1.
City
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Texas
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Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
5.
Austin County, Texas
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Austin County is a county in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,417, the county is named for Stephen F. Austin, who facilitated the Anglo American colonization of Texas and is known as the Father of Texas. Austin County is included in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, Austin County is not to be confused with the city of Austin, the state capital city that lies in Travis County approximately 110 miles to the northwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 656 square miles. The population density was 36 people per square mile, there were 10,205 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 22% White,10. 64% Black or African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 29% Asian,6. 99% from other races,16. 13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 26. 9% were of German,8. 8% American,8. 0% Czech,6. 4% English and 5. 0% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 22. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.14. In the county, the population was out with 27. 00% under the age of 18,8. 10% from 18 to 24,26. 40% from 25 to 44,23. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $38,615, and the median income for a family was $46,342. Males had an income of $32,455 versus $22,142 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,140, about 8. 80% of families and 12. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 70% of those under age 18 and 14. 40% of those age 65 or over. District 18, Lois Kolkhorst – first elected in 2006, district 13, Lois Kolkhorst – first elected in 2000. County Judge, Tim Lapham Tax Assessor-Collector, Marcus A. Peña – first elected in 2012. S, Highway 90 State Highway 36 State Highway 159 The TTC-69 component of the once-planned Trans-Texas Corridor went through Austin County
6.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
7.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
10.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
11.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
12.
Texas State Highway 36
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State Highway 36 runs from Freeport to Abilene. It was designated as The 36th Division Memorial Highway between Cameron and Sealy by the Texas Legislature in 1985, SH36 was originally proposed in 1919 as a route from Freeport to Goldthwaite. By 1926, the section from Temple to Goldthwaite had been SH 108A and SH74, by 1933, SH36 extended northwest to Hamilton. By 1935, the route was extended yet again to its current terminus in Abilene, by 1939, SH36 had been rerouted over State Highway 221 south of Temple. It has run on its current course since 1946, with only minor changes to bypass Brenham, Temple. SH 36A was a route of SH36 spltting off at Cameron. By 1926, the route had renumbered as SH69. It was instead redesignated on an alternate routing just south of Temple, by 1936, the route had been renumbered State Highway 221. SH 36B was a route of the original SH36, splitting off at Lampasas. By 1926, it had been renumbered as part of SH74, according to the Coalition, the new highway would be limited access and provide a western bypass of the Greater Houston area
13.
BNSF Railway
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The BNSF Railway is one of the largest freight railroad networks in North America, second to the Union Pacific Railroad, and is one of seven North American Class I railroads. It has 44,000 employees,32,500 miles of track in 28 states and it has three transcontinental routes that provide rail links between the western and eastern United States. BNSF trains traveled over 169 million miles in 2010, more than any other North American railroad, the BNSF and UP have a duopoly on all transcontinental freight rail lines in the Western U. S. and share trackage rights over thousands of miles of track. According to corporate press releases, the BNSF Railway is among the top transporters of intermodal freight in North America, for instance, the railroad hauls enough coal to generate roughly ten percent of the electricity produced in the United States. Headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, the railroad is an owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. The creation of BNSF started with the formation of a holding company, on January 24,2005, the railroads name was officially changed to BNSF Railway, using the initials of its original name. The United States Surface Transportation Board placed a 15-month moratorium on all rail mergers, the company is investing an estimated $34 billion in BNSF and acquiring $10 billion in debt. On February 12,2010, shareholders of Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation voted in favor of the acquisition, BNSFs history dates back to 1849, when the Aurora Branch Railroad in Illinois and the Pacific Railroad of Missouri were formed. The Aurora Branch eventually grew into the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, a portion of the Pacific Railroad became the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway was chartered in 1859 and it built one of the first transcontinental railroads in North America, linking Chicago and Southern California, major branches led to Texas, Denver, and San Francisco. The Interstate Commerce Commission denied a proposed merger with the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in the 1980s and it absorbed the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway in 1980. Its main lines included Chicago-Seattle with branches to Texas and Montgomery, Alabama, on June 30,1994, BN and ATSF announced plans to merge, they were the largest and smallest of the Super Seven, the seven largest of the then-twelve U. S. The long-rumored announcement was delayed by a disagreement over the disposition of Santa Fe Pacific Gold Corporation and this announcement began the next wave of mergers, as the Super Seven were merged down to four in the next five years. The Illinois Central Railroad and Kansas City Southern Railway, two of the five small Class Is, announced on July 19 that the former would buy the latter, but this plan was called off on October 25. The Union Pacific Railroad, another major Western system, started a war with BN for control of the SF on October 5. The UP gave up on January 31,1995, paving the way for the BN-ATSF merger, subsequently, the UP acquired the Southern Pacific Transportation Company in 1996, and Eastern systems CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway split Conrail in 1998. UP was satisfied with a segment of trackage rights from Abilene, Kansas to Superior, Nebraska. KCS gained haulage rights to several Midwest locations, including Omaha, East St. Louis, and Memphis, in exchange for BNSF getting similar access to New Orleans
14.
Rosenberg, Texas
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Rosenberg is a city in the U. S. state of Texas, within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area and Fort Bend County. The population was 30,618 at the 2010 census, up from 24,043 at the 2000 census, as of 2015, the population had risen to an estimated 35,510. The community holds the Fort Bend County fair in October, Rosenberg sits adjacent to the city of Richmond, the Fort Bend County seat. Rosenberg is named after Henry Rosenberg, who migrated from Switzerland to the United States in 1843 and he was the first president of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway. Rosenberg is located in central Fort Bend County at 29°33′9″N 95°48′18″W and it is bordered to the northeast by Richmond, to the south by Pleak, and to the southwest by Beasley. The Southwest Freeway runs through the side of Rosenberg, bypassing the city center. The freeway leads northeast 32 miles to downtown Houston, and US-59 continues southwest 92 miles to Victoria and beyond. According to the United States Census Bureau, Rosenberg has an area of 22.5 square miles, of which 22.5 square miles is land and 0.04 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Rosenberg has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. At the 2000 census, there were 24,043 people,7,933 households and 5,976 families residing in the city, the population density was 1,131.7 per square mile. There were 8,438 housing units at a density of 397.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 65. 69% White,8. 53% African American,0. 37% Native American,0. 38% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,22. 17% from other races, and 2. 81% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 54. 96% of the population,20. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the family size was 3.48. 30. 9% of the population were under the age of 18,10. 8% from 18 to 24,30. 0% from 25 to 44,18. 5% from 45 to 64, the median age was 30 years. For every 100 females there were 98.6 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.2 males. The median household income was $35,510 and the family income was $39,965. Males had an income of $28,723 versus $21,945 for females
15.
Sealy, Texas
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Sealy is a city in Austin County in southeastern Texas, United States, within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. The population was 6,019 at the 2010 census, Sealy is located 50 miles west of the downtown Houston area. Sealy is located at 29°46′27″N 96°9′27″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.5 square miles, of which,13.38 square miles of it is land and 0.16 square miles is water. Sealy is 50 miles west of Downtown Houston, san Felipe, Texas, sold part of its original 22, 000-acre township to the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad to create Sealy in 1879. Sealy gets its name after business tycoon and majority stock holder of the GCSF RR, in 1881, Daniel Haynes, a cotton gin builder, filled a request for a cotton-filled mattress which started a company. He named this the Sealy Mattress Company after the town, business grew exponentially, which led to more innovation and several patents, such as a machine that compressed cotton. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,248 people,1,882 households, the population density was 759.3 people per square mile. There were 2,077 housing units at a density of 300.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 75. 1% White,12. 3% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 55% Asian,12. 88% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 30. 43% of the population. 24. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.30. In the city, the population was out with 30. 2% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $34,277, and the median income for a family was $40,348. Males had an income of $28,720 versus $20,793 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,986, about 11. 2% of families and 15. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 9% of those under age 18 and 13. 5% of those age 65 or over. People who live in Sealy are zoned to schools in Sealy Independent School District, the schools in Sealy ISD are Selman Elementary School, Selman Intermediate School, Sealy Junior High School, and Sealy High School. All of the schools are in Sealy, blinn College has a Sealy Campus located along Interstate 10 east of State Highway 36. The Greyhound Bus Lines operates the Sealy Station at Mazac Muffler City AC
16.
Fort Bend County, Texas
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Fort Bend County is a county in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 585,375, the county seat is Richmond, while its largest city is Sugar Land. The county was founded in 1837 and organized the next year and it is named for a blockhouse at a bend of the Brazos River, the fort was the start of the community in early days. Fort Bend County is included in the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land Metropolitan Statistical Area and it was listed by Forbes as the 5th fastest-growing county in the United States. Prior to European settlement, the area was inhabited by the Karankawa Indians, mexican colonists had generally not reached this area, settling more in south Texas. After Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Anglo-Americans started entering from the east, in 1822, a group of Stephen F. Austins colonists, headed by William Travis, built a fort at the present site of Richmond. The fort was called Fort Bend, since it was built in the bend of the Brazos River, the city of Richmond was incorporated under the Republic of Texas along with nineteen other towns in 1837. Fort Bend County was created from parts of Austin, Harris, Fort Bend developed a plantation economy based on cotton and, due to the high number of African-American slaves held as laborers, it was one of six majority-black counties in the state by the 1850s. In 1860 the slave population totaled 4,127, more than twice that of the 2,016 whites, there were very few free blacks, as Texas refused them entry. While the area began to attract immigrants in the late 19th century, it continued as majority black during and after Reconstruction, by the 1880s, most white residents belonged to the Democratic Party, but factional tensions were fierce, largely along racial lines. Fort Bend County was the site of the Jaybird–Woodpecker War in 1888-1889, governor Lawrence Sullivan Ross sent in militia forces and declared martial law. With his support, the Jaybirds ordered a list of certain blacks, the Jaybirds took over county offices and established a white-only pre-primary, disenfranchising the African Americans from the only competitive contests in the county. This device lasted until 1950 when Willie Melton and Arizona Fleming won a lawsuit against the practice in United States District Court, though it was overturned on appeal. In 1953 they ultimately won their suit when the Jaybird primary was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States in Terry v. Adams, the last of the white primaries cases. In the middle 1950s, Fort Bend and neighboring Galveston counties were plagued by organized crime, a crusading newspaper editor, Clymer Wright of the Fort Bend Reporter, joined with state officials and the Texas Rangers to rid the area of such corruption. Wright defied death threats to report on the issues and clean up the community, Wright soon sold his paper, now known as the Fort Bend Herald and Texas Coaster. According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has an area of 885 square miles. Waller County Harris County Austin County Brazoria County Wharton County As of the census of 2000, there were 354,452 people,110,915 households, the population density was 405 people per square mile
17.
East Bernard, Texas
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East Bernard is a city in Wharton County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,272 at the 2010 census U. S. Highway 90 Alternate, East Bernard has its own school district, an auto dealership and a number of other businesses. The San Bernard River flows past the eastern side. East Bernard is located at 29°31′42″N 96°3′58″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 1.4 square miles. Since its incorporation as a city in 2003, the area increased has 3.8 square miles. The San Bernard River flows generally north to south through the area. The stream forms the city limit and also marks the boundary between Wharton County to the west and Fort Bend County to the east. US 90A runs through the city, paralleling the Union Pacific Railroad, going east to Rosenberg in Fort Bend County, SH60 goes north to Wallis in Austin County and south to Wharton. Farm to Market Road 1164 starts at SH60 south, heads southwest, farm to Market Road 2919 also begins at SH60 and goes east, forming the southern boundary of East Bernard. Eventually, FM2919 turns to the southeast, crosses the San Bernard, East Bernard stands near the eastern edge of the Lissie prairie, a significant rice-growing area. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,729 people,631 households, the population density was 1,253.0 people per square mile. There were 662 housing units at a density of 479.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81. 43% White,2. 72% African American,0. 17% Native American,0. 17% Asian,0. 23% Pacific Islander,13. 59% from other races, and 1. 68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27. 07% of the population,20. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was out with 27. 4% under the age of 18,8. 9% from 18 to 24,27. 7% from 25 to 44,22. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males, the median income for a household in the city was $35,500, and the median income for a family was $42,786
18.
Simonton, Texas
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Simonton is a city in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States, within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the city population was 814, Simonton is located in northwestern Fort Bend County at 29°40′47″N 95°59′25″W. The center of town is 2 miles east of the Brazos River and 16 miles northwest of Rosenberg, downtown Houston is 38 miles to the east. According to the United States Census Bureau, Simonton has an area of 2.0 square miles, of which 0.004 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 718 people,264 households, the population density was 354.4 people per square mile. There were 282 housing units at a density of 139. 2/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 64% White,5. 01% African American,0. 28% Asian,0. 14% Pacific Islander,1. 95% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 13% of the population. 18. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.72 and the average family size was 3.07. The city population is spread,25. 9% is under the age of 18,4. 7% is between 18 and 24,29. 0% is from 25 to 44,30. 4% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.3 males, the median income for a household in the city was $72,833, and the median income for a family was $81,905. Males had an income of $51,842 versus $30,333 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,669, about 2. 5% of families and 5. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 9% of those under age 18 and 5. 8% of those age 65 or over. The United States Postal Service operates the Simonton Post Office at 35608 Farm to Market Road 1093, Simonton is zoned to schools in the Lamar Consolidated Independent School District. The branch, which opened in May 1998, was the third built with 1989 bond funds. The land currently occupied by the library was previously the Fort Bend County Precinct 4 headquarters, bob Lutts, the precinct commissioner, offered the land to the library system. The Fulshear City Council asked the county to name the library after Lutts, the library is now within Precinct 3. Simonton is one of the key towns featured in the 2009 documentary The Heart of Texas Movie City of Simonton official website Simonton, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
19.
Eagle Lake, Texas
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Eagle Lake is a city in southeastern Colorado County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,639 at the 2010 census and it is home to a golf course, the largest private lake in Texas, and the Eagle Lake Regional Airport, which serves light aircraft. The lake, along with adjacent rice fields, attracts a variety of migratory birds. The city is known as the Goose-hunting Capital of the World, the first newspaper in Eagle Lake was established by Joseph J. Mansfield in the 1880s. Eagle Lake is located in eastern Colorado County at 29°35′16″N 96°19′48″W, U. S. Route 90 Alternate travels through Eagle Lake, leading east 66 miles to Houston and west 38 miles to Hallettsville. Eagle Lake is 16 miles southeast of Columbus, the Colorado County seat. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city of Eagle Lake has an area of 2.8 square miles, of which 0.004 square miles. As of the census of 2000,3,664 people,1,296 households, the population density was 1,344.6 people per square mile. The 1,500 housing units averaged 550. 5/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 52. 78% White,23. 39% African American,0. 66% Native American,0. 03% Pacific Islander,20. 47% from other races, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 44. 21% of the population. About 23. 8% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.31. In the city, the population was distributed as 29. 9% under the age of 18,9. 2% from 18 to 24,25. 0% from 25 to 44,22. 0% from 45 to 64, the median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males. Historically, Eagle Lake has been a community, with rice being the main crop. Other key products include cotton, grain, and cattle, along with sand, in the 2000 census, the median income for a household in the city was $27,101, and for a family was $29,201. Males had an income of $26,025 versus $20,299 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,426, about 15. 0% of families and 19. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24. 0% of those under age 18 and 17. 8% of those age 65 or over. Eagle Lake is served by the Rice Consolidated Independent School District, the Eula and David Wintermann Library is the public library in the city, opened on February 9,1975
20.
Colorado County, Texas
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Colorado County is a county located in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 20,874 and it is named for the Colorado River of Texas. The county was founded in 1836 and organized the next year, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 974 square miles, of which 960 square miles is land and 13 square miles is water. Interstate 10 U. S. Highway 90 U. S, the population density was 21 people per square mile. There were 9,431 housing units at a density of 10 per square mile. 19. 74% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,26. 20% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 3.08. In the county, the population was out with 25. 60% under the age of 18,8. 90% from 18 to 24,23. 80% from 25 to 44,23. 10% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 95.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,425, and the median income for a family was $41,388. Males had an income of $30,063 versus $20,014 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,910, about 12. 30% of families and 16. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21. 00% of those under age 18 and 15. 80% of those age 65 or over
21.
Farm to Market Road 1952
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Farm to Market Road 1952 is a state highway in the U. S. state of Texas. The highway begins at U. S. Route 90 Alternate at Tavener in Fort Bend County and goes north, then west, the two-lane highway is also named Tavener Road. FM1952 begins at a sign at US 90A in Tavener, crosses the Union Pacific Railroad tracks. At this location, FM1489 forks to the right while FM1952 forks to the left into a 90-degree turn to the west. The highway continues due west for about 2.0 miles then it curves to the northeast, FM1952 runs west for about 1.5 miles then begins a 90-degree bend to the north that takes up 0.3 miles. After the curve, FM1952 goes north for 3.0 miles, the road then turns slightly to the northeast for the final 0.4 miles before ending at a stop sign at SH36 in the eastern part of Wallis. The extension of the road to the north beyond the BNSF Railway crossing is called Tenth Street. FM1952 was originally authorized on January 18,1952 to begin at FM39 about 1.0 mile southeast of Farrar in Limestone County, on April 7,1953, FM1952 was canceled and its right-of-way was transferred to FM1512. The designation of the current FM1952 was made on April 24,1953, the highway was to start at SH36 in Wallis and go south 1.8 miles to the Fort Bend County line. On September 21,1955, FM1952 was extended approximately 8.0 miles south, east and south to US 90A at Tavener
22.
Tavener, Texas
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Tavener is an Unincorporated community in Fort Bend County, Texas, United States. It is located 4 miles east-northeast of East Bernard, Texas, near the intersection of U. S. Highway 90 Alternate, Tavener no longer has its own post office, schools and railroad stop, as it once did. There is no road sign identifying the community though the Tavener Gin is prominently labeled on the side of the Union Pacific railway line. A small bar and grill and a number of homes can be found in the area, Tavener is located in Fort Bend County, Texas on US 90A between East Bernard and Rosenberg. It is 11 miles west-southwest of Rosenberg in a straight line, FM1952, also known as Tavener Road, starts at US 90A and goes directly north from the Tavener area. The road branches 2.2 miles to the north and FM1952 turns west toward Wallis, FM1875 goes southeast from its intersection with US 90A to Beasley. There is no Tavener road sign on US 90A, however, on the north side of the Union Pacific railway, a cotton gin at the intersection of FM1952 is labeled TAVENER GIN in large black letters. Most of the land in the area is devoted to agricultural use, the level land surface is almost featureless except for a small creek that flows from the northwest and crosses under US 90A near Herman Sulak Road. The stream continues in a direction and empties into the San Bernard River south of Kendleton. North of US 90A the road net and property lines conform to a square pattern oriented north-to-south, between US 90A and Koym Road, property lines are parallel with US 90A and with the north-south roads. South of Koym Road the road net and property lines conform to the northwest-to-southeast square pattern typical of the Needville area, the local roads bear English, German and Czech names. In 1890, the Texas and New Orleans Railroad added a stop and named it Tavener after Charlie Tavener, the community received a post office in 1910. Four years later, the 25-person settlement boasted a lumberyard, general store, by 1926, Tavener had one school attended by 135 white children and a second segregated school with 28 black children. Postal service ceased in the 1930s, the community had a population of 50 and four commercial establishments in 1933. Only one business remained in 1945, but the number of residents remained steady, by 1953 only 20 people were recorded as living in the settlement. In 1970, the population was 30 persons, Orchard Independent School District operates schools in the area
23.
Google Maps
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Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google. It offers satellite imagery, street maps, 360° panoramic views of streets, real-time traffic conditions, Google maps began as a C++ desktop program designed by Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application, after additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a realtime traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. The services front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax, Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites, and offers a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allows users to expand and update the services mapping worldwide. Much of the satellite imagery is no more than three years old and is updated on a regular basis. Google Maps uses a variant of the Mercator projection. The current redesigned version of the application was made available in 2013. Google Maps for mobile was released in September 2008 and features GPS turn-by-turn navigation, in August 2013, it was determined to be the worlds most popular app for smartphones, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it at least once. In 2012, Google reported having over 7,100 employees, Google Maps provides a route planner under Get Directions. Up to four modes of transportation are available depending on the area, driving, public transit, walking, in combination with Google Street View, issues such as parking, turning lanes, and one-way streets can be viewed before traveling. China mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Jordan, Lebanon, only public transit directions are provided for South Korea. All countries of mainland North and Central America are covered contiguously, all countries of mainland South America are covered. All countries including Trinidad and Tobago* are treated contiguously, all inhabited countries and territories in the Caribbean are covered, though in general there are no connections between islands. Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively, as the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the panel and map. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin on top of the map images, a hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data rather than XML
24.
Lutheranism
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Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther, a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian. Luthers efforts to reform the theology and practice of the Catholic Church launched the Protestant Reformation in the German-speaking territories of the Holy Roman Empire. Lutheranism advocates a doctrine of justification by grace alone through faith alone on the basis of Scripture alone and this is in contrast to the belief of the Catholic Church, defined at the Council of Trent, concerning authority coming from both the Scriptures and Tradition. In addition, Lutheranism accepts the teachings of the first seven ecumenical councils of the undivided Christian Church, unlike Calvinism, Lutherans retain many of the liturgical practices and sacramental teachings of the pre-Reformation Church, with a particular emphasis on the Eucharist, or Lords Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in Christology, the purpose of Gods Law, the grace, the concept of perseverance of the saints. Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest denominations of Protestantism, with approximately 80 million adherents, it constitutes the third most common Protestant denomination after historically Pentecostal denominations and Anglicanism. The Lutheran World Federation, the largest communion of Lutheran churches, Other Lutheran organizations include the International Lutheran Council and the Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference, as well as independent churches. The name Lutheran originated as a term used against Luther by German Scholastic theologian Dr. Johann Maier von Eck during the Leipzig Debate in July 1519. Eck and other Catholics followed the practice of naming a heresy after its leader. Martin Luther always disliked the term Lutheran, preferring the term Evangelical, which was derived from euangelion, the followers of John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other theologians linked to the Reformed tradition also began to use that term. To distinguish the two groups, others began to refer to the two groups as Evangelical Lutheran and Evangelical Reformed. As time passed by, the word Evangelical was dropped, Lutherans themselves began to use the term Lutheran in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the Philippists and Calvinists. In 1597, theologians in Wittenberg defined the title Lutheran as referring to the true church, Lutheranism has its roots in the work of Martin Luther, who sought to reform the Western Church to what he considered a more biblical foundation. Lutheranism spread through all of Scandinavia during the 16th century, as the monarch of Denmark–Norway, through Baltic-German and Swedish rule, Lutheranism also spread into Estonia and Latvia. Since 1520, regular Lutheran services have been held in Copenhagen, under the reign of Frederick I, Denmark-Norway remained officially Catholic. Although Frederick initially pledged to persecute Lutherans, he adopted a policy of protecting Lutheran preachers and reformers. During Fredericks reign, Lutheranism made significant inroads in Denmark, at an open meeting in Copenhagen attended by the king in 1536, the people shouted, We will stand by the holy Gospel, and do not want such bishops anymore. Fredericks son Christian was openly Lutheran, which prevented his election to the throne upon his fathers death, however, following his victory in the civil war that followed, in 1537 he became Christian III and advanced the Reformation in Denmark-Norway
25.
Baptists in the United States
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There are about 33 million self-professed Baptists in the United States, making them the second largest religious grouping in the US, following the 79 million Roman Catholics. About 16 million Baptists belong to congregations affiliated with Southern Baptist Convention, more than 40% of all Baptists worldwide reside in the United States. Baptist congregations are self-regulating and autonomous and this autonomy makes identifying a specific creed difficult, and the particular set of religious beliefs of Baptists can vary widely. Baptist Christians played a role in seventeenth-century English history. Baptists appeared in the American Colonies in the early 17th century among settlers from England, theologically all Baptists insisted that baptism was the key ritual and should not be administered to children too young to understand the meaning. However some were Arminian holding that Gods saving Grace is available to everyone, and others followed Calvinist orthodoxy, Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot in working for religious freedom, are credited with founding the Baptist faith in North America. No one disputed the origins of the Providence church until 1847 when the pastor of the Newport church claimed that his church was first. Exact records for both congregations are lacking, today, almost without exception Baptist historians agree that the Providence church came first. Beginning in Providence in 1636-1637, Roger Williams founded a colony in which religion and this same principle was continued in the first charter of 1644 and affirmed by the newly created colonial government in 1647. This principle was affirmed in the Charter of 1663 which John Clarke wrote. The other colonies passed laws to outlaw Baptists and Quakers, leading to the hanging of four Quakers in Massachusetts. Dunsters conflict with the magistrates began when he failed to have his infant son baptized, believing, as a newly converted Baptist. Thus, he represented a threat to the stability of theocratic society, dunster exiled himself in 1654 and moved to nearby Plymouth Colony, where he died in 1658. Isaac analyzes the rise of the Baptist Church in Virginia, with emphasis on evangelicalism, there was a sharp contrast between the austerity of the plain-living Baptists and the opulence of the Anglican planters, who controlled local government. Baptist church discipline, mistaken by the gentry for radicalism, served to ameliorate disorder, the struggle for religious toleration erupted and played out during the American Revolution, as the Baptists worked to disestablish the Anglican church. Beeman explores the conflict in one Virginia locality, showing that as population became more dense, the county court, the Baptists protested vigorously, the resulting social disorder resulted chiefly from the ruling gentrys disregard of public need. The vitality of the opposition made the conflict between evangelical and gentry styles a bitter one. Kroll-Smith suggests the strength of the evangelical movements organization determined its ability to power outside the conventional authority structure
26.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
27.
Brazos River
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It sometimes is used to mark the boundary between East Texas and West Texas. Another major tributary of the Upper Brazos is the Clear Fork Brazos River, the main stem of the Brazos is dammed in three places, all north of Waco, forming Possum Kingdom Lake, Lake Granbury, and Lake Whitney. Of these three, Granbury was the last to be completed, in 1969, when its construction was proposed in the mid-1950s, John Graves wrote the book, Goodbye to a River. A small municipal dam is near the city limit of Waco at the end of the Baylor campus. This impoundment of the Brazos through Waco is locally called Lake Brazos, a total of nineteen major reservoirs are located along the Brazos. Later Spanish accounts call it Los Brazos de Dios, for which there were several different explanations. In 1842, native Indian commissioner of Texas, Ethan Stroud established a trading post on this river, Brazos River was the scene of a battle between the Texas Navy and Mexican Navy during the Texas Revolution. Texas Navy ship Independence was defeated by one Mexican vessel, the river was important for navigation before and after the American Civil War, and steam boats sailed as far up the river as Washington-on-the-Brazos. While attempts to improve navigation on the river continued, railroads proved more reliable. The Brazos River also flooded, often seriously, on a basis before a piecemeal levee system was replaced. The river is important today as a source of water for power, irrigation. The water is administered by the Brazos River Authority, the river also features prominently in a number of prison songs, because at one time nearly every prison in Texas was near the Brazos. On June 2,2016, the rising of the river required evacuations for portions of Brazoria County, the Brazos River watershed covers a total area of 119,174 square kilometers. Within the watershed lie 42 lakes and rivers which have a storage capacity of 2.5 million acre-feet. The Brazos watershed also has a ground water availability of 119,275 acre-feet per year. Approximately 31% of the use within the watershed is cropland. Approximately 61% is grassland shrubland and forest while urban use only makes up 4. 6%, the population density within the watershed is 19.5 people per square kilometer. The main water quality issues within the Brazos Watershed are high nutrient loads, high bacterial and salinity levels and these water quality issues can be attributed to livestock, fertilizer and chemical run off
28.
San Bernard River
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The San Bernard River is a river in Texas. San Bernard River flows from a spring near New Ulm, Texas to its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico and its principal tributary is Caney Creek. It passes through portions of Austin, Brazoria, Colorado, Fort Bend, Matagorda, the San Bernard River is one of a small number of rivers in Texas which empties directly into the Gulf. Its mouth was impeded in 2005 causing it to drain into the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, shortly after being opened back up, the entrance silted in again, and remains so at this time. The San Bernard drains approximately 1,850 square miles of land, the region was once the home of the Karankawa Indians. The river runs near West Columbia, Texas and along one side of Camp Karankawa, the basin receives approximately 35 to 70 inches of rainfall annually. List of rivers of Texas Official Website of F. O. R, San Bernard San Bernard River from the Handbook of Texas Online
29.
Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway
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The Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway was a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway in eastern Texas and to Purcell, Oklahoma. In 1873, there was competition between the cities of Houston and Galveston, and the Galveston, Houston & Henderson Railroad was the only rail link between the two cities. The competition between Houston and Galveston was fed by the quarantines, which were imposed on Galveston traffic by Houston. These quarantines occurred almost annually and were based on yellow fever outbreaks, so, the citizens of Galveston decided to build their own railroad line that would reach across Texas, into the Panhandle, and across the state line to Santa Fe, New Mexico. The idea was to bypass Houston, the Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fe Railroad was chartered, and the state agreed to grant 16 sections of land per mile of track laid. While the charter passed in 1873, the construction of the line did not begin until two years later. The plans to construction were formulated by the railroads first engineer, General Braxton Bragg. At other meetings in 1875, the board of directors asked for proposals for contracting the building of the bridge across Galveston Bay and for the laying of track to Arcola, the depot grounds were located between 37th and 38th Streets and Mechanic and Strand. The railroad line was to follow Mechanic Street to 60th, where it would be routed to the bridge, construction began on May 1,1875. By May 28, the line reached Arcola, with surveys made as far as the Brazos River, in September 1876, the Galveston, Houston, & Henderson Railroad completed a new passenger depot, located on the corner of Avenue A and Tremont Street. The GC&SF would share this depot for their passenger line once the trains running continuously. By March 1877, track from Galveston to Arcola was complete, the company planned to cross the Brazos River and proceed to Richmond, where it would connect with the San Antonio line. This would make one continuous route to Galveston eleven miles shorter than any other road, by the next year, the company also completed an iron bridge 480 feet long over the Brazos River, and by October a regular train was being run over the road. In December 1878, the company began to experience financial difficulties, directors voted to advertise for a loan of $250,000 for 90 days, which would enable them to pay off the debts and finish the road to Richmond. The only offer for the loan was made by a group of Galveston citizens headed by Galveston businessman George Sealy, the loan was secured by a deed of trust on the entire properties of the railway company. When the 90-day note matured, the company did not have the funds to pay for it, therefore, on April 15,1879, the entire properties of the line were sold at a public sale in front of the courthouse. The highest bid was for $200,000 made by George Sealy, the new company was organized, and directors were elected. By May, the new directors had organized a corps of engineers to locate the line to Brenham, chief engineer, Bernard Moore Temple, sent surveyors into the interior of Texas, and as the line was located, Temple followed with construction crews
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Galveston, Texas
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Galveston is a coastal resort city on Galveston Island and Pelican Island in the U. S. state of Texas. The community of 209.3 square miles, with a population of 50,180 in 2015, is the county seat. It is within Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area, the Port of Galveston was established in 1825 by the Congress of Mexico following its independence from Spain. The city was the port for the Texas Navy during the Texas Revolution. During the 19th century, Galveston became a major U. S. commercial center and it was devastated by the 1900 Galveston Hurricane, whose effects included flooding and a storm surge. The natural disaster on the barrier island is still ranked as the deadliest in United States history. Much of Galvestons economy is centered in the tourism, health care, shipping, the 84-acre University of Texas Medical Branch campus with an enrollment of more than 2,500 students is a major economic force of the city. Galveston Island was originally inhabited by members of the Karankawa and Akokisa tribes who called the island Auia, the Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca and his crew were shipwrecked on the island or nearby in November 1528, calling it Isla de Malhado. They began their trek to a Spanish settlement in Mexico City. During his charting of the Gulf Coast in 1785, the Spanish explorer José de Evia named the island Villa Gálvez or Gálveztown in honor of Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez. The islands first permanent European settlements were constructed around 1816 by the pirate Louis-Michel Aury to support Mexicos rebellion against Spain, in 1817, Aury returned from an unsuccessful raid against Spain to find Galveston occupied by the pirate Jean Lafitte. Lafitte organized Galveston into a kingdom he called Campeche, anointing himself the islands head of government. Lafitte remained in Galveston until 1821, when the United States Navy forced him, in 1825 the Congress of Mexico established the Port of Galveston and in 1830 erected a customs house. Galveston served as the capital of the Republic of Texas when in 1836 the interim president David G. Burnet relocated his government there. In 1836, the French-Canadian Michel Branamour Menard and several associates purchased 4,605 acres of land for $50,000 to found the town that would become the city of Galveston. As Anglo-Americans migrated to the city, they brought along or purchased enslaved African-Americans, some of whom worked domestically or on the waterfront, in 1839, the City of Galveston adopted a charter and was incorporated by the Congress of the Republic of Texas. The city was by then a port of entry and attracted many new residents in the 1840s and later among the flood of German immigrants to Texas. Together with ethnic Mexican residents, these tended to oppose slavery, support the Union during the Civil War
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Brenham, Texas
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Brenham is a city in east-central Texas in Washington County, United States, with a population of 15,716 according to the 2010 U. S. census. It is the county seat of Washington County, Brenham is south of College Station, and about halfway between Houston and Austin approximately 70 miles northwest of Houston, and about 90 miles east of Austin. Brenham is renowned as the heart of the region in Central Texas. The local chamber of commerce promotes the Bluebonnet Trails and offers free maps to guide visitors along the most scenic wildflower routes, which also pass historic sites and attractions. Washington County is known as the Birthplace of Texas, as it contains the site of the signing of the Texas Declaration of Independence on March 2,1836 in the town of Washington-on-the-Brazos and this is now a state historic site. Brenham is also known for its annual German heritage festival that takes place each May called Maifest, numerous German immigrants settled here in the mid-nineteenth century, following the Revolutions in German states in 1848. Brenham is located at 30°9′43″N 96°23′49″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.8 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 13,507 people,4,907 households, the population density was 1,541.5 people per square mile. There were 5,317 housing units at a density of 606.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 99% White,21. 91% African American,0. 25% Native American,1. 86% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,4. 75% from other races, and 1. 22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 25% of the population,30. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the family size was 3.01. In the city, the population was out with 22. 5% under the age of 18,15. 9% from 18 to 24,24. 7% from 25 to 44,18. 8% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $32,198, and the median income for a family was $41,486. Males had an income of $31,133 versus $22,152 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,351, about 12. 8% of families and 17. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21. 9% of those under age 18 and 20. 7% of those age 65 or over. Bluebonnet Cabs offers taxi service in and around the Brenham area, until 2009 Greyhound Lines offered bus services from the Stop NSave at 601 East Main Street, but as of 2015 Brenham is not served by intercity bus
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Houston
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Houston is the most populous city in the state of Texas and the fourth-most populous city in the United States. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million within an area of 667 square miles, it also is the largest city in the southern United States and the seat of Harris County. Located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico, it is the city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land. Houston was founded on August 28,1836, near the banks of Buffalo Bayou and incorporated as a city on June 5,1837. The city was named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had commanded, the burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the citys population. Houstons economy has an industrial base in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics. Leading in health care sectors and building equipment, Houston has more Fortune 500 headquarters within its city limits than any city except for New York City. The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled, the city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse city in Texas and has described as the most diverse in the United States. It is home to cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than 7 million visitors a year to the Museum District. Houston has a visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District. In August 1836, two real estate entrepreneurs from New York, Augustus Chapman Allen and John Kirby Allen, purchased 6,642 acres of land along Buffalo Bayou with the intent of founding a city. The Allen brothers decided to name the city after Sam Houston, the general at the Battle of San Jacinto. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the slave trade. New Orleans was the center of trade in the Deep South. Thousands of enslaved African Americans lived near the city before the Civil War, many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations, while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs. Houston was granted incorporation on June 5,1837, with James S. Holman becoming its first mayor, in the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County and the temporary capital of the Republic of Texas
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Czechs
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Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century, referring to the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii and the land Bohemia. The Czech diaspora is found in numbers in the United States, Canada, Israel, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italy. The Czech ethnic group is part of the West Slavic subgroup of the larger Slavic ethno-linguistical group, the West Slavs have origin in early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period. The West Slavic tribe of Bohemians settled in the area of Bohemia during the migration period and they formed an independent principality in the 9th century, the Duchy of Bohemia, under the Přemyslid dynasty. According to mythology, the father of the Czech people were Forefather Čech. The Czech are closely related to the neighbouring Slovaks, the Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages. Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having much higher than the other way around. Czech people have a history of coexistence with Germanic people. The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture, the Czech were the initiators of Pan-Slavism. The Czech ethnonym was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the tribes in the late 9th century. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown, according to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel-, the Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century. The name Bohemia is Germanic, English used that name until after the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different human migrations that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their Y-DNA haplogroups, which are inherited along the male line,34. 2% of Czech males belong to R1a, which is particularly common in a large region extending from South Asia and Southern Siberia to Central Europe and Scandinavia. The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of Slavic, Celtic and Germanic origin, presence of West Slavs in the 6th century during the Migration Period has been documented on the Czech territory. Slavs settled in Bohemia, Moravia and Austria sometime during the 6th or 7th centuries, according to a popular myth, the Slavs came with Forefather Čech who settled at the Říp Mountain. The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century, in 880, Prague Castle was constructed by Prince Bořivoj, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty and the city of Prague was established. Vratislav II was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a kingdom under Ottokar I in 1198
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1980 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1980 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1980 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 1980 census are available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2052. Between the 1980 census and the 1990 census, the United States population increased by approximately 22,164,837 or 9. 8%, historic US Census data 1981 U. S Census Report Contains 1980 Census results
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1990 United States Census
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Approximately 16 percent of households received a long form of the 1990 census, which contained over 100 questions. Full documentation on the 1990 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. It was the first census to designate Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander as a group separate from Asians. To increase black participation in the 1990 United States Census, the bureau recruited Bill Cosby, Magic Johnson, Alfre Woodard, the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2062. The results of the 1990 census determined the number of seats that each state receives in the United States House of Representatives starting with the 1992 elections, consequently, this affected the number of votes each state has in the Electoral College for the 1992 presidential election. Because of population changes, twenty-one states had changes in their number of seats, eight states gained at least one seat, and thirteen states lost at least one seat. The final result involved 19 seats being switched
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2000 United States Census
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This was the twenty-second federal census and was at the time the largest civilly administered peacetime effort in the United States. Approximately 16 percent of households received a form of the 2000 census. Full documentation on the 2000 census, including forms and a procedural history, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Microdata from the 2000 census is available through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series. Aggregate data for small areas, together with electronic boundary files, personally identifiable information will be available in 2072. The U. S. resident population includes the number of people in the 50 states. The Bureau also enumerated the residents of the U. S. territory of Puerto Rico, its population was 3,808,610, the 2000 Census was the first time survey options for multiracial Americans were provided. S. Households had access to computers, 42% have Internet access, regionally, the South and West experienced the bulk of the nations population increase,14,790,890 and 10,411,850, respectively. This meant that the center of U. S. population moved to Phelps County. The Northeast grew by 2,785,149, the Midwest by 4,724,144, the results of the census are used to determine how many congressional districts each state is apportioned. Congress defines the formula, in accordance with Title 2 of the U. S. Code, each member of the House represents a population of about 647,000. The populations of the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico are excluded from the apportionment population because they do not have voting seats in the U. S, since the first census in 1790, the decennial count has been the basis for the United States representative form of government. Article I, Section II specifies that The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, in 1790, each member of the House represented about 34,000 residents. Since then, the House more than quadrupled in size, today, each member represents about 20 times as many constituents. This recommendation was followed by the Secretary of Commerce, after the census was tabulated, Utah challenged the results in two different ways. Utah was extremely close to gaining a fourth seat, falling 857 people short. The margin was later shortened to 80 people, after the government discovered that it overcounted the population of North Carolina by 2,673 residents. Utah claimed that individuals traveling abroad as religious missionaries should be counted as residents, almost half of all Mormon missionaries, more than 11,000 individuals, were from Utah, only 102 came from North Carolina
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Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
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Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
