1.
Walnut Street (Philadelphia)
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Walnut Street is located in downtown Philadelphia and extends from the citys Delaware River waterfront through Center City and West Philadelphia. Walnut Street has been characterized as the premier shopping district. In 2013 rents had risen to an average of $107 a foot, a growth of 34% over 2012, running parallel to Walnut Street, one or two blocks to the north, is Chestnut Street. Pennsylvania Route 3 westbound follows Walnut Street from 38th Street to its terminus at the Cobbs Creek Parkway. It is most known for Rittenhouse Square Park and its shopping district in the high-end neighborhood of the same name. This area of Walnut Street and a few blocks to the east features a variety of shops, eateries, bars, hotels, the Walnut Street Theatre, located at 825 Walnut Street, is the oldest continuously-operating theatre in the English-speaking world. James Hotel, the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, the Sun Oil Building, the 1616 Walnut Street Building, Rittenhouse Square, Estey Hall, the Walnut Street Bridge, completed in 1949, crosses the Schuylkill River. On the west side of the river, the crosses over the Schuylkill Expressway. Further west, Walnut Street bisects the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in the University City section of West Philadelphia, at 47th Street is the site of the old West Philadelphia High School. The Paul Robeson House sits at the corner of 50th and Walnut, the street goes westward through Walnut Hill, Dunlap and eventually Cobbs Creek where the street ends
2.
PATCO Speedline
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The PATCO Speedline is a rapid transit system operated by the Port Authority Transit Corporation, which runs between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Camden County, New Jersey. The Port Authority Transit Corporation and the Speedline are owned and operated by the Delaware River Port Authority, the line transports over 38,000 people daily. In 2012, ridership reached a high, with the system having carried 10,612,897 passengers. Speedline operation began on February 15,1969, with the first trip from Lindenwold, New Jersey, to Center City, the Speedline operates 24 hours a day, one of only six U. S. rapid transit systems to do so. The modern-day PATCO Speedline follows the route of several railroad lines. These railroads all terminated in Camden, where passengers could catch ferries across the Delaware River to Philadelphia, construction of the rail line did not actually begin until 1932, and the Bridge Line opened on June 7,1936. Relatively short, it only had four stations, 8th Street and Franklin Square in Philadelphia and City Hall and this section is owned by the City of Philadelphia and leased by PATCO. No sooner had the Bridge Line entered service than neighboring communities in Southern New Jersey began agitating for rapid transit extensions to serve them, Route A would run to Moorestown, Route B to Kirkwood, and Route C to Woodbury Heights. A later study by Louis T. Klauder & Associates recommended using the Bridge Line instead to reach Philadelphia and suggested building Route B first, DRPA service ended on December 29,1968 for final conversion of the line. An infill park-and-ride station, Woodcrest, was added in 1980, in 2005, PATCO officials began planning a new route in the corridor of the originally proposed Route C that would serve Gloucester County and end in Glassboro on the grounds of Rowan University. The proposed Glassboro–Camden Line would require riders to transfer to the Speedline at the Walter Rand Transportation Center for trips to Philadelphia, in 2008, the Delaware River Port Authority announced that it was commissioning a design plan for renovating, modernizing and reopening the Franklin Square station. As of March 2015, DRPA estimated that reopening the station would cost more than $18 million, as of December 5,2016, DRPA’s CEO, John Hanson, said a five-year, $28.2 million plan is now in place for the eventual reopening. The DRPA board recently approved moving ahead, design work will come first, beginning in 2017. Requests for quotations from engineering firms are due near the end of January, the heavy construction work may not happen until 2020, with the opening the following year. PATCO operates 121 67-foot cars which were acquired in two orders, labeled PATCO I and PATCO II. The original PATCO I cars were designed and manufactured by Budd of Philadelphia, cars numbered 101-125 are single units, and cars numbered 201-250 are in permanently coupled married pairs. The PATCO II cars were delivered in 1980 and consisted of married pairs numbered 251-296, the single units differ from the married pairs by having an extra single leaf door located behind each operators booth. This was installed before the collection system was finalized and there was a possibility of operators collecting fares on board during the late night hours
3.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
4.
National Historic Landmark
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A National Historic Landmark is a building, district, object, site, or structure that is officially recognized by the United States government for its outstanding historical significance. Of over 85,000 places listed on the countrys National Register of Historic Places, a National Historic Landmark District may include contributing properties that are buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties. Contributing properties may or may not also be separately listed, prior to 1935, efforts to preserve cultural heritage of national importance were made by piecemeal efforts of the United States Congress. The first National Historic Site designation was made for the Salem Maritime National Historic Site on March 17,1938. In 1960, the National Park Service took on the administration of the data gathered under this legislation. Because listings often triggered local preservation laws, legislation in 1980 amended the procedures to require owner agreement to the designations. On October 9,1960,92 properties were announced as designated NHLs by Secretary of the Interior Fred A. Seaton, more than 2,500 NHLs have been designated. Most, but not all, are in the United States, there are NHLs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Three states account for nearly 25 percent of the nations NHLs, three cities within these states all separately have more NHLs than 40 of the 50 states. In fact, New York City alone has more NHLs than all but five states, Virginia, California, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, there are 74 NHLs in the District of Columbia. Some NHLs are in U. S. commonwealths and territories, associated states, and foreign states. There are 15 in Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other U. S. commonwealths and territories,5 in U. S. -associated states such as Micronesia, over 100 ships or shipwrecks have been designated as NHLs. About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned, the National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. A friends group of owners and managers, the National Historic Landmark Stewards Association, works to preserve, protect, if not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs, american Water Landmark List of U. S
5.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
Neoclassical architecture
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Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century. In its purest form, it is a style derived from the architecture of classical antiquity, the Vitruvian principles. In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro, Neoclassical architecture is still designed today, but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings. In Central and Eastern Europe, the style is referred to as Classicism. Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée, the many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullées ideas and Edmund Burkes conception of the sublime, the baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell, the book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book featured the work of Inigo Jones. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain, at the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic architect earl, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladios Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and this severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of Englands finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk, the main block of this house followed Palladios dictates quite closely, but Palladios low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance. This classicising vein was also detectable, to a degree, in the Late Baroque architecture in Paris. This shift was even visible in Rome at the redesigned façade for S, by the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s, in France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden. A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire, in France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the Louis XVI style, and the second in the styles called Directoire or Empire. The Scottish architect Charles Cameron created palatial Italianate interiors for the German-born Catherine II the Great in St. Petersburg, indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved an audience in the 1760s
8.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
9.
John Haviland
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John Haviland was an English-born architect who was a major figure in American Neo-Classical architecture, and one of the most notable architects working from Philadelphia in the 19th century. Born 15 December 1792, at Gundenham, near Taunton, Somerset, in 1815 he unsuccessfully pursued an appointment to the Russian Imperial Corps of Engineers. In Russia, however, he met George von Sonntag and John Quincy Adams and he arrived in Philadelphia in 1816, and soon established himself as one of the few professional architects in the city. John Haviland and Mary Wright von Sonntag were married by the Right Rev. William White, Bishop of Pennsylvania and they had a son, John von Sonntag de Havilland. By 1818 Haviland produced a book, The Builders Assistant, which appeared in three volumes several years. This publication was one of the earliest architectural pattern books written and published in North America, during this time, Haviland unwisely speculated in his own projects, including commercial arcades in Philadelphia and New York, as well as an amusement park. He was eventually forced into bankruptcy, tarnishing his reputation in Philadelphia. Haviland was an Honorary and Corresponding Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects, in 1827 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Honorary Academician. He died March 28,1852 in Philadelphia and was buried in the vault at St. Andrews Church in Philadelphia. Additions & alterations to Old City Hall, 5th & Chestnut Sts, first Presbyterian Church, SE corner 7th & Locust Sts. St. Andrews Episcopal Church,256 S. 8th St. Philadelphia, now Greek Orthodox Cathedral of St. George. Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, NW corner Broad & Pine Sts, now Dorance Hamilton Hall, University of the Arts. Franklin Institute,15 S. 7th St. Philadelphia, Philadelphia Arcade, 615-19 Chestnut St. Philadelphia. The first American enclosed shopping gallery, Walnut Street Theater, 9th & Walnut Sts. Oldest continuously operated theater in the U. S, eastern State Penitentiary, Fairmount Avenue between Corinthian Avenue and North 22nd St. Philadelphia. Boston Row, NW corner 12th & Chestnut Sts, New Jersey State Penitentiary, near Trenton. Missouri State Penitentiary, Jefferson City, MO, essex County Court House and Jail, New Street, Newark, NJ. Now derelict and in need of saving, Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, Harrisburg, PA
10.
William Strickland (architect)
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William Strickland, was a noted architect in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Nashville, Tennessee. A student of Benjamin Latrobe and mentor to Thomas Ustick Walter, Strickland was one of the founders of the Greek Revival movement in the United States, William Strickland was born in Navesink, New Jersey. In his youth, he was a painter, illustrator for periodicals, theatrical scene painter, engraver. His Greek Revival designs drew inspiration from the plates of The Antiquities of Athens. Strickland and Latrobe competed to design the Second Bank of the United States in Philadelphia, Strickland, who was still copying classical prototypes at this point, won with an ambitious design modeled on the iconic Parthenon of Athens. Proud of the building, Strickland had it included in the background of his 1829 portrait by Philadelphia society painter John Neagle, Stricklands evolving talent and confidence is seen in the later Merchants Exchange. Also in Philadelphia, the Merchant Exchange is built on classical example — for example and it was to be located on a triangular plot at the intersection of two major thoroughfares between the waterfront and the business district. The elegant, curved east façade faces the waterfront, and reflects the carriage and this elevation is unique — Greek Revival, but modern — while a more staid and formal elevation can be found on the west side, facing Third Street. One of Stricklands last Philadelphia designs and among his smallest, the building is now occupied by National Mechanics Bar and Restaurant. Strickland also executed works in styles, including very early American work in the Gothic Revival style, including his Masonic Hall and his Saint Stephens Church. He also made use of Egyptian, Saracenic and Italianate styles, Strickland was also a civil engineer and one of the first to advocate the use of steam locomotives on railways. In 1835, the Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad hired him to survey a route from Wilmington, Delaware, later that year, he was named chief engineer of the Delaware and Maryland Railroad. Strickland designed and built the Delaware Breakwater, the first breakwater in the Western Hemisphere, several architects and engineers of note began or developed their careers in Stricklands employ, including Thomas Ustick Walter and John Trautwine. Strickland died in Nashville and is buried within the walls of his final, and arguably greatest work, holy Trinity Romanian Orthodox Church, Philadelphia, also known as the former St. Johns Episcopal Church. Second Bank of the United States, Philadelphia, Second Chestnut Street Theatre -1822 -1856 Musical Fund Hall, The Musical Fund Society, Philadelphia -1824. Wyck House -1824 Triumphal Arches for Lafayettes visit -1824 Second Congregation Mikveh Israel Synagogue, United States Naval Asylum, Philadelphia - 1826–33. Restoration of the tower of Independence Hall, Philadelphia -1828, first Unitarian Church of Philadelphia, -1828 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia -1829 Arch St. Theater -1829 Second Philadelphia Mint, Philadelphia - 1829–33. Blockley Almshouse -1835 Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia 1832–34, sussex County Courthouse, Georgetown, Delaware Grace Church, Keswick, Virginia
11.
Washington Square West, Philadelphia
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Washington Square West is a neighborhood in downtown, or Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In addition to being a residential community, it is considered a hip, trendy neighborhood that offers a diverse array of shops, restaurants. Washington Square West contains many gay-friendly establishments and hosts annual events celebrating LGBT culture in Philadelphia including OutFest, the area takes its name from Washington Square, a historic urban park in the northeastern corner of the neighborhood. Philadelphias Antique Row lies in the area as does the nations oldest hospital, educational and medical facilities associated with Thomas Jefferson University, a leading regional medical university and health care center, are located within the neighborhood. The one-time headquarters of the former Curtis Publishing Company and the University of the Arts lie at the edges of the neighborhood, the neighborhood follows William Penns original grid layout for the city, with many one-lane and pedestrian side streets added later as the population became more dense. In addition to the block sized Washington Square Park to the East, the name Washington Square West came into official use in the late 1950s and early 1960s as part of Edmund Bacons comprehensive plan for Center City. In this plan, the south-east quadrant of center city was split into Washington Square East, both neighborhoods were scheduled for urban renewal by Philadelphias City Planning Commission and Redevelopment Authority. After a period of decline in the early 20th century, city officials hoped that redevelopment would clean up the neighborhood, after large-scale renewal of Washington Square East/Society Hill in the early 1960s, the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority turned to Washington Square West. In the late 1960s, the Redevelopment Authority bought and demolished buildings and, by the mid-1970s, by this time, however, federal money available for urban renewal had declined and the city was no longer able to fund the renewal of Washington Square West. Buildings razed by the city in the 1960s and 1970s were left as empty lots, through the late 1970s and 1980 began a slow recovery without the aid of the large-scale redevelopment that had occurred in Society Hill. The 1990s saw a shift in the neighborhood as Mayor Ed Rendell encouraged investment in Center City, by the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, the neighborhood had transformed into an economically vital community. The Washington Square West Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, the 61-acre area encompasses 450 contributing buildings. Located in the district and separately listed are the Clinton Street Historic District, Roberts-Quay House, the area approximately located around Chestnut, Pine, Juniper and 11th Streets within Washington Square West is known as The Gayborhood. It is so-named because of its concentration of gay and lesbian friendly small businesses, services, restaurants. It was also a red district and center of Philadelphias gay bathhouse culture in the 1970s and 1980s. The area is the location for Philadelphias annual OutFest, National Coming Out Day celebration, on 18 April 2007, the city of Philadelphia officially recognized the area by adding 36 gay pride rainbow flag symbols to street signs bordering the Gayborhood area. 32 additional signs were added in June 2010, on 25 June 2015, rainbows, indicating LGBT pride, were painted onto crosswalks on the corner of 13th and Locust Streets. Its success as a city neighborhood has led to attempts at large scale private development in the Gayborhood in the 2000s
12.
Theater (structure)
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A theater, theatre or playhouse, is a structure where theatrical works or plays are performed, or other performances such as musical concerts may be produced. While a theater is not required for performance, a theater serves to define the performance and audience spaces, the facility is traditionally organized to provide support areas for performers, the technical crew and the audience members. There are as many types of theaters as there are types of performance, theaters may be built specifically for a certain types of productions, they may serve for more general performance needs or they may be adapted or converted for use as a theater. They may range from open-air amphitheaters to ornate, cathedral-like structures to simple, some theaters may have a fixed acting area, while some theaters, such as black box theaters, may not, allowing the director and designers to construct an acting area suitable for the production. The most important of these areas is the acting space generally known as the stage, in some theaters, specifically proscenium theaters, arena theaters and amphitheaters, this area is permanent part of the structure. In a blackbox theater the area is undefined so that each theater may adapt specifically to a production. In addition to these spaces, there may be offstage spaces as well. These include wings on either side of a stage where props, sets. A Prompters box may be found backstage, in an amphitheater, an area behind the stage may be designated for such uses while a blackbox theater may have spaces outside of the actual theater designated for such uses. Often a theater will incorporate other spaces intended for the performers, a booth facing the stage may be incorporated into the house where lighting and sound personnel may view the show and run their respective instruments. Other rooms in the building may be used for dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, spaces for constructing sets, props and costumes, as well as storage. There are usually two main entrances, one at the front, used by the audience, that leads into the back of the audience, the second is called the stage door, and it is accessible from backstage. This is the means by which the cast and crew enter and exit the theater and this term can also be used to refer to going to a lot of shows or living in a big theater city, such as New York or Chicago. All theaters provide a space for an audience, the audience is usually separated from the performers by the proscenium arch. In proscenium theaters and amphitheaters, the arch, like the stage, is a permanent feature of the structure. This area is known as the auditorium or the house, the word parterre is sometimes used to refer to a particular subset of this area. In North American usage this is usually the rear seating block beneath the gallery whereas in Britain it can mean either the area in front near the orchestra pit, the term can also refer to the side stalls in some usages. Derived from the gardening term parterre, the usage refers to the pattern of both the seats of an auditorium and of the planted beds seen in garden construction
13.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland
14.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
15.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
16.
Hippodrama
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Hippodrama, or horse drama, is a genre of theatrical show blending circus horsemanship display with popular melodrama theatre. Anthony Hippisley-Coxe described hippodrama as a bastard entertainment born of a misalliance between the circus and the theatre and that actually inhibited the development of the circus. Horses appeared in Western European theater in the half of the 18th century. Hippodrama emerged in the turn of 19th century in England, introduced by Philip Astley, at this time, the Licensing Act of 1737 was in effect. This act only allowed three theaters to perform “legitimate theater. ”These theaters included Covent Garden, Drury Lane, and these theaters had patents on real drama. Other theaters, such as Astley’s Amphitheater and the Royal Circus, only had licenses for “public dancing and music”, Astley’s horse acts in his circus were allowed within his license. However, Astley wanted to produce more like “legitimate theater. ”He soon realized that he could produce real drama as long as the drama was performed on horseback. He adapted common stories and plays in a way where they could be performed on horses, not only that, but the horses were the main actors. The horses had their own business, or leading actions, to perform that helped out the plot. The first hippodrama premiered in 1803 in London at Astleys Amphitheatre, Royal Circus and Olympic Pavilion, and in Paris at Cirque Olympique, where 36 horse riders could perform simultaneously. Theatres built for hippodramas combined proscenium stage with dirt-floored riding arena separated by orchestra pit, scene and arena were connected by ramps, forming a single performing space. The Circus of Pepin and Breschard presented Don Quixote de la Mancha on horseback and on foot, Pepin and Breschards company presented hippodramas in the newly formed United States from at least 1809 until 1815. Christoph de Bach produced similar entertainment in Vienna, Astleys 1810 financial success with The Blood Red Knight persuaded the reluctant management of Covent Garden and Drury Lane theatres to join the lucrative business. Hippodrama plays, tailored for the masses, revolved around colourful Eastern subjects like Timour the Tartar or Mazeppa, or the Wild Horse of Tartary, adaptations of William Shakespeare were another common choice. Hippodrama also traveled all the way to Australia, hippodromes were built in Sydney and Melbourne in the 1850s. However, hippodrama was not as big in Australia as it was in England and it did leave an impact, though. Hippodrama helped change Australian theater building designs, in order to accommodate the horses, there had to be a way for the horses to get onstage. So, the theaters started to build ramps leading up to the stage, also, the stages had to be big enough to hold a circus ring
17.
Orchestra pit
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An orchestra pit is the area in a theater in which musicians perform. Orchestral pits are utilized in forms of theatre that require music or in cases when incidental music is required, the conductor is typically positioned at the front of the orchestral pit facing the stage. An orchestra pit can be any size, but it is big enough to fit a small sized orchestra or other small ensemble. Many orchestra pits are designed to have reasonably low decibel levels. Typically, a platform in the pit accommodates the conductor, so that he or she can be seen by all of the musicians. Most pits are designed as a lift, jackscrew lift, locking chain lift, rack and pinion lift. The lift can usually be lowered all the way to a space under the stage, or halfway to floor level. When lowered all the way, the lift can be filled with equipment or props from underneath the stage, the pit can be raised so it is level with the floor of the audience seats to accommodate more seating area. This is common when the stage is being used for a rock show, when the pit is raised all the way up, level with the stage, it can be used as part of the stage to give more room for larger shows. Having a lift set up this way gives the theatre much more flexibility and ability to adapt to different events that occur in the theatre and it allows many different setups, each one personal to certain types of productions. Earlier in theatre history from 1500-1650 the orchestra pit was also called the yard and it was generally very crowded and hard to see the full stage. The amount of space in the yard varied with different stages, everyone else would sit in the normal seating where the whole stage was visible. Since then the pit has been changed and enhanced to work better with modern theatre. Now orchestra pits are designed much better and have a lot of different uses and this way the director of the orchestra is able to see what is happening on stage and has a better feel for when to start and stop the music. Sometimes there are very precise cues that director needs to give for certain sound effects, before the 19th century the conductor stood at the stage edge, facing the audience and orchestra, with his back toward the onstage performers as shown in the Palais Garnier orchestra pit plan. During the late 19th century the typical conductor location changed, now the conductor stands in front of the first row of audience, with his back to the audience, facing the orchestra and facing the performers on stage. Musical theater Opera Orchestra Pit orchestra
18.
Air conditioning
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Air conditioning is the process of removing heat from a confined space, thus cooling the air, and removing humidity. Air conditioning can be used in domestic and commercial environments. Air conditioners often use a fan to distribute the air to an occupied space such as a building or a car to improve thermal comfort. The cooling is achieved through a refrigeration cycle, but sometimes evaporation or free cooling is used. Air conditioning systems can also be based on desiccants and subterraneous pipes that can distribute the heated refrigerant to the ground for cooling. In the most general sense, air conditioning can refer to any form of technology that modifies the condition of air, in common usage, though, air conditioning refers to systems which cool air. In construction, a system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as heating, ventilation. Since prehistoric times, snow and ice were used for cooling, the business of harvesting ice during winter and storing for use in summer became popular towards the late 17th century. This practice was replaced by mechanical ice-making machines, the basic concept behind air conditioning is said to have been applied in ancient Egypt, where reeds were hung in windows and were moistened with trickling water. The evaporation of water cooled the air blowing through the window and this process also made the air more humid, which can be beneficial in a dry desert climate. In Ancient Rome, water from aqueducts was circulated through the walls of houses to cool them. Other techniques in medieval Persia involved the use of cisterns and wind towers to cool buildings during the hot season. The 2nd-century Chinese inventor Ding Huan of the Han Dynasty invented a fan for air conditioning, with seven wheels 3 m in diameter. During the subsequent Song Dynasty, written sources mentioned the air conditioning rotary fan as even more widely used, in the 17th century, Cornelis Drebbel demonstrated Turning Summer into Winter for James I of England by adding salt to water. The introduction of air conditioning in the 1920s helped enable the great migration to the Sun Belt in the United States. In 1758, Benjamin Franklin and John Hadley, a professor at Cambridge University. Franklin and Hadley confirmed that evaporation of volatile liquids could be used to drive down the temperature of an object past the freezing point of water. They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object and they lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to −14 °C while the ambient temperature was 18 °C
19.
The Rivals
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The Rivals is a comedy of manners by Richard Brinsley Sheridan in five acts. It was first performed at Covent Garden Theatre on 17 January 1775, the Rivals was Sheridans first play. At the time, he was a young newlywed living in Bath, at Sheridans insistence, upon marriage his wife Eliza had given up her career as a singer. This was proper for the wife of a gentleman, but it was difficult because Eliza would have earned an income as a performer. Instead, the Sheridans lived beyond their means as they entertained the gentry and nobility with Elizas singing, finally, in need of funds, Richard turned to the only craft that could gain him the remuneration he desired in a short time, he began writing a play. In a short time, however, he completed The Rivals, the Rivals was first performed at Covent Garden, London, on 17 January 1775. It was roundly vilified by both the public and the critics for its length, for its bawdiness and for the character of Sir Lucius OTrigger being a meanly written role played very badly. The actor, Lee, after being hit with an apple during the performance, stopped and addressed the audience, — is it me, or the matter. If he can dispense with flattery, he is sure at least of sincerity, Sheridan also apologised for any impression that OTrigger was intended as an insult to Ireland. Rewritten and with a new actor, Clinch, in the role of OTrigger, indeed, it became a favourite of the royal family, receiving five command performances in ten years, and also in the Colonies. It became a show in the repertoires of 19th Century companies in England. The play is now considered to be one of Sheridans masterpieces, and she was first played by Jane Green. Wealthy, fashionable people went there to take the waters, which were believed to have healing properties, Bath was much less exclusive than London, and hence it provides an ideal setting for the characters. The plot centres on the two lovers, Lydia and Jack. Lydia, who reads a lot of novels of the time. To court her, Jack pretends to be Ensign Beverley, a poor officer, Lydia is enthralled with the idea of eloping with a poor soldier in spite of the objections of her guardian, Mrs. Malaprop, a moralistic widow. Mrs. Malaprop is the comic figure of the play, thanks to her continual misuse of words that sound like the words she intends to use. Lydia has two suitors, Bob Acres, and Sir Lucius OTrigger, an impoverished and combative Irish gentleman
20.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
21.
Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
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A close friend of George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and Thomas Jefferson, Lafayette was a key figure in the French Revolution of 1789 and the July Revolution of 1830. Born in Chavaniac, in the province of Auvergne in south central France and he followed its martial tradition, and was commissioned an officer at age 13. He became convinced that the American cause in its war was noble. There, he was made a general, however, the 19-year-old was initially not given troops to command. Wounded during the Battle of Brandywine, he managed to organize an orderly retreat. He served with distinction in the Battle of Rhode Island, in the middle of the war, he returned home to lobby for an increase in French support. He again sailed to America in 1780, and was given positions in the Continental Army. In 1781, troops in Virginia under his command blocked forces led by Cornwallis until other American, Lafayette returned to France and, in 1787, was appointed to the Assembly of Notables, which was convened in response to the fiscal crisis. He was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789, where representatives met from the three orders of French society—the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. He helped write the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, after the storming of the Bastille, Lafayette was appointed commander-in-chief of the National Guard and tried to steer a middle course through the French Revolution. In August 1792, the radical factions ordered his arrest, fleeing through the Austrian Netherlands, he was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in prison. Lafayette returned to France after Napoleon Bonaparte secured his release in 1797, after the Bourbon Restoration of 1814, he became a liberal member of the Chamber of Deputies, a position he held for most of the remainder of his life. During Frances July Revolution of 1830, Lafayette declined an offer to become the French dictator, instead, he supported Louis-Philippe as king, but turned against him when the monarch became autocratic. Lafayette died on 20 May 1834, and is buried in Picpus Cemetery in Paris, for his accomplishments in the service of both France and the United States, he is sometimes known as The Hero of the Two Worlds. Lafayettes lineage was likely one of the oldest and most distinguished in Auvergne and, perhaps, males of the Lafayette family enjoyed a reputation for courage and chivalry and were noted for their contempt for danger. One of Lafayettes early ancestors, Gilbert de Lafayette III, a Marshal of France, had been a companion-at-arms of Joan of Arcs army during the Siege of Orléans in 1429, according to legend, another ancestor acquired the crown of thorns during the Sixth Crusade. Lafayettes father likewise died on the battlefield, on 1 August 1759, Michel de Lafayette was struck by a cannonball while fighting a British-led coalition at the Battle of Minden in Westphalia. Lafayette became marquis and Lord of Chavaniac, but the estate went to his mother, in 1768, when Lafayette was 11, he was summoned to Paris to live with his mother and great-grandfather at the comtes apartments in Luxembourg Palace
22.
Edwin Booth
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Edwin Thomas Booth was a 19th-century American actor who toured throughout America and the major capitals of Europe, performing Shakespearean plays. In 1869 he founded Booths Theatre in New York, a theatre that was quite modern for its time. Some theatrical historians consider him the greatest American actor, and the greatest Prince Hamlet and his achievements are often overshadowed by his relationship with his brother, John Wilkes Booth, the man who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln. Booth was born in Bel Air, Maryland, into the English American theatrical Booth family and he was the illegitimate son of another famous actor, Junius Brutus Booth, an Englishman, who named Edwin after Edwin Forrest and Thomas Flynn, two of Junius colleagues. He was the brother of John Wilkes Booth, himself a successful actor who gained notoriety as the assassin of President Lincoln. In early appearances, Booth usually performed alongside his father, making his debut as Tressel or Tressil in Colley Cibbers version of Richard III in Boston in 1849. His first appearance in New York City was in the character of Wilford in The Iron Chest, a year later, on the illness of the father, the son took his place in the character of Richard III. After his fathers death in 1852, Booth went on a tour, visiting Australia and Hawaii. Before his brother assassinated Lincoln, Edwin had appeared with his two brothers, John Wilkes and Junius Brutus Booth Jr. in Julius Caesar in 1864, John Wilkes played Marc Antony, Edwin played Brutus, and Junius played Cassius. It was a performance, and the only time that the three brothers appeared together on the same stage. The funds were used to erect a statue of William Shakespeare that still stands in Central Park just south of the Promenade, from 1863 to 1867, Booth managed the Winter Garden Theatre in New York City, mostly staging Shakespearean tragedies. In 1863, he bought the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, after John Wilkes Booths assassination of President Lincoln in April 1865, the infamy associated with the Booth name forced Edwin Booth to abandon the stage for many months. Edwin, who had been feuding with John Wilkes before the assassination, disowned him afterward and he made his return to the stage at the Winter Garden Theatre in January 1866, playing the title role in Hamlet, which would eventually become his signature role. In 1867, a fire damaged the Winter Garden Theatre, resulting in the subsequent demolition. Elaborate productions followed, but the theatre never became a profitable or even stable financial venture, the panic of 1873 caused the final bankruptcy of Booths Theatre in 1874. After the bankruptcy, Booth went on another tour, eventually regaining his fortune. Booth was married to Mary Devlin from 1860 to 1863, the year of her death and they had one daughter, Edwina, born on December 9,1861, in London. He later remarried, wedding his acting partner Mary McVicker in 1869, in 1869, Edwin acquired his brother Johns body after repeatedly writing to President Andrew Johnson pleading for it
23.
John Sleeper Clarke
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John Sleeper Clarke was a 19th-century American comedian and actor. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and was educated for the law, in his boyhood he was a schoolmate of Edwin Booth who was born in the same year as he, and with whom he engaged in amateur dramatic readings as members of the Baltimore Thespian Club. He made his first appearance in Boston as Frank Hardy in Paul Pry in 1851, the next year he went to Philadelphia. In 1859 he became part of the Booth family when he married Asia Booth, daughter of Junius Brutus Booth, Clarke was associated with his brother-in-law Edwin Booth in the management of the Winter Garden theatre in New York, the Walnut Street theatre in Philadelphia and the Boston theatre. Following the 1865 assassination of US president Abraham Lincoln by Clarkes brother-in-law, John Wilkes Booth and he turned them over to the Philadelphia Inquirer who printed one of the two letters. His actions led to his arrest and imprisonment in the Capitol Prison in Washington D. C. for a month, once released, he notified his pregnant wife that they must divorce. He wanted to distance himself professionally from the name of Booth, but she refused to divorce him. She bore him twin boys, Creston and Wilfred, who became actors, in August 1865. However, they were married in name only. He lives a free going bachelor life, wrote Asia to her brother Edwin. She died 16 May 1888, at the age of 52, at the Princesss in February 1868, he was Salem Scudder in a revival of The Octoroon, and later, at the Strand, was the first Young Gosling in Fox versus Goose. On 26 July 1869, he was the first Babington Jones in John Broughams Among the Breakers, at the same house he also played Toodles, Dr. Pangloss in The Heir at Law, and other parts. His success was so great that he remained in England for the rest of his life and he died suddenly, in London, in his sixty-seventh year. At the beginning of his career Clarke wished to play tragedy and he managed several London theatres, including the Haymarket, where he preceded the Bancrofts. On September 28,1899, his remains were interred at Teddington Cemetery, Shacklegate Lane, Teddington, among the mourners were Mr. and Mrs. Clement Scott, Charles Hawtrey, the staff of the Strand Theater, and Mr. Clarkes two sons. Many beautiful wreaths were placed upon the coffin, dictionary of National Biography,1901 supplement. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Clarke, John Sleeper
24.
The Shubert Organization
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The Shubert Organization is a theatrical producing organization and a major owner of theatres based in Manhattan, New York City. It was founded by the three Shubert brothers in the late 19th century and they steadily expanded, owning many theaters in New York and across the country. Since then it has gone through changes of ownership, but is still a theater chain. The organization produced a number of shows and began acquiring theaters. Sam Shubert died in 1905, by 1916 the two remaining brothers had become powerful theater moguls with a nationwide presence, in 1907, the Shuberts tried to enter vaudeville with the United States Amusement Co. In April 1922, the Shuberts teamed with Isidore Herk and E. Thomas Beatty to form the Affiliated Theatres Corporation, faced with fierce competition from the B. F. Keith circuit, the Shuberts closed their vaudeville operation in February 1923. The company continued to stage productions in New York until the 1940s. It leases Bostons Shubert Theatre to the Citi Performing Arts Center, Shubert Ticketing, which includes Telecharge, handles tickets for 70 theaters. Several former Shubert-owned theaters across the United States are still referred to by the Shubert name, one of the most famous is the New Haven Shubert, the second theater ever built by the Shubert Organization. Until the 1970s, major Broadway producers often premiered shows there before opening in New York and it was immortalized in many mid-20th century films, such as All About Eve. Another important regional theater was the Shubert in Chicago, Illinois located within the Majestic Building at 22 West Monroe Street, originally known as the Majestic Theatre, the Shubert Organization purchased it in 1945 and rechristened it the Sam Shubert Theatre. The Shuberts sold the theatre to the Nederlander Organization in 1991and is now known as the PrivateBank Theatre, in 2016, it sold longtime HQ,1700 Broadway, to Ruben Cos for $280M. The boys from Syracuse, the Shuberts theatrical empire, how a Shubert Fund Produces and Directs. Ruling Wrote Script For the Shubert Tax Break
25.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
26.
A Streetcar Named Desire
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A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams that received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948. The play opened on Broadway on December 3,1947, and closed on December 17,1949, the Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Jessica Tandy, Marlon Brando, Karl Malden, and Kim Hunter. The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano, Vivien Leigh, the drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often regarded as among the finest plays of the 20th century, and is considered by many to be one of Williams greatest. Blanche is in her thirties, and with no money, she has nowhere else to go, Blanche tells Stella that she has taken a leave of absence from her English teaching position because of her nerves. Blanche laments the shabbiness of her sister’s two-room flat and she finds Stanley loud and rough, eventually referring to him as common. Stanley, in return, does not care for Blanches manners, Stanley later questions Blanche about her earlier marriage. Blanche had married when she was young, but her husband died, leaving her widowed. The memory of her dead husband causes Blanche some obvious distress, Stanley, worried that he has been cheated out of an inheritance, demands to know what happened to Belle Reve, once a large plantation and the DuBois family home. Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve, while looking at the papers, Stanley notices a bundle of letters that Blanche emotionally proclaims are personal love letters from her dead husband. For a moment, Stanley seems caught off guard over her proclaimed feelings, afterwards, he informs Blanche that Stella is going to have a baby. The night after Blanche’s arrival, during one of Stanley’s poker parties, Blanche meets Mitch and his courteous manner sets him apart from the other men. Their chat becomes flirtatious and friendly, and Blanche easily charms him, suddenly becoming upset over multiple interruptions, Stanley explodes in a drunken rage and strikes Stella. Blanche and Stella take refuge with the neighbor, Eunice. When Stanley recovers, he cries out from the courtyard below for Stella to come back by calling her name until she comes down. After Stella returns to Stanley, Blanche and Mitch sit at the bottom of the steps in the courtyard, Blanche is bewildered that Stella would go back with him after such violence. The next morning, Blanche rushes to Stella and describes Stanley as an animal, though Stella assures Blanche that she. Stanley overhears the conversation but keeps silent, when Stanley comes in, Stella hugs and kisses him, letting Blanche know that her low opinion of Stanley does not matter. As the weeks pass, Blanche and Stanley continue to not get along, Blanche has hope in Mitch, and tells Stella that she wants to go away with him and not be anyone’s problem
27.
Marlon Brando
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Marlon Brando, Jr. was an American actor, film director and activist. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting and he helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s. Julius Caesar, The Wild One, Reflections in a Golden Eye, Last Tango in Paris, Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements. Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata, Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara, an adaption of James Micheners 1954 novel. Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s, coming in at number 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, the 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time, Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks. After this, he was content with being a highly paid actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman and The Formula. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million and 11. 75% of the profits for 13 days work on Superman. Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of three professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century. He died of respiratory failure on July 1,2004, at age 80, Brando was born on April 3,1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia. Brando had two sisters, Jocelyn Brando and Frances. His ancestry included German, Dutch, English, and Irish and his patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New York in the early 1700s from the Palatinate in Germany. Brando was raised a Christian Scientist, however, she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from Chicago bars by her husband. In his autobiography, Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando expressed sadness when writing about his mother, dodie and Brandos father eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Brando harbored far more enmity for his father, stating, I was his namesake and he enjoyed telling me I couldnt do anything right. He had a habit of telling me I would never amount to anything, Brandos parents moved to Evanston, Illinois, when his fathers work took him to Chicago, but separated when Brando was 11 years old. His mother took the three children to Santa Ana, California, where they lived with her mother, in 1937, Brandos parents reconciled and moved together to Libertyville, Illinois, a small town north of Chicago
28.
Mister Roberts (play)
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Mister Roberts is a 1948 play based on the 1946 Thomas Heggen novel of the same name. The novel began as a collection of stories about Heggens experiences aboard the USS Virgo in the South Pacific during World War II. Broadway producer Leland Hayward acquired the rights for the play and hired Heggen, Mister Roberts opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre on February 18,1948, starring Henry Fonda, David Wayne, Robert Keith and Jocelyn Brando who replaced Eva Marie Saint before the show opened. Logans brother-in-law, William Harrigan, played the Captain, the original production also featured Harvey Lembeck, Ralph Meeker, Steven Hill, Lee Van Cleef and Murray Hamilton. Fonda got out of a Hollywood film contract in order to star in the Broadway theatre stage production and he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. The production ran for 1,157 performances, Fonda would later reprise his role of Lieutenant Roberts in the 1955 film of the same name. Tyrone Power starred in the London company, john Forsythe appeared in a national touring production. Many actors began their career in productions and touring companies. Fess Parker began his business career in the play, in 1951. Joshua Logans account of his collaboration with Thomas Heggen in the writing of the play is in Logans autobiography, Josh, My Up and Down, In,1948 Tony Award for Best Play History, USNS New Bedford, Sea bird adventure. The Wacky Ship of Mr. Roberts, Sea Classics, USS Virgo, TO Heggen, Author, Found Dead in Bath, The New York Times, May 20,1949. Logan, Joshua, Josh, My Up and Down, In and Out Life, New York, Delacorte Press, Mister Roberts at the Internet Broadway Database Mister Roberts at the Internet Broadway Database 1953 Best Plays radio adaptation of play at Internet Archive
29.
Henry Fonda
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Henry Jaynes Fonda was an American film and stage actor with a career spanning more than five decades. Fonda made his mark early as a Broadway actor and he also appeared in 1938 in plays performed in White Plains, New York, with Joan Tompkins. Throughout six decades in Hollywood, Fonda cultivated a strong, appealing screen image in such classics as The Ox-Bow Incident, Fonda was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including daughter Jane Fonda, son Peter Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda, and grandson Troy Garity. His family and close friends called him Hank, in 1999, he was named the sixth-Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. Fondas ancestors from Genoa, Italy, migrated to the Netherlands in the 15th century, in 1642, a branch of the Fonda family immigrated to the Dutch colony of New Netherland on the East Coast of North America. They were among the first Dutch population to settle in what is now upstate New York, establishing the town of Fonda, by 1888, many of their descendants had relocated to Nebraska. Henry Fonda was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, to advertising-printing jobber William Brace Fonda, Fonda was brought up as a Christian Scientist, though he was baptized an Episcopalian at St. Stephens Episcopal Church in Grand Island. He said, My whole damn family was nice and they were a close family and highly supportive, especially in health matters, as they avoided doctors due to their religion. Despite having a background, he later became an agnostic. Fonda was a bashful, short boy who tended to avoid girls, except his sisters, and was a skater, swimmer. He worked part-time in his fathers print plant and imagined a career as a journalist. Later, he worked after school for the phone company, Fonda was active in the Boy Scouts of America, Teichmann reports that he reached the rank of Eagle Scout. When he was about 14, his father took him to observe the lynching of a black man accused of rape. This enraged the young Fonda and he kept a keen awareness of prejudice for the rest of his life, by his senior year in high school, Fonda had grown to more than six feet tall, but remained shy. He attended the University of Minnesota, where he majored in journalism and he took a job with the Retail Credit Company. He was fascinated by the stage, learning everything from set construction to stage production, Fonda decided to quit his job and go East in 1928 to seek his fortune. He arrived on Cape Cod and played a role at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis. A friend took him to Falmouth, MA where he joined and quickly became a member of the University Players
30.
Gigi
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Gigi is a 1944 novella by French writer Colette. The novella was the basis for a 1949 French film starring Danièle Delorme, in 1951, it was adapted for the stage by Anita Loos. Colette had personally picked the yet unknown Audrey Hepburn on first sight to play the title role and her Aunt Alicia was played by stage legend Cathleen Nesbitt, who was to become Hepburns acting mentor from that time on. Opening on 24 November 1951 on Broadway at the Fulton Theatre, the novella was translated into English by Roger Senhouse and published in 1953. A1958 musical film version with a screenplay by Alan Jay Lerner, Lerner and Loewe adapted the film for an expurgated 1973 stage musical that proved to be unsuccessful, and was revived on Broadway in 2015
31.
Audrey Hepburn
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Audrey Hepburn was a British actress, model, dancer and humanitarian. Recognized as a film and fashion icon, Hepburn was active during Hollywoods Golden Age and she was ranked by the American Film Institute as the third-greatest female screen legend in Golden Age Hollywood and was inducted into the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame. Born in Ixelles, a district of Brussels, Hepburn spent her childhood between Belgium, England and the Netherlands, following minor appearances in several films, Hepburn starred in the 1951 Broadway play Gigi after being spotted by French novelist Colette, on whose work the play was based. She shot to stardom for playing the role in Roman Holiday, for which she was the first actress to win an Academy Award, a Golden Globe. The same year Hepburn won a Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Play for her performance in Ondine, Hepburn won a record three BAFTA Awards for Best British Actress in a Leading Role. In recognition of her career, she was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from BAFTA. DeMille Award, the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award and the Special Tony Award and she remains one of the few people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy and Tony Awards. Hepburn appeared in films as her life went on, devoting much of her later life to UNICEF. She had contributed to the organisation since 1954, then worked in some of the poorest communities of Africa, South America and she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of her work as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador in December 1992. A month later, Hepburn died of cancer at her home in Switzerland at the age of 63. Hepburn was born Audrey Kathleen Ruston or Edda Kathleen Hepburn-Ruston on 4 May 1929 at number 48 Rue Keyenveld in Ixelles and her father, Joseph Victor Anthony Ruston, was a British subject born in Auschitz, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary. He was the son of Victor John George Ruston, of British and Austrian descent and Anna Wels, Hepburns mother, Ella van Heemstra, was a Dutch baroness. At age nineteen, Ella had married Jonkheer Hendrik Gustaaf Adolf Quarles van Ufford, an oil based in Batavia, Dutch East Indies. They had two sons, Jonkheer Arnoud Robert Alexander Quarles van Ufford and Jonkheer Ian Edgar Bruce Quarles van Ufford, Hepburns parents were married in Batavia in September 1926. At the time, Ruston worked for a company, but soon after the marriage, the couple relocated to Europe. After a year in London, they moved to Brussels, where he had assigned to open a branch office. After three years spent travelling between Brussels, Arnhem, The Hague and London, the family settled to the suburban Brussels municipality of Linkebeek in 1932, Hepburns early childhood was sheltered and privileged. In the mid-1930s, Hepburns parents recruited and collected donations for the British Union of Fascists, Joseph left the family abruptly in 1935, which Hepburn later professed was the most traumatic event of my life
32.
Susan Strasberg
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Susan Elizabeth Strasberg was an American stage, film, and television actress. Strasberg was born in New York City, the daughter of director and drama coach Lee Strasberg of the Actors Studio. Her brother, John, is an acting coach and her parents were both from Jewish families who emigrated from Europe. Strasberg attended the Professional Childrens School, and then spent time at both The High School of Music & Art and the High School of Performing Arts, Strasberg became the youngest actress to star on Broadway with her name above the marquee title. In 1955, she appeared twice on the cover of Life and she later starred in the Italian Holocaust film Kapò which was nominated for an Academy Award as best foreign film of 1960. From the 1960s through the 1980s, she guest-starred in such series as The Virginian, The Invaders, Bonanza. Breaking Point, Burkes Law, The Streets of San Francisco, Night Gallery, McCloud, Alias Smith & Jones, The Big Valley, Remington Steele and she lived in Italy in the early 1960s, where she was often called La Strasberg. In 1993, she was a member for the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. Marilyn and Me, Sisters, Rivals, Friends was about Strasbergs friendship with Marilyn Monroe, whom she called a surrogate sister, Strasberg was working on a third book about her personal spiritual journey at the time of her death entitled Confessions of a New Age Heretic. Before her marriage, Strasberg had relationships with Warren Beatty, Cary Grant, on September 25,1965, Strasberg married actor Christopher Jones, with whom she had appeared in an episode of The Legend of Jesse James. Their daughter, Jennifer Robin, was six months later. Strasberg was diagnosed with breast cancer in the mid-1990s and she died of the disease at her home in New York City on January 21,1999, at the age of 60. Susan Strasberg at Find a Grave
33.
A Raisin in the Sun
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A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in 1959. The title comes from the poem Harlem by Langston Hughes, the New York Drama Critics Circle named it the best play of 1959. Walter and Ruth Younger, their son Travis, along with Walters mother Lena and Walters sister Beneatha, Walter is barely making a living as a limousine driver. Though Ruth is content with their lot, Walter is not and his plan is to invest in a liquor store in partnership with Willy and Bobo, street-smart acquaintances of Walters. At the beginning of the play, Walter and Beneathas father has recently died, Walter has a sense of entitlement to the money, but Mama has religious objections to alcohol and Beneatha has to remind him it is Mamas call how to spend it. Eventually Mama puts some of the money down on a new house, later she relents and gives the rest of the money to Walter to invest with the provision that he reserve $3,000 for Beneathas education. Walter passes the money on to Willys naive sidekick Bobo, who gives it to Willy, meanwhile, Karl Lindner, a white representative of the neighborhood they plan to move to, makes a generous offer to buy them out. He wishes to avoid neighborhood tensions over interracial population, which to the three womens horror Walter prepares to accept as a solution to their financial setback. Lena says that money was something they try to work for. While all this is going on, Beneathas character and direction in life are being defined for us by two different men, Beneathas wealthy and educated boyfriend George Murchison, and Joseph Asagai, neither man is actively involved in the Youngers financial ups and downs. Asagai patiently teaches Beneatha about her African heritage, he gives her thoughtfully useful gifts from Africa and she straightens her hair, for example, which he characterizes as mutilation. When Beneatha becomes distraught at the loss of the money, she is upbraided by Joseph for her materialism. She eventually accepts his point of view that things will get better with a lot of effort, along with his proposal of marriage and his invitation to move with him to Nigeria to practice medicine. Walter redeems himself and black pride at the end by changing his mind and not accepting the offer, stating that the family is proud of who they are. The play closes with the family leaving for their new home, the character Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes are often cut in reproductions. Mrs. Johnson is the Younger familys neighbor and she is nosy and loud, and cannot understand how the family can consider moving to a white neighborhood. Her lines are employed as comic relief, but Hansberry also uses this scene to mock those who are too scared to stand up for their rights. This case was heard prior to the passage of the Fair Housing Act, the Hansberrys won their right to be heard as a matter of due process of law in relation to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
34.
Sidney Poitier
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Sir Sidney Poitier, KBE, is a Bahamian-American actor, film director, author and diplomat. In 1964, Poitier became the first Bahamian and first African-American to win an Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in Lilies of the Field. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Poitier among the Greatest Male Stars of classic Hollywood cinema, from 1997 to 2007, he served as the non-resident Bahamian ambassador to Japan. On August 12,2009, Poitier was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016, he was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship for outstanding lifetime achievement in film. Sidney Poitiers parents were Evelyn and Reginald James Poitier, Bahamian farmers who owned a farm on Cat Island and traveled to Miami to sell tomatoes, Reginald worked as a cab driver in Nassau, Bahamas. Poitier was born in Miami while his parents were visiting and his birth was two months premature and he was not expected to survive, but his parents remained in Miami for three months to nurse him to health. Poitier grew up in the Bahamas, then a British Crown colony, because of his birth in the United States, he automatically received American citizenship. He mentions that the surname Poitier is a French name, Poitier lived with his family on Cat Island until he was 10, when they moved to Nassau. He was raised a Roman Catholic but, later became an agnostic with views closer to deism, at the age of 15, he was sent to Miami to live with his brother. At the age of 16, he moved to New York City, a waiter sat with him every night for several weeks helping him learn to read the newspaper. He lied about his age and enlisted in the Army during World War II in 1943, Poitier joined the North American Negro Theatre, but was rejected by audiences. Contrary to what was expected of African American actors at the time, determined to refine his acting skills and rid himself of his noticeable Bahamian accent, he spent the next six months dedicating himself to achieving theatrical success. By the end of 1949, he had to choose between leading roles on stage and an offer to work for Darryl F. Zanuck in the film No Way Out, Poitiers breakout role was as a member of an incorrigible high school class in Blackboard Jungle. Poitier was the first male actor of African descent to be nominated for a competitive Academy Award and he was also the first actor of African descent to win the Academy Award for Best Actor. Poitier worked relatively little over the year, he remained the only major actor of African descent. He acted in the first production of A Raisin in the Sun on Broadway in 1959 and he also gave memorable performances in The Bedford Incident, and A Patch of Blue co-starring Elizabeth Hartman and Shelley Winters. In 1967, he was the most successful draw at the box office, Poitier was aware of this pattern himself, but was conflicted on the matter. For instance, in 1966, he turned down an opportunity to play the lead in an NBC production of Othello with that spirit in mind, in 2002, Poitier received the 2001 Honorary Academy Award for his overall contribution to American cinema
35.
A Man for All Seasons
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A Man For All Seasons is a play by Robert Bolt. It was first performed in London opening at the Globe Theatre on 1 July 1960 and it later found its way to Broadway, enjoying a critically and commercially successful run of over a year. It has had several revivals, and was made into a multi-Academy Award-winning 1966 feature film. The play portrays More as a man of principle, envied by rivals such as Thomas Cromwell and loved by the common people, the title reflects 20th century agnostic playwright Robert Bolt’s portrayal of More as the ultimate man of conscience. As one who remains true to himself and his beliefs while adapting to all circumstances and times, despite external pressure or influence, More represents a man for all seasons. Bolt borrowed the title from Robert Whittington, a contemporary of More, for where is the man of that gentleness, lowliness and affability. And, as time requireth, a man of marvelous mirth and pastimes, a Man for All Seasons struggles with ideas of identity and conscience. More argues repeatedly that a person is defined by his conscience and his own position is depicted as almost indefensible, the Pope is described as a bad and corrupt individual, forced by the Emperor Charles V to act according to his will. But as More says to Norfolk, What matters is not that its true, but that I believe it, or no, not that I believe it, but that I believe it. More fears that if he breaks with his conscience, he will be damned to hell, while his associates and friends are more concerned with holding onto their own temporal power. At another key point of the play, More testifies before a committee and Norfolk attempts to persuade him to sign the Succession to the Crown Act 1534, Norfolk, Oh. Im not a scholar, as Master Cromwell never tires of pointing out, but damn it, Thomas, look at those names. Cant you do what I did, and come with us, for fellowship. More, And when we stand before God, and you are sent to Paradise for doing according to your conscience, Mores persecution is made to seem even more unjust by the inclusion of Eustace Chapuys, the long-time Imperial ambassador to England, into the story. Instead, More informs Norfolk of the plot, showing him to be patriotic, Bolt also establishes an anti-authoritarian theme which recurs throughout his works. All people in positions of power – King Henry, Cromwell, Wolsey, Cranmer, Chapuys, even Norfolk – are depicted as being corrupt, evil, or at best expedient. Bolts later plays and film screenplays also delve into this theme, although it is the law that eventually forces Mores execution, the play also makes several powerful statements in support of the rule of law. At one point Mores future son-in-law, Roper, urges him to arrest Richard Rich, More answers that Rich has broken no law, And go he should if he were the Devil himself until he broke the law
36.
Paul Scofield
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David Paul Scofield CH CBE was an English actor of stage and screen who was known for his striking presence, distinctive voice, and for the clarity and effortless intensity of his delivery. Regarded as one of the greatest Shakespearean actors of all time and this, and his decision to put his family first, has meant that he has never been as well known outside the United Kingdom as some other actors. Outside his homeland, Scofield is best known for his Academy, Golden Globe, Scofield had originally played the same part on stage in the West End and in a Tony Award-winning performance on Broadway. Actress Helen Mirren, who appeared with Scofield in the 1989 film When the Whales Came, said of him and he has no sense of personal ambition. Hes one of our great, great actors, in 1990, actor and filmmaker Mel Gibson, who played Scofields son in Franco Zeffirellis Hamlet, compared the experience to being thrown into the ring with Mike Tyson. Paul Scofield was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, the son of Mary, when Scofield was a few weeks old, his family moved to Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, where his father served as the headmaster at the Hurstpierpoint Church of England School. Scofield told his biographer, Garry OConnor, that his upbringing was divided and his father was an Anglican and his mother a Roman Catholic. Baptised into his mothers faith, Scofield said, some days we were little Protestants and, on others and he added, A lack of direction in spiritual matters is still with me. Scofield recalls, I was a dunce at school, but at the age of twelve I went to Varndean School at Brighton where I discovered Shakespeare. They did one of his plays every year, and I lived just for that, in 1939, Scofield left school at the age of seventeen and began training at the Croydon Repertory Theatre. Shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, Scofield arrived for an examination and was ruled unfit for service in the British Army. He later recalled, They found I had crossed toes, I was unable to wear boots. He played at the Old Rep in Birmingham, from there he went to the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford, where he starred in Walter Nugent Moncks 1947 revival of Pericles, Prince of Tyre. Also in 1947, Scofield appeared as Hamlet at the Royal National Theatre alongside a then unknown Claire Bloom as Ophelia, in her later book, Leaving a Dolls House, A Memoir, Bloom recalls that during the production she had a serious crush on Scofield. As Scofield was happily married and the father of a son, Bloom hoped only to be flirted with and taken some notice of. She later recalled, I could never make up my mind which of my two Hamlets I found the more devastating, the homosexual, charismatic Helpmann, or the charming. She was a very good Ophelia, in his memoir Threads of Time, director Peter Brook wrote about Scofields versatility, The door at the back of the set opened, and a small man entered. He was wearing a suit, steel-rimmed glasses and holding a suitcase
37.
United States presidential debates
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During presidential elections in the United States, it has become customary for the main candidates to engage in a debate. The topics discussed in the debate are often the most controversial issues of the time, candidate debates are not constitutionally mandated, but it is now considered a de facto election process. The debates are targeted mainly at undecided voters, those who tend not to be partial to any ideology or party. Presidential debates are held late in the cycle, after the political parties have nominated their candidates. The candidates meet in a hall, often at a university. The formats of the debates have varied, with questions posed from one or more journalist moderators. Debates have been broadcast live on television, radio, and in recent years, the first debate for the 1960 election drew over 66 million viewers out of a population of 179 million, making it one of the most-watched broadcasts in U. S. television history. The 1980 debates drew 80 million viewers out of a population of 226 million, recent debates have drawn decidedly smaller audiences, ranging from 46 million for the first 2000 debate to a high of over 67 million for the first debate in 2012. A record-breaking audience of over 84 million people watched the first 2016 presidential debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, a number that does not reflect online streaming. While the first general presidential debate was not held until 1960, the series of seven debates in 1858 between Abraham Lincoln and Senator Stephen A. Douglas for U. S. Douglas was later re-elected to the Senate by the Illinois legislature. Lincoln and Douglas were both nominated for president in 1860, and their earlier debates helped define their positions in that election. Republican candidate Wendell Willkie challenged President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a debate in 1940, in 1948, a radio debate was held in Oregon between Thomas E. Dewey and Harold Stassen, Republican primary candidates for president. The Democrats followed suit in 1956, with a primary debate between Adlai Stevenson and Estes Kefauver. The Student Government Association Council of the University of Maryland invited both candidates to debate at the University of Maryland. In August 1956 the Baltimore Sun wrote an article with the headline Immigrant Urges Presidential Debates, both chairperson of both parties were contacted and considered the suggestion. Fred A. Kahn, a student of the University of Maryland, Kahn also sent letters to the chairmen of the Democratic and Republican parties, Maryland Governor Theodore McKeldin, and Eleanor Roosevelt. Mrs. Mrs. Roosevelt also sent a letter regarding Kahns proposal to James Finnegan, Adlai Stevensons campaign manager, the precise impact of Kahns proposal on the Kennedy-Nixon debates during the 1960 presidential campaign is unclear, but his ideas did receive national press exposure. Four years later the first televised debates were held, the first general election presidential debate was held on September 26,1960, between U. S
38.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
39.
Heritage Documentation Programs
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These programs were established to document historic places in the United States. Records consist of measured drawings, archival photographs, and written reports, in 1933, NPS established the Historic American Buildings Survey following a proposal by Charles E. Peterson, a young landscape architect in the agency. It was founded as a constructive program for architects, draftsmen. Guided by field instructions from Washington, D. C. the first HABS recorders were tasked with documenting a representative sampling of Americas architectural heritage, by creating an archive of historic architecture, HABS provided a database of primary source material and documentation for the then-fledgling historic preservation movement. Earlier private projects included the White Pine Series of Architectural Monographs, notable HABS photographers include Jack Boucher, who worked for the project for over 40 years. The Historic American Engineering Record program was founded on January 10,1969, by NPS, HAER documents historic mechanical and engineering artifacts. Since the advent of HAER, the program is typically called HABS/HAER. Today much of the work of HABS/HAER is done by student teams during the summer, eric DeLony headed HAER from 1971 to 2003. In October 2000, NPS and the American Society of Landscape Architects established a sister program, a predecessor, the Historic American Landscape and Garden Project, recorded historic Massachusetts gardens between 1935 and 1940. That project was funded by the Works Progress Administration, but was administered by HABS, the permanent collection of HABS/HAER/HALS are housed at the Library of Congress, which was established in 1790 as the replacement reference library of the United States Congress. It has since expanded to serve as the National Library of the United States, U. S. publishers are required to deposit a copy of every copyrighted and published work, book monograph. As a branch of the United States Government, its works are in the public domain in the US. Many images, drawings, and documents are available through the Prints and Photographs Online Catalog, including proposed, demolished, and existing structures, locales, projects, and designs. Jack Boucher, former HABS/HAER photographer Jet Lowe, former HAER photographer National Register of Historic Places HAER,30 Years of Recording Our Technological Heritage, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. Documenting Complexity, The Historic American Engineering Record and Americas Technological History, IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology. National Park Service−NPS, official Heritage Documentation Programs website
40.
Avenue of the Arts (Philadelphia)
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The name Avenue of the Arts originated in a strategy by mayor Ed Rendell to redevelop South Broad Street in Center City. The Avenue of the Arts originally ran along Broad Street from Locust Street south to Lombard Street, the Avenues definition was expanded to North Broad Street by city planners under mayor John F. Streets administration to further development in the area. The Avenue of the Arts is overseen by the non-profit organization Avenue of the Arts, Inc. led by Executive Director, Paul S. Beideman. Buildings for the University of the Arts are located just south and east of the Kimmel Center, Philadelphia International Records offices and gift shop is also located along this strip. Broad Street Avenue of Technology, also designated by former Mayor Ed Rendell Notes Bibliography Bounds, philadelphias Avenue of the Arts, the Challenges of a Cultural District Initinative in Tourism, Culture and Regeneration, Melanie K. Smith, editor. Brooks, Arthur C. and Roland J. Kishner, International Journal of Arts Management, Vol.3, No. 2, Cultural Districts and Urban Development, campoa, Daniel and Brent D. Ryanb. Journal of Urban Design, Volume 13, Issue 3,2008, The Entertainment Zone, Unplanned Nightlife, carrabc, James H. and Lisa J. Servond. Journal of the American Planning Association, Volume 75, Issue 1,2008, Vernacular Culture and Urban Economic Development, Thinking Outside the Box, pages 28–40. McGovern, Stephen J. Policy & Politics, Volume 25, Number 2, April 1997, Mayoral leadership and economic development policy, International Journal of Cultural Policy, Volume 9, Issue 3,2003, Cultural policy as development policy, evidence from the United States
41.
Academy of Music (Philadelphia)
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The Academy of Music, also known as American Academy of Music, is a concert hall and opera house located at 240 S. Its location is between Locust and Manning Streets in the Avenue of the Arts area of Center City, the hall was built in 1855-57 and is the oldest opera house in the United States that is still used for its original purpose. Known as the Grand Old Lady of Locust Street, the venue is the home of the Pennsylvania Ballet and it was also home to the Philadelphia Orchestra from its inception in 1900 until 2001, when the orchestra moved to the new Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts. The Philadelphia Orchestra still retains ownership of the Academy, the hall was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962. The Academy of Music held a ball on January 26,1857. Due to his association with both the Philadelphia and New York City Academy of Music venues, his company was referred to as the Academy of Music Opera Company. Noted operas that had their American premieres there include Strausss Ariadne auf Naxos, Gounods Faust, in 1916, Leopold Stokowski conducted the Philadelphia Orchestra in the American premiere of Mahlers Eighth Symphony. After the Philadelphia Orchestra moved to the Kimmel Center, the 21st century brought more non-classical artists to the Academy, outside of arts events, it hosted the 1872 Republican National Convention. In addition, parts of Martin Scorseses 1993 film The Age of Innocence were filmed in the Academy, an architectural competition for the Academys design was announced in October 1854 and was won by the Philadelphia firm of Napoleon LeBrun and Gustavus Runge. The groundbreaking ceremony was held on June 18,1855, with President Franklin Pierce in attendance, the first opera performed there was the Western Hemisphere premiere of Giuseppe Verdis Il Trovatore, on February 25 of the same year. The ornate auditorium has a horseshoe shape and proscenium columns with elliptical cross-sections in order to provide more direct sight lines from the seats in the side balconies. The auditorium is enclosed by a solid brick wall with studding and pine boards lining the inner sides to prevent echoes. The upper balconies are recessed in a fashion and supported by 14 Corinthian columns. The front of the first balcony is highly ornamented, the hall has a seating capacity of 2,389 which can be expanded to 2,509 when seats are placed in the orchestra pit and proscenium boxes. The auditorium is graced by a crystal chandelier, which measures 16 ft in diameter,50 ft in circumference. When installed, the chandelier contained 240 gas jets, it was wired for electricity in 1900 and in 1957 was rewired and fitted with an electric-powered winch and it previously required 12 people working four-hours to lower it by hand. Atop the proscenium is a bas-relief bust of Mozart, seated on the cornice above are the figures of Poetry, on the left, and Music, on the right. The elaborate carvings and gilded wood sculpture decorations throughout the auditorium are the work of Charles Bushor, bailly and the ceiling murals of allegorical figures were completed by Karl Hermann Schmolze
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Merriam Theater
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The Merriam Theater, formerly the Sam S. Shubert Theatre, is Philadelphia’s most continuous location for touring Broadway show theatre. It is located at 250 South Broad Street within the Avenue of the Arts cultural district of Center City, the Theatre was built by the Shubert Organization in 1918. In 1972 the theater came under the ownership of the Academy of Music, in November 2016, it was purchased by the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts. Two theaters were built, one in Philadelphia and one in New York, the Shubert Theatre in Philadelphia was built in 1918 on the site of the demolished Horticultural Hall that included the reuse of the Halls marble staircase in the theaters interior design. The building stands seven stories high with theater on the first level and 6 floors used for offices, herbert J. Krapp is the original architect. Additions and renovations were made in 1958, the Theater opened in 1918 with a road production of a musical from London and New York called Chu Chin Chow. In the early years, George Gershwin musicals and Al Jolson reviews graced the Shubert stage, john Barrymore played Hamlet in the 1920s and burlesque was featured in the 1930s. Other performers included, Helen Hayes, Katharine Hepburn, Sammy Davis Jr. Angela Lansbury, through the decades a number of highly acclaimed Broadway, off-Broadway and one night performances have been performed at the theater
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Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts
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It is owned and operated by Kimmel Center, Inc. an organization which also manages the Academy of Music in Philadelphia, and, as of November 2016, the Merriam Theater. The center is named after philanthropist Sidney Kimmel, the Center is the home of the Philadelphia Orchestra, one of Americas Big Five symphony orchestras and regarded as one of the best in the world. In 1986, the Philadelphia Orchestra approved a plan to construct a new hall to replace the aging Academy of Music. It hoped to complete the new facility in time for its 1991 season, the desire to move the orchestra from its facilities in the Academy of Music emerged as early as 1908, however plans stalled due to the lack of consensus on the projects scope and funding. They were revived again in the 1920s only to be scuttled by the Great Depression, plans emerged again shortly after World War II when performing arts centers were constructed in other cities such as New York, Washington and Los Angeles. The two projects were merged as the Regional Performing Arts Center in 1996 and construction began in 1998. In 2000, the center was named for Sidney Kimmel in recognition of his gift in 1993, the concert hall was named Verizon Hall to recognize contributions totaling $14.5 million in cash, equipment and services from Verizon and the Verizon Foundation. The architect of the Center was Rafael Viñoly, and the acoustician was Artec Consultants, the Kimmel Center officially opened in an unfinished state on December 16,2001. Numerous cost overruns and construction led to the filing of a lawsuit in 2005 by officials of the Kimmel Center against Viñoly. The lawsuit was settled for a sum in 2006. A distinctive vaulted glass ceiling encloses the structure providing a large common lobby for all the facilities. The Center is an attraction, keeping its doors open to the public seven days a week. It hosts thousands of visitors annually and offers tours of the facility regularly. Verizon Hall, with 2,500 seats, is the main performance auditorium and it contains a pipe organ by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders, which is the largest mechanical action pipe organ in an American concert hall. The organ is Dobsons Opus 76 and is named for Fred J. Cooper and it has two consoles with four manuals,97 ranks and 124 stops. Perelman Theater, with 650 seats, has a 75-foot -diameter turntable stage that permits the space to be used as a hall or a proscenium theater with a stage, fly-loft. Dorrance H. Hamilton Roof Garden located above the Perelman Theater, SEI Innovation Studio, a black box theater located on the lower levels of the Kimmel Center. Smaller performance spaces and meeting rooms, the Kimmel Center offers a variety of other programs besides concerts, specifically in the field of education
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Suzanne Roberts Theatre
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The Suzanne Roberts Theatre is a theatre on Philadelphias Avenue of the Arts. The theater opened in October 2007 and is home to the Philadelphia Theatre Company, the theater was designed by KieranTimberlake, using the principles of Universal design. The theaters signage facade was designed by House Industries in Wilmington, Delaware and produced by Zahner in Kansas City, Missouri. It is named after Suzanne Roberts, an actress, playwright, and director who is currently the host of the TV program, Seeking Solutions with Suzanne. Her husband, Ralph J. Roberts founded Comcast and her son, from 1982 until the opening of its 2007/2008 season in the new venue, the Philadelphia Theatre Company had been a resident performer at the Plays and Players Theatre
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