1.
Phoenix Comicon
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Phoenix Comicon is a multigenre entertainment and comic book convention held annually in Phoenix, Arizona. It was founded as the Phoenix Cactus Comicon in June 2002, PCC plays host to comic related panels, programming events, art contests, and autograph signings for all ages. It is an event held during the summer at the Phoenix Convention Center in downtown Phoenix. On Thursday evening prior to the opening of the event, there is a preview for professionals, exhibitors. In 2016, the set a attendance record of 106,096. Phoenix Comicon has also begun to expand programming into the hotels, including the Hyatt Regency, Marriott Renaissance. It was re-branded as Phoenix Fan Fest and moved to October in 2016 at the Phoenix Convention Center, the first Phoenix Comicon was held in June 2002 as Phoenix Cactus Comicon. It was a convention for six hours held at a Best Western in Ahwatukee. Admission was $3 per person and there were 432 attendees, along with a few local creators and exhibitors, the following three years, the convention was held at the Glendale Civic Center. The size of the convention and the attendance were doubled from the year. The convention began to bring out some guests from out of state including Spider-Man artist Todd Nauck, the programming was increased to include Q&As with guests, how-to workshops, and film trailer presentations. In 2006, the convention was held at the Mesa Convention Center in Mesa and it also became a two-day convention, with Friday preview night, and had guests such as voice actors Johnny Young Bosche and Greg Ayres. The exhibitor room was expanded, as was the amount of programming offered. This was the first convention to expand beyond comic books into the pop culture community, including Anime, Manga, Sci-Fi, Fantasy. Attendance was over 2,600 people for the weekend, the convention was held in January from 2007 to 2009, at the Mesa Convention Center. 2007 was considered the conventions first foray into media guests, with Feedback, in 2009, the event was expanded to 3 days, with a Thursday preview night. Beginning in 2010 the convention was held on Memorial Day weekend, at the Phoenix Convention Center and this change was due to the large increase in attendance, and the availability of funds to hold the convention in a larger venue. Bigger names, such as Leonard Nimoy, George Takei, in 2014, due to a scheduling conflict, the convention was moved to the first week of June as opposed to Memorial Day weekend
2.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
3.
North Hollywood, Los Angeles
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North Hollywood is a neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles. It is home to the NoHo Arts District and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, there is a municipal park and a recreation center. The neighborhood is an important transportation center, and it is also a place where many people have lived or worked. North Hollywood was established by the Lankershim Ranch Land and Water Company in 1887 and it was first named Toluca before being renamed Lankershim in 1896 and finally North Hollywood in 1927. It is not contiguous with Hollywood, being separated by parts of the San Fernando Valley. In 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 87,241, in 2000 the median age for residents was 30, considered an average age for city and county neighborhoods, the percentage of residents aged 19 to 34 was among the countys highest. The neighborhood was considered moderately diverse ethnically within Los Angeles, the breakdown was Latinos,57. 7%, whites, 27%, Asians,5. 7%, blacks,5. 6%, and others, 4%. Mexico and El Salvador were the most common places of birth for the 46. 4% of the residents who were born abroad—a high percentage for Los Angeles, the percentages of never-married men and never-married women were among the countys highest. The median yearly income in 2008 dollars was $42,791, considered average for the city. The percentages of households that earned $40,000 or less were high for the county, renters occupied 75. 4% of the housing stock, and house- or apartment-owners held 24. 6%. North Hollywood is bordered on the north by Sun Valley and on the northeast and east by Burbank, Toluca Lake borders North Hollywood on the southeast and south, and Studio City abuts it on the southwest. It is flanked by Valley Village and Valley Glen on the west, North Hollywood was once part of the vast landholdings of the Mission San Fernando Rey de España, which was confiscated by the government during the Mexican period of rule. A group of investors assembled as the San Fernando Farm Homestead Association purchased the half of the Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. The leading investor was Isaac Lankershim, a Northern California stockman and grain farmer, in 1873, Isaac Lankershims son and future son-in-law, James Boon Lankershim and Isaac Newton Van Nuys, moved to the San Ferndando Valley and took over management of the property. Van Nuys thought the property could profitably grow wheat using the dryland farming developed on the Great Plains. In time the Lankershim property, under its name, the Los Angeles Farming and Milling Company. Lankershim established a townsite which the residents named Toluca along the old road from Cahuenga Pass to San Fernando, the land boom of the 1880s went bust by the 1890s, but despite another brutal drought cycle in the late 1890s, the fruit and nut farmers remained solvent. The Toluca Fruit Growers Association was formed in 1894, the next year the Southern Pacific opened a branch line slanting northwest across the Valley to Chatsworth
4.
Grinnell College
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Grinnell College is a private liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa, U. S. known for its rigorous academics and tradition of social responsibility. It was founded in 1846, when a group of New England Congregationalists established the Trustees of Iowa College, in 1843, eleven Congregational ministers, all of whom trained at Andover Theological Seminary in Massachusetts, set out to proselytize on the frontier. Each man pledged to gather a church and together the group or band would seek to establish a college, when the group arrived in Iowa later that year, each selected a different town in which to establish a congregation. In 1846, they collectively established Iowa College in Davenport, a few months later, Iowa joined the Union. The first 25 years of Grinnells history saw a change in name, however, Greeley vehemently denied ever saying this to Grinnell, or to anyone. The name of the corporation The Trustees of Iowa College remained, in its early years, the College experienced setbacks. Although two students received bachelor of arts degrees in 1854, within 10 years the Civil War had claimed most of Grinnells students, in 1882, Grinnell College was struck by a tornado — then called a cyclone, after which the college yearbook was named. The storm devastated the campus and destroyed both College buildings, rebuilding began immediately, and the determination to expand wasnt limited to architecture, the curriculum was again extended to include departments in political science and modern languages. Grinnell became known as the center of the Social Gospel reform movement, as Robert Handy writes and its leading figures were Professor George D. Herron and President George A. Gates. Other firsts pointed to the side of college life, the first intercollegiate football and baseball games west of the Mississippi were played in Grinnell. Concern with social issues, educational innovation, and individual expression continue to shape Grinnell, as an example, the school’s 5th year travel-service program, preceded the establishment of the Peace Corps by many years. Other recent innovations include first-year tutorials, cooperative programs, and programs in quantitative studies. In its 2016 edition of Americas Best Colleges, U. S. Grinnell College is located in the town of Grinnell, Iowa, about halfway between Des Moines and Iowa City. The main campus is bounded by 6th Avenue on the south, 10th Avenue on the north, East Street on the east, the 120-acre campus contains sixty-three buildings ranging in style from Collegiate Gothic to Bauhaus. Goodnow Hall and Mears Cottage are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the residential part of campus is divided into three sections, North Campus, East Campus, and South Campus. North and South Campus dormitories are modeled explicitly after the colleges of Oxford. The East Campus dormitories were designed by William Rawn Associates and feature a modern design Upon completion East Campus was awarded LEED certification, the four East Campus dorms are made out of Iowa limestone which helped in securing the LEED certification. All three campuses feature dormitory buildings that are connected by a loggia, a signature of the college
5.
University of California, Los Angeles
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The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 and it offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. UCLA enrolls about 31,000 undergraduate and 13,000 graduate students, and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016, including transfer applicants, the university is organized into six undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. Fourteen Nobel laureates, three Fields Medalists, two Chief Scientists of the U. S. Air Force and three Turing Award winners have been faculty, researchers, or alumni, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015–2016 ranked UCLA 16th in the world for academics, in 2015-2016, UCLA ranked 12th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 31st in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference, the Bruins won 126 national championships, including 113 NCAA team championships, more than any other university. UCLA student-athletes, coaches and staff won 251 Olympic medals,126 gold,65 silver and 60 bronze, UCLA student-athletes competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception, and won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States participated in since 1932. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29,1882, the facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their technique with children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School, in 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School. In 1914, the moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue in East Hollywood. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, the same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname Bruins, in 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the University of California at Los Angeles. In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, the campus in Westwood opened to students in 1929. The original four buildings were the College Library, Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building, the first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. A timeline of the history can be found on its website, during its first 32 years, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a provost, in 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive to be granted the title of chancellor. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped spark an era of growth of facilities. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a range of subjects
6.
Pavel Chekov
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Pavel Andreievich Chekov is a fictional character in the Star Trek universe. Walter Koenig portrayed Chekov in the second and third seasons of the original Star Trek series, anton Yelchin portrayed the character in the 2009 Star Trek reboot film and two sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond. Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry wanted to include a younger cast member, with a second season of Star Trek to be produced, Roddenberry interviewed Walter Koenig on the recommendation of director Joseph Pevney. Roddenberry had previously mentioned, in a memo to his casting director and we badly need a young man aboard the Enterprise -- we need youthful attitudes and perspectives. Chekov can be used potently here, in actuality, Koenig is only five years younger than co-stars Leonard Nimoy and William Shatner. The episode Amok Time, which was the first episode aired during the season, was Chekovs first television appearance. Because of budgetary constraints the character did not appear in the animated Star Trek, Pavel Andreievich Chekov was born in 2241 in Russia and is a young and naïve ensign who first appears on-screen in The Original Series’ second season as the Enterprises navigator. According to Roddenberry, he is a capable young man—almost Spocks equal in some areas. An honor graduate of the Space Academy, Chekov also substitutes for Mr. Spock at the science officer station when necessary. His promotion to lieutenant for Star Trek, The Motion Picture brings with it his transfer as the tactical officer. By the events of Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan, in that film, Khan Noonien Singh uses a creature that wraps itself around Chekovs cerebral cortex to control him and his captain. Chekov overcomes the mind control and serves as Enterprise tactical officer in the films climactic battle. Although Khan recognizes Chekov in the film, the Chekov character is not a part of the crew during Space Seed. Adaptations, From Text to Screen, Screen to Text calls this the apparent gaffe notorious throughout Star Trek fandom, Koenig joked that Khan remembers Chekov from the episode after he takes too long in a restroom Khan wants to use. Chekov is an accomplice in Kirks theft of the Enterprise to rescue Spock in Star Trek III, The Search for Spock and he serves as navigator aboard the Enterprise-A during the events of Star Trek V, The Final Frontier and Star Trek VI, The Undiscovered Country. The characters final appearance is as a guest aboard the Enterprise-B on its maiden voyage in Star Trek Generations. Spinoff novels show a continued career path, but these are not considered canon in the Star Trek universe, novels written by William Shatner detail that Chekov reaches the rank of Admiral, and even serves as Commander in Chief of Starfleet. The 2009 Star Trek film creates a timeline in the franchise
7.
Alfred Bester (Babylon 5)
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Alfred Bester is a Babylon 5 character played by Walter Koenig. He is a senior Psi Cop and a recurring antagonist in the series, J. Michael Straczynski named the character after the science fiction writer Alfred Bester, since telepathy is a recurring theme in his work. His chosen assumed name refers to the science author, Alfred Bester. His biological parents were Matthew and Fiona Dexter, both leaders in the earliest days of the resistance against the Psi Corps and this led directly to the purges of 2189, a Psi Corps offensive which decimated the resistance and in which Besters parents were killed. He was found by the Psi Corps, renamed, and placed in Cadre Prime, Bester was told that his parents were members in good standing of the Corps who had been murdered by the resistance, though he was not told their names or shown any photographs. This did not distress him, as he had confidence in the Corps slogan, The Corps is Mother. Being a P-12, the strongest naturally occurring category of human telepaths, he was able to join the police and eventually tracked down the resistances leader. He did not yet know that Walters had been his parents closest friend and ally, or that the man was in fact his godfather, when Walters revealed Besters true heritage, Bester went berserk and emptied his PPG at the man. Bester was left with a tight knot of rage, guilt and denial. Throughout the TV series, Besters left fist is always clenched, only with the appearance of the second novel in the Bester trilogy, do we get the explanation. He also had a willingness to perform so-called Deathbed Scans. Such scans were known to be harmful to the mental health, with some believing that one lost a piece of ones soul by being in contact with the person as they crossed the threshold. Almost no telepath, having once done so, would willingly do so a second time, however, Bester repeatedly volunteered for such duty, believing that he could gain some special knowledge from the experience, ultimately performing an unprecedented eight deathbed scans. During his career as a member of the Psi Corps, he was responsible for retaking the post of director of the Psi Corps from the mundanes by assassinating the director of the Psi Corps. Bester didnt get along with the staff, a point which continually occurred throughout the series. Bester eventually agreed to work with Captain John Sheridan at several points during the Shadow War particularly after the Shadows captured someone very close to Bester. However, after Michael Garibaldi was captured during an attack by the Shadows on the station, Bester was able to secretly recover, Bester had become aware of an anti-telepath conspiracy, and decided to try to use Garibaldi to expose it. Bester subjected him to subtle reprogramming in order to use him as a sleeper agent, the wealthy industrialist William Edgars, the plots mastermind, believed that a civil war among humanity would be counterproductive no matter how totalitarian the current regime
8.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
9.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry
10.
Babylon 5
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The first season premiered in the US on January 26,1994, and the series ultimately ran for the intended five seasons. Set between the years 2257 and 2262, it depicts a future where Earth has sovereign states, colonies within the solar system, and beyond, make up the Earth Alliance, and contact has been made with other spacefaring species. The ensemble cast portray alien ambassadorial staff and humans assigned to the 5-mile -long Babylon 5 space station, a center for trade and diplomacy. Not appearing on American television since 2003, it continues to be shown in international markets such as Fox in the UK, the TV4-ScifFi Channel in Sweden, excepting movie rights, which are retained by Straczynski, all production rights for the franchise are owned by Warner Bros. At the beginning of the series, five dominant civilizations are presented, the Shadows and their various allies are malevolent species who appear later in the series. Several dozen less powerful species from the League of Non-Aligned Worlds appear, including the Drazi, Brakiri, Vree, Markab, the stations first three predecessors were sabotaged or accidentally destroyed before their completion. The fourth station, Babylon 4, vanished without a trace twenty-four hours after it fully operational. The television series takes its name from the Babylon 5 space station, located in the Epsilon Eridani star system, Babylon 5 is an ONeill cylinder five miles long and a half-mile to a mile in diameter. Living areas accommodate the various species, providing differing atmospheres and gravities. Human visitors to the sectors are shown using breathing equipment. The five seasons of the series each correspond to one fictional sequential year in the period 2258–2262, each season shares its name with an episode that is central to that seasons plot. As the series starts, the Babylon 5 station is welcoming ambassadors from various races in the galaxy, during 2258, Commander Jeffrey Sinclair is in charge of the station. Much of the story revolves around his gradual discovery that it was his capture by the Minbari at the Battle of the Line which ended the war against Earth. Upon capturing Sinclair, the Minbari came to believe that he was the reincarnation of Valen, meanwhile, tensions between the Centauri Republic, which is an empire in decline, and the Narn Regime, a former dominion which rebelled and gained freedom, are increasing. As part of these struggles, Mollari makes a deal with an ally to strike back at the Narn. It is gradually revealed that Ambassador Delenn is a member of the mysterious and powerful Grey Council, towards the end of 2258, she begins the transformation into a Minbari-human hybrid, ostensibly to build a bridge between the humans and Minbari. The year ends with the death of Earth Alliance president Luis Santiago, the death is officially ruled an accident, but some members of the military, including the staff of Babylon 5, believe it to be an assassination. At the beginning of 2259, Captain John Sheridan replaces Sinclair as the governor of the station after Sinclair is reassigned as ambassador to Minbar
11.
Russian Jewish
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Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora, the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world. The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th–14th centuries CE, in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Jewish population in Kiev, in present-day Ukraine, was restricted to a separate quarter. Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471, during the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century, Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia, the territory where they could live or immigrate to. Beginning in the 1880s, waves of pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades. More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920, mostly to the United States, before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia, while the main Jewish socialist organization, the Bund, had 33,000 members. Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917, thousands joined after the Revolution, the chaotic years of World War I, the February and October Revolutions, and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism. Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918–1922,125,000 of them in Ukraine,25,000 in Belarus and these were probably the largest-scale European massacres of Jews to date. The pogroms were perpetrated by anti-communist forces, sometimes, Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well. After a short period of confusion, the Soviets started executing guilty individuals, the Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime, and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people. In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis, seized Jewish properties, including synagogues, the Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language reactionary and elitist and the teaching of Hebrew was banned. Zionists were persecuted harshly, with Jewish communists leading the attacks, following the civil war, however, the new Bolshevik governments policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s. At the beginning of the 1930s, the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population, in 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East, but the region never came to have a majority Jewish population. Today, the JAO is Russias only autonomous oblast and, aside of Israel, the observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929, foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Partys Yiddish-language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come. Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalins purges as counterrevolutionaries and reactionary nationalists, the share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s, but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population. According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus, We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position, in the 1930s, many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command, Generals Iona Yakir, Yan Gamarnik, Yakov Smushkevich and Grigori Shtern. During World War Two, an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish, about 160,000 were decorated, and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general. Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union, the highest award in the country, more than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi-occupied territories. For many years during this period, Russia had a rate of immigration to Israel than any other country
12.
Soviet Union
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The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
13.
Lithuania
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Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in Northern Europe. One of the three Baltic states, it is situated along the shore of the Baltic Sea, to the east of Sweden. It is bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, Lithuania has an estimated population of 2.9 million people as of 2015, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The official language, Lithuanian, along with Latvian, is one of two living languages in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family. For centuries, the shores of the Baltic Sea were inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s, the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania, and the first unified Lithuanian state, with the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772–95, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuanias territory. As World War I neared its end, Lithuanias Act of Independence was signed on 16 February 1918, in the midst of the Second World War, Lithuania was first occupied by the Soviet Union and then by Nazi Germany. As World War II neared its end and the Germans retreated, Lithuania is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, a full member of the Eurozone, Schengen Agreement and NATO. It is also a member of the Nordic Investment Bank, the United Nations Human Development Index lists Lithuania as a very high human development country. Lithuania has been among the fastest growing economies in the European Union and is ranked 21st in the world in the Ease of Doing Business Index, the first people settled in the territory of Lithuania after the last glacial period in the 10th millennium BC. Over a millennium, the Indo-Europeans, who arrived in the 3rd – 2nd millennium BC, mixed with the local population, the first written mention of Lithuania is found in a medieval German manuscript, the Annals of Quedlinburg, in an entry dated 9 March 1009. Initially inhabited by fragmented Baltic tribes, in the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, after his assassination in 1263, pagan Lithuania was a target of the Christian crusades of the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. Despite the devastating century-long struggle with the Orders, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania expanded rapidly, by the end of the 14th century, Lithuania was one of the largest countries in Europe and included present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia. The geopolitical situation between the west and the east determined the multicultural and multi-confessional character of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the ruling elite practised religious tolerance and Chancery Slavonic language was used as an auxiliary language to the Latin for official documents. In 1385, the Grand Duke Jogaila accepted Polands offer to become its king, Jogaila embarked on gradual Christianization of Lithuania and established a personal union between Poland and Lithuania. It implied that Lithuania, the fiercely independent land, was one of the last pagan areas of Europe to adopt Christianity, after two civil wars, Vytautas the Great became the Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1392. During his reign, Lithuania reached the peak of its expansion, centralization of the state began
14.
Communism
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Communism includes a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include Marxism, anarchism, and the political ideologies grouped around both. The primary element which will enable this transformation, according to analysis, is the social ownership of the means of production. Likewise, some communists defend both theory and practice, while others argue that historical practice diverged from communist principles to a greater or lesser degree, according to Richard Pipes, the idea of a classless, egalitarian society first emerged in Ancient Greece. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, in the medieval Christian church, for example, some monastic communities and religious orders shared their land and their other property. Communist thought has also traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer Thomas More. In his treatise Utopia, More portrayed a society based on ownership of property. In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, criticism of the idea of private property continued into the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, through such thinkers as Jean Jacques Rousseau in France. Later, following the upheaval of the French Revolution, communism emerged as a political doctrine, in the early 19th century, Various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. But unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the emphasis with a rational. Notable among them were Robert Owen, who founded New Harmony in Indiana, in its modern form, communism grew out of the socialist movement in 19th-century Europe. As the Industrial Revolution advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Friedrich Engels, in 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. The 1917 October Revolution in Russia set the conditions for the rise to power of Lenins Bolsheviks. The revolution transferred power to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, in which the Bolsheviks had a majority, the event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement. Marx predicted that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development, Russia, however, was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry and a minority of industrial workers. Marx had explicitly stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule, the moderate Mensheviks opposed Lenins Bolshevik plan for socialist revolution before capitalism was more fully developed. The Great Purge of 1937–1938 was Stalins attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the Communist Party and its leading role in the Second World War saw the emergence of the Soviet Union as a superpower, with strong influence over Eastern Europe and parts of Asia. The European and Japanese empires were shattered and Communist parties played a role in many independence movements
15.
McCarthyism
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McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. It originated with President Trumans Executive Order 9835 of March 21,1947, McCarthyism soon took on a broader meaning, describing the excesses of similar efforts. The term is now used more generally to describe reckless, unsubstantiated accusations. The primary targets of such suspicions were government employees, those in the entertainment industry, educators, many people suffered loss of employment or destruction of their careers, some even suffered imprisonment. McCarthyism was a social and cultural phenomenon that affected all levels of society and was the source of a great deal of debate. The historical period that came to be known as the McCarthy era began well before Joseph McCarthys own involvement in it, many factors contributed to McCarthyism, some of them extending back to the years of the First Red Scare, inspired by Communisms emergence as a recognized political force. While the United States was engaged in World War II and allied with the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb in 1949, earlier than many analysts had expected. That same year, Mao Zedongs Communist army gained control of mainland China despite heavy American financial support of the opposing Kuomintang, in 1950, the Korean War began, pitting U. S. U. N. and South Korean forces against Communists from North Korea and China. The following year saw several significant developments regarding Soviet Cold War espionage activities. In January 1950, Alger Hiss, a high-level State Department official, was convicted of perjury, in Great Britain, Klaus Fuchs confessed to committing espionage on behalf of the Soviet Union while working on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos National Laboratory during the War. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were arrested in 1950 on charges of stealing atomic bomb secrets for the Soviets and were executed in 1953, there were also more subtle forces encouraging the rise of McCarthyism. It had long been a practice of conservative politicians to refer to progressive reforms such as child labor laws. This tendency increased in the 1930s in reaction to the New Deal policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in general, the vaguely defined danger of Communist influence was a more common theme in the rhetoric of anti-Communist politicians than was espionage or any other specific activity. He produced a piece of paper which he claimed contained a list of known Communists working for the State Department and this speech resulted in a flood of press attention to McCarthy and established the path that made him one of the most recognized politicians in the United States. The first recorded use of the term McCarthyism was in a cartoon by Washington Post editorial cartoonist Herbert Block. The cartoon depicted four leading Republicans trying to push an elephant to stand on a platform atop a stack of ten tar buckets. Block later wrote that there was nothing particularly ingenious about the term, if anyone has a prior claim on it, hes welcome to the word and to the junior senator from Wisconsin along with it. I will also throw in a set of dishes and a case of soap
16.
Grinnell, Iowa
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Grinnell is a city in Poweshiek County, Iowa, United States. The population was 9,218 at the 2010 census, Grinnell was founded in 1854 by Josiah B. The city was slated to be named Stella, but J. B. Grinnell convinced other members of the colony to adopt his own name for the city, citing it as a rare. Grinnell was incorporated on April 28,1865, and by 1880 Grinnell had a population of around 2000, located at the junction of two railway lines, it became and remains the largest community in Poweshiek County. Grinnell was a stop on the Underground Railroad, Grinnell was also a stop along the Pioneer Trail, which spans across five states covering about 1,300 miles. The trail was traveled by an estimated 100,000 plus travelers from 1846 to 1869, the Pioneer Company of 1846-1847 established the first route, from Nauvoo, Illinois to Salt Lake City, Utah. Today, the Pioneer Trail is still visible through many parts of rural Grinnell, Grinnell is home to Grinnell College, established in 1846. In 1889, Grinnell College and the University of Iowa played each other at Grinnell College in the first football game played west of the Mississippi River. On June 17,1882, a tornado destroyed most of the college campus, in 1889 fire destroyed most of the downtown area. Grinnell College is nationally recognized as an undergraduate institution. Grinnell was home to Spaulding Manufacturing, H. W. Spaulding began making carriages and spring wagons in Grinnell, Iowa in 1876. In 1909 the Spaulding Manufacturing Company added automobiles to its production line, at one time, the factory was the largest employer in the county. Automobile production ceased at the Spaulding factory in 1916 when it could no longer compete with the cheaper Ford automobile, the Spaulding factory site became home to the Spaulding Center for Transportation/Iowa Transportation Museum. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 5.64 square miles. Grinnell has a continental climate with clear seasons, hot, humid summers. The precipitation averages 36.07 in yearly, summers are the rainiest times of year, with over two thirds of the precipitation falling between April and September in an average year. As of the census of 2010, there were 9,218 people,3,567 households, the population density was 1,646.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,844 housing units at a density of 686.4 per square mile
17.
Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre
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Neighborhood Playhouse had originally been founded as an off-Broadway theatre by philanthropists Alice Lewisohn and Irene Lewisohn in 1915, but closed in 1927. The following year, it re-opened as the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre with the addition of Rita Wallach Morgenthau, sanford Meisner joined the faculty in 1935 from the Group Theatre. Meisner used his study of Russian theatre and acting innovator, Konstantin Stanislavskis System to develop his own technique, the Executive Director Emeritus of the Playhouse, Harold G. Baldridge, a graduate of the school himself, had been head of the school for 32 years. Pamela Moller Kareman serves as the current Executive Director, also a graduate of The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, the school offers a Two Year Certificate Program, with admission to the second year dependent upon unanimous approval of the faculty. There is also a Six Week Summer Intensive, the Neighborhood Playhouse also offers Playhouse Juniors, a popular Saturday training program for children in grades 1–12. Children attend a fixed curriculum of singing, acting and dancing classes in a non-competitive environment, playwright Horton Foote met actor Robert Duvall at Neighborhood Playhouse when Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Footes play, The Midnight Caller. Foote recommended Duvall to play the part of Boo Radley in the 1962 film, To Kill a Mockingbird
18.
Dabney Coleman
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Dabney Wharton Coleman is an American actor. He has won one Primetime Emmy Award from six nominations, Coleman was born in Austin, Texas, the son of Mary Wharton and Melvin Randolph Coleman. He entered the Virginia Military Institute in 1949, then studied law at the University of Texas before turning to acting and he was drafted in 1953 to the United States Army and served in Europe. Coleman is an actor with over 60 films to his credit. He trained with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theater from 1958-60 and he portrayed an FBI Special Agent in the NBC-TV movie Attack on Terror, The FBI vs. the Ku Klux Klan. He eventually landed the main antagonist part of Franklin Hart, Jr. a sexist boss on whom three female office employees get their revenge in 1980s Nine to Five. It was this film that established Coleman in the type he is most identified with and has frequently played since - a comic relief villain. He broke from this somewhat, however, in his portrayal of military computer scientist John McKittrick in WarGames. Coleman received his first Emmy nomination for his role in the critically acclaimed, though short-lived. In 1987, he received an Emmy Award for his role in the TV movie Sworn to Silence and he appeared in the feature film On Golden Pond, playing the fiance of Chelsea Thayer Wayne. Coleman played Gerald Ellis in Clifford, with Martin Short in the title role, from 1997 to 2001, Coleman provided the voice of Principal Prickly on the animated series Recess. He also played a father in Youve Got Mail. More recently, Coleman appeared as an owner in 2005s Domino. He received acclaim as Burton Fallin in the TV series The Guardian, for two seasons, from 2010 to 2011, Coleman was a series regular on HBOs hit series Boardwalk Empire. On November 6,2014, Coleman received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and he has been married and divorced twice. He was married to Ann Courtney Harrell from 1957 to 1959 and he has four children with Hale, Meghan, Kelly, Randy, and singer Quincy. Coleman is a tennis player, playing for the U. S. Army while posted in Europe. Dabney Coleman at the Internet Movie Database Dabney Coleman at the TCM Movie Database Dabney Coleman at the Internet Broadway Database
19.
Christopher Lloyd
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Lloyd has an equally prominent television profile, having won two Primetime Emmy Awards for playing Jim Ignatowski on the comedy series Taxi. He earned a third Emmy for his 1992 guest appearance on Road to Avonlea and he has also done extensive voiceover work for animated programs, most notably voicing The Hacker on the PBS Kids series Cyberchase. The role earned him two Daytime Emmy Award nominations. Lloyd was born on October 22,1938, in Stamford, Connecticut, the son of Samuel R. Lloyd, Jr, a lawyer, and his wife Ruth, a singer and sister of San Francisco mayor Roger Lapham. He is the youngest of four girls and three boys, one of whom, Samuel Lloyd, was an actor in the 1950s and 1960s. Lloyds maternal grandfather, Lewis Henry Lapham, was one of the founders of the Texaco oil company, Lloyd was raised in New Canaan, Connecticut. Lloyd began his career apprenticing at summer theaters in Mount Kisco, New York, power Failure, and, in mid-1972, appeared in a Jean Cocteau double bill, Orphee and The Human Voice, at the Jean Cocteau Theater at 43 Bond Street. Lloyd returned to Broadway for the musical Happy End and he performed in Andrzej Wajdas adaptation of Dostoyevskys The Possessed at Yale Repertory Theater, and in Jay Broads premiere of White Pelican at the P. A. F. Playhouse in Huntington Station, New York, on Long Island, in 1977, he said of his training at the Neighborhood Playhouse under Meisner, My work up to then had been very uneven. I would be one night, dull the next. Meisner made me aware of how to be consistent in using the best that I have to offer, but I guess nobody can teach you the knack, or whatever it is, that helps you come to life on stage. His first movie role was as a patient in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. In 1985, he was in Street Hawk the pilot episode, in 1986, he played the reviled Professor B. O. Beanes on the television series Amazing Stories, Lloyd portrayed the star character in the adventure game Toonstruck, released in November 1996. In 1999, he was reunited onscreen with Michael J and that same year, Lloyd starred in the movie remake of the 1960s series My Favorite Martian. He starred on the television series Deadly Games in the mid-1990s and was a regular on the sitcom Stacked in the mid-2000s, in 2003, he guest-starred in three of the 13 produced episodes of Tremors, The Series as the character Cletus Poffenburger. In November 2007, Lloyd was reunited onscreen with his former Taxi co-star Judd Hirsch in the season-four episode Graphic of the television series Numb3rs and he played Ebenezer Scrooge in a 2008 production of A Christmas Carol at the Kodak Theatre with John Goodman and Jane Leeves. In 2009, he appeared in a trailer for a faux horror film entitled Gobstopper
20.
James Caan
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James Edmund Caan is an American actor. For his signature role in The Godfather, that of hot-tempered Sonny Corleone, Caan was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding Golden Globe. Caans subsequent notable performances include roles in Thief, Misery, For the Boys, Eraser, Bottle Rocket and Elf, as well as the role of Big Ed Deline in the television series Las Vegas. He also prominently lent his voice to Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 as Tim Lockwood, father of Bill Haders protagonist Flint Lockwood. Caan was born on March 26,1940, in the Bronx, New York and his father was a meat dealer and butcher. One of three siblings, Caan grew up in Sunnyside, Queens, New York City and he was educated in New York City, and later attended Michigan State University. He later transferred to Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York and his classmates at Hofstra included Francis Ford Coppola and Lainie Kazan. Caan began appearing off-Broadway before making his Broadway debut in Blood, Sweat and he appeared in such television series as The Untouchables, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, Kraft Suspense Theatre, Combat. Ben Casey, Dr. Kildare, The Wide Country, Alcoa Premiere, Route 66, in 1964, he starred as Jewish athlete Jeff Brubaker in the episode My Son, the All-American of Channing, a drama about college life. His first substantial role was as a punk hoodlum in the 1964 thriller Lady in a Cage. In 1965, he landed his first starring role, in Howard Hawks auto-racing drama Red Line 7000, in 1966, Caan appeared as Alan Bourdillion Traherne, a. k. a. Mississippi, in El Dorado, with John Wayne and Robert Mitchum and he had a starring role in Robert Altmans second feature film, Countdown, in 1968. In 1969, he had a role as Rupert of Rathskeller on the spy sitcom Get Smart. That same year he won praise for his role as a football player in The Rain People directed by Francis Ford Coppola. In 1971, Caan won more acclaim, as dying football player Brian Piccolo, opposite Billy Dee Williams, in the television movie Brians Song, the following year, Coppola cast him as the short-tempered Sonny Corleone in The Godfather. Originally, Caan was cast as Michael Corleone, both Coppola and Caan demanded that this role be played by Al Pacino, so Caan could play Sonny instead. Although another actor was signed to play Sonny, the studio insisted on having Caan. Caan was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the film, competing with co-stars Robert Duvall, Caan was closely identified with the role for years afterward, They called me a wiseguy
21.
Gene Roddenberry
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Eugene Wesley Gene Roddenberry was an American television screenwriter and producer. He is best remembered for creating the original Star Trek television series, born in El Paso, Texas, Roddenberry grew up in Los Angeles, where his father was a police officer. Roddenberry flew 89 combat missions in the Army Air Forces during World War II, later, he followed in his fathers footsteps and joined the Los Angeles Police Department, where he also began to write scripts for television. As a freelance writer, Roddenberry wrote scripts for Highway Patrol, Have Gun–Will Travel, in 1964, Roddenberry created Star Trek, which premiered in 1966 and ran for three seasons before being canceled. He then worked on projects, including a string of failed television pilots. The syndication of Star Trek led to its popularity, this, in turn, resulted in the Star Trek feature films, on which Roddenberry continued to produce. He continued to consult on the series until his death in 1991, years after his death, Roddenberry was one of the first humans to have his ashes carried into earth orbit. The popularity of the Star Trek universe and films has inspired films, books, comic books, video games, and fan films set in the Star Trek universe. Roddenberry was born on August 19,1921, in his parents rented home in El Paso, Texas, the family moved to Los Angeles in 1923 after Genes father passed the Civil Service test and was given a police commission there. During his childhood, Roddenberry was interested in reading, especially magazines, and was a fan of stories such as John Carter of Mars, Tarzan. Roddenberry majored in science at Los Angeles City College, where he began dating Eileen-Anita Rexroat. He obtained a license through the United States Army Air Corps-sponsored Civilian Pilot Training Program. He enlisted with the USAAC on December 18,1941, and he graduated from the USAAC on August 5,1942, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant. He was posted to Bellows Field, Oahu, to join the 394th Bomb Squadron, 5th Bombardment Group, of the Thirteenth Air Force, which flew the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. On August 2,1943, while flying out of Espiritu Santo, the plane Roddenberry was piloting overshot the runway by 500 feet and impacted trees, crushing the nose, the official report absolved Roddenberry of any responsibility. Roddenberry spent the remainder of his career in the United States. He was involved in a plane crash, this time as a passenger. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Air Medal, in 1945, Roddenberry began flying for Pan American World Airways, including routes from New York to Johannesburg or Calcutta, the two longest Pan Am routes at the time
22.
The Lieutenant
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The Lieutenant is an American television series, the first created by Gene Roddenberry. It aired on NBC on Saturday evenings in the 1963–1964 television schedule and it was produced by Arena Productions, one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayers most successful in-house production companies of the 1960s. Situated at Camp Pendleton, the West Coast base of the U. S. Marine Corps, the title character is Second Lieutenant William Tiberius Rice, a rifle platoon leader and one of the training instructors at Camp Pendleton. An hour-long drama, The Lieutenant explores the lives of enlisted Marines, the series was released on DVD in two half-season sets by the Warner Archive Collection on August 14,2012. Gary Lockwood starred as USMC Second Lieutenant William Tiberius Rice, a recent graduate of the United States Naval Academy who had assigned his first command. Rice is a young, educated idealist who still has much to learn from an older mentor, Robert Vaughn played Captain Raymond Rambridge, Rices company commander, an up-from-the-ranks officer. Actor Gary Lockwood was twenty-six years of age and still an actor at the time the series premiered. Lockwood received his family name from early mentor Joshua Logan. He did not do so because the producers and network executives convinced him there would be unpleasant payback if he did. Lockwood later compared being a TV star to being a jet pilot, many experts, he said, worked behind the scenes and then the pilot entered the hot seat and made it all work. As of April 2016, The Lieutenant was being transmitted on the GetTV digital OTA network on Wednesday evenings in a four, back-to-back, one hour and these transmissions did not follow the original airdate order. One episode of The Lieutenant was never actually transmitted, the Paley Center for Media in New York City possesses a videotape of the episode. This episode was transmitted on the cable channel TNT in the early 1990s. The Lieutenant performed well in the ratings, considering the competition from The Jackie Gleason Show on CBS, the program had occupied the time slot previously held by the legal drama Sam Benedict, which starred Edmond OBrien and Richard Rust. Rust also guest starred in an episode of The Lieutenant, Roddenberry recruited Lockwood one more time, in Where No Man Has Gone Before, the second pilot installment for Star Trek, as Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell. A middle name would be reused for Star Trek, the title character in The Lieutenant was Second Lieutenant William Tiberius Rice, on the original series of Star Trek, the title character was given as James T. Kirk. It was not until the series that writer David Gerrold replaced the T, giving us Captain James Tiberius Kirk, however. According to Gerrold, he had been influenced by I, Claudius, and had approached Roddenberry with his choice of middle name, Roddenberry would later reuse the name and initial William T. for Commander William Riker, portrayed by Jonathan Frakes in Star Trek, The Next Generation
23.
Gary Lockwood
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Gary Lockwood is an American actor. He is known for his roles as astronaut Frank Poole in the film 2001, A Space Odyssey and he played numerous guest television roles from the early 1960s into the mid 1990s, a regular supporting role in Follow the Sun, and the title role of The Lieutenant. He is of partial Polish descent, lockwoods uncle, Mike Yurosek, is credited with creating the baby carrot. Lockwood attended the University of California at Los Angeles on a scholarship to play quarterback. Lockwood was married to actress Stefanie Powers in the 1960s and Denise DuBarry in the 1980s, Lockwood was a film stuntman, and a stand-in for Anthony Perkins prior to his acting début in 1959 in an uncredited bit role in Warlock. Lockwoods two series came early in his career, and each lasted only a single season, ABCs Hawaii-set Follow the Sun cast him in support of Brett Halsey and Barry Coe, who played adventurous magazine writers based in Honolulu. Lockwood was Eric Jason, who did the legwork for their articles, in the story, Eric Jason was said to have been born on December 7,1941, but Lockwood was actually born nearly five years earlier. Another series regular was Gigi Perreau, who played the writers secretary, Lockwood had earlier played a soldier with a crush on Mary Stone on the ABC sitcom, The Donna Reed Show. The 26-week series, which starred Marilyn Maxwell as the owner of a diner in fictitious Sunrise, Colorado and he would star again with Weld in his film debut, 1961s Wild in the Country, with Elvis Presley. Thereafter, Lockwood starred with Jeff Bridges in the acclaimed My Daddy Can Beat Your Daddy episode of CBSs anthology series, in 1959, he played an uncredited police officer in Perry Mason in The Case of the Romantic Rogue. In 1962, Lockwood appeared on Perry Mason as the character in The Case of the Playboy Pugilist. In 1963, Lockwood co-starred with Elvis Presley in the musical-comedy film It Happened at the Worlds Fair, in 1963-1964, Lockwood starred as a young U. S. Marine second lieutenant named William T. Rice in the NBC series The Lieutenant. This drama, about the peacetime Marines, was produced by the creators of Star Trek, the series co-starred Robert Vaughn as Lieutenant Rices immediate superior, Captain Raymond Rambridge. Despite moderately good reviews, The Lieutenants Saturday night time slot, opposite CBS Jackie Gleasons American Scene Magazine, caused its cancellation after 29 episodes. In 1964, Lockwood guest-starred as Major Gus Denver in the first season of 12 OClock High, in episode 9, Appointment at Liege and he also guest-starred as Lt. Josh McGraw in season 2, episode 4, The Idolator of 12 OClock High. Shortly afterwards, Lockwood starred in another NBC television series The Kraft Mystery Theater in an episode titled Connerys Hands. In 1966, Lockwood guest starred as Clint Bethard in the episode Reunion of ABCs The Legend of Jesse James, starring Christopher Jones in the title role of Jesse James. That same year, Lockwood appeared as Danny Hamil on the episode Day of Thunder of the NBC drama The Long, Hot Summer and he appeared twice in 1966 as Jim Stark in the two-part episode The Raid of CBS Gunsmoke with James Arness
24.
Cold War
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The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc and powers in the Western Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine was announced, and 1991, the year the Soviet Union collapsed. The term cold is used there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, although there were major regional wars, known as proxy wars, supported by the two sides. The Cold War split the temporary alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state ruled by its Communist Party and secret police, the Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and all organizations. In opposition stood the West, dominantly democratic and capitalist with a free press, a small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement, it sought good relations with both sides. The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat, but they were armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war. The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945, the Berlin Blockade was the first major crisis of the Cold War. With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War, the USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America, and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia. Meanwhile, the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets, the expansion and escalation sparked more crises, such as the Suez Crisis, the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia, détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979. The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension, with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation. In the mid-1980s, the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the reforms of perestroika and glasnost. Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe, especially Poland, Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past. The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991. This in turn led to the dissolution of the USSR in December 1991. The United States remained as the only superpower. The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy and it is often referred to in popular culture, especially in media featuring themes of espionage and the threat of nuclear warfare
25.
Communist Party USA
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The Communist Party USA is a communist political party in the United States. Established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America, it has a long, complex history that is tied with the U. S. labor movement. For the first half of the 20th century, the Communist Party was an influential force in various struggles for democratic rights. It played a prominent role in the U. S. S, by August 1919, only months after its founding, the Communist Party claimed 50,000 to 60,000 members. Members also included anarchists and other radical leftists, at the time, the older and more moderate Socialist Party of America, suffering from criminal prosecutions for its antiwar stance during World War I, had declined to 40,000 members. But the Communist Partys early labor and organizing successes did not last, by 1957, membership had dwindled to less than 10,000, of whom some 1,500 were informants for the FBI. At the same time, the partys aging membership demographics and noticeably hollow calls for peaceful coexistence failed to speak to a new Left in the United States. In 1989, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union cut off funding to the CPUSA due to its opposition to glasnost. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the party held its convention, the majority reasserted the partys now purely Marxist outlook, prompting a minority faction which urged social democrats to exit the now reduced party. The party has since adopted Marxism-Leninism within its program, in 2014, the new draft of the party constitution declared, We apply the scientific outlook developed by Marx, Engels, Lenin and others in the context of our American history, culture, and traditions. The Communist Party USA is based in New York City, for decades, its West Coast newspaper was the Peoples World, and its East Coast newspaper was The Daily World. The two newspapers merged in 1986 into the Peoples Weekly World, the PWW has since become an online only publication, called Peoples World. The partys former theoretical journal, Political Affairs Magazine, is now published exclusively online. In June 2014, the Party held its 30th National Convention in Chicago, against homophobia and all manifestations of discrimination against gays, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender people. Among the points in the partys Immediate Program are a minimum wage for all workers, national universal health care. The Communist Party USA emphasizes a vision of socialism as an extension of American democracy, millions of workers are unemployed, underemployed, or insecure in their jobs, even during economic upswings and periods of recovery from recessions. Most workers experience long years of stagnant and declining wages, while health. Many workers are forced to second and third jobs to make ends meet
26.
Robert Vaughn
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Robert Francis Vaughn was an American actor noted for his stage, film and television work. His best-known TV roles include suave spy Napoleon Solo in the 1960s series The Man from U. N. C. L. E, gwynn in The Young Philadelphians which earned him a 1960 Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. As grifter and card sharp Albert Stroller, Vaughn appeared in all, from January to February 2012, he appeared in the British soap opera Coronation Street as Milton Fanshaw, a love interest for Sylvia Goodwin. Robert Vaughn was born on November 22,1932 in New York City, to Gerald Walter Vaughn, an actor, and his wife, Marcella Frances. He was of Irish, French, and German ancestry and his parents divorced, and Vaughn lived with his grandparents in Minneapolis while his mother traveled and performed. Vaughn graduated from North High School, then enrolled in the University of Minnesota as a journalism major, however, he dropped out after a year and moved to Los Angeles with his mother. He studied at Los Angeles City College, then transferred to Los Angeles State College of Applied Arts and Sciences and he received a Ph. D. in communications from the University of Southern California in 1970. In 1972, he published his dissertation as the book Only Victims, Vaughn made his television debut on the November 21,1955, Black Friday episode of the American TV series Medic, the first of more than two hundred episodic roles through mid-2000. His first film appearance was as an extra in The Ten Commandments. Vaughns first credited role came the following year in the Western Hells Crossroads, in which he played Bob Ford. Seen by Burt Lancaster in Calder Willinghams play End as a Man and his career as a television and film star was briefly disrupted with him being drafted by United States Army and returned at age 27. Vaughn appeared as Stan Gray in the episode The Twisted Road of the syndicated series Frontier Doctor. Vaughn was the last surviving member of those who portrayed The Magnificent Seven and he played a different role, Judge Oren Travis, on the 1998-2000 syndicated TV series The Magnificent Seven. In the 1963-64 season, Vaughn appeared in The Lieutenant as Captain Raymond Rambridge alongside Gary Lockwood and his dissatisfaction with the somewhat diminished aspect of the character led him to request an expanded role. N. C. L. E. After the pilot was reshot with Leo G. Carroll in the role of Solos boss and this was the role which would make Vaughn a household name even behind the Iron Curtain. Vaughn had guest-starred on Lockwoods ABC series Follow the Sun, in 1963 he also appeared in an episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show as Jim Darling, a successful businessman and an old flame of Laura Petrie in the episode Its A Shame She Married Me. From 1964 to 1968, Vaughn played Solo with Scottish co-star David McCallum playing his fellow agent Illya Kuryakin. This production spawned a spinoff show, large amounts of merchandising, overseas theatrical movies of re-edited episodes, in 1966, Vaughn appeared as a bachelor on the nighttime premiere of The Dating Game
27.
USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)
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USS Enterprise is a starship in the fictional Star Trek universe, depicted in four network television series, six feature films, and countless books and fan-created media. The ships design formed the basis for one of sci-fis most iconic images, though the ship has gone over many changes over the course of its television, a refit version of NCC-1701 appears in the first three Star Trek films. The 2009 Star Trek film, which place in an alternate timeline. The original starship was destroyed in Star Trek III, The Search for Spock, Star Trek art director Matt Jefferies was the primary designer of the original Enterprise, which was originally named Yorktown in series creator Gene Roddenberrys first outline drafts of the series. Jefferies experience with aviation led to his Enterprise designs being imbued with what he called aircraft logic, the ships NCC-1701 registry number stemmed from NC being one of the international aircraft registration codes assigned to the United States, the second C was added for differentiation. According to The Making of Star Trek, NCC is the Starfleet abbreviation for Naval Construction Contract, the 1701 was chosen to avoid any possible ambiguity, according to Jefferies, the numbers 3,6,8, and 9 are too easily confused. Other sources cite it as a reference to the house across the street from where Roddenberry grew up, Jefferies own sketches provide the explanation that it was his 17th cruiser design with the first serial number of that series,1701. The Making of Star Trek explains that USS should mean United Space Ship, however, the decals included with the AMT USS Enterprise model kit permitted the builder to customize the ship as any of the twelve starships in the class. As the lowest hull number is NCC-1700, USS Constitution, it is accepted that Constitution is the class leader. The first miniature built for the pilot episode The Cage was unlit and approximately 33 inches long, initially, the models were static and had no electronics. For the second pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before, various details of the 11-foot model were altered, when the series was picked up and went into production, the model was altered yet again. Save for re-used footage from the two episodes, this was the appearance of the ship throughout the series, except for some detail added to nacelles for shots used in The Trouble with Tribbles. Two small models were made for the episode Catspaw, one embedded in a block of lucite. Greg Jein created a model of the original Enterprise for the Star Trek, Deep Space Nine episode Trials, jeins model was built to be exactly half the size of the larger of the two original models, and later appeared in the 1998 Star Trek wall calendar. The refit Enterprise that appears in the first three Star Trek films was designed by Richard Taylor, the ship was based on conceptual sketches done by Jeffries for the scrapped Star Trek, Phase II TV series. The 8-foot model was re-used as the USS Enterprise-A in the fourth, fifth, foundation Imaging created a CGI model of the ship for the Directors Edition release of Star Trek, The Motion Picture to add footage envisioned but never shot by director Robert Wise. Enterprise was redesigned for the 2009 Star Trek film, director J. J. Abrams wanted Enterprise to have a hot rod look while retaining the traditional shape, but otherwise afforded Industrial Light & Magic tremendous leeway in creating the ship. Perhaps the most notable change was in the engine cells
28.
Star Trek Generations
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Star Trek Generations is a 1994 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. Generations is the feature film based on Star Trek, and is the first film in the series to star the cast of the television series Star Trek. Captain Jean-Luc Picard of the USS Enterprise-D teams up with his predecessor Captain James T, Kirk to stop a villain from destroying a planet. Parts of the film were shot at the Valley of Fire State Park near Overton, Nevada, Paramount Studios, while the film received mixed reviews from critics, it performed well at the box office. In the year 2293, retired Captain James T. Kirk, Montgomery Scott, during the voyage, Enterprise is pressed into a rescue mission to save two El-Aurian ships from a strange energy ribbon. Enterprise is able to some of the refugees before their ships are destroyed. In 2371, the crew of the USS Enterprise-D celebrate the promotion of Worf to Lieutenant Commander, Captain Jean-Luc Picard receives a message that his brother and nephew were killed in a fire, meaning the storied Picard family line will end with him. Enterprise receives a call from an observatory in orbit of the star Amargosa. The android Data and engineer Geordi La Forge discover a compound called trilithium in a room of the observatory. Soran appears, knocks La Forge unconscious, and launches a solar probe at Amargosa. The probe causes the star to implode, sending a shock wave toward the observatory, Data is rescued just before the station is destroyed by the shock wave. Guinan, Enterprises bartender, tells Captain Jean-Luc Picard more about Soran, Guinan explains that Soran is obsessed with reentering the Nexus, an extra-dimensional realm where time has no meaning and anyone can experience whatever they desire. Upon entering the Veridian system, Enterprise makes contact with the Duras Bird of Prey, Picard offers himself to the sisters in exchange for La Forge, but insists that he be transported to Sorans location first. La Forge is returned to Enterprise, but he inadvertently reveals Enterprises shield frequency, Enterprise destroys the Bird of Prey, but has sustained irreversible damage to its warp core. Commander William Riker orders an evacuation to the saucer section of the ship which separates from the star drive. The shock wave from the star drives destruction sends the saucer crashing to the surface of Veridian III, Picard fails to talk Soran out of his plan and is too late to stop him from launching his missile. The collapse of the Veridian star alters the course of the Nexus ribbon as predicted, in the Nexus, Picard finds himself surrounded by the family he never had, including a wife and children, but realizes it is an illusion. He is confronted by an echo of Guinan, after being told that he may leave whenever he chooses and go wherever and whenever he wishes, Guinan sends him to meet Kirk, also safe in the Nexus
29.
Davy Jones (musician)
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David Thomas Davy Jones was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman best known as a member of the band The Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London, as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of The Brady Bunch television show and later reprised parody film, Love, American Style, and My Two Dads. Jones is considered one of the teen idols. David Thomas Jones was born at 20 Leamington Street, Openshaw, Manchester, Lancashire, England and his television acting debut was on the British television soap opera Coronation Street. He portrayed Colin Lomax, Ena Sharples grandson, for one episode on 6 March 1961 and he also appeared in the BBC police series Z-Cars. After the death of his mother from emphysema when he was 14 years old, Jones rejected acting in favour of a career as a jockey and he dropped out of secondary school to begin his career in that field. Even though Foster believed Jones would be successful as a jockey, in Londons West End, a move which changed Jones life forever. In turn, Jones cared for Foster in his years, bringing him to the United States. Foster was approached by a friend who worked in a theatre in the West End of London during casting for the musical Oliver, Foster replied, Ive got the kid. Jones was cast and appeared to acclaim as the Artful Dodger. He played the role in London and then on Broadway and was nominated for a Tony Award, on 9 February 1964, he appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show with Georgia Brown who was playing Nancy in the Broadway production of Oliver. This was the episode of the show in which the Beatles made their first appearance. Jones said of that night, I watched the Beatles from the side of the stage, I saw the girls going crazy, and I said to myself, following his Ed Sullivan appearance, Jones signed a contract with Ward Sylvester of Screen Gems. A pair of American television appearances followed, as Jones received screen time in episodes of Ben Casey, Jones debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the week of 14 August 1965, with the single What Are We Going To Do. The 19-year-old singer was signed to Colpix Records, a label owned by Columbia and his debut album David Jones, on the same label, followed soon after. In 1967 the album was issued in the UK, in mono only, from 1966 to 1971, Jones was a member of the Monkees, a pop-rock group formed expressly for a television show of the same name. Jones sang lead vocals on many of the Monkees recordings, including I Wanna Be Free and it should be noted that although Jones would joke that he was a world-class tambourine player in reality he could play the drums quite well and guitar and bass also. Also the DVD release of the first season of the show contained commentary from the various bandmates, Jones filled in briefly for Tork on bass when he played keyboards
30.
The Monkees
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The Monkees are an American rock band originally active between 1965 and 1971, with subsequent reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series The Monkees, the musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork and British actor and singer Davy Jones. The bands music was supervised by producer Don Kirshner. Dolenz described the Monkees as initially being a TV show about an imaginary band and that wanted to be The Beatles, that was never successful. The actor-musicians, however, soon became a real band, for the first few months of their initial five-year career as The Monkees, the four actor-musicians were allowed only limited roles in the recording studio. This was due in part to the amount of required to film the television series. Nonetheless, Nesmith did compose and produce some songs from the beginning and they eventually fought for and earned the right to collectively supervise all musical output under the bands name. The sitcom was canceled in 1968, but the continued to record music through 1971. A revival of interest in the show came in 1986. Up until 2011 the group had reunited and toured several times, despite the sudden death of Davy Jones on February 29,2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. Nesmith was able to some time up to join them in the latter stages of the US tour. The Monkees have sold more than 75 million records worldwide and had hits, including Last Train to Clarksville, Pleasant Valley Sunday, Daydream Believer. At their peak in 1967, the band outsold the Beatles, aspiring filmmaker Bob Rafelson developed the initial idea for The Monkees in 1962, but was unsuccessful in selling the series. He had tried selling it to Revue, the division of Universal Pictures. In May 1964, while working at Screen Gems, Rafelson teamed up with Bert Schneider, whose father, Abraham Schneider, headed the Colpix Television, Rafelson and Schneider ultimately formed Raybert Productions. The Beatles film A Hard Days Night inspired Rafelson and Schneider to revive Rafelsons idea for The Monkees, as The Raybert Producers, they sold the show to Screen Gems Television on April 16,1965. Rafelson and Schneiders original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin Spoonful, however, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. Jones had previously starred as the Artful Dodger in the Broadway show Oliver, which debuted on December 17,1962, and his performance was later seen on The Ed Sullivan Show the same night as the Beatles first appearance on that show, February 9,1964
31.
Pravda
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The newspaper began publication on 5 May 1912 in the Russian Empire, but was already extant abroad in January 1911. It emerged as a newspaper of the Soviet Union after the October Revolution. The newspaper was an organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU between 1912 and 1991, in 1996 there was an internal dispute between the owners of Pravda International and some of the Pravda journalists which led to Pravda splitting into different entities. After a legal dispute between the parties, the Russian court of arbitration stipulated that both entities would be allowed to continue using the Pravda name. Though Pravda officially began publication on 5 May 1912, the anniversary of Karl Marxs birth, its origins back to 1903 when it was founded in Moscow by a wealthy railway engineer. Pravda had started publishing in the light of the Russian Revolution of 1905, during its earliest days, Pravda had no political orientation. Kozhevnikov started it as a journal of arts, literature and social life, Kozhevnikov was soon able to form up a team of young writers including A. A. Bogdanov, N. A Rozhkov, M. N Pokrovsky, I. I Skvortsov-Stepanov, P. P Rumyantsev, lunts, who were active contributors on social life section of Pravda. Later they became the board of the journal and in the near future also became the active members of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Because of certain quarrels between Kozhevnikov and the board, he had asked them to leave and the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP took over as Editorial Board. But the relationship between them and Kozhevnikov was also a bitter one, the Ukrainian political party Spilka, which was also a splinter group of the RSDLP, took over the journal as its organ. Leon Trotsky was invited to edit the paper in 1908 and the paper was moved to Vienna in 1909. By then, the board of Pravda consisted of hard-line Bolsheviks who sidelined the Spilka leadership soon after it shifted to Vienna. Trotsky had introduced a format to the newspaper and distanced itself from the intra-party struggles inside the RSDLP. During those days, Pravda gained an audience among Russian workers. By 1910 the Central Committee of the RSDLP suggested making Pravda its official organ, finally, at the sixth conference of the RSDLP held in Prague in January 1912, the Menshevik faction was expelled from the party. The party under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin decided to make Pravda its official mouthpiece, the paper was shifted from Vienna to St. Petersburg and the first issue under Lenins leadership was published on 5 May 1912. It was the first time that Pravda was published as a political newspaper
32.
George Takei
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George Hosato Takei is an American actor, director, author, and activist of Japanese descent. Takei is best known for his role as Hikaru Sulu, helmsman of the USS Enterprise in the television series Star Trek and he also portrayed the character in six Star Trek feature films and one episode of Star Trek, Voyager. Takeis involvement in media has brought him fresh attention. As of February 2017, his Facebook page has over 10 million likes since he joined in 2011, Takei is a proponent of LGBT rights and is active in state and local politics. He has won awards and accolades in his work on human rights and Japan–United States relations. His father was an Anglophile, and named him George after King George VI of the United Kingdom, whose coronation took place in 1937, shortly after Takeis birth. In 1942, the Takei family was forced to live in the horse stables of Santa Anita Park before being sent to the Rohwer War Relocation Center for internment in Rohwer. The family was transferred to the Tule Lake War Relocation Center in California. George Takei had several relatives living in Japan during World War II, among them, he had an aunt and infant cousin who lived in Hiroshima who were both killed during the atomic bombing that destroyed the city. In Takeis own words, my aunt and baby cousin found burnt in a ditch in Hiroshima, at the end of World War II, Takei and his family returned to Los Angeles. He attended Mount Vernon Junior High School, where he served as student body president at Los Angeles High School and he was a member of Boy Scout Troop 379 of the Koyasan Buddhist Temple. Upon graduation from school, Takei enrolled in the University of California. Later he attended the University of California, Los Angeles, where he received a Bachelor of Arts in theater in 1960 and he attended the Shakespeare Institute at Stratford-upon-Avon in England, and Sophia University in Tokyo, Japan. In Hollywood, he studied acting at the Desilu Workshop, Takei began his career in Hollywood in the late 1950s, providing voiceover for characters in the English dub of the Japanese monster films Godzilla Raids Again a. k. a. Gigantis the Fire Monster, for the latter of which he recalled, here was one word that we had difficulty getting the meaning of. The Japanese word was bakayaro, which means stupid fool, the director, Takei said, had him use the phrase banana oil. He went on to appear in the television series Playhouse 90. He guest starred in the season fifth episode of Hawaiian Eye Thomas Jefferson Chu
33.
The Green Berets (film)
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The Green Berets is a 1968 American war film set in Vietnam, featuring John Wayne, Jim Hutton, David Janssen, Aldo Ray, Patrick Wayne, and Jack Soo, based on the 1965 book by Robin Moore. Parts of the screenplay bear little relation to the novel, although the portion in which a woman seduces a Vietnamese communist leader, much of the film was shot in the summer of 1967. Thematically, The Green Berets is strongly anti-communist and pro-Saigon and it was released at the height of American involvement in the Vietnam War, the same year as the Tet offensive against the largest cities in South Vietnam. John Wayne, concerned by the atmosphere in the United States. He requested and obtained full military cooperation and materiel from President Johnson, to please the Pentagon, who were attempting to prosecute Robin Moore for revealing classified information, Wayne bought Moore out for $35,000 and 5% of undefined profits of the film. The film was a failure, but succeeded financially. At Fort Bragg, cynical newspaper reporter George Beckworth is at a Special Forces briefing about the American military involvement in the war in Vietnam, the briefing at Gabriel Demonstration Area, includes a demonstration and explanation of the whys and wherefores of participating in the Vietnam War. Skeptical civilians and journalists are told that international Communism is what the U. S. is fighting in Vietnam, proof, weapons and equipment, captured from North Vietnamese soldiers and Vietcong guerrillas, manufactured in the Soviet Union, Communist Czechoslovakia, and Communist China. Despite that, Beckworth remains skeptical about the value of intervening in Vietnams civil war, when asked by Green Beret Colonel Mike Kirby if he had ever been to Southeast Asia, reporter Beckworth replies that he had not, prompting a discourteous acknowledgement of his opinion. Realizing his ignorance, Beckworth decides to go in-country to report on what he finds there so he may better his argument that America needs to stop participating in this unwinnable war, Colonel Kirby is posted to South Vietnam with two handpicked A-Teams of Special Forces troopers. One A-Team is to replace a team at a working with South Vietnamese. While selecting his teams, Kirby intercepts a Spc. Petersen from another unit who is scrounging supplies from Kirbys supply depot, realizing Petersens skills, Kirby promotes him and brings him onto his SF team. Arriving in South Vietnam, they meet Beckworth whom Kirby allows to them at the base camp where he witnesses the humanitarian aspect of the Special Forces mission. Still, he remains skeptical of the U. S. s need to be there, during this period, Petersen befriends a young native boy named Ham Chuck, a war orphan who has no family other than his pet dog and the soldiers at the base camp. Hes obsessed with having to kill all the stinking Viet Cong to win this war and he also claims that there is a spy network within the camp and ARVN strike force. During Captain Colemans ) final night of his tour, he spends time in the Team House writing a letter announcing his return. Beckworth, and several of the A detachments, Sergeants Provo, Watson, one member, Parks, cannot play in the game as his reputation for cons and luck-playing was well known, Coleman instructs the men to check their guard duty rosters before they turn in to rest. He bids everyone good night and Coleman returns to his own sleeping quarters, not long afterwards, the camp begins to get hit with Viet Cong mortars in a harassment action
34.
Star Trek: The Animated Series
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Star Trek, The Animated Series is a 1973 animated science fiction television series set in the Star Trek universe following the events of Star Trek, The Original Series of the 1960s. The animated series was aired under the name Star Trek, the series was critically acclaimed and was the first Star Trek series to win an Emmy Award when its second season won the 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Entertainment - Childrens Series. The series featured most of the original cast voicing their characters, except for Pavel Chekov and he was replaced by two animated characters who made semi-regular appearances, Lieutenant Arex, whose Edosian species had three arms and three legs, and Lt. MRess, a female Caitian. Besides performing their characters Montgomery Scott and Christine Chapel, James Doohan and Majel Barrett also performed the voices of Arex and MRess, initially, Filmation was only going to use the voices of William Shatner, Leonard Nimoy, DeForest Kelley, Doohan, and Barrett. Doohan and Barrett would also perform the voices of Sulu and Uhura, Nimoy also took this stand as a matter of principle, as he knew of the financial troubles many of his Star Trek co-stars were facing after cancellation of the series. Koenig was not forgotten, and later wrote an episode for the series, koenig wrote The Infinite Vulcan, which had plot elements from the original Star Trek episode Space Seed blended into it. As is usual with animation projects, the actors did not perform together. For example, William Shatner, who was touring in a play at the time, other occasional guest voice actors were also used, including Ed Bishop who voiced the Megan Prosecutor in The Magicks of Megas-tu, and Ted Knight who voiced Carter Winston in The Survivor. Nichelle Nichols also performed character voices in addition to Uhura in several episodes, including The Time Trap. Similar to most animated series of the era, the 22 episodes of TAS were spread out over two seasons, with copious reruns of each episode. The director of the first season was Hal Sutherland and Bill Reed directed the 6 episodes of season two, all of this series episodes were novelized by Alan Dean Foster and released in ten volumes under the Star Trek Logs banner. Initially, Foster adapted three episodes per book, but later saw the half-hour scripts expanded into full, novel-length stories. Star Trek, The Animated Series was the only Star Trek series not to be produced with a cold open, instead starting directly with the title credits sequence. However, some versions of the original live action series. The series writing benefited from a Writers Guild of America, East strike in 1973, here Cyrano Jones is rescued from the Klingons, bringing with him a genetically altered breed of tribbles which do not reproduce but do grow extremely large. The Klingons, because of their hatred of tribbles, are eager to get Jones back because he stole a creature they created and this is the only animated Trek episode written by original series and later Next Generation writer D. C. This was the first actual appearance of Spocks pet sehlat, first mentioned in Journey to Babel, elements of Spocks childhood from Yesteryear are also referenced in the Star Trek, The Next Generation episode Unification as well as the 2009 Star Trek feature film. Larry Nivens The Slaver Weapon, adapted from his own short story The Soft Weapon and it includes some elements from his Known Space mythos such as the Kzinti and the Slavers
35.
Saturn Award
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The award was initially, and is still sometimes, loosely referred to as a Golden Scroll. The Saturn Awards were created in 1973 and are the oldest Award ceremony dedicated to science fiction, fantasy. The physical award is a representation of the planet Saturn, with its ring composed of film, the Saturn Awards are voted upon by members of the presenting Academy. The Academy is a organization with membership open to the public. Its members include filmmakers Jeff Rector, Rich Correll, Tom De Santo, Mark A. Altman and Irwin Keyes, among others. Although the Award still primarily focuses on films and television in the fiction, fantasy and horror categories. There are also awards for lifetime achievement in film production. The 42nd Saturn Awards were held on June 22,2016, in Burbank, the Saturn Awards are often criticized for having a broad and inconsistent definition of genres, as well as for nominating and awarding movies not related to sci-fi, fantasy or horror. Hugo Award Scream Awards Official website Saturn Awards 2009 at FEARnet Saturn Award at the Internet Movie Database
36.
Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan
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Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan is a 1982 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the film based on Star Trek, and is a sequel to Star Trek. The plot features Admiral James T, when Khan escapes from a 15-year exile to exact revenge on Kirk, the crew of the Enterprise must stop him from acquiring a powerful terraforming device named Genesis. This film is the beginning of an arc that continues with the 1984 film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock and concludes with 1986s Star Trek IV. After the lackluster critical and commercial response to The Motion Picture, executive producer Harve Bennett wrote the films original outline, which Jack B. Sowards developed into a full script, director Nicholas Meyer completed the final script in 12 days, without accepting a writing credit. Meyers approach evoked the atmosphere of the original series. Nimoy had not intended to have a role in The Motion Pictures sequel, negative test audience reaction to Spocks death led to significant revisions of the ending over Meyers objections. The production used various cost-cutting techniques to keep within budget, including utilizing miniatures from past projects and re-using sets, effects footage, among the films technical achievements is it being the first feature film to contain a complete sequence created entirely with computer-generated graphics. The Wrath of Khan was released in North America on June 4,1982 and it was a box office success, earning US$97 million worldwide and setting a world record for first-day box office gross. Critical reaction to the film was positive, reviewers highlighted Khan, the pacing. Negative reaction focused on special effects and some of the acting. The Wrath of Khan is considered by some to be the best film of the Star Trek series, in the year 2285, Admiral James T. Kirk oversees a simulator session of Captain Spocks trainees, in the simulation, Lieutenant Saavik commands the starship USS Enterprise on a rescue mission to save the crew of the damaged ship Kobayashi Maru. When the Enterprise enters the Klingon Neutral Zone to reach the ship it is attacked by Klingon cruisers, the simulation is a no-win scenario designed to test the character of Starfleet officers. Later, Dr. McCoy joins Kirk on his birthday, seeing Kirk in low spirits, meanwhile, the USS Reliant is on a mission to search for a lifeless planet for testing of the Genesis Device, a technology designed to reorganize matter to create habitable worlds for colonization. 15 years prior, the Enterprise discovered Khans ship adrift in space, Kirk exiled Khan, after they were marooned, Ceti Alpha VI exploded, shifting the orbit of Ceti Alpha V and destroying its ecosystem. Khan blames Kirk for the death of his wife and plans revenge and he implants Chekov and Terrell with indigenous creatures that enter the ears of their victims and render them susceptible to mind control, and uses the officers to capture the Reliant
37.
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home
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Star Trek IV, The Voyage Home is a 1986 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the feature film based on Star Trek, and is a sequel to Star Trek III. It completes the arc begun in Star Trek II, The Wrath of Khan. The crew travel to Earths past to find whales who can answer the probes call, after directing The Search for Spock, cast member Leonard Nimoy was asked to direct the next feature, and given greater freedom regarding the films content. Nimoy and producer Harve Bennett conceived a story with an environmental message, dissatisfied with the first screenplay produced by Steve Meerson and Peter Krikes, Paramount hired The Wrath of Khan writer and director Nicholas Meyer. Meyer and Bennett divided the story between them and wrote different parts of the script, requiring approval from Nimoy, lead actor William Shatner, principal photography commenced on February 24,1986. Unlike previous Star Trek films, The Voyage Home was shot extensively on location, many settings and buildings were used as stand-ins for scenes set around. Special effects firm Industrial Light & Magic assisted in post-production and the special effects. Few of the whales in the film were real, ILM devised full-size animatronics. The Voyage Home was released on November 26,1986 in North America, the films humor and unconventional story were well received by critics, fans of the series and the general audience. It was financially successful, earning $133 million worldwide, the film earned several awards and four Academy Award nominations for its cinematography and audio. It was dedicated to the crew of the Space Shuttle Challenger, principal photography for The Voyage Home began four weeks after Challenger and her crew were lost. In 2286, a cylindrical probe moves through space, sending out an indecipherable signal. As it takes up orbit around Earth, its signal disables the power grid and generates planetary storms, creating catastrophic. Starfleet Command sends out a distress call and warns starships not to approach Earth. On the planet Vulcan, the officers of the USS Enterprise are living in exile. Hearing Starfleets warning, Spock determines that the signal matches the song of extinct humpback whales. The crew uses their ship to back in time via a slingshot maneuver around the Sun
38.
Star Trek: New Voyages
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Star Trek, New Voyages, known from 2008 until 2015 as Star Trek, Phase II, was a fan-created science fiction webseries set in the fictional Star Trek universe. The series was designed as a continuation of the original Star Trek, beginning in the fifth, the first episode was released in January 2004, with new episodes being released at a rate of about one per year. Production on new episodes quietly halted in early 2016, with creator/producer James Cawley stating in July that he quit making fan films months ago, the sets constructed for New Voyages were licensed as a Studio Set Tour beginning in July. Eugene Roddenberry Jr. the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, in light Of CBS delaying and or cancelling Star Trek there has been a new Novel series produced 1. Calm Before The Storm Star Trek, New Voyages was created by James Cawley in April 2003, Jack Marshall came aboard as a producer with the idea to market the series on the internet. The first episode, Come What May debuted on the internet on January 2004, the first episodes were filmed on new sets at a long-shuttered car dealership in Port Henry, NY, but production eventually moved to a former Family Dollar store in downtown Ticonderoga, NY. New Voyages creator James Cawley himself portrayed Captain Kirk in the first nine episodes before turning the role over to Brian Gross, between January 2004 and May 2016 some 11 full-length episodes and a number of short-form vignettes were released. Three episodes were scripted by professional Star Trek writers, To Serve All My Days by Dorothy Fontana, World Enough and Time by Marc Scott Zicree, and the two-part Blood and Fire by David Gerrold. Two other episodes were based on unfilmed stories for the unproduced 1978 Star Trek Phase II TV series, The Child and Kitumba, additionally, the episode Mind-Sifter was based on a well-known piece of fan fiction from the 1970s. As of May 2016 several additional episodes were in stages of pre- or post-production. The recurring actors on New Voyages are mostly unknowns who were brought to the project because of their love of Star Trek, in the table below the parenthetical numbers indicate in which episodes actors appeared in given roles. Episode 0 is the pilot film Come What May, the Star Trek, New Voyages pilot episode was produced by James Cawley, Jack Marshall, Pearl Marshall, Max Rem and Jerry Yuen. Episodes 1 was produced by James Cawley, Jack Marshall, Pearl Marshall, Max Rem, Amanda Stryker, James Lowe, Jeff Quinn, John Muenchrath and Rod Roddenberry. Episode 2 was produced by James Cawley, Jack Marshall, Erik Goodrich, James Lowe, Jeff Quinn, John Muenchrath, the pilot and the first two episodes were directed by Jack Marshall. However, after filming of To Serve All My Days it was announced that Marshall would leave the series, Max Rem continued his participation for another 6 months of post production and then also left the project. Rather, all further episodes will come from works by previous Star Trek writers or crew associated with the series. Several past members of the Star Trek cast and crew have expressed support for the project, the first episode, In Harms Way, features Eugene Rod Roddenberry, Jr. the son of Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry, as a consulting producer. Sam Witwer is the voice of the Guardian of Forever, for the second episode, To Serve All My Days, written by original series writer D. C
39.
Tim Russ
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Timothy Darrell Tim Russ is an American actor, film director, screenwriter and musician. Russ was born in Washington, D. C. to a government employee mother. He spent part of his childhood in Turkey, during his early life, Tim Russ had many dogs. Russ made a appearance in the comedy movie Spaceballs as the trooper who shouts We aint found shit. while combing the desert with an afro comb. Russ has been involved in the Star Trek franchise, as a voice and film actor, writer, director. He played several roles before landing the role as the main character Tuvok. Russ screen-tested for the role of Geordi La Forge on Star Trek, the Mirror Universe counterpart of his Voyager character, Tuvok, who was a member of the Terran Resistance in the Deep Space Nine episode Through the Looking Glass. In 1995, Russ co-wrote the story for the Malibu Comics Star Trek, Deep Space Nine #29 and 30, Russ performed voice acting roles as Tuvok for the computer games Star Trek, Voyager – Elite Force and Star Trek, Elite Force II. Russ is also the director and one of the stars of the fan series Star Trek, Of Gods and Men, Montana in The Highwayman was a reference to Trek writer D. C. In 1990 he appeared in an episode of Freddys Nightmares, the episode had multiple quotes and hints suggesting to Star Trek fandom, such as, Beam me up Scotty, Captain. The dilithium crystals are running out, and Tim Russ character being named Picard and this can be considered an early precursor to his extensive Star Trek career. Russ is directing and co-starring in Star Trek, Renegades, Russ appeared as Frank, a sarcastic doorman in Christina Applegates ABC comedy, Samantha Who. from 2007 to 2009, and appeared for 7 seasons as Principal Ted Franklin in Nickelodeons show iCarly. He also portrayed a surgeon on an episode of Hannah Montana, I Am Hannah, Russ won an Emmy Award in 2014 for public service ads he did for the FBIs Los Angeles Field Office on intellectual property theft and cyber bullying. Russ has been a musician for over 40 years, and a singer for at least 35
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Star Trek: Of Gods and Men
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Star Trek, Of Gods and Men is a non-canon three-part unofficial Star Trek fan mini-series which contains many cast members from the Star Trek TV series and movies. It is described by its producers as a 40th Anniversary gift from Star Trek actors to their fans and it was filmed in 2006, but its release was delayed until 2007–08. It is not officially endorsed by the rightsholders of Star Trek, the series was directed by Tim Russ. Best known for playing Tuvok on Star Trek, Voyager, he had directed one episode of that series, the series was shot in Star Trek, New Voyages sets in Port Henry, New York. Scenes were also shot around the Los Angeles area, including at Vasquez Rocks, scenes set at the Vulcan Science Academy were filmed in the San Fernando Valley. Principal photography began July 12,2006 and finished in October 2006, the series was produced with a budget of $150,000. Actors were paid according to SAG guidelines, but others involved in the making of the mini-series helped to produce it with little or no pay as a labor of love. The mini-series starred Nichelle Nichols as Nyota Uhura, Walter Koenig as Pavel Chekov, alan Ruck also reprised his role as Captain John Harriman from Star Trek Generations, and Tim Russ appeared as Tuvok. Other regular Star Trek actors appeared in new roles, including Garrett Wang and Ethan Phillips, J. G. Hertzler, Cirroc Lofton, and Chase Masterson, the series was written by DS9 writers Jack Trevino and Ethan H. Calk. Douglas Knapp, the director of photography, had worked on Voyager, co-writer Jack Trevino explained how so many actors from the series had been willing to participate, Trek actors have a special relationship with their fans. They regarded the project, not only as the ultimate thank you to Gene Roddenberry and the stars of Trek. Executive producer Douglas Conway had tried to assemble more of the series cast, but when George Takei was not available. Three actors from Star Trek, New Voyages, James Cawley, Jeff Quinn and Bobby Quinn Rice, angrily declaring he didnt wait forty years to be cheated, the man overloads the outposts systems, destroying it. Meanwhile, Captain Nyota Uhura attends the dedication of a new U. S. S, Enterprise, a replica of the original 1701. It is designed as a ship and a tribute to all who served on the original Enterprise, especially to Captain Kirks sacrifice. As they prepare to get underway, they receive a call from M-622. Despite the fact the ship is a museum, the Enterprise-M is the closest to the location and sets a course, upon arrival, Uhura, Chekov, and Harriman beam to the surface. He decides to use the Guardian to alter the timeline and erase Kirk from history, Evans succeeds and the timeline is altered beyond measure
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Star Trek: Renegades
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The story concerns a group of criminals and misfits assembled to undertake a covert mission when suspicion arises that the official military chain of command has been compromised by enemy agents. The film was funded through crowdsourcing, and the films producers claimed they were going to submit it to CBS as a spec TV pilot. The completed pilot film was released for viewing via YouTube beginning August 24,2015. Plans were announced for a Renegades web-based series, but in 2016 the overt Star Trek elements were removed to avoid legal complications, ten years after the starship Voyagers return from the Delta Quadrant, the Federation is in a crisis. The Federations main suppliers of dilithium crystals are disappearing, space and time have folded around several planets, isolating them from outside contact. The phenomenon is unnatural – someone or something is causing it to happen, the need to stop this necessitates drastic measures, some of which are outside the Federation’s normal jurisdiction. Tuvok must put together a new covert, renegade crew – mostly outcasts and rogues and this new crew is tasked with finding out what is causing the folding of time and space, and stopping it at all costs. But will they be able to put aside their differences and stop trying to one another in time to accomplish their mission. Renegades was shot at Laurel Canyon Studios in Los Angeles, utilizing green screen techniques, principal photography commenced on October 2,2013 and was completed on October 16,2013 in Los Angeles. The premise for Renegades originated on the day of the Of Gods. Jack Trevino made the suggestion of a series where the cast had to work outside of the boundaries of Starfleet, writer Ethan Calk later credited this as being the origin of the idea. Ultimately it was made into a stand-alone film, primary financing was via three successful Kickstarter and Indiegogo campaigns in 2012,2013, and 2014. Total raised for the film was $375,038, for reference, the film Star Trek Into Darkness had an estimated budget of $190 million. On November 28,2015, Renegades reached $300,000 in fund raising according to Kickstarter, backers of the film were given a limited-time, online-streaming preview of the unfinished film in June 2015. The official premier took place at Crest Theater, Los Angeles, CA on Saturday August 1,2015, public release of the completed Star Trek, Renegades film began on its own YouTube channel. On August 24,2015, and surpassed one million views by December 18,2015, after the official premier, Star Trek, Renegades was shown Sunday, September 6,2015 at Fan Expo Canada in Toronto. In mid September 2015 the film was released at the Alamo City Comic Con in San Antonio, Texas and The Geek Gathering in Sheffield, in mid October 2015, the film premiered at the TRIFI Film Festival in Richland, Washington. In late October 2015, the film premiered at Rocket City NerdCon in Huntsville, the cast of Renegades includes several Star Trek alumni, who in some cases reprised their former roles
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