1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
Red Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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The Red Line is a heavy rail subway line running between Downtown Los Angeles and North Hollywood via the districts of Hollywood and Mid-Wilshire. In North Hollywood it connects with the Orange Line service for stations to the Warner Center in Woodland Hills and it is operated by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. The Red Line, which is one of six forming the Metro Rail rapid transit system. Together with the Purple Line, these two rail lines combine to form L. A. Metro Rails busiest line. As of October 2013, the combined Red and Purple lines averaged 169,478 boardings per weekday, the Red Line begins at Union Station and travels southwest through Downtown Los Angeles, passing the Civic Center, Pershing Square and the Financial District. At 7th St/Metro Center, travelers can connect to the Metro Blue Line, from here, the train travels between 7th Street and Wilshire Boulevard west through Pico-Union and Westlake, arriving at Wilshire/Vermont in the citys Mid-Wilshire/Koreatown district. Up to this point, the track is shared with the Metro Purple Line, at Wilshire/Vermont, from here, the Red Line travels north along Vermont, and then west along Hollywood Boulevard, traveling through Koreatown and Hollywood. Finally, the line turns northwest and crosses into the San Fernando Valley and this route matches a branch of the old Red Car system, dismantled during The Great American Streetcar Scandal. Trains run between approximately 4,30 a. m. and 1,00 a. m. the following morning, on Friday and Saturday evenings, trains are extended until 2,00 a. m. of the following morning. First and last train times are as follows, To/From North Hollywood Eastbound First Train to Union Station,4,31 a. m, last Train to Union Station,12,54 a. m. Westbound First Train to North Hollywood,4,30 a. m, last Train to North Hollywood,12,17 a. m. Trains on the Red Line operate every ten minutes during peak hours Monday through Friday and they operate every twelve minutes during the daytime weekdays and all day on the weekends after approximately 10 a. m. Night service can range between 10–20 minutes, the Red Line project consisted of the current Red Line and Purple Line corridors, plus other corridors that were never built. To Fairfax Avenue, then north along Fairfax to the San Fernando Valley. This zone stretched on either side of Wilshire Boulevard from Hancock Park to west of Fairfax, congress passed the ban in 1986. Subsequently, any plans for a subway west of Western Avenue diverted the line south around the zone, using Crenshaw, Pico, and San Vicente Boulevards. The passage of the legislation forced the then SCRTD to terminate the route at Western Avenue, and no longer qualify for the current round of Federal funding for the remaining miles of the rail line. Bound tunnel and turn north on Vermont, west on Sunset, then north to the San Fernando Valley, the line would then turn north along Highland Avenue to Universal City and North Hollywood
Red Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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Red Line train awaiting departure at
Union Station.
Red Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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Hollywood/Highland Station is located in the heart of Hollywood's tourist attractions
Red Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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North Hollywood is the northern terminus of the Red Line in the San Fernando Valley
Red Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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Train at North Hollywood Metro Red Line Station.
3.
Purple Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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The Purple Line is a heavy rail subway line operating in Los Angeles, running between downtown and the Mid-Wilshire/Koreatown districts. It is one of six lines on the Metro Rail System, the Metro Purple Line is one of the citys two subway lines. Although they separate west of Downtown Los Angeles, the two lines were originally branded as two branches of the Red Line. The Purple Line was instituted as its own line, separate from the Red Line, as of October 2013, the combined Red and Purple lines averaged 169,478 boardings per weekday. Out of the eight stations served, only two of them are exclusive to the Purple Line, with the other six shared with the Red Line, the Metro Purple Line begins at Union Station. At Union Station, passengers can connect to the Metro Silver Line bus rapid transit line, the Purple Line travels southwest through Downtown Los Angeles, passing the Civic Center, Pershing Square and the Financial District. Passengers can connect to the Metro Silver Line at Civic Center Station, at Pershing Square Station, passengers can board the northbound Metro Silver Line bus at Olive Street/5th Street. At 7th St/Metro Center Station, travelers can connect to the Metro Blue Line, Metro Expo Line, from here, the train travels between 7th Street and Wilshire Boulevard west through Pico-Union and Westlake, arriving at Wilshire/Vermont in the citys Mid-Wilshire/Koreatown district. Up to this point, track is shared with the Metro Red Line, at Wilshire/Vermont, the Purple Line continues west for one additional mile, and terminates at Wilshire/Western. The Purple Line runs underground, below Wilshire Boulevard which is served on the surface by Metro Local route 20, despite the duplicate service, Metro considers the redundant bus service justified because both bus routes run frequently from Downtown Los Angeles. Unlike the Purple Line, they run along the entire Wilshire corridor, west to Beverly Hills, Westwood and Santa Monica. Trains run between approximately 4,45 a. m. and 11,30 p. m. daily, First and last train times are as follows, To/From Wilshire/Western Eastbound First Train to Union Station,4,41 a. m. Last Train to Union Station,11,42 p. m. Westbound First Train to Wilshire/Western,4,56 a. m, last Train to Wilshire/Western,11,27 p. m. During the evenings Purple Line trains sometimes run as shuttles, passengers must transfer to a Red Line train at Wilshire/Vermont. This will change once the Purple Line is extended to Westwood, trains on the Purple Line operate every ten minutes during peak hours Monday through Friday. They operate every twelve minutes during the weekdays and all day on the weekends after approximately 10 a. m. Night service can range between 10–20 minutes, the Purple Line is utilized mostly as a downtown shuttle on its shared segment with the Red Line. The stub between Vermont and Western has a low ridership
Purple Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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Metro Purple Line at
Union Station.
Purple Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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Inside train fleet number #530 on the Metro Purple Line.
Purple Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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Metro Purple Line train at Union Station.Both the Metro Red & Purples' end at Union Station which is the eastern terminus of both lines.
Purple Line (Los Angeles Metro)
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Pershing Square Station is served both by the Metro Red & Purple Lines.
4.
Regional Connector
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The Regional Connector Transit Corridor is an under-construction light rail subway corridor through Downtown Los Angeles to connect the Blue and Expo Lines to the current Gold Line and Union Station. When completed, the connector will become part of the Metro Rail system, the project would shift the entire Metro Rail system away from the existing X-shape network topology to a more flexible complex grid. The project is being implemented by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and it has been given high priority by Metro in its long-range plan and has funding set aside in Measure R. The Draft Environmental Impact Report was completed in September 2010 and selection of an alternative was completed in late October 2010. The Final Environmental Impact Report was certified by the Metro Board on April 26,2012, pre-construction on the project began in December 2012. The contract for construction on the project was signed on July 9,2014. Metro hopes to complete construction and begin service by May 2021. The connector was envisioned as early as 1984 when planning and building the Metro Blue Line, LACMTA originally envisioned the Blue Line running through Downtown L. A. to Union Station and onward to Pasadena with potential future lines to the northwest and to the south and west. The connector was not completed due to lack of funds and realignment of the Red Line Eastside Extension, the connector was formally studied for the first time as a standalone project in a Major Investment Study in 1992–1993, in preparation of the Long Range Transportation Plan. The project was revived in 2004, when LACMTA staff initiated a technical feasibility assessment for a regional connector. This study focused on methods to provide a regional connector. The 2004 staff study looked at the potential alignments that would not be entirely underground, the project will include three new Metro subway stations. In June 2007, the LACMTA Board approved the consultants to perform the Alternative Analysis and MIS, in November 2007, preliminary outreach meetings for the Alternative Analysis were held at Central Library and the Japanese American National Museum. The results from these meetings were presented to the public in February 2008, including the descriptions of the eight route alternatives identified for analysis, at the January 2009 Metro Board Meeting, the Regional Connector was approved and received funding to continue in the environmental study process. The Alternatives Analysis yielded two LRT build alternatives, plus the required No Build and TSM options, a third LRT build alternative was added in February 2010, at the request of Little Tokyo stakeholders. The operational intent of the project is to allow running of service between the four corridors. All three build alternatives connect to the current Gold Line at Alameda Street near Temple Street or 1st Street, on October 28,2010, the LACMTA Board of Directors opted for a fully underground option, rejecting at-grade and underground emphasis alternatives. This route remains underground below Flower and 2nd Streets until northwest of 1st/Alameda, by that point, the route would have split into two branches
Regional Connector
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With the adoption of the underground alignment, the current Little Tokyo/Arts District station will be moved underground and diagonally across Alameda and 1st Street.
Regional Connector
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Map of approved route of Regional Connector Corridor.
Regional Connector
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Metro services
5.
Los Angeles Music Center
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The Music Center is one of the largest performing arts centers in the United States. Located in downtown Los Angeles, The Music Center is home to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Ahmanson Theater, Mark Taper Forum, each year, The Music Center welcomes more than 1. The center is home to on-going community events, arts festivals, outdoor concerts, participatory arts activities and workshops, in April 1955, Dorothy Chandler, wife of Los Angeles Times publisher Norman Chandler, began fundraising toward a permanent home for the Philharmonic. Ultimately Mrs. Chandler raised almost $20 million in private donations, the rest of the complex was completed in April 1967. The additional venues, the Mark Taper Forum and Ahmanson Theatre, were dedicated on April 19 and 12,1967, respectively. The Mark Taper Forum, scandalizing the power structure of Los Angeles, according to its artistic director Gordon Davidson, the Ahmanson Theatre opened with a performance of the Man of La Mancha by the Civic Light Opera. The first dramatic season at the Ahmanson featured Ingrid Bergman in ONeills More Stately Mansions, the Philharmonic and L. A. Master Chorale joined forces to provide the accompaniment to Eisensteins restored silent film classic Alexander Nevsky. While the Civic Light Operas last season at The Music Center was in 1987 and its productions have included Wagners Tristan and Isolde directed by Jonathan Miller and designed by David Hockney. On Sunday afternoon, May 4,1969, Peace on Earth by Jacques Lipchitz was dedicated and his sculpture portrays a dove descending to earth with the spirit of peace, symbolized by the Madonna standing inside a tear shaped canopy, supported by a base of reclining lambs. Lawrence E. Deutsch and Lloyd Rigler donated $250,000 to commission a work for the fountain, the architects of The Music Center, Welton Becket and Associates, opposed placing sculpture in the plaza between the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion and the Mark Taper Forum. However, after a search, the Art Committee of The Music Center commissioned Lipchitz. Today, no work of art in Los Angeles is more photographed. The Dance Door, a sculpture, was created in 1978 by Robert Graham and donated to The Music Center in 1982 by Frederick. Dance Door consists of an ornamented life-size bronze door, hinged on a bronze frame, the door itself is hollow centered and composed of approximately 7 welded case panels on each side. Abstracted figures of dancers are cast in low relief on the door panels, on October 23,2003 The Music Center opened the Frank Gehry-designed Walt Disney Concert Hall, expanding the campus to 11 acres. The 2, 265-seat Concert Hall is home to the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Music Center is governed by a Board of Directors chaired by Lisa Specht. Center President and Chief Operating Officer is Stephen D. Rountree, the County of Los Angeles owns The Music Center and provides funding for its maintenance, operations, grounds-keeping, security and ushers. Revenue from the operation of The Center garage offsets these expenses, the Music Center and the four performing arts companies are responsible for the productions presented in the theatres
Los Angeles Music Center
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The
Walt Disney Concert Hall, with the
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion to the right
Los Angeles Music Center
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Walt Disney Concert Hall designed by
Frank Gehry
Los Angeles Music Center
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Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
Los Angeles Music Center
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Walt Disney Concert Hall
6.
Concert hall
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A concert hall is a cultural building with a stage which serves as a performance venue and an auditorium filled with seats. In the 2010s, popular music such as music and traditional music such as folk music are also performed in these venues. Many concert halls exist as one of several halls or performance spaces within a performing arts center. In many towns, the hall is combined with a convention center. Concert halls typically also contain orchestral rehearsal rooms, many larger cities have both public and private concert halls. This list does not include other venues such as sports stadia, the list is organised alphabetically by geo-political region or continent and then by country within each region. See also Broadway Theatre for a listing of the theatres that support Broadway shows
Concert hall
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The interior of the
Teatro Dal Verme in
Milan,
Italy, c. 1875
Concert hall
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A modern orchestra concert hall: Philharmony in
Szczecin,
Poland
Concert hall
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Ríos Reyna Hall, in the
Teresa Carreño Cultural Complex of
Caracas,
Venezuela
Concert hall
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Carnegie Hall,
New York
7.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
Seating capacity
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The
Indianapolis Motor Speedway has the largest seating capacity of any venue in the world.
Seating capacity
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An aerial view of the
Melbourne Cricket Ground during the 1992
Cricket World Cup final packed with 90,000 people.
8.
Los Angeles Philharmonic
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The Los Angeles Philharmonic is an American orchestra based in Los Angeles, California, United States. It has a season of concerts from October through June at the Walt Disney Concert Hall. Gustavo Dudamel is the current Music Director, and Esa-Pekka Salonen is Conductor Laureate, Deborah Borda is the current President and CEO. Music critics have described the orchestra as the most contemporary minded, forward thinking, talked about and innovative, venturesome, according to Salonen, We are interested in the future. We are not trying to re-create the glories of the past, like so many other symphony orchestras. “Especially since we moved into the new hall, ” continues Borda, “our intention has been to integrate 21st-century music into the everyday activity. ”The orchestra was founded and single-handedly financed in 1919 by William Andrews Clark, Jr. a copper baron, arts enthusiast. He originally asked Sergei Rachmaninoff to be the Philharmonics first music director, however, Rachmaninoff had only moved to New York. The orchestra played its first concert in the Trinity Auditorium in the same year, Clark himself would sometimes sit and play with the second violin section. After Rothwells death in 1927, subsequent Music Directors in the decade of the 1920s included Georg Schnéevoigt, otto Klemperer became Music Director in 1933, part of the large group of German emigrants fleeing Nazi Germany. He conducted many LA Phil premieres, and introduced Los Angeles audiences to important new works by Igor Stravinsky, the orchestra responded well to his leadership, but Klemperer had a difficult time adjusting to Southern California, a situation exacerbated by repeated manic-depressive episodes. Things were further complicated when founder William Andrews Clark died without leaving the orchestra an endowment, the Philharmonics concerts at the Hollywood Bowl also brought in much needed revenue. With that, the managed to make it through the worst of the Great Depression years still intact. He went into a state and was institutionalized. When he escaped, The New York Times ran a cover story declaring him missing, after he was found in New Jersey, a picture of him behind bars was printed in the New York Herald Tribune. He subsequently lost the post of Music Director, though he still would conduct the Philharmonic. He led some important concerts, such as the premiere performance of Stravinskys Symphony in Three Movements in 1946. Sir John Barbirolli was offered the position of Music Director after his contract with the New York Philharmonic expired in 1942 and he declined the offer and chose to return to England instead. The following year, Alfred Wallenstein was chosen by Mudd to lead the orchestra, the former principal cellist of the New York Philharmonic, he had been the youngest member of the Los Angeles Philharmonic when it was founded in 1919
Los Angeles Philharmonic
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Official logo
Los Angeles Philharmonic
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Hollywood Bowl
Los Angeles Philharmonic
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Walt Disney Concert Hall
9.
Grand Avenue (Los Angeles)
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Grand Avenue is a major north-south thoroughfare in Los Angeles, California. In 2007, a $3 billion Grand Avenue Project was proposed to revive Downtown Los Angeles, olive Street is situated to the east of Grand Street instead. Charity Street was renamed Grand by the Los Angeles City Council on February 15,1887, the Grand Avenue Project is a project currently under development with Grand Park, connecting the Music Center and City Hall, having opened in 2012. The Broad Museum and an apartment tower are under construction which will be linked by an outdoor plaza. A number of schools are located on Grand Avenue, including the Colburn School, Los Angeles Trade–Technical College and FIDMs Los Angeles campus are also located on this street
Grand Avenue (Los Angeles)
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Disney Concert Hall and the
Los Angeles Music Center are located on South Grand Avenue
10.
Downtown Los Angeles
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Downtown Los Angeles is the central business district of Los Angeles, California, as well as a diverse residential neighborhood of some 58,000 people. A2013 study found that the district is home to over 500,000 jobs, Downtown Los Angeles is known for its government buildings, parks, theaters and other public places. The earliest known settlements in the area of what is now Downtown Los Angeles was by the Tongva, on September 4,1781, the city was founded by a group of settlers who trekked north from present-day Mexico. Land speculation increased in the 1880s, which saw the population of the city explode from 11,000 in 1880 to nearly 100,000 by 1896. Infrastructure enhancements and the laying of a street grid eventually brought development south of the settlement into what is today the Civic Center. By 1920, the private and municipal rail lines were the most far-flung and most comprehensive in the world in mileage. By this time, an influx of residents and aggressive land developers had transformed the city into a large metropolitan area. Rail lines connected four counties with over 1,100 miles of track, during the early part of the 20th century, banking institutions clustered around South Spring Street, forming the Spring Street Financial District. The Los Angeles Stock Exchange was also located on the corridor from 1929 until 1986 before moving into a new building across the Harbor Freeway, Broadway became the nightlife, shopping and entertainment district of the city, with over a dozen theater and movie palaces built before 1932. Numerous specialty stores also flourished including those in the business which gave rise to the Downtown Jewelry District. Among these early jewelers included the Laykin Diamond Company and Harry Winston & Co. both of which found their beginnings in the Alexandria Hotel at 5th and Spring Streets. The Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal opened in May,1939, unifying passenger service among local, regional. It was built on a scale and would be one of the last of the Great Railway Stations built in the United States. Following World War II, suburbanization, the development of the Los Angeles freeway network, many corporate headquarters slowly dispersed to new suburbs or fell to mergers and acquisitions. The once-wealthy Bunker Hill neighborhood became a haven for low-income renters, the drastic reduction in the number of residents in the area further reduced the viability of streetfront businesses that would be able to attract pedestrians. For most Angelenos, downtown became a destination as they would come into the area for a particular objective. This period saw the clearing and upzoning of the neighborhood as well as the shuttering of the Angels Flight funicular railway in 1969. Angels Flight resumed operation in 1996 for a period of five years, on March 15,2010, the railway once again opened for passenger service following extensive upgrades to brake and safety systems
Downtown Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles
Downtown Los Angeles
11.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
12.
Frank Gehry
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Frank Owen Gehry, CC is a Canadian-born American architect, residing in Los Angeles. A number of his buildings, including his private residence, have become world-renowned attractions and it was his private residence in Santa Monica, California, that jump-started his career. Gehry is also the designer of the future National Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial, Gehry was born Frank Owen Goldberg on February 28,1929, in Toronto, Ontario, to parents Sadie Thelma and Irving Goldberg. His father was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Russian Jewish parents, a creative child, he was encouraged by his grandmother, with whom he would build little cities out of scraps of wood. With these scraps from her husbands store, she entertained him for hours, building imaginary houses. His use of corrugated steel, chain link fencing, unpainted plywood and he would spend time drawing with his father, while his mother introduced him to the world of art. So the creative genes were there, Gehry says, but my father thought I was a dreamer, I wasnt gonna amount to anything. It was my mother who thought I was just reticent to do things and he was given the Hebrew name Ephraim by his grandfather, but only used it at his bar mitzvah. In 1947, his family immigrated to the United States settling in California, Gehry got a job driving a delivery truck, and studied at Los Angeles City College, eventually to graduate from the University of Southern Californias School of Architecture. During that time, he became a member of Alpha Epsilon Pi, according to Gehry, I was a truck driver in L. A. going to City College, and I tried radio announcing, which I wasnt very good at. I tried chemical engineering, which I wasnt very good at and didnt like and you know, somehow I just started wracking my brain about, What do I like. And I remembered art, that I loved going to museums and I loved looking at paintings and those things came from my mother, who took me to concerts and museums. I remembered Grandma and the blocks, and just on a hunch, Gehry graduated with a Bachelor of Architecture degree from USC in 1954. After graduating from college, he spent time away from the field of architecture in other jobs. In the fall of 1956, he moved his family to Cambridge and he left before completing the program, disheartened and underwhelmed. Gehry returned to Los Angeles to work for Victor Gruen Associates, in 1957 he was given the chance to design and construct his first private residence at the age of 28, with friend and old classmate Greg Walsh. Built in Idyllwild, California for his wife Anita’s family neighbor Melvin David, The David Cabin, completed in 1958, beams protrude from the exterior sides and exposed, unfinished ceiling beams are prominent features. In 1961, he moved to Paris where he worked for architects Pereira, in 1962, Gehry established a practice in Los Angeles which became Frank Gehry and Associates in 1967 and then Gehry Partners in 2001
Frank Gehry
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Frank Gehry in 2007
Frank Gehry
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External video
Frank Gehry
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Gehry Residence in
Santa Monica,
California
Frank Gehry
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Chiat/Day Building in
Venice, California
13.
1st Street, Los Angeles
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1st Street is an east–west thoroughfare in Los Angeles and Monterey Park, California. It serves as a divider between north and south and is one of a few streets to run across the Los Angeles River. Though it serves as a road east of downtown Los Angeles. For over a mile between Hoover Street and Glendale Boulevard, 1st Street is synonymous with Beverly Boulevard, the Gold Line runs on east 1st Street between Alameda and Indiana Streets, it operates the Little Tokyo/Arts District, Pico/Aliso, Mariachi Plaza, Soto and Indiana stations. Metro Local line 14 runs through west 1st Street and Metro Local line 30 through East 1st Street, the under construction Metro Regional Connector will have a new light rail subway station on the intersection of 1st Street and Central Avenue. Monterey Park Village Beverly Center CBS Television West Coast Headquarters Disney Concert Hall Grand Park Los Angeles City Hall Caltrans District 7 Headquarters Little Tokyo Mariachi Plaza
1st Street, Los Angeles
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Edward R. Roybal Learning Center in Downtown Los Angeles
1st Street, Los Angeles
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First Street bridge over the LA River
14.
Berliner Philharmonie
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The Berliner Philharmonie is a concert hall in Berlin, Germany. Home to the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the building is acclaimed for both its acoustics and its architecture and its cross street and postal address is Herbert-von-Karajan-Straße, named for the orchestras longest-serving principal conductor. The neighborhood, often dubbed the Kulturforum, can be reached on foot from the Potsdamer Platz station. Actually a two-venue facility with connecting lobby, the Philharmonie comprises a Großer Saal of 2,440 seats for concerts and a chamber-music hall. Though conceived together, the venue was added only in the 1980s. Hans Scharoun designed the hall, which was constructed over the years 1960–1963 and it was built to replace the old Philharmonie, destroyed by British bombers on 30 January 1944, the eleventh anniversary of Hitler becoming Chancellor. The hall is a building, asymmetrical and tentlike, with the main concert hall in the shape of a pentagon. The seating offers excellent positions from which to view the stage through the increasing height of the seat rows. The stage is at the center of the hall, with seats surrounding it on all sides, the Philharmonie is highly regarded for the quality of its acoustics. Jazz pianist Dave Brubeck and his quartet recorded three live performances at the hall, Dave Brubeck in Berlin, Live at the Berlin Philharmonie, miles Daviss 1969 live performance at the hall has also been released on DVD. On 20 May 2008 a fire out at the hall. A quarter of the roof suffered damage as firefighters cut openings to reach the flames beneath the roof. The hall interior sustained water damage but was otherwise generally unharmed, the cause of the fire was attributed to welding work, and no serious damage was caused either to the structure or interior of the building. Performances resumed, as scheduled, on 1 June 2008 with a concert by the San Francisco Symphony Youth Orchestra, the main organ was built by Karl Schuke, Berlin, in 1965, and renovated in 1992 and 2012. It has four manuals and 72 stops, the pipes of the choir organ and the Tuba 16 and Tuba 8 stops are not assigned to any group and can be played from all four manuals and the pedals. List of concert halls Kulturforum on Potsdamer Platz Berliner Philharmonie, 360° panorama Virtual-tour through the hall, with stop
Berliner Philharmonie
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Entrance to the concert hall
Berliner Philharmonie
–
Performance of Judas Maccabaeus (Handel) by
Kulturbund Deutscher Juden orchestra, in the (Bernburger Straße) Berliner Philharmonie. Conductor:
Kurt Singer. 7/8 May 1934
Berliner Philharmonie
–
Berliner Philharmonie Concert Hall
Berliner Philharmonie
–
Berliner Philharmonie Concert Hall Entrance in winter
15.
Hans Scharoun
–
Bernhard Hans Henry Scharoun was a German architect best known for designing the Berlin Philharmonic concert hall and the Schminke House in Löbau, Saxony. He was an important exponent of organic and expressionist architecture, Scharoun was born in Bremen, German Empire. After passing his Abitur in Bremerhaven in 1912, Scharoun studied architecture at the Technical University of Berlin until 1914 and he had already shown an interest in architecture during his school years. At the age of 16 he drafted his first designs, in 1914 he volunteered to serve in the First World War. Paul Kruchen, his mentor from his time in Berlin, had asked him to assist in a program for East Prussia. In 1919, after the war, Scharoun assumed responsibility for its office as an architect in Breslau. There and in Insterburg, he realised numerous projects and organised art exhibitions, such as the first exhibition of the expressionist group of artists, Die Brücke and he received a professorship at the Staatliche Akademie für Kunst und Kunstgewerbe Breslau where he taught until its closure in 1932. In 1919 he had joined Bruno Tauts expressionist architects group the Glass Chain, in 1926 he entered the architects association Der Ring. In 1927 Scharoun built a house in the Stuttgart Weissenhof Estate and he had responsibility at the end of the twenties for the development plan of a large housing estate, Siemensstadt, in Berlin. The organisation of social living space played a central role, during the Nazi era he remained in Germany, whilst many of his friends and colleagues from the Glass Chain or Der Ring went abroad. In this time he built a few family houses, one of which is the remarkable Schminke house in the city of Löbau in Saxony. Subsequent houses had to adapt outwardly to politically determined construction specifications, during the war he was busy with reconstruction after bomb damage. He recorded his ideas and visions secretly in numerous watercolors. With these imaginary architectures he prepared mentally for a time after the Nazis, after the end of the Second World War he was appointed by the Allies to the city building council and named director of the Abteilung Bau- und Wohnungswesen des Magistrats. In an exhibition in the ruins of the Berliner Stadtschloss titled Berlin plant — Erster Bericht. Immediately he found himself in a political no-mans land as the division of the city was becoming apparent, in 1946 he became a professor at the faculty for architecture at the Technical University of Berlin, with a teaching post at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Städtebau. Common to all buildings is a new kind of entrance to an extremely imaginative. The school is planned like a small, child-friendly city, the Philharmonic Concert Hall, internationally recognised as one of the most successful buildings of its kind, is considered as Scharouns best work
Hans Scharoun
–
Hans Scharoun (right), with Otto Nagel.
Hans Scharoun
–
Berlin Philharmonic
Hans Scharoun
–
Chamber music hall (left) and Philharmonic (right) in Berlin
Hans Scharoun
–
An early work of Scharoun: Hostel in the WuWa -
Werkbund exposition in
Breslau
16.
Walt Disney
–
Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
Walt Disney
–
Disney in 1946
Walt Disney
–
Walt's parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Walt Disney
–
10-year-old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.
Walt Disney
–
Disney as an
ambulance driver immediately after World War I
17.
Architecture
–
Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Architecture
–
Brunelleschi, in the building of the dome of
Florence Cathedral in the early 15th-century, not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the architect.
Architecture
–
Section of
Brunelleschi 's dome drawn by the architect
Cigoli (c. 1600)
Architecture
–
The
Parthenon,
Athens,
Greece, "the supreme example among architectural sites."
(Fletcher).
Architecture
–
The
Houses of Parliament, Westminster, master-planned by
Charles Barry, with interiors and details by A.W.N. Pugin
18.
Acoustics
–
Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of technology may be called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of society with the most obvious being the audio. Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, accordingly, the science of acoustics spreads across many facets of human society—music, medicine, architecture, industrial production, warfare and more. Likewise, animal species such as songbirds and frogs use sound, art, craft, science and technology have provoked one another to advance the whole, as in many other fields of knowledge. Robert Bruce Lindsays Wheel of Acoustics is a well accepted overview of the fields in acoustics. The word acoustic is derived from the Greek word ἀκουστικός, meaning of or for hearing, ready to hear and that from ἀκουστός, heard, audible, which in turn derives from the verb ἀκούω, I hear. The Latin synonym is sonic, after which the term used to be a synonym for acoustics. Frequencies above and below the range are called ultrasonic and infrasonic. If, for example, a string of a length would sound particularly harmonious with a string of twice the length. In modern parlance, if a string sounds the note C when plucked, a string twice as long will sound a C an octave lower. In one system of tuning, the tones in between are then given by 16,9 for D,8,5 for E,3,2 for F,4,3 for G,6,5 for A. Aristotle understood that sound consisted of compressions and rarefactions of air which falls upon, a very good expression of the nature of wave motion. The physical understanding of acoustical processes advanced rapidly during and after the Scientific Revolution, mainly Galileo Galilei but also Marin Mersenne, independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings. Experimental measurements of the speed of sound in air were carried out successfully between 1630 and 1680 by a number of investigators, prominently Mersenne, meanwhile, Newton derived the relationship for wave velocity in solids, a cornerstone of physical acoustics. The eighteenth century saw advances in acoustics as mathematicians applied the new techniques of calculus to elaborate theories of sound wave propagation. Also in the 19th century, Wheatstone, Ohm, and Henry developed the analogy between electricity and acoustics, the twentieth century saw a burgeoning of technological applications of the large body of scientific knowledge that was by then in place. The first such application was Sabine’s groundbreaking work in architectural acoustics, Underwater acoustics was used for detecting submarines in the first World War
Acoustics
–
Principles of acoustics were applied since ancient times:
Roman theatre in the city of
Amman.
Acoustics
–
Artificial omni-directional sound source in an
anechoic chamber
Acoustics
–
Jay Pritzker Pavilion
Acoustics
19.
Yasuhisa Toyota
–
He is the company director and U. S. Representative of Nagata Acoustics of Tokyo, Toyota is a native of Japan and graduate of the Kyushu Institute of Design. Subsequently, he worked on Miami Beachs New World Center, during the 2011-2012 season, Toyota consulted with the acoustics in the remodeling of the Charles Bronfman Auditorium, home to the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv. Parallel he was responsible for concept and realization of the acoustics of the Bing Concert Hall at Stanford University, Stanford, California
Yasuhisa Toyota
–
Interior of the Bing Concert Hall from the Choral Terrace, Fotograph Phil King
20.
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
–
The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion is one of the halls in the Los Angeles Music Center. The Music Centers other halls include the Mark Taper Forum, Ahmanson Theatre, the Pavilion has 3,156 seats spread over four tiers, with chandeliers, wide curving stairways and rich décor. The auditoriums sections are the Orchestra, Circle, Loge, as well as Balcony, construction started on March 9,1962, and it was dedicated September 27,1964. The Pavilion was named for Dorothy Buffum Chandler who “led effort to build a home for the Los Angeles Philharmonic. The result was Mrs. Chandler’s crowning achievement, the Music Center of Los Angeles County and her tenacious nine-year campaign on behalf of the Music Center produced more than $19 million in private donations” noted Albert Greenstein in 1999. The building was designed by architect Welton Becket, the project was an example of his firms approach of total design, in which he managed all aspects including design, construction, fixtures, and interior finishes to achieve a coherent whole. The result was the Los Angeles County Holiday Celebration, a Christmas Eve tradition sponsored by the Board of Supervisors, the program is broadcast on KCET-TV and an edited version of the prior years show is syndicated to public television stations via PBS. The opening concert was held on December 6,1964 with Zubin Mehta conducting the Los Angeles Philharmonic with soloist Jascha Heifetz, the program included Fanfare by Richard Strauss, American Festival Overture by William Schuman, Roman Festivals by Ottorino Respighi, Beethovens Violin Concerto. The Los Angeles Master Chorale, under Music Director Roger Wagner, was the other founding resident company at the Pavilion, before creation of the Los Angeles Opera company, the New York City Opera came regularly on tour and performed in the Pavilion. One such tour, in 1967, consisted of two performances of Madama Butterfly, one of La Traviata, and two of Ginasteras Don Rodrigo, each with Plácido Domingo singing the tenor role. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences held its annual Academy Awards in the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion from 1969 to 1987,1990,1992 to 1994,1996, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion is featured in the 2008 video game Midnight Club, Los Angeles. The site was used as the location for a perfume ad directed by Spike Jonze. Since 1964, a Christmas Eve tradition for the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion is the annual free Holiday Celebration funded by Los Angeles County and it is six hours of music and dance by groups from all around Los Angeles county. The performances are also broadcast on the KCET public television station with a version broadcast on PBS since 2002. Los Angeles Opera List of opera houses Toland, James W, the Music Center Story, a Decade of Achievement 1964–1974, The Music Center Foundation, Los Angeles,1974. Los Angeles Music Centers page on the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion Homepage of the Los Angeles Opera company
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
–
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
Dorothy Chandler Pavilion
–
The stage as seen from the balcony at the
62nd Academy Awards in 1990.
21.
Los Angeles County, California
–
Los Angeles County, officially the County of Los Angeles, is the most populous county in both the United States and the state of California, the countrys most populous state. Its population is larger than that of 42 individual U. S. states and it has 88 incorporated cities and many unincorporated areas and at 4,083 square miles, it is larger than the combined areas of the U. S. states of Delaware and Rhode Island. The county is home to more than one-quarter of California residents and is one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U. S and its county seat, the City of Los Angeles, is also its most populous city at about four million. Los Angeles County is one of the counties of California. The county originally included parts of what are now Kern, San Bernardino, Riverside, as the population increased, sections were split off to organize San Bernardino County in 1853, Kern County in 1866, and Orange County in 1889. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 4,751 square miles, Los Angeles County borders 70 miles of coast on the Pacific Ocean and encompasses mountain ranges, valleys, forests, islands, lakes, rivers, and desert. The western extent of the Mojave Desert begins in the Antelope Valley, most of the population of Los Angeles County is located in the south and southwest, with major population centers in the Los Angeles Basin, San Fernando Valley and San Gabriel Valley. Other population centers are found in the Santa Clarita Valley, Pomona Valley, Crescenta Valley, the county is divided west-to-east by the San Gabriel Mountains, which are part of the Transverse Ranges of southern California, and are contained mostly within the Angeles National Forest. Los Angeles County includes San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island, non-Hispanic whites numbered 2,728,321, or 28% of the population. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race numbered 4,687,889, 36% of Los Angeles Countys population was of Mexican ancestry,3. 7% Salvadoran, and 2. 2% Guatemalan heritage. The largest Asian groups of the 1,346,865 Asians in Los Angeles County are 4. 0% Chinese,3. 3% Filipino,2. 2% Korean,1. 0% Japanese,0. 9% Vietnamese,0. 8% Indian, and 0. 3% Cambodian. The racial makeup of the county is 48. 7% White,11. 0% African American,0. 8% Native American,10. 0% Asian,0. 3% Pacific Islander,23. 5% from other races, and 4. 9% from two or more races. 44. 6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race, the largest European-American ancestry groups are German, Irish, English and Italian. 45. 9% of the population reported speaking only English at home,37. 9% spoke Spanish,2. 22% Tagalog,2. 0% Chinese,1. 9% Korean,1. 87% Armenian,0. 5% Arabic, and 0. 2% Hindi. At the census of 2000, there were 9,519,338 people,3,133,774 households, the population density was 2,344 people per square mile. There were 3,270,909 housing units at a density of 806 per square mile. 25% of all households were made up of individuals and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.61. In the county, the population was out with 28% under the age of 18, 10% from 18 to 24, 33% from 25 to 44, 19% from 45 to 64
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
Los Angeles County, California
22.
Bond (finance)
–
In finance, a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders. The most common types of bonds include municipal bonds and corporate bonds, interest is usually payable at fixed intervals. Very often the bond is negotiable, that is, the ownership of the instrument can be transferred in the secondary market and this means that once the transfer agents at the bank medallion stamp the bond, it is highly liquid on the second market. Thus, a bond is a form of loan or IOU, the holder of the bond is the lender, the issuer of the bond is the borrower, and the coupon is the interest. Bonds provide the borrower with funds to finance long-term investments, or, in the case of government bonds. Certificates of deposit or short term commercial paper are considered to be money market instruments and not bonds, the main difference is in the length of the term of the instrument. Bonds and stocks are both securities, but the difference between the two is that stockholders have an equity stake in the company, whereas bondholders have a creditor stake in the company. Being a creditor, bondholders have priority over stockholders and this means they will be repaid in advance of stockholders, but will rank behind secured creditors in the event of bankruptcy. Another difference is that usually have a defined term, or maturity, after which the bond is redeemed. An exception is a bond, such as a consol, which is a perpetuity, that is. Bonds are issued by authorities, credit institutions, companies. The most common process for issuing bonds is through underwriting, when a bond issue is underwritten, one or more securities firms or banks, forming a syndicate, buy the entire issue of bonds from the issuer and re-sell them to investors. The security firm takes the risk of being unable to sell on the issue to end investors. Primary issuance is arranged by bookrunners who arrange the bond issue, have contact with investors and act as advisers to the bond issuer in terms of timing. The bookrunner is listed first among all participating in the issuance in the tombstone ads commonly used to announce bonds to the public. The bookrunners willingness to underwrite must be discussed prior to any decision on the terms of the issue as there may be limited demand for the bonds. In contrast, government bonds are issued in an auction. In some cases, both members of the public and banks may bid for bonds, in other cases, only market makers may bid for bonds
Bond (finance)
–
Securities
Bond (finance)
–
Bond certificate for the state of South Carolina issued in 1873 under the state's Consolidation Act.
Bond (finance)
–
Railroad obligation Moscow-Kiev-Voronezh
Bond (finance)
–
Receipt for temporary bonds for the state of Kansas issued in 1922
23.
Eli Broad
–
Broad is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the person to build two Fortune 500 companies in different industries. As of October 2015, Forbes ranked Broad the 65th wealthiest person in the world, Broad was born in 1933 in the Bronx, New York, the only child of Lithuanian Jewish immigrant parents who met in New York. His father worked as a painter, and his mother worked as a dressmaker. His family moved to Detroit, Michigan when he was six years old, in Detroit, his father was a union organizer, and owned five-and-dime stores. Broad attended Detroit Public Schools and graduated from Detroit Central High School in 1951, Broad attended Michigan State University, majoring in accounting with a minor in economics and graduating cum laude in 1954. The same year, 21-year-old Broad married 18-year-old Edythe Edye Lawson, Broad became the youngest Michigan resident to attain the credentials of Certified Public Accountant, a record he held until 2010. Broad worked as an accountant for two years and taught classes at the Detroit Institute of Technology as an assistant professor of accounting in 1956. In 1957, Broad and Kaufman decided to partner and build homes together, Broad was responsible for land acquisition and materials while Kaufman handled the design. By streamlining the process, they could price the houses so the monthly mortgage would be less than the rent for a two-bedroom apartment. The Kaufman & Broad model featured an attached carport and omitted the basement and they christened this model the Award Winner and priced it at $13,700. After one weekend, seventeen were sold and within two years, Kaufman & Broad had built 600 homes in the Detroit suburbs, in 1960, fearing that the Detroit economy was too dependent on the automotive business, they moved to Phoenix, Arizona. In 1961, Kaufman and Broad Home Corporation went public on the American Stock Exchange, in 1963, Kaufman retired and he and his wife Glorya Kaufman went on to become noted philanthropists. Broad then moved the company to Los Angeles and in 1969, in 1974, Broad stepped down as CEO. In 1971, Broad acquired Sun Life Insurance Company of America, Broad transformed Sun Life into the retirement savings powerhouse SunAmerica. In 1999, he sold SunAmerica to the American International Group for $18 billion, Broad continued as CEO of SunAmerica until 2000, when he left to focus on philanthropy full-time. Eli and Edythe Broad created The Broad Foundations to advance entrepreneurship for the good in education, science. The Broad Foundations, which include The Eli and Edythe Broad Foundation, in 2010, the Broads announced their participation in The Giving Pledge, a commitment for wealthy individuals to give at least half of their wealth to charity
Eli Broad
–
Broad in 2011 at the
University of California, San Francisco.
Eli Broad
–
The Eli and Edythe Broad Plaza in front of the
Caltrans District 7 Headquarters
Eli Broad
–
Broad Art Center, by Meier at the
UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture
Eli Broad
–
The Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum at 547 East Circle Drive, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan USA
24.
Mayor of Los Angeles, California
–
The Mayor of the City of Los Angeles is the official head and chief executive officer of Los Angeles, California. The mayor is elected for a term and limited to serving no more than two terms. Under the California Constitution, all judicial, school, county, the 42nd and current Mayor is Eric Garcetti. Los Angeles has a mayor council form of government, giving the mayor the position of chief executive of the city. The mayor is given the authority to appoint general managers and commissioners, remove officials from city posts, most of the mayors appointments and proposals are subject to approval by the Los Angeles City Council, but the mayor has the power of veto or approval of City Council legislation. The organization of the mayors office changes with administration, but is almost always governed by a chief of staff, deputy chief of staff, director of communications, and several deputy mayors. The mayor has an office in the Los Angeles City Hall and resides at the Mayors Mansion, Getty House, as of Fiscal Year 2015–16, the salary for the mayor is set at $239,993. The mayor is elected in citywide election, the first round of the election is called the primary election. The candidate receiving a majority of the vote in the primary is elected outright, if no candidate receives a majority, the top two candidates advance to a runoff election, called the general election. The City Charter allows for candidates for the primary election. The mayor is elected to a term, with a limit of two consecutive terms. The office of Mayor is officially nonpartisan by state law, although most mayoral candidates identify a party preference, elections for mayor were held in odd-numbered years from 1909 until 2013. In October 2014, the Los Angeles City Council recommended consolidating city elections with gubernatorial and presidential elections in even-numbered years in an effort to increase turnout. On March 3,2015, voters passed an amendment to extend the term of the mayor elected in 2017 to five-and-a-half years. From 2022 and onward, mayoral elections will be consolidated with the gubernatorial elections held every four years. The most recent election was held in May 2013, incumbent mayor Antonio Villaraigosa was ineligible to run for reelection due to term limits. Eric Garcetti and Wendy Greuel received the most votes in the March primary, Garcetti assumed office July 1,2013, becoming the 42nd mayor of Los Angeles. In the case of a vacancy, the City Council has a choice to appoint a new mayor or to hold a special election
Mayor of Los Angeles, California
–
Incumbent
Eric Garcetti since July 1, 2013
Mayor of Los Angeles, California
–
Seal of the City of Los Angeles
Mayor of Los Angeles, California
–
Stephen Clark Foster, 5th mayor, was also appointed mayor in 1848 prior to the city's official incorporation.
Mayor of Los Angeles, California
–
Prudent Beaudry, 13th mayor, was the second French-Canadian in the office, the first being
Damien Marchesseault.
25.
Richard Riordan
–
Richard Joseph Dick Riordan is an American investment banker, businessman, investor, and politician who served as the 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, California serving from 1993 to 2001. He is a member of the Republican Party, to date, Riordan remains the last Republican to serve as Mayor of Los Angeles. Riordan, an Irish-American, was born in Flushing, New York and raised in New Rochelle in Westchester County, New York. He moved to Los Angeles to begin work as an attorney for the law firm of OMelveny & Myers in 1956. Riordans investment activities in the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s focused primarily on venture capital opportunities in the computer, medical, in 1982, he co-founded, together with J. Christopher Lewis, a private equity firm which is now called Riordan, Lewis & Haden. Together, Riordan and Cole invested the first $100,000 in Triconex, the company was not an early success because of the cost of developing and certifying such a complex system. After the industrial accidents at Bhopal and Chernobyl however, there was a need for a safety system. With an engineering team led by Gary Hufton, the Tricon eventually became the leading industrial safety system. Chuck Cole was an member of the board while Triconex was an independent company. This was just one of the successful ventures that Riordan provided the seed money for during his career. In 1983, Riordan also co-founded Riordan, Freeman & Spogli, the firm was an early sponsor of leveraged buyout transactions, with an initial focus on the supermarket sector. Grocery chain acquisitions led by Riordan, Freeman & Spogli included Bayless Southwest, Boys Markets, P&C Foods, Piggly Wiggly, Riordan created The Riordan Foundation in 1981 with the goal of helping people to acquire the skills necessary to compete successfully in society. The foundation works to teach children how to read and write at an early age, now, more than 25 years later, the Foundation has encouraged computer-based, early childhood literacy programs and youth development and leadership programs with over 2,300 graduates. Through its Rx for Reading programs, The Riordan Foundation has distributed over 23,400 computers to a number of schools, when Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley announced his retirement, Riordans interest turned to the 1993 mayoral election. It was to be an election for several reasons. Bradley had served in office for five terms, so the winner would be the first new face in two decades, during this time Los Angeles had witnessed a dramatic rise in crime, especially gang violence, traffic, and other problems damaging the citys quality of life. The booming economy of the three decades had fizzled. Racial tensions had risen with the LAPD under Chief Daryl Gates, Riordan and Mike Woo, City Councilman for Hollywood, emerged as the leading candidates in a fierce and bitter race
Richard Riordan
–
Riordan in 1993
26.
The Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
The Walt Disney Company
–
The
Walt Disney Studios (corporate headquarters).
The Walt Disney Company
–
The building in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926
The Walt Disney Company
–
Original poster for Flowers and Trees (1932).
The Walt Disney Company
–
The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios.
27.
Los Angeles Times
–
The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
Los Angeles Times
–
Front page from October 21, 2008
Los Angeles Times
–
Chandler and Otis 1917
Los Angeles Times
–
Rubble of the L.A. Times building after the
1910 bombing
Los Angeles Times
–
Times
Newspaper vending machine featuring news of the
1984 Summer Olympics
28.
Esa-Pekka Salonen
–
Esa-Pekka Salonen is a Finnish orchestral conductor and composer. Salonen, born in Helsinki, Finland, studied horn and composition at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki and his conducting classmates included Jukka-Pekka Saraste and Osmo Vänskä. Another classmate on the side was the composer Magnus Lindberg and together they formed the new-music appreciation group Korvat auki. Later, Salonen studied with the composers Franco Donatoni, Niccolò Castiglioni and Einojuhani Rautavaara and he was subsequently principal guest conductor of the Philharmonia from 1985 to 1994. Salonen was principal conductor of the Swedish Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1984 to 1995 and he co-founded the Baltic Sea Festival in 2003 with Michael Tydén and Valery Gergiev. This summer music festival presents new classical music and aims to bring the countries around the Baltic Sea together and it continues to be held annually in one of the countries in the region. Salonen made his U. S. conducting debut with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1984 and his initial reaction was as follows, I had no idea what to expect. But the one thing that I didnt expect was when a player came to talk to me after the first concert and said. Something was going on, because I felt the same, I sensed with an absolute certainty that this orchestra, in whatever way, was going to be a very important part of my life. Continued friction between Fleischmann and Previn led to Previns resignation in April 1989, four months later, Salonen was named the orchestras tenth Music Director, officially taking the post in 1992 and holding it until 2009. Under Salonens leadership, the Philharmonic became a progressive and well-regarded orchestra. Alex Ross of The New Yorker said this, The Salonen era in L. A. may mark a point in the recent history of classical music in America. In 2007, Salonen and the announced the conclusion of his music directorship in 2009. Before Salonens last concert as Music Director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic on April 19,2009, at its inception, it was endowed with $1.5 Million. During Salonens tenure as director, the orchestra gave 120 pieces their world or American debuts. By the time he stepped down, he had served as music director longer than anyone else in the orchestras history, in November 2006, the Philharmonia Orchestra announced the appointment of Salonen as Principal Conductor and Artistic Advisor at the beginning of the 2008/09 season. His initial contract was for 3 years, Salonen has conducted several commercial recordings with the Philharmonia, including music of Berlioz and Schönberg. In November 2010, the Philharmonia announced the extension of Salonens contract to 2014, in September 2013, the orchestra announced the further extension of Salonens contract through the 2016–2017 season
Esa-Pekka Salonen
–
Esa-Pekka Salonen waiting to carry the torch for the 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay
Esa-Pekka Salonen
–
Esa-Pekka and the Philharmonia performed Lutosławski, Sibelius, and Salonen at the store.
29.
Douglas-fir
–
Pseudotsuga menziesii, commonly known as Douglas fir or Douglas-fir, is an evergreen conifer species native to western North America. The common name honors David Douglas, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature, the common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, i. e. not a member of the genus Abies. For this reason the name is written as Douglas-fir. The specific epithet, menziesii, is after Archibald Menzies, a Scottish physician, Menzies first documented the tree on Vancouver Island in 1791. Colloquially, the species is known simply as Doug-fir or as Douglas pine. One Coast Salish name for the tree, used in the Halkomelem language, is lá, one variety, coast Douglas fir, grows in the coastal regions, from west-central British Columbia southward to central California. In Oregon and Washington, its range is continuous from the edge of the Cascades west to the Pacific Coast Ranges. In California, it is found in the Klamath and California Coast Ranges as far south as the Santa Lucia Range, in the Sierra Nevada, it ranges as far south as the Yosemite region. It occurs from sea level along the coast to 1,800 m above sea level in the mountains of California. Further inland, coast Douglas fir is replaced by another variety, mexican Douglas fir, which ranges as far south as Oaxaca, is often considered a variety of P. menziesii. Coast Douglas fir is currently the second-tallest conifer in the world. Extant coast Douglas fir trees 60–75 m or more in height and 1. 5–2 m in diameter are common in old growth stands, Douglas firs commonly live more than 500 years and occasionally more than 1,000 years. The bark on trees is thin, smooth, and gray. On mature trees, it is thick and corky, the shoots are brown to olive-green, turning gray-brown with age, smooth, though not as smooth as fir shoots, and finely pubescent with short, dark hairs. The buds are a distinctive, narrow, conic shape, 4–8 mm long. Unlike the Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, coast Douglas fir foliage has a noticeable sweet fruity-resinous scent, the mature female seed cones are pendulous, 5–8 cm long, 2–3 cm wide when closed, opening to a 4 cm width. They are produced in spring, green at first, maturing orange-brown in the autumn 6–7 months later, the seeds are 5–6 mm long and 3–4 mm wide, with a 12–15-mm wing. The male cones are 2–3 cm long, dispersing yellow pollen in spring, in forest conditions, old individuals typically have a narrow, cylindric crown beginning 20–40 m above a branch-free trunk
Douglas-fir
–
Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii
Douglas-fir
–
Coast Douglas fir cone, from a tree grown from seed collected by
David Douglas
Douglas-fir
–
Pseudotsuga menziesii -
MHNT
Douglas-fir
–
A
snag provides nest cavities for birds
30.
Oak
–
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks, the common name oak also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus, as well as in those of unrelated species such as Grevillea robusta and the Casuarinaceae. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, the second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with lobate margins in many species, also, the acorns contain tannic acid, as do the leaves, which helps to guard from fungi and insects. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring, in spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers and small female flowers. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, borne in a structure known as a cupule, each acorn contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group, the oak tree is a flowering plant. Oaks may be divided into two genera and a number of sections, The genus Quercus is divided into the following sections, Quercus, the white oaks of Europe, Asia and North America. Styles are short, acorns mature in 6 months and taste sweet or slightly bitter, the leaves mostly lack a bristle on their lobe tips, which are usually rounded. The type species is Quercus robur, Mesobalanus, Hungarian oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. Styles long, acorns mature in about 6 months and taste bitter, the section Mesobalanus is closely related to section Quercus and sometimes included in it. Cerris, the Turkey oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia, styles long, acorn mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the shell is hairless. Its leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Protobalanus, the live oak and its relatives, in southwest United States. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter, the inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. Leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Lobatae, the red oaks of North America, Central America, styles long, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter
Oak
–
Oak
Oak
–
Oak at Schönderling
Oak
–
A hybrid white oak, possibly
Quercus stellata ×
Q. muhlenbergii
Oak
–
Heart of oak
beams of the frame of Saint-Girons church in
Monein, France
31.
Reverberation time
–
Reverberation, in psychoacoustics and acoustics, is the persistence of sound after a sound is produced. This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the reflections continue, decreasing in amplitude, until they reach zero amplitude. In comparison to an echo that is a minimum of 50 to 100 ms after the initial sound. As time passes, the amplitude of the reflections is reduced until it is reduced to zero, Reverberation is not limited to indoor spaces as it exists in forests and other outdoor environments where reflection exists. Reverberation occurs naturally when a person sings, talks or plays an instrument acoustically in a hall or performance space with sound-reflective surfaces. The sound of reverberation is often added to the vocals of singers in live sound systems. The time it takes for a signal to drop by 60 dB is the reverberation time, RT60 is the time required for reflections of a direct sound to decay 60 dB. Reverberation time is stated as a single value, if measured as a wide band signal, however, being frequency dependent. Being frequency dependent, the time measured in narrow bands will differ depending on the frequency band being measured. For precision, it is important to know what ranges of frequencies are being described by a time measurement. In the late 19th century, Wallace Clement Sabine started experiments at Harvard University to investigate the impact of absorption on the reverberation time. Using a portable wind chest and organ pipes as a sound source and he found that the reverberation time is proportional to room dimensions and inversely proportional to the amount of absorption present. The optimum reverberation time for a space in which music is played depends on the type of music that is to be played in the space, rooms used for speech typically need a shorter reverberation time so that speech can be understood more clearly. If the reflected sound from one syllable is still heard when the syllable is spoken. Cat, Cab, and Cap may all sound very similar, if on the other hand the reverberation time is too short, tonal balance and loudness may suffer. Reverberation effects are used in studios to add depth to sounds. Reverberation changes the perceived spectral structure of a sound, but does not alter the pitch, basic factors that affect a rooms reverberation time include the size and shape of the enclosure as well as the materials used in the construction of the room. Every object placed within the enclosure can also affect this time, including people
Reverberation time
–
Folded line reverberation device.
Reverberation time
–
Sound level in a reverberant cavity excited by a pulse, as a function of time (very simplified diagram).
32.
Regional Connector Transit Corridor
–
The Regional Connector Transit Corridor is an under-construction light rail subway corridor through Downtown Los Angeles to connect the Blue and Expo Lines to the current Gold Line and Union Station. When completed, the connector will become part of the Metro Rail system, the project would shift the entire Metro Rail system away from the existing X-shape network topology to a more flexible complex grid. The project is being implemented by the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and it has been given high priority by Metro in its long-range plan and has funding set aside in Measure R. The Draft Environmental Impact Report was completed in September 2010 and selection of an alternative was completed in late October 2010. The Final Environmental Impact Report was certified by the Metro Board on April 26,2012, pre-construction on the project began in December 2012. The contract for construction on the project was signed on July 9,2014. Metro hopes to complete construction and begin service by May 2021. The connector was envisioned as early as 1984 when planning and building the Metro Blue Line, LACMTA originally envisioned the Blue Line running through Downtown L. A. to Union Station and onward to Pasadena with potential future lines to the northwest and to the south and west. The connector was not completed due to lack of funds and realignment of the Red Line Eastside Extension, the connector was formally studied for the first time as a standalone project in a Major Investment Study in 1992–1993, in preparation of the Long Range Transportation Plan. The project was revived in 2004, when LACMTA staff initiated a technical feasibility assessment for a regional connector. This study focused on methods to provide a regional connector. The 2004 staff study looked at the potential alignments that would not be entirely underground, the project will include three new Metro subway stations. In June 2007, the LACMTA Board approved the consultants to perform the Alternative Analysis and MIS, in November 2007, preliminary outreach meetings for the Alternative Analysis were held at Central Library and the Japanese American National Museum. The results from these meetings were presented to the public in February 2008, including the descriptions of the eight route alternatives identified for analysis, at the January 2009 Metro Board Meeting, the Regional Connector was approved and received funding to continue in the environmental study process. The Alternatives Analysis yielded two LRT build alternatives, plus the required No Build and TSM options, a third LRT build alternative was added in February 2010, at the request of Little Tokyo stakeholders. The operational intent of the project is to allow running of service between the four corridors. All three build alternatives connect to the current Gold Line at Alameda Street near Temple Street or 1st Street, on October 28,2010, the LACMTA Board of Directors opted for a fully underground option, rejecting at-grade and underground emphasis alternatives. This route remains underground below Flower and 2nd Streets until northwest of 1st/Alameda, by that point, the route would have split into two branches
Regional Connector Transit Corridor
–
With the adoption of the underground alignment, the current Little Tokyo/Arts District station will be moved underground and diagonally across Alameda and 1st Street.
Regional Connector Transit Corridor
–
Map of approved route of Regional Connector Corridor.
Regional Connector Transit Corridor
–
Metro services
33.
Colburn School of Music
–
It is informally referred to as Colburn. It consists of four divisions, the Conservatory of Music, the Music Academy, Community School of Performing Arts and it later broadened its mission and changed its name to the Community School of Performing Arts. In 1980, it finalized its split with USC and branched out on its own, in 1985, the school received a significant endowment from Richard D. Colburn, and it was renamed in his honor. It moved from its location near the USC campus to its current location in 1998. The Conservatory offers full scholarship, housing, and stipends to all of its students, the Dean of the Academy is Ory Shihor. The School of Performing Arts has open enrollment and serves children in the community through age 18, in an unidentified year,500 applicants applied to the Colburn Schools Conservatory of Music and 26 were accepted for a 5% acceptance rate. Approximately 110 students attend the Conservatory of Music, and more than 1,500 students are enrolled in classes at the Community School of Performing Arts, also located in the building is Zipper Hall, a concert venue that hosts professional as well as student performances throughout the year. The Los Angeles Philharmonic and Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra have both performed chamber music concerts in the facility, the Conservatory expansion was designed by Pfeiffer Partners Architects
Colburn School of Music
–
July 2007, along Grand Avenue
34.
Stainless steel
–
In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10. 5% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel is notable for its resistance, and it is widely used for food handling. Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, however, it is not fully stain-proof in low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor air-circulation environments. There are various grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure, Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and corrosion resistance are required. Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present, unprotected carbon steel rusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. This iron oxide film is active and accelerates corrosion by making it easier for more iron oxide to form, since iron oxide has lower density than steel, the film expands and tends to flake and fall away. In comparison, stainless steels contain sufficient chromium to undergo passivation and this layer prevents further corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and stops corrosion from spreading into the bulk of the metal. Passivation occurs only if the proportion of chromium is high enough, Stainless steel’s resistance to corrosion and staining, low maintenance, and familiar lustre make it an ideal material for many applications. Storage tanks and tankers used to transport orange juice and other food are made of stainless steel. This also influences its use in kitchens and food processing plants, as it can be steam-cleaned and sterilized. High oxidation resistance in air at ambient temperature is achieved with addition of a minimum of 13% chromium. The chromium forms a layer of chromium oxide when exposed to oxygen. The layer is too thin to be visible, and the metal remains lustrous, the layer is impervious to water and air, protecting the metal beneath, and this layer quickly reforms when the surface is scratched. This phenomenon is called passivation and is seen in other metals, corrosion resistance can be adversely affected if the component is used in a non-oxygenated environment, a typical example being underwater keel bolts buried in timber. When stainless steel parts such as nuts and bolts are forced together, when forcibly disassembled, the welded material may be torn and pitted, a destructive effect known as galling. Galling can be avoided by the use of materials for the parts forced together, for example bronze and stainless steel. However, two different alloys electrically connected in a humid, even mildly acidic environment may act as a voltaic pile, nitronic alloys, made by selective alloying with manganese and nitrogen, may have a reduced tendency to gall. Additionally, threaded joints may be lubricated to provide a film between the two parts and prevent galling, low-temperature carburizing is another option that virtually eliminates galling and allows the use of similar materials without the risk of corrosion and the need for lubrication
Stainless steel
–
Steels and other iron–carbon alloy phases
Stainless steel
–
An announcement, as it appeared in the 1915 New York Times, of the development of stainless steel
Stainless steel
–
The 630-foot-high (190 m), stainless-clad (type 304)
Gateway Arch defines
St. Louis's skyline
Stainless steel
–
The pinnacle of New York's Chrysler Building is clad with Nirosta stainless steel, a form of Type 302
35.
Parabolic mirror
–
A parabolic reflector is a reflective surface used to collect or project energy such as light, sound, or radio waves. Its shape is part of a paraboloid, that is. The parabolic reflector transforms an incoming plane wave traveling along the axis into a spherical wave converging toward the focus, conversely, a spherical wave generated by a point source placed in the focus is reflected into a plane wave propagating as a collimated beam along the axis. Parabolic reflectors are used to collect energy from a distant source, since the principles of reflection are reversible, parabolic reflectors can also be used to focus radiation from an isotropic source into a narrow beam. In optics, parabolic mirrors are used to light in reflecting telescopes and solar furnaces, and project a beam of light in flashlights, searchlights, stage spotlights. In acoustics, parabolic microphones are used to record faraway sounds such as calls, in sports reporting. Strictly, the shape of the reflector is called a paraboloid. A parabola is the two-dimensional figure, however, in informal language, the word parabola and its associated adjective parabolic are often used in place of paraboloid and paraboloidal. Correspondingly, the dimensions of a symmetrical paraboloidal dish are related by the equation,4 F D = R2, where F is the length, D is the depth of the dish. All units must be the same, if two of these three quantities are known, this equation can be used to calculate the third. A more complex calculation is needed to find the diameter of the dish measured along its surface. This is sometimes called the diameter, and equals the diameter of a flat, circular sheet of material, usually metal. Two intermediate results are useful in the calculation, P =2 F and Q = P2 + R2, where F, D, and R are defined as above. The diameter of the dish, measured along the surface, is given by, R Q P + P ln . The volume of the dish, the amount of liquid it could hold if the rim were horizontal and the vertex at the bottom, is given by 12 π R2 D, where the symbols are defined as above. This can be compared with the formulae for the volumes of a cylinder, a hemisphere (23 π R2 D, {\displaystyle \scriptstyle, and a cone. π R2 is the area of the dish, the area enclosed by the rim. The area of the surface of the dish can be found using the area formula for a surface of revolution which gives A = π R6 D2
Parabolic mirror
–
One of the world's largest solar parabolic dishes at the
Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center in
Israel
Parabolic mirror
–
Circular paraboloid
Parabolic mirror
–
Off-axis satellite dish
Parabolic mirror
–
Lighting the Olympic Flame
36.
Organ (music)
–
In music, the organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions, each played with its own keyboard, played either with the hands on a keyboard or with the feet using pedals. The organ is an old musical instrument, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was played throughout the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman world, subsequently it re-emerged as a secular and recital instrument in the Classical music tradition. Pipe organs use air moving through pipes to produce sounds, since the 16th century, pipe organs have used various materials for pipes, which can vary widely in timbre and volume. The pipes are divided into ranks and controlled by the use of hand stops, although the keyboard is not expressive as on a piano and does not affect dynamics, some divisions may be enclosed in a swell box, allowing the dynamics to be controlled by shutters. Some organs are enclosed, meaning that all the divisions can be controlled by one set of shutters. Some special registers with free reed pipes are expressive and these instruments vary greatly in size, ranging from a cubic yard to a height reaching five floors, and are built in churches, synagogues, concert halls, and homes. Small organs are called positive or portative, increasingly hybrid organs are appearing in which pipes are augmented with electronic additions. Great economies of space and cost are possible especially when the lowest of the pipes can be replaced, non-piped organs include the reed organ or harmonium, which like the accordion and harmonica use air to excite free reeds. Electronic organs or digital organs, notably the Hammond organ, generate electronically produced sound through one or more loudspeakers, mechanical organs include the barrel organ, water organ, and Orchestrion. These are controlled by means such as pinned barrels or book music. Little barrel organs dispense with the hands of an organist and bigger organs are powered in most cases by a grinder or today by other means such as an electric motor. The pipe organ is the grandest musical instrument in size and scope, along with the clock, it was considered one of the most complex human-made mechanical creations before the Industrial Revolution. Pipe organs range in size from a short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 pipes. A large modern organ typically has three or four keyboards with five each, and a two-and-a-half octave pedal board. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called the organ the King of instruments, some of the biggest instruments have 64-foot pipes, and it sounds to an 8 Hz frequency fundamental tone. For instance, the Wanamaker organ, located in Philadelphia, USA, has sonic resources comparable with three simultaneous symphony orchestras, most organs in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia can be found in Christian churches. The introduction of organs is traditionally attributed to Pope Vitalian in the 7th century
Organ (music)
–
1741
pipe organ in
Église Saint-Thomas,
Strasbourg, France
Organ (music)
–
Interior of the
Seville Cathedral, showing the pipes of the organ.
Organ (music)
–
South corp in the
Duomo di Milano. The history of this large organ (now with about 16,000 pipes) began in 1395, and it was continuously remodeled until 1986. The present decoration is from the 16th century.
Organ (music)
–
The
Baroque Leżajsk organ (:De), built by Stanisław Studziński and Jan Głowiński in 1693, has mechanical (tracker)action and 75 voices played from three manuals and pedal.
37.
American Guild of Organists
–
The American Guild of Organists, or AGO, is a national organization of academic, church, and concert organists in the U. S. headquartered in The Interchurch Center in New York City. Henry Houseley was a Founder of the American Guild of Organists, the Guild seeks to set and maintain high musical standards and to promote understanding and appreciation of all aspects of organ and choral music. Membership is not limited to professional organists, but is open to anybody with an interest in the organ and organ music, there are approximately 25,000 AGO members in all categories, of whom 18,409 are voting members as of 2009. The AGOs current president is Michael Bedford, elected in 2016, the AGO is geographically divided into nine regions and 330 chapters nationwide. In recent years, the AGO has added international chapters in Bermuda, Australia, Korea, the European chapter is the oldest international chapter, with many members in France and Germany, as well as some in other countries. The leadership of the AGO consists of a National Council, several Regions, the national headquarters are located at 475 Riverside Drive, Suite 1260, in New York, New York, a building commonly known as the The Interchurch Center. The National Council is the governing body of the American Guild of Organists. The four National Officers, three National Councillors with portfolio and nine Regional Councillors are members of the National Council, the Executive Director is a non-voting member of the National Council. All actions of the Executive Committee are subject to ratification by the National Council at its next meeting, the Executive Committee consists of the four National Officers, the three National Councillors with portfolio and the Convener of the Regional Councillors. The Executive Director is a member of the Executive Committee, the National Officers of the Guild consist of a President, a Vice President, a Secretary, a Treasurer who also serves as the Councillor for Finance and Development, and a Chaplain. The Chaplain is a national officer and not a member of the National Council. The Regional Councillors are elected by the members of the Guild assigned to Chapters within each of the seven regions, a Regional Councillor is responsible for supervision and coordination of the work of the Guild in their Region and representation of the Region on the National Council. A Regional Councillor is elected by the members of the Guild assigned to Chapters within each of the nine regions, the Regional Councillor is responsible for supervision and coordination of the work of the Guild in their Region and representation of the Region on the National Council. Appointed District Conveners are responsible for the development of the Guilds interests in state or area located within the Region. The District Convener assists the Regional Councillor in the work of the Region, Michael Bedford is currently president, elected in 2016 to a two-year term succeeding John C. Past presidents elected in the 21st century, and their terms in office, are Eileen Guenther, the organization holds national conventions in even-numbered years and regional conventions in odd-numbered years. The 2010 national convention held in Washington, D. C. on July 4–8, for example, included workshops and concerts at prominent Washington-area churches, with premieres of newly commissioned works. The 2014 national convention, attended by more than 1,700 members, featured several notable venues in the Boston area, the AGO sponsors a number of education programs, including Pipe Organ Encounters, which are intended to introduce youth to the organ and its workings
American Guild of Organists
–
The American Organist – monthly publication of the AGO
American Guild of Organists
–
American Guild of Organists logo
38.
Frederick Swann
–
Frederick L. Swann is an American church and concert organist, recording artist, choral conductor, and former president of the American Guild of Organists. Music critic Tim Smith called Swann one of the countrys most distinguished organists and he is Organist Emeritus of the Crystal Cathedral and the First Congregational Church of Los Angeles. Swann currently lives in Palm Desert, California, where he is Artist-in-residence at St. Margaret’s Episcopal Church, Frederick Swann was born in West Virginia in 1931. He told an interviewer in later years that he was mesmerized when I saw the organ console for the first time at the church, by the age of ten, Swann was playing the churchs organ for services when his teacher died suddenly. Swanns older brother, Edgar, also an organist, was killed in early in World War II. A sister died in September 2008, the Swanns moved to Staunton Virginia in 1943 and Frederick, known then as Freddie continued his organ study with Dr. Carl Broman, professor of music at Mary Baldwin College. Lessons were on the Emmons Howard organ at Trinity Episcopal Church, after graduating from Robert E. Lee High School in Staunton, Virginia, where he played the piano for the schools chorus, Swann attended Northwestern University. He earned degrees in music from Northwestern University and the old School of Sacred Music at the Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, between 1966–1982, Swann was organist, choir director, and director of music at Riverside. His performances were characterized by music critic Daniel Cariaga as splendid, probing, brilliant, Swann then served as organist of the First Congregational Church of Los Angeles, California, between 1998 and 2001, playing one of the largest church organs in the world. The instrument has more than 20,000 individual pipes, as a concert organist, he frequently performs at recitals throughout North America, Europe and the Far East. He is known for dedicating new organs, said to exceed 600 in churches, concert halls, September 9,2003 he dedicated the largest church organ in Asia,104 stops,119 Ranks,6820 Pipes, located in YounDong Presbyterian Church, Seoul, Korea. On September 30,2004, he played the concert of the 6. The following month, he performed at the largest pipe organ in the nation of Bermuda. Swann is currently Artist-in-residence at St. Margaret’s Episcopal Church in Palm Desert and he is currently University Organist and Artist Teacher of Organ at the University of Redlands in California. In 2002, Swann was elected president of the American Guild of Organists and he was re-elected in July,2006, to a third two-year term as president of the 25,000 member organization. In 2002, he was named International Performer of the Year by the New York City Chapter of the AGO. On April 13,2008, the AGO saluted him at an AGO Gala recital at First Congregational Church in Los Angeles as the Crown Prince of the King of Instruments for his dedicated service, for more than a half century. On July 1,2008, Swann was succeeded by Eileen Guenther as president of the AGO, at the AGOs July,2010, national convention in Washington, D. C
Frederick Swann
–
at
Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church,
Baltimore, Maryland, in 2009
.jpg)
10 Buildings that Changed America #10 Disney Concert Hall, WTTW,[21]
