the Far East at the end of this period revolutionized warfare. Formations of musketeers, protected by pikemen came to dominate open battles, the European Renaissance marked the beginning of the implementation of firearms in western warfare. Guns and rockets were introduced to the battlefield, firearms are qualitatively different from earlier weapons because they release energy from combustible propellants such as gunpowder, rather than from a counter-weight or spring. This energy is released very rapidly and can be replicated without much effort by the user, therefore even early firearms such as the arquebus were much more powerful than human-powered weapons. During the U. S. Civil War various technologies including the gun and ironclad warship emerged that would be recognizable and useful military weapons today
Weapon
–
An array of
Neolithic artifacts, including
bracelets,
axe heads,
chisels, and polishing tools.
Weapon
–
A four-wheeled
ballista drawn by armored
cataphract horses, c. 400.
Weapon
–
This picture shows medieval weapons utilized by the
Mughal Army.
Weapon
–
Ancient Chinese
cannon displayed in the
Tower of London.
7.
Knife
–
A knife is a tool with a cutting edge or blade, hand-held or otherwise, with most having a handle. Some types of knives are used as utensils, including knives used at the dining table, many types of knives are used as tools, such as the utility knife carried by soldiers, the pocket knife carried by hikers and the hunting knife used by hunters. Knives are also used as a traditional or religious implement, such as the kirpan, some types of knives are used as weapons, such as daggers or switchblades. Some types of knives are used as sports equipment, Knives are also used in agriculture, food harvesting etc. the sickle, the scythe and even the combine harvester are knives. Knife-like tools were used at least two-and-a-half million years ago, as evidenced by the Oldowan tools. Originally made of rock, bone, flint, and obsidian, knives have evolved in construction as technology has, with blades being made from bronze, copper, iron, steel, ceramics, many cultures have their unique version of the knife. Due to its role as humankinds first tool, certain cultures have attached spiritual, most modern-day knives follow either a fixed-blade or a folding construction style, with blade patterns and styles as varied as their makers and countries of origin. The word knife possibly descends from an old Norse word knifr for blade, single-edged knives may have a reverse edge or false edge occupying a section of the spine. These edges are serrated and are used to further enhance function. The handle, used to grip and manipulate the blade safely, may include a tang, Knives are made with partial tangs or full tangs. The handle may include a bolster, a piece of heavy material situated at the front or rear of the handle, the bolster, as its name suggests, is used to mechanically strengthen the knife. Knife blades can be manufactured from a variety of materials, each of which has advantages and disadvantages, carbon steel, an alloy of iron and carbon, can be very sharp. It holds its edge well, and remains easy to sharpen, stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, possibly nickel, and molybdenum, with only a small amount of carbon. It is not able to quite as sharp an edge as carbon steel. High carbon stainless steel is steel with a higher amount of carbon, intended to incorporate the better attributes of carbon steel. High carbon stainless steel blades do not discolor or stain, laminate blades use multiple metals to create a layered sandwich, combining the attributes of both. For example, a harder, more brittle steel may be sandwiched between a layer of softer, tougher, stainless steel to reduce vulnerability to corrosion. In this case, however, the part most affected by corrosion, pattern-welding is similar to laminate construction
Knife
–
A Bowie-class knife of pattern-welded steel
Knife
–
A butter knife resting on a stand
Knife
–
Characteristic parts of a knife
Knife
–
Knife blade mass production
8.
Sword
–
A sword is a long bladed weapon intended for slashing or thrusting. The precise definition of the term varies with the epoch or the geographical region under consideration. A sword consists of a blade attached to a hilt. The blade can be straight or curved, thrusting swords have a pointed tip on the blade, and tend to be straighter, slashing swords have sharpened cutting edge on one or both sides of the blade, and are more likely to be curved. Many swords are designed for thrusting and slashing. Historically, the sword developed in the Bronze Age, evolving from the dagger, the later Iron Age sword remained fairly short and without a crossguard. The word sword continues the Old English, sweord, the use of a sword is known as swordsmanship or as fencing. In the Early Modern period, western sword design diverged into two forms, the thrusting swords and the sabers. The thrusting swords such as the rapier and eventually the smallsword were designed to impale their targets quickly and their long and straight yet light and well balanced design made them highly maneuverable and deadly in a duel but fairly ineffective when used in a slashing or chopping motion. A well aimed lunge and thrust could end a fight in seconds with just the swords point, the saber and similar blades such as the cutlass were built more heavily and were more typically used in warfare. Built for slashing and chopping at multiple enemies, often from horseback, most sabers also had sharp points and double edged blades, making them capable of piercing soldier after soldier in a cavalry charge. Sabers continued to see use until the early 20th century. The US Navy kept tens of thousands of sturdy cutlasses in their armory well into World War II, non-European weapons called sword include single-edged weapons such as the Middle Eastern scimitar, the Chinese dao and the related Japanese katana. The Chinese jian is an example of a non-European double-edged sword, the first weapons that can be described as swords date to around 3300 BC. They have been found in Arslantepe, Turkey, are made from arsenical bronze, some of them are inlaid with silver. The sword developed from the dagger when the construction of longer blades became possible, from the late 3rd millennium BC in the Middle East, first in arsenic copper, then in tin-bronze. Blades longer than 60 cm were rare and not practical until the late Bronze Age because the strength of bronze is relatively low. These are the type A swords of the Aegean Bronze Age, one of the most important, and longest-lasting, types swords of the European Bronze Age was the Naue II type, also known as Griffzungenschwert
Sword
–
Swiss
longsword, 15th- or 16th-century
Sword
–
Hallstatt swords
Sword
–
Apa-type swords, 17th-century BC.
Sword
–
The swords found together with the
Nebra skydisk, ca. 1600 BC.
9.
Swordstick
–
A swordstick or cane-sword is a cane incorporating a concealed blade. The swordstick was a fashion accessory for the wealthy during the 18th and 19th centuries. During this period, it was becoming less socially acceptable to openly carry a sword, but there were still upper-class men routinely trained in swordsmanship who wished to go armed for self-defense. Swords concealed in ladies walking sticks and parasols were also not unknown, as it was less socially acceptable for a lady to carry a sword. Soon after their introduction, other gadget canes became popular, instead of a blade, these would hold the tools of ones trade, compasses, and even flasks for keeping alcohol. Malacca wood was the most commonly used material in making the cane shafts, today, designer and collector canes have sterling silver handles, and are made with wooden shafts made from various woods, including Malacca and bamboo. Ornate designs, such as heads, skulls, and various emblems may also be carved into the wooden handles, these may make them harder to wield. Sword canes are most often made with steel, rapier-pointed blades. While various mechanisms exist to lock the blade in place, accidents have been known to happen regularly with the simple push-to-release mechanism, twist-lock mechanisms work well, as do double-locking mechanisms. In many jurisdictions the ownership, carrying, manufacturing or trading in sword canes is restricted by law, possession of a swordstick is prohibited in Belgium as it falls under concealed weapons. Having a swordstick is considered as having weapons of the 6th category and it is legal to own, however, specific care must be taken in case of transportation. Handling of swordsticks is forbidden as concealed weapons, the Criminal Justice Act 1988 Order 1988, ISBN 0-11-088019-6 also made it illegal to trade in sword canes in the United Kingdom. However, antique swordsticks which are 100 years old or older are exempt, a swordstick may be illegal to carry in many jurisdictions as it is a concealed weapon, and is sometimes considered a disguised weapon. U. S. states with statutes that prohibit the carrying of swordsticks include Arkansas
Swordstick
–
Illustration showing a swordstick
10.
Trekking pole
–
Trekking poles are a common hiking accessory used to assist walkers with their rhythm and provide stability on rough terrain. When in use, trekking poles resemble ski poles as they have features in common, such as baskets at the bottom, rubber-padded handles. When fully retracted it may be possible to them to a backpack. Some poles come with spring-loaded sections to aid walking under normal conditions and to reduce wrist strain and they are usually made from lightweight aluminum or carbon fiber. Descendants of the walking stick, trekking poles are usually used by hikers for the same reasons — to provide some rhythm to their walking pace. On flat, smooth terrain they really arent necessary although using them can increase the exercise a hiker gets from the trip, but on less certain terrain, or steep slopes, they provide useful lateral stability, and many turn to them for help with knee pain. They can also be used as aids when climbing rocks or boulders, to probe the depth of mud or water and facilitate a crossing. When traversing steep slopes for long distances, some hikers make one pole shorter than the other to make those trips feel more as if they were taking place on level ground, some backpacking tents are designed to use trekking poles as tent poles. Along the same lines, trekking poles can be used to set up a Bivouac shelter, hikers who take to snowshoes in winter find trekking poles especially useful. They can also be used in Nordic walking in a rural or urban environment, the Appalachian Trail Conservancy estimates that pole usage rates on the Appalachian Trail vary from 90% among thru-hikers to 10–15% among day hikers. Some hikers have complained that pole use can leave an impact on the surrounding trail, for instance poking visible holes in the ground. In particular the most common complaint is that the carbide tips leave visible white scratches on rock, all these can detract from the wilderness experience. The Appalachian Trail Conservancy recommends several measures to mitigate the impact of trekking poles in accordance with Leave No Trace principles of low-impact backcountry recreation. Hikers, it says, should not only be aware of what they put their poles into, they should remove the pole baskets unless hiking in snow and use rubber tips to avoid scratch marks on rocks. On level sections, or in areas where the potential for adverse impact is high, Hiking equipment Hiking Nordic walking Walking stick
Trekking pole
–
A pair of trekking poles
Trekking pole
–
Mountain guide Alice Manfield with a long wooden walking pole in the early 1900s
Trekking pole
–
A man bearing a hiking staff in an etching from
William Blake 's
Europe a Prophecy first printed in 1794. This copy of the etching is currently held by the
Fitzwilliam Museum
Trekking pole
–
An impact of trekking poles, scratches left by poles on a rock in a
wilderness area
11.
Hiker
–
Hiking is the preferred term, in Canada and the United States, for a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails, in the countryside, while the word walking is used for shorter, particularly urban walks. On the other hand, in the United Kingdom, and the Republic of Ireland, the word hiking is also often used in the UK, along with rambling, hillwalking, and fell walking. The term bushwalking is endemic to Australia, having been adopted by the Sydney Bush Walkers club in 1927, in New Zealand a long, vigorous walk or hike is called tramping. It is an activity with numerous hiking organizations worldwide. In the United States, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, a day hike refers to a hike that can be completed in a single day. However, in the United Kingdom, the walking is also used, as well as rambling. In Northern England, Including the Lake District and Yorkshire Dales, fellwalking describes hill or mountain walks, hiking sometimes involves bushwhacking and is sometimes referred to as such. This specifically refers to walking through dense forest, undergrowth, or bushes. In extreme cases of bushwhacking, where the vegetation is so dense that human passage is impeded, the Australian term bushwalking refers to both on and off-trail hiking. Common terms for hiking used by New Zealanders are tramping, walking or bushwalking, trekking is the preferred word used to describe multi-day hiking in the mountainous regions of India, Pakistan, Nepal, North America, South America, Iran and in the highlands of East Africa. Hiking a long-distance trail from end-to-end is also referred to as trekking, in North America, multi-day hikes, usually with camping, are referred to as backpacking. The idea of taking a walk in the countryside for pleasure developed in the 18th-century, in earlier times walking generally indicated poverty and was also associated with vagrancy. Thomas West, an English priest, popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778. To this end he included various stations or viewpoints around the lakes, published in 1778 the book was a major success. Another famous early exponent of walking for pleasure, was the English poet William Wordsworth, in 1790 he embarked on an extended tour of France, Switzerland, and Germany, a journey subsequently recorded in his long autobiographical poem The Prelude. His famous poem Tintern Abbey was inspired by a visit to the Wye Valley made during a tour of Wales in 1798 with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. Wordsworths friend Coleridge was another keen walker and in the autumn of 1799, he and Wordsworth undertook a three weeks tour of the Lake District. John Keats, who belonged to the generation of Romantic poets began, in June 1818, a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland
Hiker
–
Two girls hiking in Sham valley,
Leh -
Ladakh,
India
Hiker
–
Hiking in
Argentina.
Hiker
–
Map of
Robert Louis Stevenson 's walking route, taken from
Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879), a pioneering classic of
outdoor literature.
Hiker
–
Claife Station, built at one of
Thomas West 's 'viewing stations', to allow visiting tourists and artists to better appreciate the
picturesque Lake District.
12.
Spider web
–
A spider web, spiderweb, spiders web, or cobweb is a device created by a spider out of proteinaceous spider silk extruded from its spinnerets, generally meant to catch its prey. Spider webs have existed for at least 100 million years, as witnessed in a find of Early Cretaceous amber from Sussex. Insects can get trapped in spider webs, providing nutrition to the spider, however, not all spiders build webs to catch prey, spider web is typically used to refer to a web that is apparently still in use, whereas cobweb refers to abandoned webs. However, cobweb is used to describe the tangled web of some spiders of the theridiidae family. While this large family is known as the tangle-web spiders, cobweb spiders and comb-footed spiders. When spiders moved from the water to the land in the Early Devonian period, they started making silk to protect their bodies and their eggs. Spiders gradually started using silk for hunting purposes, first as guide lines and signal lines, then as ground or bush webs, spiders produce silk from their spinneret glands located at the tip of their abdomen. Each gland produces a thread for a special purpose – for example a trailed safety line, spiders use different gland types to produce different silks, and some spiders are capable of producing up to 8 different silks during their lifetime. Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, each having its own function – there are also spiders with just one pair, webs allow a spider to catch prey without having to expend energy by running it down. Thus it is an efficient method of gathering food, however, constructing the web is in itself an energetically costly process because of the large amount of protein required, in the form of silk. In addition, after a time the silk will lose its stickiness and it is common for spiders to eat their own web daily to recoup some of the energy used in spinning. The silk proteins are thus recycled, the tensile strength of spider silk is greater than the same weight of steel and has much greater elasticity. Its microstructure is under investigation for applications in industry, including bullet-proof vests. Researchers have used genetically modified mammals to produce the proteins needed to make this material, there are a few types of spider webs found in the wild, and many spiders are classified by the webs they weave. Webs may be in a plane, a horizontal plane. It is hypothesized that these types of aerial webs co-evolved with the evolution of winged insects, as insects are spiders main prey, it is likely that they would impose strong selectional forces on the foraging behavior of spiders. Most commonly found in the sheet-web spider families, some webs will have loose and these tangled obstacle courses serve to disorient and knock down flying insects, making them more vulnerable to being trapped on the web below. They may also help to protect the spider from predators such as birds, during the process of making an orb web, the spider will use its own body for measurements
Spider web
–
Opadometa fastigata weaving the web. See the silk coming from the
spinneret glands located at the tip of the
abdomen.
Spider web
–
Spiral orb webs in
Karijini, Western Australia
Spider web
–
Garden Orbweaver with beetle prey caught in its web
Spider web
–
Clearly visible spider silk production
13.
Shrub
–
A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized woody plant. It is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, plants of many species may grow either into shrubs or trees, depending on their growing conditions. Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m tall, such as lavender, periwinkle, an area of cultivated shrubs in a park or a garden is known as a shrubbery. When clipped as topiary, suitable species or varieties of shrubs develop dense foliage, many shrubs respond well to renewal pruning, in which hard cutting back to a stool results in long new stems known as canes. Other shrubs respond better to selective pruning to reveal their structure, shrubs in common garden practice are generally considered broad-leaved plants, though some smaller conifers such as mountain pine and common juniper are also shrubby in structure. Species that grow into a shrubby habit may be deciduous or evergreen
Shrub
–
A
broom shrub in flower
Shrub
–
A
rhododendron shrubbery in
Sheringham Park
14.
Grass
–
Poaceae or Gramineae is a large and nearly ubiquitous family of monocotyledonous flowering plants known as grasses. Poaceae includes the cereal grasses, bamboos and the grasses of natural grassland and cultivated lawns, Grasses have stems that are hollow except at the nodes and narrow alternate leaves borne in two ranks. The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem, forming a leaf-sheath, with ca 780 genera and around 12,000 species, Poaceae are the fifth-largest plant family, following the Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. Grasslands such as savannah and prairie grasses are dominant are estimated to constitute 40. 5% of the land area of the Earth, excluding Greenland. Grasses are also an important part of the vegetation in many habitats, including wetlands, forests. Though commonly called grasses, seagrasses, rushes, and sedges fall outside this family, the rushes and sedges are related to the Poaceae, being members of the order Poales, but the seagrasses are members of order Alismatales. The name Poaceae was given by John Hendley Barnhart in 1895, based on the tribe Poeae described in 1814 by Robert Brown, the term is derived from the Ancient Greek πόα. Grasses include some of the most versatile plant life-forms, a cladogram shows subfamilies and approximate species numbers in brackets, Before 2005, fossil findings indicated that grasses evolved around 55 million years ago. Recent findings of grass-like phytoliths in Cretaceous dinosaur coprolites have pushed this back to 66 million years ago. In 2011, revised dating of the origins of the rice tribe Oryzeae suggested a date as early as 107 to 129 Mya, a multituberculate mammal with grass-eating adaptations seems to suggest that grasses were already around at 120 mya. This separation occurred within the short time span of about 4 million years. Grass leaves are always alternate and distichous, and have parallel veins. Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath hugging the stem, the leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with silica phytoliths, which discourage grazing animals, some, such as sword grass, are sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs called the ligule lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath, flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each having one or more florets. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes, the part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla. A spikelet consists of two bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets, a floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts, one external—the lemma—and one internal—the palea. The flowers are usually hermaphroditic—maize being an important exception—and anemophilous or wind-pollinated, the perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules, that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea, these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals. This complex structure can be seen in the image on the right, the fruit of grasses is a caryopsis, in which the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall
Grass
–
Grass
Grass
–
Zoysia grass flower
Grass
–
A
kangaroo eating grass
Grass
–
Wind-blown grass in the
Valles Caldera in
New Mexico
15.
Mud
–
A MUD, is a multiplayer real-time virtual world, usually text-based. MUDs combine elements of role-playing games, hack and slash, player versus player, interactive fiction, players can read or view descriptions of rooms, objects, other players, non-player characters, and actions performed in the virtual world. Players typically interact with other and the world by typing commands that resemble a natural language. Traditional MUDs implement a video game set in a fantasy world populated by fictional races and monsters. The objective of this sort of game is to slay monsters, explore a world, complete quests, go on adventures, create a story by roleplaying. Many MUDs were fashioned around the rules of the Dungeons & Dragons series of games. MUDs have attracted the interest of scholars from many fields, including communications, sociology, law. At one time, there was interest from the United States military in using them for teleconferencing, most MUDs are run as hobbies and are free to players, some may accept donations or allow players to purchase virtual items, while others charge a monthly subscription fee. MUDs can be accessed via standard telnet clients, or specialized MUD clients which are designed to improve the user experience, numerous games are listed at various web portals, such as The Mud Connector. Indeed, before the invention of the term MMORPG, games of this style were simply called graphical MUDs, a number of influential MMORPG designers began as MUD developers and/or players or were involved with early MUDs. Colossal Cave Adventure, created in 1975 by Will Crowther on a DEC PDP-10 computer, was the first widely used adventure game, the game was significantly expanded in 1976 by Don Woods. Also called Adventure, it contained many D&D features and references, numerous graphical MUDs were created on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois and other American universities that used PLATO, beginning in 1975. Among them were pedit5, oubliette, moria, avathar, krozair, dungeon, dnd, crypt, PLATO MUDs are often ignored by historians and by the creators of other MUDs whose work came later. Inspired by Adventure, a group of students at MIT in the summer of 1977 wrote a game for the PDP-10 minicomputer, called Zork, Zork was ported, under the filename DUNGEN, to FORTRAN by a programmer working at DEC in 1978. In 1978 Roy Trubshaw, a student at Essex University in the UK and he named the game MUD, in tribute to the Dungeon variant of Zork, which Trubshaw had greatly enjoyed playing. Trubshaw converted MUD to BCPL, before handing over development to Richard Bartle, the game revolved around gaining points till one achieved the Wizard rank, giving the character immortality and special powers over mortals. It became the first Internet multiplayer online role-playing game in 1980, the original MUD game was closed down in late 1987, reportedly under pressure from CompuServe, to whom Richard Bartle had licensed the game. This left MIST, a derivative of MUD1 with similar gameplay, as the only remaining MUD running on the Essex University network, MIST ran until the machine that hosted it, a PDP-10, was superseded in early 1991
Mud
–
A combat in
The Shadow of Yserbius, an early graphical MUD
Mud
16.
Puddle
–
A puddle is a small accumulation of liquid, usually water, on a surface. It can form either by pooling in a depression on the surface, a puddle is generally shallow enough to walk through, and too small to support a boat or raft. Puddles can be a source of fascination for children, small wildlife may be attracted to puddles. Puddles in natural landscapes and habitats, when not resulting from precipitation and they can provide essential moisture for small wildlife, such as birds and insects. Many butterfly species need puddles for mud-puddling to obtain nutrients such as salts, swallows use the damp loam which gathers in puddles as a form of cement to help to build their nests. The reduction in the number of puddles in the due to intensive farming, urban sprawl. Small seasonal riparian plants, grasses, and wildflowers germinate with the head start of moisture. Wildlife can use puddles as a source, for bathing, or in the case of some smaller forms such as tadpoles or mosquito larvae. Raised constructed puddles, bird baths, are a part of domestic and wildlife gardens as a garden ornament and micro-habitat restoration. In a behaviour known as puddling, butterflies and some other insects, puddles commonly form during rain, and can cause problems for transport. Due to the angle of the road, puddles tend to be forced by gravity to gather on the edges of the road and this can cause splashing as cars drive through the puddles, which causes water to be sprayed onto pedestrians on the pavement. Irresponsible drivers may do this deliberately, which, in some countries, puddles commonly form in potholes in a dirt road, or in any other space with a shallow depression and dirt. In such cases, these are referred to as mud puddles, because mud tends to form in the bottoms. In addition, some surfaces are made to be porous, allowing the water to drain through the surface to the aquifer below, due to the action of surface tension, small puddles can also form if a liquid is spilt on a level surface. Puddles like this are common on kitchen floors, puddles tend to evaporate quickly due to the high surface-area-to-volume ratio and tend to be short lived. In cold conditions puddles can form patches of ice which are slippery and difficult to see and can be a hazard to road vehicles, puddles are a source of recreation for children, who often like jumping in puddles as an up-side to rain. A childrens nursery rhyme records the story of Doctor Foster and his encounter with a puddle in Gloucester, muddy puddles, and the pleasures of splashing mud in them, are a repeated theme in the childrens animation Peppa Pig, to the extent of selling character-branded wellington boots. It has been fashionable for millennia, and continues to be fashionable in some circles, some critics of this view reject it as hubris or anthropocentrism and argue instead that through the process of evolution it is humans that have adapted to or been shaped by the Universe
Puddle
–
A small puddle on a street, with a
reflection of the
Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw, Poland
Puddle
–
Small puddles of water on a smooth clean surface have perceptible thickness.
Puddle
–
A child in a puddle
Puddle
–
A puddle at the roadside
17.
Alpenstock
–
An alpenstock is a long wooden pole with an iron spike tip, used by shepherds for travel on snowfields and glaciers in the Alps since the Middle Ages. It is the antecedent of the ice axe. French-speaking climbers called this item a baton, josias Simler, a Swiss professor of theology at what later became the University of Zurich, published the first treatise on the Alps, entitled De Alpibus commentarius. In some places they use sticks tipped with iron, by leaning upon which they climb steep slopes and these are called alpine sticks, and are principally in use among the shepherds. On August 8,1786, Jacques Balmat and Michel-Gabriel Paccard made the first ascent of Mont Blanc, Balmat, a chamois hunter and crystal collector, had experience with high mountain travel, and Paccard had made previous attempts to climb the peak. Illustrations show Balmat carrying two separate tools that would later be merged into the ice axe, an alpenstock and an axe that could be used to chop steps on icy slopes. On the opposite side, a blade was placed, which was used for cutting steps in the snow or ice. The cover of Mark Twains 1880 first edition of A Tramp Abroad depicts a man walking with an alpenstock, twain encountered the alpenstock when visiting Lucerne, Switzerland. He described the alpenstock as ubiquitous among locals and popular among tourists as mementos, most of the people, both male and female, are in walking costume, and carry alpenstocks. Evidently, it is not considered safe to go about in Switzerland, even in town, if the tourist forgets and comes down to breakfast without his alpenstock he goes back and gets it, and stands it up in the corner. Thus it is his regimental flag, so to speak, and it is worth three francs when he buys it, but a bonanza could not purchase it after his great deeds have been inscribed upon it. There are artisans all about Switzerland whose trade it is to burn these things upon the alpenstock of the tourist, and observe, a man is respected in Switzerland according to his alpenstock. I found I could get no attention there, while I carried an unbranded one, however, branding is not expensive, so I soon remedied that. The effect upon the detachment of tourists was very marked. I felt repaid for my trouble
Alpenstock
–
Jacques Balmat carrying an axe and an alpenstock
Alpenstock
–
An 1872 diagram of an early ice axe, showing how the alpenstock was modified by the addition of a pick and an adze
18.
Alps
–
The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc, Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,810 m is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4000 metres, the altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe, in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Palaeolithic era, a mummified man, determined to be 5,000 years old, was discovered on a glacier at the Austrian–Italian border in 1991. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established, Hannibal famously crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800 Napoleon crossed one of the passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, in World War II, Adolf Hitler kept a base of operation in the Bavarian Alps throughout the war. The Alpine region has a cultural identity. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, at present, the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors. The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes, maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp and this may be consistent with the theory that in Greek Alpes is a name of non-Indo-European origin. According to the Old English Dictionary, the Latin Alpes might possibly derive from a pre-Indo-European word *alb hill, Albania, a name not native to the region known as the country of Albania, has been used as a name for a number of mountainous areas across Europe. In Roman times, Albania was a name for the eastern Caucasus, in modern languages the term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks. An alp refers to a mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found. The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km arc from east to west and is 200 km in width, the mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km. The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, the range continues onward toward Vienna, Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia. To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the border of Bavaria in Germany
Alps
–
Mont Blanc, the highest mountain in the Alps, view from the
Savoy side
Alps
Alps
–
An "alp" refers to a high mountain pasture, often with a structure, such as this one on the south side of the Alps, where cows are taken for grazing.
Alps
–
The Alps extend in an arc from France in the south and west to Slovenia in the east, and from Monaco in the south to Germany in the north.
19.
Medallion
–
A medal may be awarded to a person or organization as a form of recognition for sporting, military, scientific, academic, or various other achievements. Military awards and decorations are more precise terms for types of state decoration. Medals may also be created for sale to commemorate particular individuals or events, an artist who creates medals or medallions is called a medallist or medalist. There are also devotional medals which may be worn for religious reasons, Medals have long been popular collectible items either as a variety of exonumia or of militaria. Medallions may also be called table medals because they are too large to be worn and can only be displayed on a wall, table top, desk, the word medallion has the same ultimate derivation, but this time through the Italian medaglione, meaning large medal. The main or front surface of a medal is termed the obverse, the reverse, or back surface of the medal, is not always used and may be left blank or may contain a secondary design. It is not uncommon to only an artistic rendering on the obverse, while all details. The rim is only occasionally employed to display an inscription such as a motto, privy mark, engraver symbol, assayer’s marking. Medals that are intended to be hung from a ribbon also include a suspension piece at the crest with which to loop a suspension ring through. It is through the ring that a ribbon is run or folded so the medal may hang pendent, Medals pinned to the breast use only a small cut of ribbon that is attached to a top bar where the brooch pin is affixed. Top bars may be hidden under the ribbon so they are not visible, be a device from which the ribbon attaches. Some top bars are elaborate and contain a whole design unto themselves, Medals that are made with inexpensive material might be gilded, silver-plated, chased, or finished in a variety of other ways to improve their appearance. Medals have also made of rock, gemstone, ivory, glass, porcelain, terra cotta, coal, wood, paper, enamel, lacquerware. Honorary awards, as a button, which it is custom to give the kings kinsmen. Roman emperors used both military awards of medals, and political gifts of medallions that were very large coins, usually in gold or silver. Both these and actual golden coins were often set as pieces of jewellery, the bracteate is a type of thin gold medal, usually plain on the reverse, found in Northern Europe from the so-called Dark Ages or Migration Period. They often have suspension loops and were intended to be worn on a chain as jewellery. They imitate, at a distance, Roman imperial coins and medallions, the surviving example is mounted for wearing as jewellery
Medallion
–
Obverse of medal distributed by
Cecilia Gonzaga 's family to political allies, a common practice in
Renaissance Europe. Designed by
Pisanello in 1447.
Medallion
–
Reverse of the same medal, this copy with a suspension hole added later (inside a crescent moon in the design).
Medallion
–
Various prize medals with obverse designs, suspension rings and ribbons typical of medals intended to be draped over the head and hung from the neck
Medallion
–
Bronze medal of
Isabella d'Este, princess and patron of
Renaissance humanists, distributed as a gift.
20.
Wardrobe
–
A wardrobe is a standing closet used for storing clothes. The name of wardrobe was given to a room in which the wall-space was filled with closets and lockers. From these cupboards and lockers the modern wardrobe, with its hanging spaces, sliding shelves and drawers, throughout the chronological changes in the form of the enclosure, it more or less retained its preset function as a place to retain a king’s robe. The word has gained coinage over successive generations as an independent store for among others, preserving precious items for a ruler like gold and it is also a simple patio where clothes are hung from metal bars or tucked inside utility racks running from up to down. The word wardrobe appeared in the English language in the early 14th century and it originated from Old French words warderobe, wardereube and garderobe, in which warder meant to keep, to guard and robe meant garment. In the United States, the wardrobe in its form as an oak hanging cupboard dates back to the early 17th century. At that time it was an export product from America to England. Consequently, the item was sometimes referred to as an Oakley, during a large portion of the 18th century the tallboy was much used for storing clothes. A common feature was to base future size on the eight small men method, a considered good size double wardrobe would thus be able to hold within its capacity, eight small men. In the nineteenth century the wardrobe began to develop into its form, with a hanging cupboard at each side. Where Chippendale and his school had carved, Sheraton, Hepplewhite and their contemporaries achieved their effects by the employment of deftly contrasted. In the United Kingdom, a more affluent option is custom-fitted wardrobes, kas, kast or kasten is a massive cupboard or wardrobe of Dutch origin similar to an armoire that was popular in the Netherlands and America in the 17th & 18th century. It was fitted with shelves and drawers used to store linen, clothing and other valuables and they were status symbols and family heirlooms in the Low Countries and imported luxury goods to the American colonies. As such they were made of quality wood such as cherry, rosewood and ebony. Cabinetry Closet Encoignure This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. American kasten, the Dutch-style cupboards of New York and New Jersey, 1650–1800, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Wardrobe
–
Wardrobe
Wardrobe
–
Intricately carved French Oakley style
tallboy with under-cabinet instead of a
chest of drawers
Wardrobe
–
A
Chinese Ming Dynasty compound wardrobe made of
rosewood, latter half of the 16th century
Wardrobe
–
A modern fitted wardrobe
21.
Rattan
–
Rattan is the name for roughly 600 species of old world climbing palms belonging to subfamily Calamoideae. Rattan is also known as manila, or malacca, named after the ports of shipment Manila and Malacca City, the climbing habit is associated with the characteristics of its flexible woody stem, derived typically from a secondary growth, makes rattan a liana rather than a true wood. Calamoideae also includes tree palms such as Raphia and Metroxylon and shrub palms such as Salacca and they dont have spinose stems and climb by means of their reflexed terminal leaflets. Of these only Desmoncus spp. furnish stems of sufficiently good quality to be used as rattan cane substitutes, there are 13 different genera of rattans that include around 600 species. The largest rattan genus is Calamus, distributed in Asia except for one species represented in Africa, the rattan genera and their distribution, In Uhl & Dransfield, and also Dransfield & Manokaran, a great deal of basic introductory information is available. Available rattan floras and monographs by region, Uses by taxon, rattans are also superficially similar to bamboo. Unlike bamboo, rattan stems are solid, and most species need structural support, many rattans have spines which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter herbivores. Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long, most of the worlds rattan population exist in Indonesia, distributed among the islands Borneo, Sulawesi, and Sumbawa. The rest of the supply comes from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia. In forests where rattan grows, its value can help protect forest land, by providing an alternative to loggers who forgo timber logging. Rattan is much easier to harvest, requires simpler tools and is easier to transport. It also grows faster than most tropical wood. This makes it a tool in forest maintenance, since it provides a profitable crop that depends on rather than replaces trees. It remains to be seen whether rattan can be as profitable or useful as the alternatives, rattans are threatened with overexploitation, as harvesters are cutting stems too young and reducing their ability to resprout. Unsustainable harvesting of rattan can lead to forest degradation, affecting overall forest ecosystem services, the use of toxic chemicals and petrol in the processing of rattan affects soil, air and water resources, and also ultimately peoples health. Meanwhile, the method of rattan production is threatening the plants long-term supply. Generally, raw rattan is processed into products to be used as materials in furniture making. The various species of rattan range from millimetres up to 5–7 cm in diameter
Rattan
–
Rattan
Rattan
–
Chair,
Josephinism style, typical Viennese, around 1780
Rattan
–
Indonesians making rattan furniture, circa 1948
Rattan
–
A rattan chair
22.
Snuff-box
–
A decorative box is a form of packaging that is generally more than just functional, but also intended to be decorative and artistic. Many such boxes are used for packaging, both commercially and privately. Historical objects are usually called caskets if larger than a few inches in more than one dimension, traditionally gift boxes used for promotional and seasonal gifts are made from sturdy paperboard or corrugated fiberboard. These boxes normally consist of a base and detachable lid and are made by using a die cutting process to cut the board, the box is then covered with decorative paper. Gift boxes can be dressed with other gift packaging material, such as decorative ribbons, the most common type of decorative box is the feminine work box. It is usually fitted with a divided into many small compartments for needles, reels of silk and cotton. The date of its origin is unclear, but 17th-century examples exist, covered with silk and adorned with beads, no lady would have been without her work box in the 18th century. In the second half of century, elaborate pains were taken to make these boxes dainty. Work boxes are portable, but at times they form the top of a stationary table. A jewelry box, also known as a casket, is a receptacle for trinkets, snuff boxes are made in two sizes, ones for the pocket and communal boxes made for table use. Pocket boxes are made to hold a small amount of snuff for immediate consumption. High-quality boxes have tightly-sealed lids to ensure that air does not penetrate the box, pocket boxes are intended keep a day or twos supply. Table boxes are still to be found in the mess of certain old regiments - often in the rams head style -. Boxes made for the poorer snuff taker were more ordinary, popular and cheap boxes were made in papier-mâché and even potato-pulp, alloys that resembled gold or silver were developed in the 18th and 19th centuries such as the ersatz gold Pinchbeck and the silver look-alike, Sheffield Plate. The lids were often adorned with a portrait, a vignette, portrait miniature, hardstone inlays. Some of the most expensive just used subtly different colours of gold, perhaps the most widely used semi-precious metal was silver and snuffs of all shapes and sizes were made in that metal during snuffs great popularity. Monarchs retained the habit of bestowing snuff-boxes upon ambassadors and other intermediaries as a form of honor, as Talleyrand explained, the diplomatic corps found a ceremonious pinch to be a useful aid to reflection in a business interview. At the coronation of George IV of England, Messrs, rundell and Bridge, the court jewellers, were paid £8,205 for snuff-boxes for gifts to foreign representatives
Snuff-box
–
18th century German gold and
mother of pearl snuffbox
Snuff-box
–
Chinese mother of pearl lacquer box with
peony decor
Ming Dynasty
Snuff-box
–
Elizabeth E Copeland (1866–1957) covered Box, circa 1915 metalwork, silver and
cloisonné,
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
Snuff-box
–
A jewel box lined with red velvet
23.
The Rape of the Lock
–
The Rape of the Lock is a mock-heroic narrative poem written by Alexander Pope. Pope boasted that this more than three thousand copies in its first four days. The final form of the poem appeared in 1717 with the addition of Clarissas speech on good humour, the poem was much translated and contributed to the growing popularity of mock-heroic in Europe. The poem satirises a minor incident by comparing it to the world of the gods. It was based on an incident recounted by Popes friend. Petre, lusting after Arabella, had cut off a lock of her hair without permission, Pope, also a Catholic, wrote the poem at the request of friends in an attempt to comically merge the two. He utilised the character Belinda to represent Arabella and introduced a system of sylphs, or guardian spirits of virgins. Pope derived his sylphs from the 17th-century French Rosicrucian novel Comte de Gabalis, Pope, writing pseudonymously as Esdras Barnivelt, published A Key to the Lock in 1714 as a humorous warning against taking the poem too seriously. Pope’s poem uses the traditional high stature of classical epics to emphasise the triviality of the incident. The abduction of Helen of Troy becomes here the theft of a lock of hair, the gods become minute sylphs, the description of Achilles’ shield becomes an excursus on one of Belindas petticoats. He also uses the style of invocations, lamentations, exclamations and similes. Although the poem is humorous at times, Pope keeps a sense that beauty is fragile, as his introductory letter makes clear, women in that period were essentially supposed to be decorative rather than rational, and the loss of beauty was a serious matter. The humour of the poem comes from the storm in a teacup being couched within the elaborate and it is a satire on contemporary society which showcases the lifestyle led by some people of that age. Pope arguably satirises it from within rather than looking down judgmentally on the characters, Belindas legitimate rage is thus alleviated and tempered by her good humour, as directed by the character Clarissa. Pope added to the edition the following dedicatory letter to Mrs. Arabella Fermor, Madam. Yet you may bear me witness, it was intended only to divert a few young Ladies, who have good sense and good enough to laugh not only at their sexs little unguarded follies. But as it was communicated with the air of a secret and these Machines I determined to raise on a very new and odd foundation, the Rosicrucian doctrine of Spirits. The Rosicrucians are the people I must bring you acquainted with, according to these gentlemen, the four elements are inhabited by spirits, which they call Sylphs, Gnomes, Nymphs, and Salamanders
The Rape of the Lock
–
Arabella Fermor (1696–1737)
The Rape of the Lock
–
"The New Star," Illustration by
Aubrey Beardsley for The Rape of the Lock
24.
Hickory
–
Hickory is a type of tree, comprising the genus Carya. The genus includes 17–19 species of trees with pinnately compound leaves. Five or six species are native to China, Indochina, and India, as many as 12 are native to the United States, four are found in Mexico, Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2–5 cm long and 1. 5–3 cm diameter, enclosed in a four-valved husk, which splits open at maturity. The nut shell is thick and bony in most species, and thin in a few, notably the pecan, beaked hickory is a species formerly classified as Carya sinensis, but now adjudged in the monotypic genus Annamocarya. In the APG system, genus Carya has been moved to the Fagales order. Sinocarya – Asian hickories Carya dabieshanensis M. C, liu – Dabie Shan hickory Carya cathayensis Sarg. Carya – typical hickories Carya floridana Sarg, – Scrub hickory Carya glabra Sweet – Pignut hickory, pignut, sweet pignut, coast pignut hickory, smoothbark hickory, swamp hickory, broom hickory Carya myristiciformis Nutt. – Nutmeg hickory, swamp hickory, bitter water hickory Carya ovalis Sarg, – Sand hickory Carya texana Buckley – Black hickory Carya tomentosa Nutt. – Mockernut hickory †Carya washingtonensis - Manchester Extinct Miocene Carya sect, apocarya – pecans Carya aquatica Nutt. – Bitter pecan or water hickory Carya cordiformis K. Koch – Bitternut hickory Carya illinoinensis K. Koch – Pecan Carya palmeri W. E, manning – Mexican hickory Hickory is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. Phylloxeridae are related to aphids and have a complex life cycle. Eggs hatch in spring and the galls quickly form around the developing insects. Phylloxera galls may damage weakened or stressed hickories, but are generally harmless, the pecan gall curculio is a true weevil species also found feeding on galls of the hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera. The banded hickory borer is also found on hickories, some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts and walnuts in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk, tryma is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes. Hickory wood is hard, stiff, dense and shock resistant. Paddles are often made from hickory, Hickory is replacing ash as the wood of choice for Scottish shinty sticks
Hickory
–
Hickory
Hickory
–
Autumn foliage
Hickory
–
Carya cordiformis (bitternut hickory) foliage
Hickory
–
Ripe hickory nuts ready to fall, Andrews, SC
25.
Cleat (shoe)
–
Cleats or studs are protrusions on the sole of a shoe, or on an external attachment to a shoe, that provide additional traction on a soft or slippery surface. In American English the term cleats is used synecdochically to refer to shoes featuring such protrusions. Similarly, in British English the term studs can be used to refer to football boots or rugby boots, for instance, athletes have worn cleats since at least the 1500s. According to researchers, the English monarch ordered the royal cordwainer, Cornelius Johnson, the shoes cost four shillings and were probably made of especially strong leather. With this, the sport took off in popularity, and understandably a demand for equipment began to emerge to ensure player safety, more importantly, technological innovations during this time period played a key role in new methods and materials used for production of cleats. In the 1840s, a method of hardening rubber and stopping it from decaying, technology continued to improve in the coming decades, and by the 1890s studs are first used to make football cleats. The concept of spiked and studded shoes for other sports began to emerge as well in the late 19th century, in the 1890s, a British Company, developed the earliest known spiked leather running shoes. Cleats began to be used in the United States in the 1860s when metal spikes were first used on baseball shoes. A baseball shoe, as defined by the Dickson Baseball Dictionary, is a type of shoe designed and worn by baseball players that features cleats for traction. The first official baseball shoe was invented and produced by Waldo M. Claflin, the use of cleats gained further notoriety in the United States with the birth of American football in the early 20th century. The original football shoes were actually baseball shoes, but innovations quickly emerged, in the 1920s, detachable cleats were first introduced. As the game continued to grow, cleats had to adapt to technological advances in playing surfaces, by the 1970s, players were wearing footwear with short, rubber cleats for use on artificial turf. Innovations in cleat technology continued to place throughout the mid to late 20th century. In 1954, the first modern football boots were made by Adidas and they were lighter, had a non-leather sole, an upper portion made from kangaroo skin, and included replaceable rubber or plastic studs, which could be screwed in at different lengths. Later, in the 1990s, Adidas introduced another innovation in the form of rubber instead of studs. The stud itself is called a cleat. There are three types of soccer cleats, round, hard ground, and bladed. Active outdoorsman and philanthropist Erik Van Till is credited as a creator of the round cleat, while the studs are sometimes made out of metal, this is less common, as they are illegal in some sports for safety reasons
Cleat (shoe)
–
Football shoes have studs on their soles
Cleat (shoe)
26.
Ferrule
–
A ferrule is any of a number of types of objects, generally used for fastening, joining, sealing or reinforcement. They are often narrow circular rings made from metal, or less commonly, ferrules are also often referred to as eyelets or grommets within the manufacturing industry. A metal or plastic ring used in plumbing as part of a compression fitting along with a nut for making a liquid-tight connection when joining pipe or tubing. Some of the people use ferrules include, To shield parts or cables from electromagnetic pulses, environmental damage, the elements, thermal factors. To cover parts, adding wear resistance, damage protection, or packaging, as a connector, to connect wires, structural devices, and systems To bind parts together, including bundles of wires, or cloth threads to the end of the mop, as an example. To act as conveyance for fluids like oil and water, or for gasses like air
Ferrule
–
A
wire rope terminated with
thimbles and ferrule
Ferrule
–
Picco pipe with nickel silver ferrule
Ferrule
–
Non-circular ferrules holding bristles to brushes
27.
Nordic walking
–
Nordic walking is a total body version of walking that can be enjoyed both by non-athletes as a health-promoting physical activity, and by athletes as a sport. The activity is performed with specially designed walking poles similar to ski poles, Nordic walking is fitness walking with specially designed poles. While trekkers, backpackers and skiers had been using the concept for decades. Nordic Walkings concept was developed on the basis of off-season ski-training activity while using one-piece ski poles, for decades hikers and backpackers used their one-piece ski poles long before trekking and Nordic walking poles came onto the scene. Ski racers deprived of snow have always used and still do use their one-piece ski poles for ski walking, the first poles specially designed and marketed to fitness walkers were produced by Exerstrider of the USA in 1988. Nordic Walker poles were produced and marketed by Exel in 1997, Exel coined and popularized the term Nordic Walking in 1999. Compared to regular walking, Nordic walking involves applying force to the poles with each stride, Nordic walking has been estimated as producing up to a 46% increase in energy consumption, compared to walking without poles. According to the findings of the research, conducted by the scientists from various universities*. The key points stated by the authors are, Nordic walking, conventional walking. •Nordic walking and conventional walking both improve cardio-respiratory fitness while resistance training does not, •Nordic walking provides additional benefits in upper-body muscular strength compared to conventional walking. •Nordic walking is an effective and efficient mode of exercise to improve overall fitness in older adults,2013 Nordic walking poles are significantly shorter than those recommended for cross-country skiing. Nordic walking poles come in one-piece, non-adjustable shaft versions, available in varying lengths, one piece poles are generally stronger and lighter, but must be matched to the user. Telescoping poles are one-size fits all, and are more transportable, Nordic walking poles feature a range of grips and wrist-straps, or rarely, no wrist-strap at all. The straps eliminate the need to tightly grasp the grips, as with many trekking poles, Nordic walking poles come with removable rubber tips for use on hard surfaces and hardened metal tips for trails, the beach, snow and ice. Most poles are made from aluminium, carbon fiber, or composite materials. Special walking shoes are not required, although there are shoes being marketed as specifically designed for the sport, the cadences of the arms, legs and body are, rhythmically speaking, similar to those used in normal, vigorous, walking. The range of arm movement regulates the length of the stride, restricted arm movements will mean a natural restricted pelvic motion and stride length. The longer the pole thrust, the longer the stride and more powerful the swing of the pelvis, trekking pole Walking stick Media related to Nordic walking at Wikimedia Commons
Nordic walking
–
Nordic Walkers in England
Nordic walking
–
The handle of a walking pole
Nordic walking
–
Spike for offroad and rubber for asphalt
28.
Glove
–
A glove is a garment covering the whole hand. Gloves have separate sheaths or openings for each finger and the thumb, if there is an opening, fingerless gloves having one large opening rather than individual openings for each finger are sometimes called gauntlets, though gauntlets are not necessarily fingerless. Gloves which cover the entire hand or fist but do not have separate finger openings or sheaths are called mittens, Mittens are warmer than other styles of gloves made of the same material because fingers maintain their warmth better when they are in contact with each other. Reduced surface area reduces heat loss, a hybrid of glove and mitten contains open-ended sheaths for the four fingers and an additional compartment encapsulating the four fingers. This compartment can be lifted off the fingers and folded back to allow the individual fingers ease of movement and access while the hand remains covered. The usual design is for the cavity to be stitched onto the back of the fingerless glove only. These hybrids are called convertible mittens or glittens, a combination of glove, Gloves protect and comfort hands against cold or heat, damage by friction, abrasion or chemicals, and disease, or in turn to provide a guard for what a bare hand should not touch. Latex, nitrile rubber or vinyl gloves are often worn by health care professionals as hygiene. Police officers often wear them to work in crime scenes to prevent destroying evidence in the scene, many criminals wear gloves to avoid leaving fingerprints, which makes the crime investigation more difficult. However, the gloves themselves can leave prints that are just as unique as human fingerprints, after collecting glove prints, law enforcement can then match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence. In many jurisdictions the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an inchoate offense, fingerless gloves are useful where dexterity is required that gloves would restrict. Cigarette smokers and church organists often use fingerless gloves, some gloves include a gauntlet that extends partway up the arm. Cycling gloves for road racing or touring are usually fingerless, guitar players often use fingerless gloves in circumstances when weather is much too cold to play with an un-covered hand. Gloves are made of materials including cloth, knitted or felted wool, leather, rubber, latex, neoprene, Gloves of kevlar protect the wearer from cuts. Gloves and gauntlets are integral components of pressure suits and spacesuits such as the Apollo/Skylab A7L which went to the moon, spacesuit gloves combine toughness and environmental protection with a degree of sensitivity and flexibility. Gloves appear to be of great antiquity, according to some translations of Homers The Odyssey, Laërtes is described as wearing gloves while walking in his garden so as to avoid the brambles. Herodotus, in The History of Herodotus, tells how Leotychides was incriminated by a full of silver that he received as a bribe. There are occasional references to the use of gloves among the Romans as well, pliny the Younger, his uncles shorthand writer wore gloves in winter so as not to impede the elder Plinys work
Glove
–
Assorted gloves (a museum collection)
Glove
–
Minoan youths boxing,
Knossos fresco. One of the earliest documented use of gloves.
Glove
–
Portrait of Mme. Paulin wearing gloves,
Pierre Auguste Renoir
Glove
–
A disposable
nitrile rubber glove
29.
Protodeacon
–
Protodeacon derives from the Greek proto- meaning first and diakonos, which is a standard ancient Greek word meaning assistant, servant, or waiting-man. The word in English may refer to any of various clergy, Protodeacon is an honorific rank given to certain married deacons in Eastern Christian churches. In the Russian Orthodox Church it is a title given to married deacons, as a mark of which. The senior deacon of a cathedral or principal church may be awarded the title of protodeacon, in the Greek usage, the chief deacon who is attached to the person of a bishop is called an archdeacon. In the Slavic usage a protodeacon or archdeacon wears a distinctive orarion, the title of protodeacon is an award, not a distinctive order of ministry, so while a man may be ordained a deacon, he is said to be elevated to the rank of protodeacon. This elevation may be awarded only by the deacons own ruling bishop, the rite of elevation is identical for both a protodeacon and an archdeacon, and is normally done during the Little Entrance of the Divine Liturgy. A protodeacon has precedence when serving with other deacons, regardless of the date of his own ordination to the diaconate, if several protodeacons serve at the same time, their order of precedence is determined by the date of their elevation. In the Roman rite, the senior Cardinal Deacon is the Cardinal Protodeacon of the Holy Roman Church and he has the privilege of announcing the new Popes election and name in the Habemus Papam announcement given from the central balcony at St. Peters Basilica in Vatican City State. In the past, during papal coronations, the Proto-Deacon also had the honor of bestowing the pallium on the new pope and crowning him with the papal tiara. However, in 1978 Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a papal inauguration ceremony. As a result, the Cardinal protodeacons privilege of crowning a new pope has effectively ceased, however, the Proto-Deacon still has the privilege of bestowing the pallium on a new pope at his papal inauguration. “Acting in the place of the Roman Pontiff, he also confers the pallium upon metropolitan bishops or gives the pallium to their proxies. ”The current Cardinal Proto-Deacon is Renato Martino
Protodeacon
–
Portrait of an Orthodox protodeacon wearing the distinctive burgundy
skufia, by
Ilya Repin, 1877 (
Tretyakov Gallery,
Moscow).
Protodeacon
–
Saint Peter
30.
Ilya Repin
–
Ilya Yefimovich Repin was a Russian realist painter. He was the most renowned Russian artist of the 19th century and he played a major role in bringing Russian art into the mainstream of European culture. His major works include Barge Haulers on the Volga, Religious Procession in Kursk Province, Repin was born in Chuguyev, in Kharkov Governorate, Ukraine into a family of military settlers. His father traded horses and his grandmother ran an inn and he entered military school to study surveying. In 1863 he went to St. Petersburg Art Academy to study painting but had to enter Ivan Kramskoi preparatory school first and he met fellow artist Ivan Kramskoi and the critic Vladimir Stasov during the 1860s, and his wife, Vera Shevtsova in 1872. In 1874–1876 he showed at the Salon in Paris and at the exhibitions of the Itinerants Society in Saint Petersburg and he was awarded the title of academician in 1876. In 1880 Repin travelled to Zaporozhia in Ukraine to gather material for the 1891 Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and his Religious Procession in Kursk Province was exhibited in 1883, and Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan in 1885. In 1892 he published the Letters on Art collection of essays and he taught at the Higher Art School attached to the Academy of Arts from 1894. In 1898 he purchased an estate, the Penates, in Kuokkala, in 1901 he was awarded the Legion of Honour. In 1911 he traveled with his common-law wife Natalia Nordman to the World Exhibition in Italy, in 1916 Repin worked on his book of reminiscences, Far and Near, with the assistance of Korney Chukovsky. He welcomed the Russian Revolution of 1917, celebrations were held in 1924 in Kuokkala to mark Repins 80th birthday, followed by an exhibition of his works in Moscow. In 1925 a jubilee exhibition of his works was held in the Russian Museum in Leningrad, Repin died in 1930 and was buried at the Penates. Repin was born in the town of Chuguyev, in the Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire and his father Yefim Vasilyevich Repin was a private in the Uhlan Regiment of the Imperial Russian Army. As a boy Ilya was educated at the school where his mother taught. From 1854 he attended a military Cantonist school and he did not have fond recollections of his childhood, mainly due to the military settlements his family lived in. In 1856 he became a student of Ivan Bunakov, an icon painter. In 1859–1863 he painted icons and wall-paintings by commission for the Society for the Encouragement of Artists, in 1864 he began attending the Imperial Academy of Arts, and met the painter Ivan Kramskoi. In 1869 he was awarded a gold medal for his painting Job
Ilya Repin
–
Self-portrait, 1878 (
State Russian Museum,
St. Petersburg).
Ilya Repin
–
Barge Haulers on the Volga, (1870–73)
Ilya Repin
–
Religious Procession in Kursk Province (1880–83)
Ilya Repin
–
Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan (1885)
31.
Tretyakov Gallery
–
The State Tretyakov Gallery is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world. In 1892, Tretyakov presented his famous collection of approximately 2,000 works to the Russian nation. The façade of the building was designed by the painter Viktor Vasnetsov in a peculiar Russian fairy-tale style. It was built in 1902–04 to the south from the Moscow Kremlin, during the 20th century, the gallery expanded to several neighboring buildings, including the 17th-century church of St. Nicholas in Tolmachi. In 1977 the Gallery kept a significant part of the George Costakis collection, Pavel Tretyakov started collecting art in the middle of 1850. The founding year of the Tretyakov Gallery is considered to be 1856, schilder and Skirmish with Finnish Smugglers by V. G. Kudyakov, although earlier, in 1854-1855, he had bought 11 graphic sheets and 9 pictures of old Dutch masters, in 1867 the Moscow City Gallery of Pavel and Sergei Tretyakov was opened. The Gallery’s collection consisted of 1,276 paintings,471 sculptures and 10 drawings of Russian artists, in August 1892 Tretyakov presented his art gallery to the city of Moscow as a gift. In the collection at time, there were 1,287 paintings and 518 graphic works of the Russian school,75 paintings and 8 drawings of European schools,15 sculptures. The official opening of the called the Moscow City Gallery of Pavel. The gallery was located in a mansion that the Tretykov family had purchased in 1851. As the Tretyakov collection of art grew, the part of the mansion filled with art and it became necessary to make additions to the mansion in order to store. Additions were made in 1873,1882,1885,1892 and 1902-1904, construction of the façade was managed by the architect A. M. In early 1913, the Moscow City Duma elected Igor Grabar as a trustee of the Tretyakov Gallery, on June 3,1918, the Tretyakov Gallery was declared owned by Russian Federated Soviet Republic and was named the State Tretyakov Gallery. Igor Grabar was again appointed director of the museum, with Grabar’s active participation in the same year, the State Museum Fund was created, which up until 1927 remained one of the most important sources of replenishment of the gallerys collection. In 1926 architect and academician A. V, shchusev became the director of the gallery. In the following year the gallery acquired the house on Maly Tolmachevsky Lane. After restructuring in 1928, it housed the administration, academic departments, library, manuscripts department
Tretyakov Gallery
–
State Tretyakov Gallery
Tretyakov Gallery
–
New Tretyakov Gallery on Krymsky Val.
Tretyakov Gallery
–
Ustyug Annunciation (c. 1120-1130)
Tretyakov Gallery
–
Theotokos of Vladimir (c. 1130)
32.
Staff of office
–
A staff of office is a staff, the carrying of which often denotes an officials position, a social rank or a degree of social prestige. Apart from the ecclesiastical and ceremonial usages mentioned below, there are less formal usages, a gold- or silver-topped cane can express social standing. Orchestral conductors have in their batons symbols of authority as well as tools of their trade, Church sidesmen bear sticks or rods or wands of office, bishops may use a crozier or crook. In the Eastern Orthodox Church and some of the Oriental Orthodox Churches an ecclesiastical walking stick is used by bishops, archimandrites and it is usually made of dark wood and is straight, rather than having a curved handle. The walking stick used by bishops and archimandrites is normally adorned with a grip at the top. The walking stick used by a hegumen or hegumenia is normally of plain wood, unadorned. The walking stick is not used in any context, except to the extent that when a bishop is formally received at the beginning of the service. An altar server will usually take it from him when he enters the narthex, monarchs often have a sceptre signifying their office. There are also offices which take their titles from their staff, such as Black Rod, White Rod and the Tipstaff
Staff of office
–
Orthodox
protodeacon holding a walking stick. Portrait by
Ilya Repin, 1877 (
Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow).
33.
Sunnah
–
Sunnah is the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, as well as various reports about Muhammads companions. The Quran and the Sunnah make up the two sources of Islamic theology and law. The Sunnah is also defined as a path, a way, in the pre-Islamic period, the word sunnah was used with the meaning manner of acting, whether good or bad. During the early Islamic period, the term came to refer to any good precedent set by people of the past, the sunnah of Muhammad includes his specific words, habits, practices, and silent approvals. Instituting these practices was, as the Quran states, a part of Muhammads responsibility as a messenger of God, recording the sunnah was an Arabian tradition and, once people converted to Islam, they brought this custom to their religion. The word Sunnah is also used to refer to religious duties that are optional, Sunnah is an Arabic word that means habit or usual practice. Sunni Muslims are also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wal-Jamāah or Ahl as-Sunnah for short, some early Sunnî Muslim scholars reportedly used the term the Sunnah narrowly to refer to Sunnî Doctrine as opposed to the creeds of Shia and other non-Sunni sects. According to Fazlur Rhaman, Sunnah is a behavior concept and this concept could be applied on mental and physical acts, in other words, sunnah counted as a law of behavior. This behavior belongs to conscious agents who can possess their acts, besides, sunnah counted as normative moral law. Sunnah also means the practice which gains the status of normative. A similar in that We have sent among you a Messenger of your own, rehearsing to you Our Signs, and sanctifying you, and instructing you in Scripture and Wisdom, and in new knowledge. Ye have indeed in the Messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern for any one whose hope is in Allah and the Final Day, the teachings of wisdom have been declared to be a function of Muhammad along with the teachings of the scripture. Several Quranic verses mention wisdom coupled with scripture or the book, surah 4, ayah 113 states, For Allah hath sent down to thee the Book and wisdom and taught thee what thou Knewest not, And great is the Grace of Allah unto thee. Surah 2, ayah 231. but remember Allahs grace upon you, surah 33, ayah 34, And bear in mind which is recited in your houses of the revelations of God and of wisdom. Therefore, along with divine revelation the sunnah was directly taught by God, modern Sunni scholars are beginning to examine both the sira and the hadith in order to justify modifications to jurisprudence. The sunnah, in one form or another, would retain its role in providing a moral example. For Muslims the imitation of Muhammad helps one to know and be loved by God, and We have also sent down unto you the reminder and the advice, that you may explain clearly to men what is sent down to them, and that they may give thought. And We have not sent down the Book to you, except that you may explain clearly unto them those things in which they differ, and a guidance and a mercy for a folk who believe
Sunnah
34.
Imam
–
Imam is the name of an Islamic leadership position. It is most commonly used as the title of a leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, serve as community leaders, the Sunni branch of Islam does not have imams in the same sense as the Shia, an important distinction often overlooked by those outside of the Islamic faith. Friday sermon is most often given by an appointed imam, all mosques have an imam to lead the prayers, even though it may sometimes just be a member from the gathered congregation rather than an officially appointed salaried person. Women imams may only lead amongst female-only congregations, the person that should be chosen, according to Hadith, is one who has most knowledge of the Quran and Sunnah and is of good character, the age being irrelevant. The term is used for a recognized religious scholar or authority in Islam, often for the founding scholars of the four Sunni madhhabs. It may also refer to the Muslim scholars who created the analytical sciences related to Hadith or it may refer to the heads of the Prophet Muhammads family in their generational times, Imams have a meaning more central to belief, referring to leaders of the community. Twelver and Ismaili Shia believe that these imams are chosen by God to be perfect examples for the faithful and they also believe that all the imams chosen are free from committing any sin, impeccability which is called ismah. These leaders must be followed since they are appointed by God, here follows a list of the Twelvers imams, Fatimah, also Fatimah al-Zahraa, daughter of Muhammed, is also considered infallible but not an Imam. Shia believe that the last Imam will one day return, see Imamah and List of Ismaili imams for Ismaili imams. At times, imams have held both secular and religious authority and this was the case in Oman among the Kharijite or Ibadi sects. At times, the imams were elected, at other times the position was inherited, as with the Yaruba dynasty from 1624 and 1742. The Imamate of Futa Jallon was a Fulani state in West Africa where secular power alternated between two lines of hereditary Imams, or almami, in the Zaidi Shiite sect, imams were secular as well as spiritual leaders who held power in Yemen for more than a thousand years. In 897, a Zaidi ruler, al-Hadi ilal-Haqq Yahya, founded a line of such imams, ruhollah Khomeini and his successor Ali Khamenei are officially referred to as Imams in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Several Iranian places and institutions are named Imam Khomeini, including a city, an airport, a hospital. Women as imams Mufti Encyclopædia Britannica Online, center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world, vol.1, encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Translated by Sherrard, Liadain, Sherrard, Philip, london, Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies
Imam
–
An imam leading prayers in
Cairo,
Egypt, in 1865.
Imam
–
An Imam reads verses from the
Quran after
Isha' (night prayers) in the
Mughal Empire.
Imam
–
Discourse between
Islamic Imams in the
Mughal Empire.
Imam
–
Crimean Tatar Imam's teach the
Quran Lithograph by
Carlo Bossoli.
35.
Friday sermon
–
Jumuah, is a congregational prayer that Muslims hold every Friday, just after noon instead of the Zuhr prayer. Muslims pray ordinarily five times each day according to the suns sky path regardless of time zones and it is mentioned in the Quran, O ye who believe. When the call is proclaimed to prayer on Friday, hasten earnestly to the Remembrance of Allah, and leave off business, That is best for you if ye but knew. And when the Prayer is finished, then may ye disperse through the land, and seek of the Bounty of Allah, and celebrate the Praises of Allah often, that ye may prosper. Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj an-Naysaburi relates that the Islamic prophet Muhammad used to read Surah 87 and Surah 88, in Eid Prayers, if one of the festivals fell on a Friday, Muhammad would have made sure to read these two Surahs in the prayers. Muhammad is quoted as saying “The best day the sun rises over is Friday, on it Allah created Adam. On it, he was made to enter paradise, on it he was expelled from it, further, Muhammed said “Any Muslim who dies during the day or night of Friday will be protected by Allah from the trial of the grave. ”. The jumuʿah prayer is half the ẓuhr prayer, for convenience, preceded by a khuṭbah, in most cases the khaṭīb also serves as the imam. Attendance is strictly incumbent upon all adult males who are residents of the locality. The muezzin makes the call to prayer, called the adhan, when the khaṭīb takes his place on the minbar, a second adhan is made. The khaṭīb is supposed to deliver two sermons, stopping and sitting briefly between them, in practice, the first sermon is longer and contains most of the content. The second sermon is very brief and concludes with a dua and this signals the start of the main two rakat prayer of Jumuah. Friday prayers consists of 2 Rakats like Fajr prayers, the difference between these two prayers is that Namaz-e-Jumuah has two sermons before it. Namaz-e-Jumuah is Wajib Takhyiri, which means that we have an option to offer Jumuah prayers, if its necessary conditions are fulfilled, hence, if Namaz-e-Jumuah is offered then it is not necessary to offer Zuhr prayer. If the distance between the two mosques is one Farsakh or more, the prayers are in order, Friday prayer is Wajib Takhyiri, which means that we have an option to offer Jumuah prayers, if its necessary conditions are met or to offer Zuhr prayers. Hence, if Namaz-e-Jumuah is offered, it is not necessary to offer Zuhr prayer and it is also recommended by Shiite Scholars to attend Jumuah as it will become Wajib after the appearance of Imam al-Mahdi and Jesus Christ. Historically, Shiite clergy discouraged Shiites from attending Friday prayers, according to them, communal Friday prayers with a sermon were wrong and had lapsed until the return of their 12th Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. However, among others, Shiite modernist Muhammad ibn Muhammad Mahdi al-Khalisi demanded that Shiites should more carefully observe Friday prayers in a step to bridge the gap with Sunnis
Friday sermon
–
Jumu'ah at a university in
Malaysia
Friday sermon
–
Jumu'ah prayer in
Pristina
Friday sermon
36.
Ash tree
–
Fraxinus /ˈfræksᵻnəs/, English name ash, is a genus of flowering plants in the olive and lilac family, Oleaceae. It contains 45–65 species of medium to large trees, mostly deciduous though a few subtropical species are evergreen. The genus is widespread across much of Europe, Asia and North America, the trees common English name, ash, traces back to the Old English æsc, while the generic name originated in Latin. Both words also mean spear in their respective languages, the leaves are opposite, and mostly pinnately compound, simple in a few species. The seeds, popularly known as keys or helicopter seeds, are a type of known as a samara. Rowans or mountain ashes have leaves and buds superficially similar to those of true ashes, species are organized according to phylogenetic analysis. – California ash or two-petal ash Fraxinus anomala Torr, ex S. Watson – singleleaf ash Fraxinus quadrangulata Michx. – blue ash Fraxinus lowellii – Lowell ash Fraxinus trifoliata Section Melioides sensu lato Fraxinus chiisanensis Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. – fragrant ash Fraxinus platypoda Fraxinus spaethiana Lingelsh, – Späths ash Section Melioides sensu stricto Fraxinus uhdei Lingelsh. – Shamel ash or tropical ash Fraxinus latifolia Benth, – Oregon ash Fraxinus papillosa Lingelsh. – Chihuahua ash Fraxinus americana L. – white ash or American ash Fraxinus profunda Bush – pumpkin ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – green ash Fraxinus velutina Torr, – velvet ash or Arizona ash Fraxinus berlandieriana DC. – Mexican ash Fraxinus caroliniana Mill, – Carolina ash Fraxinus texensis Sarg. – Texas ash Section Pauciflorae Fraxinus greggii A. ex DC, – Afghan ash Fraxinus dimorpha Section Fraxinus Fraxinus nigra Marshall – black ash Fraxinus mandschurica Rupr. – Manchurian ash Fraxinus holotricha Koehne Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl – narrow-leafed ash Fraxinus angustifolia subsp, oxycarpa – Caucasian ash Claret ash or raywood ash Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. – European ash Fraxinus pallisiae Wilmott – Pallis ash Fraxinus sogdiana Bge Section Ornus Fraxinus griffithii C. B. Clarke – Griffiths ash Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh, – Chinese ash or Korean ash Fraxinus japonica – Japanese ash Fraxinus longicuspis Fraxinus floribunda Wall. – Himalayan manna ash Fraxinus ornus L. – manna ash or flowering ash Fraxinus bungeana DC, – Bunges ash Fraxinus paxiana Lingelsh. The emerald ash borer is a wood-boring beetle accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia via solid wood packing material in the late 1980s to early 1990s and it has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. It threatens some seven billion ash trees in North America, the public is being cautioned not to transport unfinished wood products, such as firewood, to slow the spread of this insect pest. The disease has infected about 90% of Denmarks ash trees, in 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe
Ash tree
–
Fraxinus
Ash tree
–
European Ash in flower
Ash tree
–
Narrow-leafed Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia) shoot with leaves
Ash tree
–
Closeup of European ash seeds
37.
Shillelagh (club)
–
Shillelaghs are traditionally made from blackthorn wood or oak. Wood from the root was prized as it was prone to cracking during use. The wood would be smeared with butter or lard, and placed up a chimney to cure, giving the shillelagh its typical black shiny appearance. Shillelaghs may be hollowed at the hitting end and filled with molten lead to increase the weight beyond the typical two pounds, this sort of shillelagh is known as a loaded stick. They are commonly the length of a walking stick, most also have a heavy knob for a handle which can be used for striking as well as parrying and disarming an opponent. Many shillelaghs also have an attached, similar to commercially made walking sticks. The shillelagh was originally used for settling disputes in a gentlemanly manner — like a duel with pistols or swords, modern practitioners of bataireacht study the use of the shillelagh for self-defense and as a martial art. Of the practice, researcher J. W. Hurley writes, Methods of shillelagh fighting have evolved over a period of thousands of years, from the spear, staff, axe and sword fighting of the Irish. By the 19th century Irish shillelagh-fighting had evolved into a practice which involved the use of three types of weapons, sticks which were long, medium or short in length. In modern usage, the shillelagh is recognised as a symbol of Irishness, for example, the NCOs of the Fighting 69th regiment of the United States Army National Guard carry shillelaghs as rank badges in parades. The Boston Celtics logo has a leprechaun leaning on his shillelagh, in San Diego, Padres broadcaster Mark Grant popularised the shillelagh as a rally call, by using terms like Shillelagh Power to describe late game heroics by the Padres. Similarly, in football, a Jeweled Shillelagh is the trophy given to the winner of the rivalry game between the USC Trojans and Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Professional wrestler Finlay carried a shillelagh to the ring as an illegal weapon, the MGM-51 Shillelagh anti-tank missile was named after the club. Officers of the Irish Guards and Royal Irish Regiment carry Blackthorn sticks, as did past Irish Regiments of the British Army, such as the 6th Dragoons and Fusiliers
Shillelagh (club)
–
Assorted shillelaghs.
Shillelagh (club)
–
The Jeweled Shillelagh
38.
Blackthorn
–
Prunus spinosa is a species of Prunus native to Europe, western Asia, and locally in northwest Africa. It is also naturalised in New Zealand and eastern North America. The specific name spinosa is a Latin term indicating the pointed, the common name blackthorn is due to the thorny nature of the shrub, and its very dark bark. The word commonly used for the fruit, sloe comes from Old English slāh, the names related to sloe come from the Common Germanic root *slaiχwōn. West Slavic / Polish śliwa, plum of any species, including sloe śliwa tarnina—root present in other Slavic languages, the expression sloe-eyed for a person with dark eyes comes from the fruit, and is first attested in A. J. Wilsons 1867 novel Vashti. Prunus spinosa is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5 metres tall, with blackish bark and dense, stiff. The leaves are oval, 2–4.5 centimetres long and 1. 2–2 centimetres broad, the flowers are 1.5 centimetres diameter, with five creamy-white petals, they are produced shortly before the leaves in early spring, and are hermaphroditic and insect-pollinated. Sloes are thin-fleshed, with a strongly astringent flavour when fresh. Prunus spinosa is frequently confused with the related P. cerasifera and they can be distinguished by flower colour, creamy white in P. spinosa, pure white in P. cerasifera. Prunus spinosa has a set of chromosomes. Dead blackthorn wood provides food for the caterpillars of the concealer moth Esperia oliviella, the pocket plum gall of the fruit caused by the fungus Taphrina pruni produces an elongated and flattened gall, devoid of a stone. The shrub, with its savage thorns, is used in Britain. The fruit is similar to a small damson or plum, suitable for preserves and this effect can be reproduced by freezing harvested sloes. The juice is used in the manufacture of spurious port wine, in rural Britain, so-called sloe gin is made from the fruit, though this is not a true gin, but an infusion of gin with the fruit and sugar to produce a liqueur. In Navarre, Spain, a liqueur called pacharán is made with sloes. In France a similar liqueur called épine or épinette or troussepinette is made from the shoots in spring. In Italy, the infusion of spirit with the fruits and sugar produces a liqueur called bargnolino - as well as in France where it is called prunelle or veine dépine noire, wine made from fermented sloes is made in Britain, and in Germany and other central European countries. Sloes can also be made into jam and, used in fruit pies, the juice of the fruits dyes linen a reddish colour that washes out to a durable pale blue
Blackthorn
–
Prunus spinosa
Blackthorn
–
Sloe (Prunus spinosa) flower, fruit, seed and leaves as illustrated by Otto Wilhelm Thomé (1885).
Blackthorn
–
Plant in flower in early spring
Blackthorn
–
Pocket Plum gall on Blackthorn, caused by the fungus
Taphrina pruni
39.
Aralia spinosa
–
Aralia spinosa, commonly known as Devils Walkingstick, is a woody species of plants in the genus Aralia, family Araliaceae, native to eastern North America. The various names refer to the sharp, spiny stems, petioles. It has also known as Angelica-tree. This species is sometimes called Hercules Club, Prickly Ash, or Prickly Elder, for this reason, Aralia spinosa is sometimes confused with that species and mistakenly called the Toothache Tree, but it does not have the medicinal properties of Zanthoxylum clava-herculis. Aralia spinosa is cultivated for its exotic, tropical appearance. It is closely related to the Asian species Aralia elata, a commonly cultivated species with which it is easily confused. Aralia spinosa is a spiny deciduous shrub or small tree growing 2–8 m tall. The trunks are up to 15–20 cm in diameter, with the plants umbrella-like in habit with open crowns, the young stems are stout and thickly covered with sharp spines. The plants generally grow in clusters of branchless trunks, although stout wide-spreading branches are occasionally produced, the flowers are creamy-white, individually small but produced in large composite panicles 30–60 cm long, flowering is in the late summer. The fruit is a purplish-black berry 6–8 mm in diameter, ripening in the fall, the roots are thick and fleshy. The doubly or triply compound leaves are the largest of any tree in the continental United States, often about a meter long and 60 cm wide. The petioles are prickly, with swollen bases, in the autumn the leaves turn to a peculiar bronze red touched with yellow which makes the tree conspicuous and attractive. The habit of growth and general appearance of Aralia spinosa and related tree-forming Aralia species are unique, in the south it is said to reach the height of 15 m, still retaining its palm-like aspect. However, further north, the slender, swaying, palm-like appearance is most characteristic of plants that have not been damaged by winter storms. Bark, Light brown, divided into rounded broken ridges, branchlets one-half to two-thirds of an inch in diameter, armed with stout, straight or curved, scattered prickles and nearly encircled by narrow leaf scars. At first light yellow brown, shining and dotted, later light brown, wood, Brown with yellow streaks, light, soft, brittle, close-grained. Winter buds, Terminal bud chestnut brown, one-half to three-fourths of a long, conical, blunt, axillary buds flattened, triangular. Leaves, Clustered at the end of the branches, compound, bi- and tri-pinnate, the pinnae are unequally pinnate, having five or six pairs of leaflets and a long stalked terminal leaflet, these leaflets are often themselves pinnate
Aralia spinosa
–
Aralia spinosa
Aralia spinosa
–
The trunk, showing the bark, leaf scars, and spines.
40.
The Hound of the Baskervilles
–
The Hound of the Baskervilles is the third of the crime novels written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring the detective Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes and his companion Dr. Watson investigate the case and this was the first appearance of Holmes since his apparent death in The Final Problem, and the success of The Hound of the Baskervilles led to the characters eventual revival. In 2003, the book was listed as number 128 of 200 on the BBCs The Big Read poll of the UKs best-loved novel, in 1999, it was listed as the top Holmes novel, with a perfect rating from Sherlockian scholars of 100. Dr James Mortimer asks Sherlock Holmes to investigate the death of his friend, Sir Charles believed in the curse and was apparently fleeing from something in fright when he died. Intrigued, Holmes meets with Sir Henry, newly arrived from Canada, Sir Henry has received an anonymous note, cut and pasted from newsprint, warning him away from the Baskerville moors, and one of his new boots is inexplicably missing from his London hotel room. Sir Henry plans to move into Baskerville Hall, despite the warning message. Holmes and Dr Watson follow him from Holmess Baker Street apartment back to his hotel and notice a man following him in a cab, they pursue the man. Mortimer tells them that Mr Barrymore, the butler at Baskerville Hall, has a beard like the one on the stranger, Sir Henrys boot reappears, but an older one vanishes. Upon arrival at the grand but austere Baskerville estate, Watson, Barrymore and his wife, who also works at Baskerville Hall, wish to leave the estate soon. Watson hears a woman crying in the night, it is obvious to him that it was Mrs Barrymore, Watson has no proof that Barrymore was in Devon on the day of the chase in London. He meets a brother and sister who live nearby, Mr Stapleton, a naturalist, when an animalistic sound is heard, Stapleton is quick to dismiss it as unrelated to the legendary hound. When her brother is out of earshot, Mrs Stapleton mistakes Watson for Sir Henry and she and Sir Henry later meet and quickly fall in love, arousing Stapletons anger, he later apologises and invites Sir Henry to dine with him a few days later. Barrymore arouses further suspicion when Watson and Sir Henry catch him at night with a candle in an empty room, Barrymore refuses to answer their questions, but Mrs. Barrymore confesses that Selden is her brother, and her husband is signalling that they have left supplies for him. Watson and Sir Henry pursue Selden on the moor, but he eludes them, after an agreement is reached to allow Selden to flee the country, Barrymore reveals the contents of an incompletely burnt letter asking Sir Charles to be at the gate at the time of his death. Watson tracks the man he saw in the area and discovers it to be Holmes. Holmes reveals further information, Stapleton is actually married to the supposed Miss Stapleton and they hear a scream and discover the body of Selden, dead from a fall. They initially mistake him for Sir Henry, whose old clothes he was wearing, at Baskerville Hall, Holmes notices a resemblance between Stapleton and a portrait of Hugo Baskerville. He realises that Stapleton could be an unknown Baskerville family member, accompanied by Inspector Lestrade, whom Holmes has summoned, Holmes and Watson travel to the Stapleton home, where Sir Henry is dining
The Hound of the Baskervilles
–
Cover of the 1st edition
The Hound of the Baskervilles
–
Sherlock Holmes examining Dr. Mortimer's walking stick
The Hound of the Baskervilles
–
Sir Henry Baskerville
41.
Silver Blaze
–
The Adventure of Silver Blaze, one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of 12 in the cycle collected as The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes. Doyle ranked Silver Blaze 13th in a list of his 19 favourite Sherlock Holmes stories. One of the most popular Sherlock Holmes short stories, Silver Blaze focuses on the disappearance of the race horse on the eve of an important race. The tale is distinguished by its atmospheric Dartmoor setting and late-Victorian sporting milieu, Holmes, To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time. Gregory, The dog did nothing in the night-time, Holmes, That was the curious incident. Sherlock Holmes and his friend Dr. Watson travel by train to Dartmoor to investigate a crime of disappearance of the race horse Silver Blaze. Holmes and Watson arrive at Kings Pyland, from which Silver Blaze is missing, fitzroy Simpson has come to Dartmoor to gather information relating to his professional activities. However, to Holmes, from the outset, there seem to be a number of facts that do not fit the case against Simpson. It seems odd, for instance, that he would lead the horse out on to the moor simply to injure or kill him and that could be done right in his stall. He could not have stolen the animal, what good would such a famous thoroughbred be to him. Why has a search of the neighbourhood not turned up Silver Blaze. What has Simpson done with him, Sherlock Holmes soon tracks down Silver Blaze, literally, his tracks are clearly visible in the soil, albeit intermittently. Holmes also deduces why the police could not find the horse, Holmes ensures Silver Blazes safety, and turns his mind to other aspects of the case. John Straker, Silver Blazes late trainer, has killed by a blow to the skull, assumed to have been administered by Simpson with his Penang lawyer. Simpsons cravat is also found in Strakers hand, and the coat is found draped over a furze bush. A knife is found at the crime scene—a peculiarly delicate-looking one, one of the stable lads, Ned Hunter, was on guard duty the night of the crime, but he proves to have been drugged with powdered opium placed in his supper. No one else who ate the curried mutton made at the Strakers house that evening suffered any ill effects, Strakers pockets contained two interesting items, a tallow candle and a milliners bill for a 22-guinea dress, made out to one William Derbyshire. There is the incident with the dog, and a problem with the sheep kept at the stable
Silver Blaze
–
1892 illustration by Sidney Paget
Silver Blaze
–
Holmes being confronted by Silas Brown
42.
Makila
–
For people surnamed Mäkilä, see Mäkilä. The makila is a traditional Basque walking stick, and is notable as both a tool and a cultural symbol of authority and strength. “Makila” in Euskara literally can mean “stick, ” “walking cane, ” “rod, ” “club, ” or “mace. ”The word is derived from the Latin bacillum. Makila itself carries certain connotations, for instance in the form, makilatu, meaning “to bludgeon, ” or the derived makila-ukaldi. The makila walking stick consists of an engraved medlar wood shaft cut to a length to suit its owner, the bottom is often shod with steel or other metal and ends in a ferrule. The handle is often covered with metal or woven leather to form a hand-grip. The stick is capped with a knob or pommel, made of horn, steel. The top portion consisting of the knob and hand-grip can be pulled off the top of the stick, revealing a hidden spike or blade, the pommels shape is said to resemble the beret worn by the basque shepherd. Some makila are created for ceremonial purposes, often presented as gifts or awards to individuals and they are decorated with elaborate engravings and their metal parts are made of silver or gold. These are often 1.2 m long rather than a custom length, the design of the makila is centuries old, and remains largely unchanged. There is little known on its exact origin, but it may possibly be related to medieval times. The manufacturing process is as rooted in tradition as the finished product and it begins in spring, with the craftsman selecting a suitable branch from a medlar tree and carving a design into the living wood while it is still attached. The branch is left alone until late fall, during which the wood heals, the craftsman must then return to where he found the tree and cut the branch down. The bark is stripped off and the shaft is straightened out using careful heating in a kiln. After this, the stick must be dried by being stored for several years, once this has happened, the wood is stained using a secret method, and then fitted with the various metal bands and fittings. The craftsman will sign his work with his family symbol or name, the makila is a practical walking stick and a weapon for self-defense. They were carried by shepherds to guide their flocks as well as defend against wolves. They are carried by hunters and hikers in the Basque country as walking aids, the makila can be swung by the handle for fast, light strikes or used the opposite way to strike with the pommel as an effective bludgeon
Makila
–
A Makila, with a horn pommel, woven leather grip and
nickel silver fittings
Makila
–
Decorative shoe and ferrule for traction at the base
Makila
–
The makila's deadly secret: A hidden steel spike
43.
Basque people
–
The Basques are an indigenous ethnic group characterised by the Basque language, a common Basque culture and shared ancestry to the ancient Vascones and Aquitanians. The Basques are known as, Euskaldunak in Basque Vasco in Spanish Basque in French, the English word Basque may be pronounced /bɑːsk/ or /bæsk/ and derives from the French Basque, which is derived from Gascon Basco, cognate with Spanish Vasco. These, in turn, come from Latin Vasco, plural Vascones, several coins from the 2nd and 1st centuries BC found in the Basque Country bear the inscription barscunes. The place where they were minted is not certain, but is thought to be somewhere near Pamplona, in Basque, the people call themselves the euskaldunak, singular euskaldun, formed from euskal- and -dun, euskaldun literally means a Basque speaker. Therefore, the neologism euskotar, plural euskotarrak, was coined in the 19th century to mean a culturally Basque person, alfonso Irigoyen posits that the word euskara is derived from an ancient Basque verb enautsi to say and the suffix -ara. Thus euskara would literally mean way of saying, way of speaking, one item of evidence in favour of this hypothesis is found in the Spanish book Compendio Historial, written in 1571 by the Basque writer Esteban de Garibay. He records the name of the Basque language as enusquera and it may, however, be a writing mistake. In the 19th century, the Basque nationalist activist Sabino Arana posited an original root euzko which, he thought, on the basis of this putative root, Arana proposed the name Euzkadi for an independent Basque nation, composed of seven Basque historical territories. Aranas neologism Euzkadi is still used in both Basque and Spanish, since it is now the official name of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. Since the Basque language is unrelated to Indo-European, it has long thought to represent the people or culture that occupied Europe before the spread of Indo-European languages there. A comprehensive analysis of Basque genetic patterns has shown that Basque genetic uniqueness predates the arrival of agriculture in the Iberian Peninsula and it is thought that Basques are a remnant of the early inhabitants of Western Europe, specifically those of the Franco-Cantabrian region. Basque tribes were mentioned in Roman times by Strabo and Pliny, including the Vascones, the Aquitani. There is enough evidence to support the hypothesis that at that time, castile deprived Navarre of its coastline by conquering key western territories, leaving the kingdom landlocked. The Basques were ravaged by the War of the Bands, bitter partisan wars between local ruling families, weakened by the Navarrese civil war, the bulk of the realm eventually fell before the onslaught of the Spanish armies. However, the Navarrese territory north of the Pyrenees remained beyond the reach of an increasingly powerful Spain, Lower Navarre became a province of France in 1620. Nevertheless, the Basques enjoyed a deal of self-government until the French Revolution and the Carlist Wars. On either side of the Pyrenees, the Basques lost their native institutions, labourd, Lower Navarre, and Soule were integrated into the French department system, with Basque efforts to establish a region-specific political-administrative entity failing to take off to date. The corresponding Basque names of these territories are Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, the BAC only includes three of the seven provinces of the currently called historical territories
Basque people
–
1st row:
Sancho III,
Elcano,
Ignatius Loyola,
Francis Xavier,
Lope de Aguirre,
Fausto Elhuyar 2nd row:
Zumalacárregui,
D'Abbadie,
Gayarre,
Sarasate,
Pío Baroja,
Balenciaga 3rd row:
Oteiza,
Cenarrusa,
Chillida,
Ibárruri,
Garamendi,
Atxaga
Basque people
–
Basque women in
Bayonne
Basque people
–
Monument to the
Charters in Pamplona (1903)
Basque people
–
Ulgor, earliest nucleus of the cooperative movement and
MCC in Mondragon (1956)
44.
Medlar
–
Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar or common medlar, is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of this tree. The fruit has been cultivated since Roman times, and is unusual in being available in winter and it is eaten raw and in a range of dishes. When the genus Mespilus is included in the genus Crataegus, the name for this species is Crataegus germanica Kuntze. Despite its Latin name, which means German or Germanic medlar, it is indigenous to southwest Asia and also southeastern Europe, especially the Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria and it may have been cultivated for as long as 3,000 years. The ancient Greek geographer Strabo refers to a μέσπιλον in Geographica, book 16, until recently, Mespilus germanica was the only known species of medlar. However, in 1990, a new species was discovered in North America, Mespilus germanica requires warm summers and mild winters and prefers sunny, dry locations and slightly acidic soil. Under ideal circumstances, the plant grows up to 8 metres tall. Generally, it is shorter and more shrub-like than tree-like, with a lifespan of 30–50 years, the medlar tree is rather short-lived. Its bark is brown with deep vertical cracks forming rectangular plates that tend to lift off. The leaves are green and elliptic, 8–15 centimetres long. The leaves are densely hairy below, and turn red in autumn before falling and it is found across Southern Europe where it is generally rare. It is reported to be naturalized in some woods in Southeast England, the flowers have five broadly ovate white petals. The flowers appear in spring, are hermaphrodite, pollinated by bees. The flower is 6 centimetres wide, the reddish-brown fruit is a pome, 2–3 centimetres diameter, with wide-spreading persistent sepals around a central pit, giving a hollow appearance to the fruit. The medlar was introduced to Greece around 700 BC, and to Rome about 200 BC and it was an important fruit plant during Roman and medieval times. By the 17th and 18th centuries, however, it had been superseded by other fruits, M. germanica pomes are one of the few fruits that become edible in winter, making it an important tree for gardeners who wish to have fruit available all year round. M. germanica plants can be grafted on to the rootstock of another species, for example the pear, quince, or hawthorn, to improve their performance in different soils. Mespilus germanica fruits are hard and acidic, but become edible after being softened, bletted, by frost, once softening begins, the skin rapidly takes on a wrinkled texture and turns dark brown, and the inside reduces to the consistency and flavour reminiscent of apple sauce
Medlar
–
Mespilus germanica
Medlar
–
The flower has long sepals that remain on the fruit
Medlar
–
Bletting begins on one side of the fruit. Bletted flesh is brown; ripe but unbletted flesh is white.
Medlar
–
The
pome fruit with an open pit and long
sepals
45.
Riding crop
–
A crop, sometimes called a riding crop or hunting crop, is a short type of whip without a lash, used in horse riding, part of the family of tools known as horse whips. A modern crop usually consists of a shaft of fiberglass or cane which is covered in leather, fabric. The rod of a crop thickens at one end to form a handle, the thin end is intended to make contact with the horse, whilst the keeper prevents the horses skin from being marked. The handle may have a loop of leather to help secure the grip or a mushroom on the end to prevent it from slipping through the riders hand. The length of a crop is designed to allow enough leverage for it to be accelerated rapidly with a flick of the wrist without causing the rider balancing problems. Thus, a crop is relatively short. The term whip is a common term that includes both riding crops as well as longer types of horse whips used for both riding and ground work. A whip is a slower than a crop, mostly due to having slightly greater length. However, care must be not to desensitize the animal to the stimulus. Dressage whip is a whip, longer than a crop. Weapon Crops can be carried as a weapon, in the Sherlock Holmes series of novels and short stories, Holmes is occasionally said to carry one as his favourite weapon. Specifically, it is a hunting crop. Such crops were sold at one time, loading refers to the practice of filling the shaft and head with a heavy metal to provide some heft. Fetishism Crops may sometimes be employed by sado-masochistic tops as an implement to tame their sexual partner, art deco sculptor Bruno Zach produced perhaps his best known sculpture—called The Riding Crop —which features a scantily clad dominatrix wielding a crop
Riding crop
–
a 30" (75cm) riding crop, with dollar bill to show scale
Riding crop
–
The difference between a crop and a whip. The top implement is a dressage whip, the bottom is a hunt seat riding crop.
Riding crop
–
Saddles, component parts and accessories
46.
Charlie Chaplin
–
Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19, he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the figures in the world. In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times
Charlie Chaplin
–
Publicity portrait,
circa 1920
Charlie Chaplin
–
Seven-year-old Chaplin (centre) at the
Central London District School for
paupers, 1897.
Charlie Chaplin
–
A teenage Chaplin in the play
Sherlock Holmes, which he appeared in between 1903 and 1906
Charlie Chaplin
–
Advertisement from Chaplin's American tour with the
Fred Karno comedy company, 1913
47.
The Tramp
–
The Tramp, also known as The Little Tramp, was British actor Charlie Chaplins most memorable on-screen character and an icon in world cinema during the era of silent film. However, while he is ready to take what paying work is available, he uses his cunning to get what he needs to survive. Chaplins films did not always portray the Tramp as a vagrant, the character was rarely referred to by any names onscreen, although he was sometimes identified as Charlie and rarely, as in the original silent version of The Gold Rush, The Little funny Tramp. That was actually the first film featuring the Tramp but a different film, shot later but with the same character, the Tramp debuted to the public in the Keystone comedy Kid Auto Races at Venice. Chaplin, with his Little Tramp character, quickly became the most popular star in Keystone director Mack Sennetts company of players, Chaplin continued to play the Tramp through dozens of short films and, later, feature-length productions. The 1931 production City Lights featured no dialogue, Chaplin officially retired the character in the film Modern Times, which appropriately ended with the Tramp walking down an endless highway toward the horizon. The film was only a partial talkie and is called the last silent film. The Tramp remains silent until near the end of the film when, for the first time, his voice is finally heard and this allowed the Tramp to finally be given a voice but not tarnish his association with the silent era. In The Great Dictator, Chaplins first film after Modern Times, Chaplin plays the role of a Hitler-esque dictator. Although Chaplin emphatically stated that the barber was not The Tramp, he retains the Tramps moustache, hat, two films Chaplin made in 1915, The Tramp and The Bank, created the characteristics of his screen persona. A vaudeville performer named Lew Bloom created a similar character which inspired Chaplin. According to Bloom, he was the first stage tramp in the business. The physical attributes of the Tramp include a pair of pants, a tight coat, a small bowler hat, a large pair of shoes, a springy and flexible cane. The Tramp walks strangely and uncomfortably because of the clothing, either he is wearing secondhand clothes, or they are originally his. The Tramp was usually the victim of circumstance and coincidence, because of this, the warden offers to let him go, but the Tramp would rather stay in jail because it is better than the outside world. Chaplins social commentary, while critical of the faults and excesses created by the capitalist system, also shows support and belief in the “American Dream”. In Modern Times, Chaplin creates a consistent with popular leftist stereotypes of wealthy capitalists and oppressed workers in the 1930s. ”While the Tramp and his fellow workers sweat on the assembly line. The obsession of working with efficiency and assembly line productivity ultimately drives the Tramp mad
The Tramp
–
Charlie Chaplin as "The Tramp".
The Tramp
–
The Tramp on the road.
The Tramp
–
A Dog's Life (1918)
The Tramp
–
Chaplin in 1916
48.
Calamus (palm)
–
Calamus is a genus of the palm family Arecaceae. These are among several genera known as rattan palms, there are an estimated 400 species in this genus, all native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. They are mostly leaf-climbing lianas with slender, reedy stems, to aid scrambling some species have evolved hooks on the underside of the midrib, or more commonly by modified pinnae or tendrils in the form of stout, backward-pointing spines. These stems may grow to lengths of 200 metres, the Plant List describes 380 species, including, Calamus adspersus Calamus manillensis - Philippines rattan or alimuran Calamus aruensis Becc. - southern lawyer vine Calamus nambariensis Calamus obovoideus Calamus radicalis H. Wendl, & Drude Calamus rotang Calamus suaveolens W. J. Baker & J. Dransf. Ex Becc. -, Dunk Island lawyer vine, Mission Beach wait-a-while Calamus wailong Calamus warburgii K. Schum, - Iron Range wait-a-while Calamus zeylanicus Calamus deerratus in West African plants – A Photo Guide
Calamus (palm)
–
Calamus
