1.
Wamego, Kansas
–
Wamego /wɔːˈmiːɡoʊ/ is a city in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 4,372 and it was named for a Potawatomi Native American chief. The first post office in Wamego was established in October 1866, Wamego is located at 39°12′15″N 96°18′30″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 2.25 square miles. Wamego is located at the intersection of U. S. Route 24 and it is about 14 mi east of Manhattan, and about 42 mi west-northwest of Topeka. The Kansas River flows along the edge of the city. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Wamego has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. Wamego is part of the Manhattan, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the census of 2010, there were 4,372 people,1,758 households, and 1,176 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,978.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 1,882 housing units at an average density of 851.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 1% White,0. 8% African American,0. 6% Native American,0. 5% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 0% from other races, and 2. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 9% of the population,27. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the family size was 3.00. The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27. 3% of residents were under the age of 18,8. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,28. 6% were from 25 to 44,22. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 13. 3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47. 6% male and 52. 4% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 4,246 people,1,630 households, and 1,155 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,615.3 people per square mile, there were 1,740 housing units at an average density of 1,071.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 96. 75% White,0. 73% African American,0. 35% Native American,0. 12% Asian,0. 78% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 88% of the population. 25. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.09
Wamego, Kansas
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OZ Museum in 2008
Wamego, Kansas
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KDOT map of
Pottawatomie County (
legend)
Wamego, Kansas
–
OZ Winery in 2008
Wamego, Kansas
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Toto's Tacoz in 2008
2.
Kings Point, New York
–
Kings Point is a village in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2010 Census, the population was 5,005. The Village of Kings Point is in the Town of North Hempstead and it is on the Great Neck Peninsula on the North Shore of Long Island and is often erroneously grouped together with the other hamlets and villages referred to collectively as Great Neck. Kings Point is however, a city for the 11024 ZIP Code. Kings Point is the home of the United States Merchant Marine Academy, the founder of W. R. Grace and Company, and former New York City mayor, W. R. Grace, lived in Kings Point. It was during this time he accepted the Statue of Liberty from the people of France, a custom home built for Grace in 1880 features 11 fireplaces and a five-car garage on a nearly two acre property. It is located on Blue Sea Lane and known as Grace Mansion, the Great Neck North Middle School is located on the border of Great Neck Village and Kings Point. Kings Point is located at 40°48′56″N 73°44′16″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 4.0 square miles, of which 3.3 square miles is land and 0.6 square mile is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,076 people,1,401 households, the population density was 1,519.0 people per square mile. There were 1,455 housing units at a density of 435.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 91. 67% White,0. 87% African American,0. 08% Native American,3. 55% Asian,0. 65% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 95% of the population. As of 2000 Kings Point was the most Iranian conurbation in the United States with 29. 7% of its population reporting Iranian Jewish ancestry. 11. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.14 and the average family size was 3.38. In the village, the population was out with 24. 1% under the age of 18,17. 8% from 18 to 24,17. 4% from 25 to 44,26. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 122.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.7 males, the median income for a household in the village was $116,957, and the median income for a family was $122,692. Males had an income of $100,714 versus $50,595 for females. The per capita income for the village was $57,965, about 0. 8% of families and 2. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2. 3% of those under age 18 and 2. 6% of those age 65 or over
Kings Point, New York
–
Location in
Nassau County and the state of
New York.
3.
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
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Incorporated in 1849 as Tarrytown Cemetery, it posthumously honored Irvings request that it change its name to Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, the cemetery is a non-profit, non-sectarian burying ground of about 90 acres. It is contiguous with, but separate from, the yard of the colonial-era church that was a setting for The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The Rockefeller family estate, whose grounds abut Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, several outdoor scenes from the 1970 feature film House of Dark Shadows were filmed at the cemeterys receiving vault. The cemetery also served as a location for the Ramones music video Pet Sematary, monument by the eminent Scots sculptor George Henry Paulin. Douglas, U. S. Gurnee, mayor of Chicago Robert Havell, Law, Jr. lawyer and politician, son of Briarcliff Manor founder Walter W. Law Lewis Edward Lawes, Reformist warden of Sing Sing prison William E. Le Roy, United States Navy rear admiral Ann Lohman a. k. a. Madame Restell, 19th century purveyor of patent medicine and abortions Charles D. Millard, member of U. S. Holmes Odell, U. S. Stevenson I, son-in-law of D. O. Representative from New York Paul Warburg, German-American banker and early advocate of the U. S Federal Reserve system, worcester Reed Warner, mechanical engineer and manufacturer of telescopes Thomas J. Souvenir of the revolutionary soldiers monument dedication, at Tarrytown, N. Y
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
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Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
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The headstone of
Washington Irving
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
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Owen Jones monument
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
–
Henry Villard Memorial by
Karl Bitter
4.
Long Island
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Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region within the U. S. state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, more generally, Long Island may also refer collectively both to the main Island as well as its nearby, surrounding outer barrier islands. North of the island is the Long Island Sound, across from which lie the states of Connecticut, across the Sound, to the northwest, lies Westchester County on mainland New York. To the west, Long Island is separated from the Bronx and the island of Manhattan by the East River. To the extreme southwest, it is separated from the New York City borough of Staten Island and the U. S. state of New Jersey by Upper New York Bay, the Narrows, to the east lie Block Island and numerous smaller islands. Its population density is 5,595.1 inhabitants per square mile, Long Island is culturally and ethnically diverse. Some of the wealthiest and most expensive neighborhoods in the Western Hemisphere are located on Long Island, nine bridges and 13 tunnels connect Brooklyn and Queens to the three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect Suffolk County northward across Long Island Sound to the state of Connecticut, the Long Island Rail Road is the busiest commuter railroad in North America and operates 24/7. At the time of European contact, the Lenape people inhabited the western end of Long Island, giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to record an encounter with the Lenapes, after entering what is now New York Bay in 1524. In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored the harbor, adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the first European to determine that both Manhattan and Long Island are islands. Native American land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka, sewan was one of the terms for wampum, and is also translated as loose or scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to Long Island. The name t Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs appears in Dutch maps from the 1650s, later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island, after the Dutch Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange. It is unclear when the name Nassau Island was discontinued, the very first settlements on Long Island were by settlers from England and its colonies in present-day New England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island, the first settlement on the geographic Long Island itself was on October 21,1640, when Southold was established by the Rev. John Youngs and settlers from New Haven, Connecticut. Peter Hallock, one of the settlers, drew the long straw and was granted the honor to step ashore first and he is considered the first New World settler on Long Island. Southampton was settled in the same year, Hempstead followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in 1653, and Brookhaven in 1655. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645 and these included, Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick
Long Island
–
A mansion on Long Island's
Gold Coast
Long Island
–
The c. 1806
Old Hook Mill in
East Hampton is one of eleven extant windmills in
Suffolk County.
Long Island
–
The
Old House in
Cutchogue, built 1649, is the oldest English-style house in New York State.
Long Island
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Battle of Long Island
5.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
–
British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
–
Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
–
The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
6.
International Correspondence Schools
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ICS Learn, also known as ICS and International Correspondence Schools Ltd, is a provider of online learning courses in the UK. It was founded in 1890 in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the UK branch was set up in 1904, and it now serves around 10,000 students per year, 88% of whom are from the UK. It has a share of the market in CIPD courses and online GCSEs. It also provides courses on Accountancy and Business Management, among other subjects, in order to help workers pass the new test, Foster began an advice column in the Mining Herald answering mine safety questions. Unsatisfied with this solution, in 1890 he founded the Colliery Engineer School of Mines, the organisation changed names several times, finally settling on International Correspondence Schools of Scranton. The mission of the school was to ‘provide practical men with a technical education, instead, ICS created its own specially prepared, leather-bound Instruction and Question Papers, which provided exactly the information the student needed and questioned him only on that material. It enrolled 2500 new students in 1894 and matriculated 72,000 new students in 1895, by 1900, one in 27 Americans had taken a correspondence course with ICS. The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography states that it is ‘by far the largest single educational institution in America’s history’, Foster remained the president of ICS until his death in 1936 at age 93. The organisation expanded to the UK in 1904, the US branch is now known as Penn Foster Career School. · *This publication was also named The Colliery Engineer and Colliery Engineer, ICS Learn homepage Penn Foster Career School The ICS Archive. Lists of ICS materials, short history, copyright information, International Correspondence Schools of Scranton, History 1891 to the Present International Correspondence Schools of Scranton, Pennsylvania, History,1891 to the Present
International Correspondence Schools
–
ICS Learn
7.
Machinist
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A machinist is a person who uses machine tools to make or modify parts, primarily metal parts. This process of machining is accomplished by using tools to cut away excess material much as a woodcarver cuts away excess wood to produce his work. In addition to metal, the parts may be made of other kinds of materials. The goal of these operations is to produce a part that conforms to a set of specifications, or tolerances. Within the title machinist are other specialty titles that refer to skills that may be more highly developed to meet the needs of a particular job position. Some examples of these specialty titles are fitter, turning hand, mill hand, and grinder. Also, there are titles that are related but actually are a development of machinist skills such as tool and die maker, tool maker, trim die maker, die sinker, patternmaker. These latter titles are more commonly found in specialized areas of industry. A fitter and turner refers to a person who manufactures mechanical parts, a machinist is usually called upon when a part needs to be produced from a material by cutting. Such a part may be unique or may be needed in the thousands and this could include a machinery part for a production line or anything that can be made from metal or plastic. Producing a part will often require several steps and more than one machine tool, each machine tool plays a specific role in cutting away excess material. When large numbers of parts are needed, production planning is required to plan the most logical workflow through a series of machines. Computer numerical controlled machines are a special tool that can machine a large variety of shapes. CNC machines are becoming the standard due to their speed, precision, flexibility, production runs consisting of large numbers of parts are more cost effective and commonly referred to as production work in the trade. Conversely, small production runs are sometimes referred to as prototype or jobbing work, production engineers use blueprints and engineering drawings to produce detailed specifications of the part, especially its geometry, then decide on a strategy to make it. Machine tools are then configured by the machinist or toolsetter and production commences, the machinist works with the quality department to ensure the specifications are maintained in the finished product. Large commercial organizations often staff machinists on site in a mode to ensure continuing operations of the production machinery. The labor cost for this role is significantly lower costs involved with production shutdowns
Machinist
–
Machinist at lathe
Machinist
–
Machinery repairman creates helicopter part aboard aircraft carrier
8.
Management
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Management is the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. The term management may also refer to the people who manage an organization, management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose objective is to study social organization and organizational leadership. Individuals who aim at becoming management researchers or professors may complete the Doctor of Business Administration or the PhD in business administration or management, in larger organizations, there are generally three levels of managers, which are typically organized in a hierarchical, pyramid structure. Senior managers provide direction to the managers who report to them. Middle managers, examples of which would include branch managers, regional managers and section managers, middle managers communicate the strategic goals of senior management to the front-line managers. Lower managers, such as supervisors and front-line team leaders, oversee the work of regular employees, in smaller organizations, the roles of managers have much wider scopes. A manager can perform several roles or even all of the commonly observed in a large organization. There are many smaller organizations than larger ones. Views on the definition and scope of management include, According to Henri Fayol, to manage is to forecast and to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate, fredmund Malik defines it as the transformation of resources into utility. Management included as one of the factors of production - along with machines, materials, peter Drucker saw the basic task of management as twofold, marketing and innovation. Nevertheless, innovation is also linked to marketing, peter Drucker identifies marketing as a key essence for business success, but management and marketing are generally understood as two different branches of business administration knowledge. Management involves identifying the mission, objective, procedures, rules and this implies effective communication, an enterprise environment implies human motivation and implies some sort of successful progress or system outcome. As such, management is not the manipulation of a mechanism, not the herding of animals, management does not need to be seen from enterprise point of view alone, because management is an essential function to improve ones life and relationships. Management is therefore everywhere and it has a range of application. Based on this, management must have humans, communication, plans, measurements, motivational psychological tools, goals, and economic measures may or may not be necessary components for there to be management. At first, one views management functionally, such as measuring quantity, adjusting plans and this applies even in situations where planning does not take place. Critics, however, find this definition useful but far too narrow, one habit of thought regards management as equivalent to business administration and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More broadly, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, nonetheless, many people refer to university departments that teach management as business schools
Management
–
Business administration
9.
Entrepreneur
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What appears as a real opportunity ex ante might actually be a non-opportunity or one that cannot be actualized by entrepreneurs lacking the necessary business skills, financial or social capital. Traditionally, an entrepreneur has been defined as a person who starts, organizes and manages any enterprise, especially a business, usually with considerable initiative and risk. Rather than working as an employee, an entrepreneur runs a business and assumes all the risk and reward of a given business venture, idea. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as a leader and innovator of new ideas. They act as the manager and oversee the launch and growth of an enterprise, Entrepreneurship is the process by which an individual identifies a business opportunity and acquires and deploys the necessary resources required for its exploitation. For Schumpeter, the changes and dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, the ‘norm’ of a healthy economy. Entrepreneurial spirit is characterized by innovation and risk-taking, for example, in the 2000s, the field of social entrepreneurship has been identified, in which entrepreneurs combine business activities with humanitarian, environmental or community goals. In the 2010s, entrepreneurship can be studied in college or university as part of the disciplines of management or business administration, Entrepreneur, is a loanword from French. First used in 1723, today the term entrepreneur implies qualities of leadership, initiative, economist Robert Reich has called team-building, leadership, and management ability essential qualities for the entrepreneur. Historically the study of entrepreneurship reaches back to the work in the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Richard Cantillon and Adam Smith, which was foundational to classical economics. In the 20th century, entrepreneurship was studied by Joseph Schumpeter in the 1930s and other Austrian economists such as Carl Menger, Ludwig von Mises, the term entrepreneurship was coined around the 1920s, while the loan from French of the word entrepreneur dates to the 1850s. According to Schumpeter, an entrepreneur is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation, thus, creative destruction is largely responsible for long-term economic growth. The idea that leads to economic growth is an interpretation of the residual in endogenous growth theory. For Schumpeter, entrepreneurship resulted in new industries and in new combinations of currently existing inputs, Schumpeters initial example of this was the combination of a steam engine and then current wagon making technologies to produce the horseless carriage. In this case the innovation, the car, was transformational and it did not immediately replace the horse-drawn carriage, but in time, incremental improvements reduced the cost and improved the technology, leading to the modern auto industry. Despite Schumpeters early 20th-century contributions, traditional microeconomic theory did not formally consider the entrepreneur in its theoretical frameworks, in this treatment, the entrepreneur was an implied but unspecified actor, consistent with the concept of the entrepreneur being the agent of x-efficiency. For Schumpeter, the entrepreneur did not bear risk, the capitalist did, Schumpeter was of the opinion that entrepreneurs shift the Production Possibility Curve to a higher level using innovations. Cantillon emphasized the willingness of the entrepreneur to assume risk and to deal with uncertainty, thus, he draws attention to the function of the entrepreneur, and distinguishes clearly between the function of the entrepreneur and the owner who provides the money
Entrepreneur
–
Left to right,
Eric Schmidt,
Sergey Brin and
Larry Page of
Google, which is cited as an example of entrepreneurship and
disruptive innovation. As of the 2010s, Google is a huge corporation, but in the late 1990s, it started out as an entrepreneurial venture in a garage.
Entrepreneur
–
In 2012, Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues
Melanne Verveer greeted participants in an African Women's Entrepreneurship Program at the State Department in Washington, D.C.
Entrepreneur
–
British entrepreneur
Karren Brady has an estimated net worth of $123 million
Entrepreneur
–
Dell Women's Entrepreneur
Network event in New York City, May 2013
10.
Chrysler
–
FCA US is one of the Big Three American automobile manufacturers. FCA US has its headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan and sells vehicles worldwide under its flagship Chrysler brand, as well as the Dodge, Jeep, other major divisions include Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division. The Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925, out of what remained of the Maxwell Motor Company, Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928, when Mr. The brand diversification efforts were inspired by Mr. Chryslers time working for General Motors, in the 1960s the company expanded into Europe, by taking control of French, British and Spanish auto companies, Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for $1. Chrysler struggled through the 1970s to adapt to changing markets, increased US import competition, the company began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors, and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. By the late 1970s, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy, New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship, in 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation, which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the industry crisis of 2008–2010. On June 10,2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S. p. A. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $4 billion in debts, by May 24,2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to the U. S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat gradually acquired the other parties shares while removing much of the weight of the loans in a short period. On January 1,2014, Fiat S. p. A announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21,2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S. p. A, in May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV was established by merging Fiat S. p. A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014, Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15,2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6,1925, Walter Chrysler arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmers company in the early 1920s. He was hired to overhaul the companys troubled operations, in late 1923 production of the Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile, the Chrysler was a 6-cylinder automobile, designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, but at a more affordable price than they might expect. The original 1924 Chrysler included an air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication
Chrysler
–
FCA US LLC U.S. Headquarters and Technology Center in
Auburn Hills in
Metro Detroit
Chrysler
–
1955 Imperial car model shown on display at January 1955 Chicago Auto Show
Chrysler
–
In 1987 Chrysler purchased
American Motors from
Renault
Chrysler
–
Chrysler House landmark executive offices in the
Detroit Financial District
11.
Automotive industry in the United States
–
The automotive industry in the United States began in the 1890s and, as a result of the size of the domestic market and the use of mass-production, rapidly evolved into the largest in the world. However, the United States was overtaken as the largest automobile producer by Japan in the 1980s, the U. S. is currently second among the largest manufacturer in the world by volume, with approximately 8-10 million manufactured annually. Notable exceptions were 5.7 million automobiles manufactured in 2009, the motor vehicle industry began with hundreds of manufacturers, but by the end of the 1920s it was dominated by three large companies, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. After the Great Depression and World War II, these continued to prosper. Beginning in the 1970s, a combination of oil prices. In the ensuing years, the companies periodically bounced back, as a result, General Motors and Chrysler filed for bankruptcy reorganization and were bailed out with loans and investments from the federal government. But according to Autodata Corp, June 2014 seasonally adjusted annualized sales is the biggest in history with 16.98 million vehicles, prior to the 1980s, most manufacturing facilities were owned by the Big Three and AMC. Their U. S. market share has dropped steadily as numerous foreign-owned car companies have factories in the U. S. The development of self-powered vehicles was accompanied by numerous technologies and components giving rise to numerous supplier firms, various types of energy sources were employed by early automobiles including steam, electric, and gasoline. Thousands of entrepreneurs were involved in developing, assembling, and marketing of early automobiles on a small, increasing sales facilitated production on a larger scale in factories with broader market distribution. Ransom E. Olds and Thomas B, jeffery began mass production of their automobiles. Henry Ford focused on producing an automobile that many middle class Americans could afford, during the period from 1917 to 1926 the annual rate of increase in sales was considerably less than from 1903 to 1916. In the years 1918,1919,1921, and 1924 there have been declines in automotive production. The automotive industry caused a shift in the industrial revolution because it accelerated growth by a rate never before seen in the U. S. economy. The practicality of the automobile was initially limited because of the lack of suitable roads, travel between cities was mostly done by railroad, waterways, or carriages. Roads were mostly dirt and hard to travel, particularly in bad weather, the League of American Wheelman maintained and improved roads as it was viewed as a local responsibility with limited government assistance. During this time, there was an increase in production of automobiles coupled with a swell of auto dealerships, State governments began to use the corvee system to maintain roads, an implementation of required physical labor on a public project on the local citizens. Part of their motivation was the needs of farmers in rural areas attempting to transport their goods across rough, the other reason was the weight of the wartime vehicles
Automotive industry in the United States
–
Ford Model T, 1927, regarded as the first affordable American automobile
Automotive industry in the United States
–
The "final" U.S. Highway plan as approved November 11, 1926
12.
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
–
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV, also known as FCA, is an Italian-controlled multinational corporation incorporated in the Netherlands. And currently the world’s seventh-largest auto maker, the group was established in late 2014 by merging Fiat S. p. A. into a new holding company, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N. V. which is incorporated in the Netherlands for tax purposes. The holding company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, exor S. p. A, an Italian investment group owned by the Agnelli family, owns 29. 19% of FCA and controls 44. 31% through a loyalty voting mechanism. FCA’s mass-market brands operates through two main subsidiaries, FCA Italy and FCA US, the company’s portfolio includes many well-known automotive names including Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Dodge, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Ram Trucks, Abarth, Mopar and SRT. FCA also owns Maserati, Comau, Magneti Marelli, and Teksid, today FCA operates in four regions. The CEO and executive management including twenty-two employees work between Auburn Hills, Michigan and Turin, Italy, FCA carries out its mass-market automotive operations through two main subsidiaries, FCA Italy and FCA US. Both name changes were announced in December 2014, FCA Italy includes the Italian-based brands that include Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Lancia and the engine manufacturing subsidiary VM Motori. FCA US includes the American-based brands that include Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, other companies include luxury car and components manufacturers as well as firms working on production automation and metal foundry. Other joint ventures and subsidiaries are undertaken via the FCA Italy, FCA also operates in the print media and advertising fields through its Italiana Editrice subsidiary and an interest in RCS Media Group. In January 2016, Ferrari became an independent company, after FCA listed 10% of the company on the NYSE in October 2015, the integration between Fiat and Chrysler dates back to 2009 after Chrysler filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization on 30 April 2009. On 10 June 2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat. Overall, to acquire Chrysler cost Fiat US$4.9 billion, on 29 January 2014 Fiat announced a reorganization and intended merger into a new holding company. Fiat S. p. A. merged into FCA on 12 October 2014 following approval of the board on 15 June 2014, on 29 October 2014 the group announced the intention to separate Ferrari S. p. A. from FCA. The transaction was completed on 3 January 2016, on July 14,2015, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV chief executive Sergio Marchionne and Dennis Williams, President of the United Auto Workers entered into negotiations on July 14,2015. As negotiations between the UAW and Detroit Three automakers began, Marchionne leaned in to embrace Williams in a hug seen round the world, on May 6,2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its 5-year business plan. The Group updated its business plan targets in January 2016 at the time FY2015 were announced, much of the global growth will be focused around Jeep, due to its high visibility globally as well as the growing SUV market in developing markets. Chrysler will be re-positioned as the companys mainstream North American brand to compete with Ford, Chevrolet, Toyota, and Volkswagen, while Dodge will focus on performance-based vehicles. Alfa Romeo will become the premium marque to compete with Mercedes-Benz, BMW
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
–
Marques
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
–
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V.
13.
Ellis, Kansas
–
Ellis is a city in Ellis County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,062, the Kansas Pacific Railway built a water station at the site of present-day Ellis in 1867 and then purchased the site under the Homestead Act. Three years later, in 1870, the U. S, post Office Department opened a post office at Ellis, marking the towns foundation. Kansas Pacific laid out the town in 1873, establishing a depot, a hotel, and that same year, settlers from Syracuse, New York, and later from Louisville, Kentucky, arrived to work for the railroad. The first church opened in Ellis in 1873, the first school in 1874, starting in 1875 and for the rest of the 1870s, Ellis was a cowtown, serving as a shipping point for cattle herds from the south. Bukovina Germans began settling in the area in 1886, Ellis incorporated as a city in January 1888. Ellis is located at 38°56′10″N 99°33′33″W, at an elevation of 2,119 feet, located in northwestern Kansas on Interstate 70, Ellis is 13 miles west-northwest of Hays, the county seat. It is approximately 146 miles northwest of Wichita and 260 miles west of Kansas City, Ellis lies on the western edge of the Smoky Hills region of the Great Plains. Big Creek, a tributary of the Smoky Hill River, runs east through the city and has been dammed to form a long, narrow reservoir, Big Creek Lake. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.64 square miles. On average in Ellis, January is the coolest month, the hottest temperature recorded in Ellis was 110 °F in 2003, the coldest temperature recorded was -24 °F in 1989. As of the 2010 census, there were 2,062 people,868 households, the population density was 1,718.3 people per square mile. There were 959 housing units at a density of 799.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 9% White,0. 2% African American,1. 0% from other races, hispanics and Latinos of any race were 3. 0% of the population. 31. 5% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.32, and the average family size was 2.91. In the city, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 18,6. 7% from 18 to 24,26. 0% from 25 to 44,26. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.1 years, for every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males age 18, the median income for a household in the city was $40,682, and the median income for a family was $57,750
Ellis, Kansas
–
Downtown Ellis (2014)
Ellis, Kansas
–
The Bukovina Society of the Americas (2007)
Ellis, Kansas
–
Geese in Big Creek Lake (2007)
Ellis, Kansas
–
A
Victorian house in Ellis (2007)
14.
Chatham, Ontario
–
Chatham-Kent is a single-tier municipality in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Mostly rural, its population centres are Chatham, Wallaceburg, Tilbury, Blenheim, Ridgetown, Wheatley, the current Municipality of Chatham-Kent was created in 1998 by the merger of Kent County and its municipalities. The former city of Chatham began as a dockyard in the 1790s. The town was named after the Earl of Chatham, William Pitt and it was built as a naval dockyard, a characteristic shared by Chatham, Kent, England. In England, the name Chatham came from the British root ceto, following the American Revolution and the Gnadenhutten Massacre, a group of Christian Munsee Indians settled in what is now Moraviantown. In the War of 1812, the Battle of the Thames took place between Moraviantown and Thamesville on October 5,1813, during the 19th century, the area was part of the Underground Railroad. As a result, Chatham-Kent is now part of the African-Canadian Heritage Tour, uncle Toms Cabin Historic Site is a museum of the Dawn Settlement, established in 1841 by Josiah Henson near Dresden as refuge for the many slaves who escaped to Canada from the United States. John Brown, the abolitionist, planned his raid on the Harpers Ferry Virginia Arsenal in Chatham, the small village of North Buxton, part of the African Canadian Heritage Tour, also played an important role in the Underground Railroad. Kent County consisted of the townships of Camden, Chatham, Dover, Harwich, Howard, Orford, Raleigh, Romney, Tilbury East, in 1998 the County of Kent and the city of Chatham were amalgamated to form the Municipality of Chatham–Kent. Since then, bus service has begun to serve all of Chatham-Kent, starting in 2007, routes were set up to include the former towns of Wallaceburg and Dresden. Before 1998, each town had their own fire department and it then became the Chatham-Kent Fire Department upon amalgamation. The county also had separate police departments until 1998, the city of Chatham, as well as the towns of Wallaceburg, Dresden, and Tilbury, each had their own departments. The Chatham-Kent Police Service was formed on September 1,1998, Chatham Kent has many historic festivals throughout the year such as the Battle of Longwoods reenactment, which takes place on Labour Day weekend at Fairfield Museum on Longwoods road. Chatham Kent is also home to historic buildings which are part of an annual ghost tour offered each year at Halloween. The participants go on a walk of downtown while the guide informs them of various ghost stories tied to the local buildings in which they pass. Chatham Kent was a part of the Underground Railroad and as such hosts the Buxton Homecoming each September. This celebrates the black culture and the roots laid by early black settlers in the Buxton area. At 2,458 square kilometres, Chatham-Kent is the 12th largest municipality by area in Canada, over 44,000 of the 107,000 residents live in the former City of Chatham
Chatham, Ontario
–
Thames River in Chatham
Chatham, Ontario
–
Capitol theatre.
Chatham, Ontario
–
Chatham Regional Education Center of the
Lambton Kent District School Board
15.
Freemason
–
The degrees of freemasonry retain the three grades of medieval craft guilds, those of Apprentice, Journeyman or fellow, and Master Mason. These are the degrees offered by Craft Freemasonry, members of these organisations are known as Freemasons or Masons. There are additional degrees, which vary with locality and jurisdiction, the basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. The Lodges are usually supervised and governed at the level by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry, each Grand Lodge is independent, modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups. Continental Freemasonry is now the term for the liberal jurisdictions who have removed some, or all. The Masonic Lodge is the organisational unit of Freemasonry. The Lodge meets regularly to conduct the formal business of any small organisation. In addition to business, the meeting may perform a ceremony to confer a Masonic degree or receive a lecture, at the conclusion of the meeting, the Lodge might adjourn for a formal dinner, or festive board, sometimes involving toasting and song. The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies, candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft. In all of ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs. Another ceremony is the installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, in other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge. Most Lodges have some sort of calendar, allowing Masons. Often coupled with events is the obligation placed on every Mason to contribute to charity. This occurs at both Lodge and Grand Lodge level, Masonic charities contribute to many fields from education to disaster relief. These private local Lodges form the backbone of Freemasonry, and a Freemason will necessarily have been initiated into one of these, there also exist specialist Lodges where Masons meet to celebrate anything from sport to Masonic research
Freemason
–
Lodge in Palazzo Roffia,
Florence set out for French (Moderns) ritual
Freemason
–
The Masonic
Square and Compasses. (Found with or without the letter
G)
Freemason
–
Freemasons Hall, London, home of the
United Grand Lodge of England
Freemason
–
Freemasons' Hall, London, c. 1809
16.
Rail transport
–
Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany
Rail transport
–
Four
BNSF GE C44-9W diesel locomotives hauling a mixed freight train along the banks of the
Columbia River, between
Kennewick and
Wishram,
Washington State, United States
Rail transport
–
Horsecar in
Brno, Czech Republic
Rail transport
–
A British steam locomotive-hauled train
Rail transport
–
Tren a las Nubes (Train to the Clouds), located in
Salta,
Argentina
17.
Mechanic
–
A mechanic is a tradesman, craftsman, or technician who uses tools to build or repair machinery. Auto mechanics, for example, have many trades within, some may specialize in the electrical aspects, while others may specialize in the mechanical aspects. Other areas include, brakes and steering, automatic or standard transmission, an auto technician, on the other hand, has a wide variety of topics to learn. A mechanic is typically certified by an association or regional government power. There are different types of mechanics, heavy weight and light weight, heavy weight work is on bigger machines like tractors and trailers, light weight work on smaller items like engines for a car
Mechanic
–
Mechanic at
steam pump in an
electric power house, 1920, (from a photo study for the
WPA).
18.
Canadian-American
–
Canadian Americans are American citizens or nationals who were born in and/or largely grew up in Canada, but later moved into the United States. It can also be used to refer to American-born citizens who either have parents who immigrated from Canada or have significant Canadian ancestry and/or identity, to others, especially for those living in New England or the Midwest, a Canadian-American is one whose ancestors came from Canada. The term Canadian refers to some as nationality, and to others as ethnicity, english-speaking Canadian immigrants easily integrate and assimilate into American culture and society as a result of the cultural similarities and in the vocabulary and accent in spoken English. French-speaking Canadians, because of language, culture, and religion, however, by the 3rd generation, the assimilation is complete, and the Canadian identity is more or less folklore. This took place, even half of the population of the province of Quebec emigrated to the US between 1840 and 1930. Many New England cities formed Little Canadas, but many of these have gradually disappeared and this cultural invisibility within the larger U. S. population is seen as creating stronger affinity amongst Canadians living in the U. S. than might otherwise exist. According to U. S. Census estimates the number of Americans of Canadian ancestry was around 640,000 in 2000, some sources have cited the number to possibly be over 1,000,000. Canadians who travel to the U. S. to escape their colder winter are known as snowbirds and they sometimes have residences in the Southern half of the U. S. Max Baucus, politician, former long-time U. S. Senator from Montana, and former U. S. S, marine hero Robert Goulet, singer and actor Mike Gravel, politician, former U. S. S. Representative from New York since 2013 Louis B, murray, politician and longtime U. S. Jack L. Warner, film executive Richard Verma, politician and former U. S. Alexander J. The bill allows state officials to hold ceremonies at the capitol and other places each year to honor Americans of Canadian ancestry. As a consequence of Article 3 of the Jay Treaty of 1794, official First Nations status, or in the US Native American status, also confers the right to live, jeffrey Simpson Star-Spangled Canadians, Canadians Living the American Dream
Canadian-American
Canadian-American
19.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
–
New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
–
Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
–
Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
–
Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
20.
Railroad engineer
–
An engineer, engine driver, train driver, train operator, is a person who operates a train. The driver is in charge of, and responsible for driving the engine, as well as the operation of the train, train speed. The use of the engineer to describe this occupation in North America should not be confused with the usual meanings of engineer. For many American railroads, the following career progression is typical, assistant conductor, conductor, in the US, drivers are required to be certified and re-certified every two to three years. In American English a hostler moves engines around train yards, in India, a driver starts as a diesel assistant or electrical assistant. They then get promoted on a scale, goods, passenger, Mail/Express, in New Zealand, the United States and Canada, train drivers are historically known as locomotive engineers, or handelers. In the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Australia they are known as drivers, engine drivers, locomotive drivers. Ben Chifley, former Prime Minister of Australia Casey Jones, American engineer whose wreck on the Illinois Central Railroad on April 30,1900 was immortalized in verse, fireman Motorman Stormy Kromer cap Huibregtse, Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal, 1919-1935 Licht, working for the Railroad, the organization of work in the nineteenth century Orr, John W. Set Up Running, The Life of a Pennsylvania Railroad Engineman, 1904-1949 Tuck, Joseph Hugh. Media related to Locomotive drivers at Wikimedia Commons A detailed explanation of what train driving involves, link to a site that offers an engineer experience program at a museum in California
Railroad engineer
–
A railroad engineer's workplace on a German
ICE -Train.
Railroad engineer
–
The cab of a
New South Wales Xplorer diesel multiple unit
Railroad engineer
–
A workplace in
Rigi cogwheel electric train
21.
Kansas Pacific Railway
–
The Kansas Pacific Railway was a historic railroad company that operated in the western United States in the late 19th century. It was a federally chartered railroad, backed with government land grants, at a time when the first transcontinental railroad was being constructed by the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific, it tried and failed to join the transcontinental ranks. It was originally the Union Pacific, Eastern Division, although it was completely independent, the Pennsylvania railroad, working with Missouri financiers, designed it as a feeder line to the transcontinental system. The owners lobbied heavily in Washington for money to build a railroad from Kansas City to Colorado and it failed to get funding to go west of Colorado. It operated many of the first long-distance lines in the state of Kansas in the 1870s, extending the railway network westward across that state. The railroad was consolidated with the Union Pacific in 1880, the Kansas Pacific began in 1855 as the Leavenworth, Pawnee and Western Railroad, and was later reorganized in 1863 as the Union Pacific Eastern Division. The name Kansas Pacific was not adopted until 1869, the original intent of the railroad was to build a line west from Kansas City, Kansas across Kansas to Fort Riley, then north to join the Union Pacific main line at Fort Kearny in Nebraska. The company began construction on its main line westward from Kansas City in September 1863, in 1864, the first 40 miles of the line to Lawrence was in operation. In the fall of 1866, the line had reached Junction City, which became the end of the first division of the railroad, in 1867 the line reached to Salina. In March 1869, the name was changed by Act of the United States Congress to the Kansas Pacific, as in the case with the Union Pacific, the Pacific Railway Act authorized large land grants to the railroad along its mainline. Such grants were to be distributed to homesteaders who would populate the lands near the railroad, forming new towns, buffalo Bill Cody was employed to shoot buffalo to provide meat for the track laying crews. No funds were granted for the construction, however, a situation made more dire by the collapse in railroad investments following the end of the American Civil War. With the backing of German investors, the railroad construction on the Colorado extension in October 1869. By March 1870, the line had reached Kit Carson, Colorado, at the same time, the company began building east from Denver. In August the two met on the Colorado Eastern Plains at Commanche Crossing, which was renamed Strasburg in honor of an engineer of the Kansas Pacific. The Kansas Pacific and Denver Pacific lines intersected at Jersey Junction approximately three miles north of downtown Denver, the Strasburg joining of the rails of the Kansas Pacific in August actually marked the true completion of a coast-to-coast railway network in the United States. In 1874, Union Pacific investor Jay Gould gained effective control of the Kansas Pacific, in 1880, at Goulds direction, the railroad was consolidated with Union Pacific and the Denver Pacific, with the new railroad taking the Union Pacific name. The new companys intention to extend the old Kansas Pacific mainline through the Rockies was strengthened by renewed competition by its archrival, in the early 1880s, the Union Pacific sent surveyors on several expeditions up the Platte Canyon and the Poudre Canyon
Kansas Pacific Railway
–
The Kansas Pacific main line shown on an 1869 map. The thickened portion along the line indicates the extent of the land grants available to settlers. At the time of the map, the line extended only as far as western Kansas (section in green). The extension to the Colorado Territory (section in red) was completed the following year
Kansas Pacific Railway
–
Roundhouse, Kansas Pacific Railway, 1873.
22.
Union Pacific Railroad
–
The Union Pacific Railroad is a freight hauling railroad that operates 8,500 locomotives over 32,100 route-miles in 23 states west of Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Pacific Railroad network is the largest in the United States and it is also one of the worlds largest transportation companies. Union Pacific Railroad is the operating company of Union Pacific Corporation. Union Pacific Corporations main competitor is the BNSF Railway, the second largest freight railroad. Together, the two railroads have a duopoly on all freight rail lines in the U. S. The original company was incorporated on July 1,1862, under an act of Congress entitled Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The act was approved by President Abraham Lincoln, and it provided for the construction of railroads from the Missouri River to the Pacific as a war measure for the preservation of the Union. It was constructed westward from Council Bluffs, Iowa to meet the Central Pacific Railroad line, the line was constructed primarily by Irish labor who had learned their craft during the recent Civil War. The two lines were joined together at Promontory Summit, Utah,53 miles west of Ogden on May 10,1869, hence creating the first transcontinental railroad in North America. Under the guidance of its dominant stockholder Dr. Thomas Clark Durant, the namesake of the city of Durant, Iowa, the first rails were laid in Omaha. It built or purchased local lines that gave it access to Denver, Colorado, to Portland, Oregon and it also owned narrow gauge trackage into the heart of the Colorado Rockies and a standard gauge line south from Denver across New Mexico into Texas. UP was entangled in the Crédit Mobilier scandal, exposed in 1872 and its independent construction company the Crédit Mobilier had bribed congressmen. The UP itself was not guilty but it did get bad publicity, the financial crisis of 1873 led to financial troubles but not bankruptcy. The company was reorganized as the Union Pacific Railway on January 24,1880, the new company declared bankruptcy during the Panic of 1893. When it emerged in 1897 it reverted to the original name, the corporate headquarters of the Union Pacific Corporation were located in New York City from its initial founding in the 1860s until Drew Lewis became CEO in the mid-1980s. He relocated it to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, later the headquarters was shifted to Dallas, Texas, before relocating to Omaha to join the operating headquarters. From the ICC annual reports, except 1979 is from Moodys, on December 31,1925 UP-OSL-OWRN-LA&SL-StJ&GI operated 9,834 route-miles and 15,265 track-miles. At the end of 1980, Union Pacific operated 9,266 route-miles and 15,647 miles of track, Moodys shows 220,697 million revenue ton-miles in 1993 on the expanded system
Union Pacific Railroad
–
The Last Spike, by
Thomas Hill, (1881)
Union Pacific Railroad
–
Union Pacific Railroad
Union Pacific Railroad
–
Directors of the Union Pacific Railroad gather on the 100th
meridian, which later became
Cozad, Nebraska, approximately 250 miles (400 km) west of
Omaha,
Nebraska Territory, in October 1866. The train in the background awaits the party of Eastern capitalists, newspapermen, and other prominent figures invited by the railroad executives.
Union Pacific Railroad
–
Union Pacific Center in
Omaha, Nebraska
23.
Rocheport, Missouri
–
Rocheport is a city in Boone County, Missouri, United States. It is part of the Columbia, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, the population was 239 at the 2010 census. Rocheport includes the Rocheport Historic District, an area with buildings dating from 1830, Rocheport was a trading post for both settlers and Native Americans. After the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis, on June 7,1804, their journey lead them to the convergence of the Missouri River and Moniteau Creek near the future settlement of Rocheport. Clark noted the features of the land, flora, fauna, the Sauk leader Quashquame led a village of Sauk, Meskwaki, and Ioway near Rocheport along Moniteau Creek in the first decade of the 19th century, this village was noted by Zebulon Pike in 1806. Rocheport became a permanent settlement in the nineteenth century. Rocheport is a French name meaning rocky port, the Moses U. Payne House is a historic structured located just outside Rocheport. Rocheport is located at 38°58′46″N 92°33′44″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.27 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 239 people,121 households, the population density was 885.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 128 housing units at a density of 474.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 91. 2% White,3. 8% African American,2. 1% Native American,0. 8% Asian, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 8% of the population. 39. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.60. The median age in the city was 49.3 years. 16. 7% of residents were under the age of 18,4. 6% were between the ages of 18 and 24, 23% were from 25 to 44,34. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 20. 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50. 2% male and 49. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 208 people,101 households, and 55 families residing in the city. The population density was 774.7 people per square mile, there were 122 housing units at an average density of 454.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 88. 94% White,3. 37% African American,1. 44% Native American,1. 44% Asian,0. 48% from other races, and 4. 33% from two or more races. 37. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.73
Rocheport, Missouri
–
Katy Trail at Rocheport, Missouri
Rocheport, Missouri
–
Location of Rocheport, Missouri
24.
German American
–
The German American ethnic group consists of Americans who have full or partial German ancestry. With an estimated size of approximately 46 million in 2014, German Americans are the largest of the groups reported by the US Census Bureau in its American Community Survey. The group accounts for about 1⁄3 of the total ethnic German population in the world, none of the German states had American colonies. In the 1670s the first significant groups of German immigrants arrived in the British colonies, settling primarily in New York, immigration continued in very large numbers during the 19th century, with eight million arrivals from Germany. Between 1820 and 1870 over seven and a half million German immigrants came to the United States — more than doubling the population of the country. By 2010, their population grew to 49.8 million immigrants, there is a German belt that extends all the way across the United States, from eastern Pennsylvania to the Oregon coast. The state of Pennsylvania has 3.5 million people of German ancestry and they were pulled by the attractions of land and religious freedom, and pushed out of Europe by shortages of land and religious or political oppression. Many arrived seeking religious or political freedom, others for economic opportunities greater than those in Europe, the arrivals before 1850 were mostly farmers who sought out the most productive land, where their intensive farming techniques would pay off. After 1840, many came to cities, where Germania—German-speaking districts—soon emerged, German Americans established the first kindergartens in the United States, introduced the Christmas tree tradition, and introduced popular foods such as hot dogs and hamburgers to America. The great majority of people with some German ancestry have become Americanized and hardly can be distinguished, traditional Oktoberfest celebrations and the German-American Day are popular festivities. There are major events in cities with German heritage including Chicago, Cincinnati, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, San Antonio. The Germans included many quite distinct subgroups with differing religious and cultural values and they generally opposed womens suffrage but this was used as argument in favor of suffrage when German Americans became pariahs during World War I. The first English settlers arrived at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and he was followed in 1608 by five glassmakers and three carpenters or house builders. The first permanent German settlement in what became the United States was Germantown, Pennsylvania, large numbers of Germans migrated from the 1680s to 1760s, with Pennsylvania the favored destination. They migrated to America for a variety of reasons, often immigrants paid for their passage by selling their labor for a period of years as indentured servants. Large sections of Pennsylvania and upstate New York attracted Germans, most were Lutheran or German Reformed, many belonged to small religious sects such as the Moravians and Mennonites. German Catholics did not arrive in number until after the War of 1812, in 1709, Protestant Germans from the Pfalz or Palatine region of Germany escaped conditions of hardship, traveling first to Rotterdam and then to London. Anne, Queen of Great Britain, helped them get to her colonies in America, the trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus
German American
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Dr. Seuss
German American
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John Jacob Astor, in an oil painting by
Gilbert Stuart, 1794, was the first of the
Astor family dynasty and the first millionaire in the United States, making his fortune in the fur trade and New York City real estate.
German American
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A chart of the top ancestries in the US, as provided by the 2000 census.
German American
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Carl Schurz was the first German born US Senator (Missouri, 1868) and later US Secretary of the Interior
25.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
Dutch people
Dutch people
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The conversion of the Frankish king
Clovis to Christianity would have great significance in helping shape the identity of the future Dutch people.
Dutch people
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The
Act of Abjuration, signed on July 26, 1581, was the formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries.
Dutch people
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A typical November scene in the Dutch town
Middelburg,
Netherlands
26.
Jimmy Durante
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James Francis Jimmy Durante was an American singer, pianist, comedian, and actor. He often referred to his nose as the Schnozzola, and the word became his nickname, Durante was born on the Lower East Side of New York City. He was the youngest of four born to Rosa and Bartolomeo Durante. Bartolomeo was a barber, and his wife Rosa was the sister of a woman who lived in the boarding house. Young Jimmy served as a boy at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church. Durante dropped out of school in grade to become a full-time ragtime pianist. He first played with his cousin, whose name was also Jimmy Durante and it was a family act, but he was too professional for his cousin. He continued working the citys piano bar circuit and earned the nickname Ragtime Jimmy, before he joined one of the first recognizable jazz bands in New York, Durante was the only member not from New Orleans. His routine of breaking into a song to deliver a joke, with band or orchestra chord punctuation after each line, in 1920 the group was renamed Jimmy Durantes Jazz Band. By the mid-1920s, Durante had become a star and radio personality in a trio called Clayton, Jackson. Lou Clayton and Eddie Jackson, Durantes closest friends, often reunited with Durante in subsequent years, Jackson and Durante appeared in the Cole Porter musical The New Yorkers, which opened on Broadway on December 8,1930. Earlier that same year, the team appeared in the movie Roadhouse Nights, by 1934, Durante had a major record hit with his own novelty composition, Inka Dinka Doo, with lyrics by Ben Ryan. It became his theme song for the rest of his life, a year later, Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose stage musical Jumbo. A scene in which an officer stopped Durantes character—who was leading a live elephant across the stage—to ask. Followed by Durantes reply, What elephant and this comedy bit, also reprised in his role in Billy Roses Jumbo, likely contributed to the popularity of the idiom the elephant in the room. Durante also appeared on Broadway in Show Girl, Strike Me Pink and Red, Hot, during the early 1930s, Durante alternated between Hollywood and Broadway. His early motion pictures included an original Rodgers & Hart musical The Phantom President and he was initially paired with silent film legend Buster Keaton in a series of three popular comedies for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- Speak Easily, The Passionate Plumber, and What. No Beer. -- which were hits and a career springboard for the distinctive newcomer
Jimmy Durante
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Durante as host of
The Hollywood Palace, 1964.
Jimmy Durante
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Buster Keaton,
Thelma Todd and Jimmy Durante in
Speak Easily (1932)
Jimmy Durante
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from the
Broadway to Hollywood trailer (1933)
Jimmy Durante
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Durante in
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World
27.
Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
Germans
Germans
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Germanic Kingdoms in Europe c. 500 AD
Germans
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Extent of
Holy Roman Empire in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with
Kingdom of Germany marked in blue
Germans
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18 January 1871: The proclamation of the
German Empire in the
Hall of Mirrors of the
Palace of Versailles.
Bismarck appears in white. The Grand Duke of Baden stands beside Wilhelm, leading the cheers. Crown Prince Friedrich, later
Friedrich III, stands on his father's right.
28.
German Palatines
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The German Palatines were early 18th century emigrants from the Middle Rhine region of the Holy Roman Empire, including a minority from the Palatinate which gave its name to the entire group. The Poor Palatines were some 13,000 Germans who migrated to England between May and November 1709 and their arrival in England, and the inability of the British Government to integrate them, caused a highly politicized debate over the merits of immigration. The English tried to settle them in England, Ireland and the Colonies, the Palatine settlements did not prove to be viable in the long term, except for those settled in County Limerick and County Wexford in Ireland and in the colony of New York in British North America. In Ireland, less than 200 families remained after the settlement in 1709. Nevertheless, they maintained their distinctive culture until well into the nineteenth century, the largest concentration of descendants of Irish Palatine residents lives around Rathkeale, Co Limerick. The English transported nearly 3,000 German Palatines in ten ships to New York in 1710, many of them were first assigned to work camps along the Hudson River to work off their passage. Close to 850 families settled in the Hudson River Valley, primarily in what are now Germantown and Saugerties, later additional Palatine Germans settled along the Mohawk River for several miles, founding towns such as Palatine Bridge, and in the Schoharie Valley. Throughout the Nine Years War and the War of Spanish Succession, the migrants came principally from regions comprising the modern German states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse, and northern areas of Baden-Württemberg along the lower Neckar. During the so-called Kleinstaaterei period when this occurred, the Middle Rhine region was a patchwork of secular. What triggered the mass emigration in 1709 of mostly impoverished people to England was the Crowns promise of land in the American Colonies. Parliament discovered in 1711 that several “agents” working on behalf of the Colony of Carolina had promised the peasants around Frankfurt free passage to the plantations. Spurred by the success of several dozen families the year before, thousands of German families headed down the Rhine to England, the first boats packed with refugees began arriving in early May 1709. The first 900 people were given housing, food and supplies by a number of wealthy Englishmen, throughout the summer, ships unloaded thousands of refugees, and almost immediately their numbers overwhelmed the initial attempts to provide for them. By summer, most of the Poor Palatines were settled in Army tents in the fields of Blackheath, a Committee dedicated to coordinating their settlement and dispersal sought ideas for their employment. During the reign of Queen Anne, political polarization increased, immigration and asylum had long been debated, from coffee-houses to the floor of Parliament, and the Poor Palatines were inevitably brought into the political crossfire. For the Whigs, who controlled Parliament, these provided an opportunity to increase Britain’s workforce. Only two months before the German influx, Parliament had enacted the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708, the rationale was the belief that an increased population created more wealth, and that Britain’s prosperity could increase with the accommodation of certain foreigners. Britain had already benefited from French Huguenot refugees, as well as the Dutch exiles, louis XIV of France had become infamous for the persecution of Protestants within his realm
German Palatines
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Queen Anne of Great Britain
German Palatines
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Robert Livingston the Elder (December 13, 1654 – October 1, 1728) was a
New York colonial official and first lord of
Livingston Manor.
29.
Protestants
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
Protestants
–
(
The Ninety-Five Theses)
Protestants
–
The Memorial Church in
Speyer, Germany
Protestants
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Key figures of the Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther and John Calvin depicted on a church
pulpit. These reformers emphasised preaching and made it a centerpiece of worship.
Protestants
–
The Bible translated into
vernacular by Martin Luther. The supreme authority of
scripture is a fundamental principle of Protestantism.
30.
Rhine
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The largest city on the river Rhine is Cologne, Germany, with a population of more than 1,050,000 people. It is the second-longest river in Central and Western Europe, at about 1,230 km, with an average discharge of about 2,900 m3/s. The Rhine and the Danube formed most of the inland frontier of the Roman Empire and, since those days. The many castles and fortifications along the Rhine testify to its importance as a waterway in the Holy Roman Empire, in the modern era, it has become a symbol of German nationalism. The variant of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren-. The Gaulish name Rēnos belongs to a class of river names built from the PIE root *rei- to move, flow, run, the grammatical gender of the Celtic name is masculine, and the name remains masculine in German, Dutch and French. The Old English river name was variously inflected as masculine or feminine, the length of the Rhine is conventionally measured in Rhine-kilometers, a scale introduced in 1939 which runs from the Old Rhine Bridge at Constance to Hoek van Holland. The river length is shortened from the rivers natural course due to a number of canalisation projects completed in the 19th and 20th century. The total length of the Rhine, to the inclusion of Lake Constance and its course is conventionally divided as follows, The Rhine carries its name without distinctive accessories only from the confluence of the Vorderrhein and Hinterrhein near Tamins-Reichenau. Above this point is the catchment of the headwaters of the Rhine. It belongs almost exclusively to the Swiss Canton of Graubünden, ranging from Gotthard Massif in the west via one valley lying in Ticino, traditionally, Lake Toma near the Oberalp Pass in the Gotthard region is seen as the source of the Vorderrhein and the Rhine as a whole. The Hinterrhein rises in the Rheinwald valley below Mount Rheinwaldhorn, the Vorderrhein, or Anterior Rhine, springs from Lai da Tuma, near the Oberalp Pass and passes the impressive Ruinaulta formed by the largest visible rock slide in the alps, the Flims Rockslide. A multiday trekking route is signposted along the young Rhine called Senda Sursilvana, the Hinterrhein/Rein Posteriur, or Posterior Rhine, starts from the Paradies Glacier, near the Rheinwaldhorn. One of its tributaries, the Reno di Lei, drains the Valle di Lei on politically Italian territory, after three main valleys separated by the two gorges, Roflaschlucht and Viamala, it reaches Reichenau. The Vorderrhein arises from numerous source streams in the upper Surselva, one source is Lai da Tuma with the Rein da Tuma, which is usually indicated as source of the Rhine, flowing through it. Into it flow tributaries from the south, some longer, some equal in length, such as the Reno di Medel, the Rein da Maighels, and the Rein da Curnera. The Cadlimo Valley in the Canton of Ticino is drained by the Reno di Medel, all streams in the source area are partially, sometimes completely, captured and sent to storage reservoirs for the local hydro-electric power plants. In its lower course the Vorderrhein flows through a gorge named Ruinaulta through the Flims Rockslide, the whole stretch of the Vorderrhein to the Rhine confluence near Reichenau-Tamins is accompanied by a long-distance hiking trail called Senda Sursilvana
Rhine
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Lorelei rock in
Rhineland-Palatinate
Rhine
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Map of the Rhine basin
Rhine
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The Rein da Tuma is captured in the center of the picture and led into the
Curnera Reservoir
Rhine
–
The outflow from
Lake Toma is traditionally seen as the source of the Rhine
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