1.
Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
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The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic was founded as the senior order of knighthood by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi in 1951. The post-nominal letters for the order are OMRI, investiture takes place biannually on 2 June, anniversary of the foundation of the Republic and on 27 December, anniversary of the promulgation of the Italian Constitution. However, those awards on Presidential motu proprio, related to termination of service or granted to foreigners may be made at any time, except in exceptional circumstances, no one can be awarded for the first time a rank higher than Knight. The minimum age requirement is normally 35
2.
Dario Franceschini
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Dario Franceschini is an Italian lawyer, writer, and politician, who served as the second leader of the Democratic Party. He was a prominent member of the Italian Peoples Party, of the Daisy, following the resignation of Walter Veltroni on 21 February 2009 the Constituent Assembly of the Democratic Party elected him the new Secretary. On 25 October 2009, he lost the election to Pier Luigi Bersani. He was Minister for Relations with Parliament from 2013 to 2014, Franceschini, who is considered a centrist and a Christian leftist, is the leader of AreaDem, which is the majority faction in the Democratic Party. Franceschini was born in Ferrara in 1958 and his father George was a Catholic partisan and MP for the Christian Democrats in the Second Legislature, from 1953 to 1958. He graduated in law at the University of Ferrara, with a thesis on the history of doctrines and political institutions, published as a book The Popular Party in Ferrara. Catholics, Socialists and fascists in the land of Grosoli and Don Minzoni and on the subject he participated in conferences. From 1985 to 1989 he edited for Formez the bimonthly review of regional legislative documentation and he was president of the Palio di Ferrara. He is an citizen of the City of Borgo Velino. On March 8,2014, during a visit to Palmanova, the official bulletin of the hospital will report later that the minister was suffering from an acute coronary syndrome treated positively and promptly. He was then transferred to the hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia of Udine and he was released March 16,2014. He received the America Award of the Italy-USA Foundation in 2016, Franceschini is divorced from his first wife, Silvia Bombardi. He married Michela Di Biase in 2014 in Sutri, the ASD is present in almost all high schools in the city in the early elections scheduled by decrees. From 1974 to 1977 he was elected to the student organisations. Later, he was elected student representative to the board of directors of the University of Ferrara and he founded the Cultural Cooperative Christmas Gorini, which is concerned with art cinema. The charismatic figures that since his youth aroused his attention are, among others, Benigno Zaccagnini, in particular, Don Mazzolari is repeatedly pointed out to during his campaign to be the secretary of the Democratic Party. In 1980 he became councillor of Ferrara in 1983 and party whip of the council, the following year, he enters the national leadership of the DC youth movement, for which he founded and directed the magazine New Policy. He does not accept the decision of the party to stand independently - as a coalition of center - in the election of 1994
3.
Mayor of Rome
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The Mayor of Rome is an elected politician who, along with Rome’s City Council of 48 members, is accountable for the strategic government of Rome. As Rome is a comune speciale since 2009, the office is different from the offices of the other Italian cities, the title is the equivalent of Lord Mayor in the meaning of an actual executive leader. According to the Italian Constitution, the Mayor of Rome is a member of Romes City Council, although the title Mayor is not held by the heads of the fifteen municipi of Rome, because they do not actually preside over self-governmental municipalities. The Mayor is elected by the population of Rome, citizens elect also the members of the City Council, which also controls Mayors policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The Mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of their government, the seat of the City Council is the city hall Palazzo Senatorio on the Capitoline Hill. As capital of the Papal States, Rome did not receive its Mayor until 1870, the new Mayor served as member of the city council and he was appointed every three years by the King of Italy. Then since 1889 the Mayor was elected four years by the City Council. Although, fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils in 1926, the rector of Rome was called Governatore. After World War II, the Mayor was chosen by the City Council, from 1558 to 1870, the Papal States created the office of Governatore, also called Vice Camerlengo, chosen by the Pope. In 1926, the Fascist dictatorship abolished mayors and City councils, from 1946 to 1993, the Mayor of Rome was chosen by the City council. Since 1993, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Rome is chosen by election, originally every four
4.
Francesco Rutelli
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Francesco Rutelli is an Italian politician and current President of European Democratic Party. He also chairs the Centro per un Futuro Sostenibile and he is co-president of the European Democratic Party, a centrist European political party, today counting approximately 20 MEPs. He has been Mayor of Rome 1994–2001, and president of the centrist party Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy 2002–2007 and he was the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Culture and Tourism in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Romano Prodi 2006–2008. In 2008 Rutelli ran unsuccessfully for a new term as Mayor of Rome after the resignation of Walter Veltroni, currently he also chairs Priorità Cultura, Incontro di Civiltà. Born in Rome, he entered politics joining the Radical Party, for which he was elected secretary in 1980. At those times the action of the Italian Radicals was self-defined as inspired by the Gandhian non-violent movement. After quitting the University on 1977, at the age of 62 years old, forty years later, on 2017, some journals speculated he graduated to make more credible his appointment as UNESCO Director-General, being UNESCO the UN-Agency in charge of Culture ad Education. He was then chosen as Ministry of Environment and Urban Areas in 1993 and that same year, he was first elected Mayor of Rome as centre-left coalition candidate, defeating centre-right candidate Gianfranco Fini. Being reelected in 1997, with 985.000 popular votes and he also served as a Member of European Parliament from 1999 to 2004. There hes been committed to promote initiatives for the abolition of penalty, freedom of information improvement. From the mid-1990s onwards his views appeared increasingly moderate and he was also one of the founders of the Democrats, which became part of Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy. Rutelli led the party until it merged into the Democratic Party on 14 October 2007, in 2006 he was named Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Culture in the cabinet of Romano Prodi during Prodis second term as Italian Prime Minister. In February 2008 he announced his intention to run again as mayor of Rome leading a local centre-left coalition, in October 2009 he announced his intention to leave the Democratic Party. The New Pole for Italy was dissolved some time in 2012, Rutelli founded the European Democratic Party, together with the French political leader Francois Bayrou. He has been unanimously voted co-President of the Party in Brussels, the members of the EPD in the European Parliament sit in the ALDE Group. He has been elected to the European Parliament, sitting in the ALDE Group, introducing Reports and many Parliamentary initiatives. He has been one of the promoter of the Referendum for a stronger integration between Italy and the EU, he has been awarded the Crocodile-Altiero Spinelli Prize, as a proEuropean personality. Serving in the Italian Parliament, he has been member of the Foreign Affairs Committee and he also chaired for two terms the Human Rights Committee in the Camera dei Deputati
5.
Gianni Alemanno
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Giovanni Gianni Alemanno is an Italian politician who from April 2008 until June 2013 was Mayor of Rome for the centre-right People of Freedom. At an early age Alemanno joined the neo-fascist/post-fascist Italian Social Movement, after being elected regional deputy of Lazio in 1990, he was elected for the first time to the Chamber of Deputies in the 1994 general election. In 1995 he joined the newly formed National Alliance party, which succeeded the Italian Social Movement following its repudiation of extremism, together with Francesco Storace, he founded Social Right, a national- and social-conservative faction within National Alliance. Between 2001 and 2006, Alemanno was Minister of Agriculture under Silvio Berlusconi, after having been heavily defeated by Walter Veltroni in the 2006 mayoral election of Rome, in April 2008 he defeated Francesco Rutelli and became Mayor of the city. Alemanno rejected an alliance with the far-right party, but his critics emphasized that his victory was greeted by crowds of supporters, among them far right skinheads. Duce. and raised their arms in a fascist salute, then Alemanno said, i’m not at all fascist and I think that today the word belongs to the history books. I’ve grown to hate all forms of totalitarianism, whether of the left or of the right». In August 2008, Alemanno ignited controversy over immigration and the status of Romani people in Italy, the couple were beaten and robbed and the woman was raped. Alemanno stated that the couple had been very careless by camping in an area forgotten by God, Alemanno said that the attack was an isolated case, and repeated that he wanted to crack down on crime, regaining total control of the territory. In November 2008, Alemanno decided to build a dedicated to the memory of the Holocaust in a Roman park. The leader of Romes Jewish community, Riccardo Pacifici, praised the mayor for this project, Alemanno is the son-in-law of Pino Rauti, a former leader of the Italian Social Movement. He always wears a necklace with a Celtic cross, the approval of the Romans to the mayor Alemanno rose to 60% in January 2009. In February 2009 Alemanno conferred honorary citizenship to Dalai Lama, leader of the Tibetan government-in-exile, in July 2009, Alemanno conferred honorary citizenship to captive Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. In August 2012 was approved the family quotient, introduced by Alemanno to balance the waste charge according to situation, number of components. Among the projects of Alemanno is the construction of a tourist amusement park dedicated to ancient Rome, in late 2014, Alemanno was investigated in the 2014 Rome corruption scandal. Website of Alemanno CityMayors profile BBC Assignment programme
6.
Romano Prodi
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Romano Prodi, OMRI is an Italian former politician and economist. He twice served as the Prime Minister of Italy, from 17 May 1996 to 21 October 1998 and he was also the tenth President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004. He is nicknamed Il Professore due to his occupation as professor of Economics at the University of Bologna, following the victory of his coalition The Union over the House of Freedoms led by Silvio Berlusconi in the April 2006 Italian elections, Prodi took power again. Up to this time, he has been the only one candidate of Italian Centre-left who won elections. On 14 October 2007, Prodi became the first President of the Democratic Party upon foundation of the party, on 12 September 2008, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon selected Prodi as president of the African Union-UN peacekeeping panel. He is currently serving as the UN Special Envoy for the Sahel, Prodi was born in Scandiano, in the province of Reggio Emilia. He is the eighth of nine children of Mario Prodi, an originally from a peasant family, and Enrica. He has two sisters and six brothers, five of them being like him university professors, Prodi married Flavia Franzoni in 1969. He was married by Camillo Ruini, now a well-known cardinal and they have two sons, Giorgio and Antonio. He and his family live in Bologna. He then carried out postgraduate studies at the London School of Economics, Prodi has also been a visiting professor at Harvard University and a researcher at the Stanford Research Institute. His research covers mainly competition regulations and the development of small and he is also interested in relations between states and markets, and the dynamics of the different capitalistic models. Prodi has received almost 20 honorary degrees from institutions in Italy, and from the rest of Europe, North America, Asia, in 1982–1989 Prodi was President of the influential state-owned industrial holding company Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale. After leaving his position, Prodi ran the Bologna based consulting company Analisi e Studi Economici, between 1990 and 1993 the company earned £1.4 million, most of which was paid by the investment bank Goldman Sachs. In 1993-1994 Prodi was again President of the IRI, where he oversaw extensive privatization of public assets, Prodis former employer Goldman Sachs was involved in both of the deals. In February 2007 the Italian Treasury Police raided the Milan office of Goldman Sachs, the case was however shut down within weeks by superiors, while Geremia was exiled to Sardinia. Prodis political career began as a left-of-centre reformist Christian Democrat and a disciple of Beniamino Andreatta, during the mid-1970s he was appointed Minister of Industry. During Giulio Andreottis government in 1978, he served as a Technical Minister, through the 1980s, Prodi claimed he had been given this tip-off by the founders of the Christian Democracy party, contacted from beyond the grave via a séance and a Ouija board
7.
Giovanna Melandri
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Giovanna Melandri is an Italian politician. She is President of MAXXI - National Museum of the 21st Century Arts of Rome, Giovanna Melandri was born in New York City, United States. She earned a diploma cum laude in economics and commerce at the Sapienza University of Rome, from 1983 to 1987 she was a coordinator for the work group on industrial and technological politics for Montedison. An environmental activist since 1982, Giovanna Melandri has been in charge of relations for Legambiente. In that capacity, she attended the Bergen Conference on Sustainable Development in 1990 and was a member of the Italian delegation to the UN Rio summit in 1992, in 1991 she became member of the national secretariat for Democrats of the Left. She has been a deputy for the Italian Parliament since 1994, Melandri, who also holds U. S. citizenship, cast a vote for Barack Obama during the 2008 Democrats Abroad primary election. Between 1998 and 2001 she was minister of culture in the governments of Massimo DAlema, on 17 May 2006 she was named minister for youth and sports in the second government of Romano Prodi
8.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
9.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
10.
Italian Communist Party
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The Italian Communist Party was a communist political party in Italy. The PCI was founded as Communist Party of Italy on 21 January 1921 in Livorno, Amadeo Bordiga and Antonio Gramsci led the split. Outlawed during the Fascist regime, the party played a part in the Italian resistance movement. It changed its name in 1943 to PCI and became the second largest political party of Italy after World War II, at the time it was the largest communist party in the West. The more radical members of the party left to form the Communist Refoundation Party, the PCI participated to its first general election in 1921, obtaining 4. 6% of the vote and 15 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. In 1926, the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini outlawed the PCI, although forced underground, the PCI maintained a clandestine presence within Italy during the years of the Fascist regime. Many of its leaders were also active in exile, during its first year as a banned party, Antonio Gramsci defeated the partys left wing, led by Amadeo Bordiga. Gramsci replaced Bordigas leadership at a conference in Lyon, and issued a manifesto expressing the programmatic basis of the party, however, Gramsci soon found himself jailed by Mussolinis regime, and the leadership of the party passed to Palmiro Togliatti. Togliatti would lead the party until it emerged from suppression in 1944, the communists contribution to the new Italian democratic constitution was decisive. The Gullo decrees of 1944, for instance, sought to improve social, in the first general elections of 1948 the party joined the PSI in the Popular Democratic Front, but was defeated by the Christian Democracy party. The party gained considerable success during the following years and occasionally supplied external support to centre-left governments. It successfully lobbied Fiat to set up the AvtoVAZ car factory in the Soviet Union, the party did best in Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany and Umbria, where it regularly won the local administrative elections, and in some of the industrialized cities of Northern Italy. At the city government level during the course of the period, the PCI demonstrated their capacity for uncorrupt, efficient. After the elections of 1975, the PCI was the strongest force in all of the municipal councils of the great cities. The PCIs municipal showcase was Bologna, which was held continuously by the PCI from 1945 onwards, from 1946 to 1956, the Communist city council built 31 nursery schools,896 flats, and 9 schools. Health care improved substantially, street lighting was installed, new drains and municipal launderettes were built, in 1972, the then-mayor of Bologna, Renato Zangheri, introduced a new and innovative traffic plan with strict limitations for private vehicles and a renewed concentration on cheap public transport. Bolognas social services continued to expand throughout the early and mid-Seventies, communists administrations at a local level also helped to aid new businesses while also introducing innovative social reforms. The Soviet Unions brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 created a split within the PCI, the party leadership, including Palmiro Togliatti and Giorgio Napolitano, regarded the Hungarian insurgents as counter-revolutionaries, as reported at the time in lUnità, the official PCI newspaper
11.
Democrats of the Left
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The Democrats of the Left was a social-democratic political party in Italy. The DS, successor of the Democratic Party of the Left, a member of The Olive Tree coalition, in October 2007 DS merged with Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy and a number of minor centre-left parties to form the Democratic Party. The DS was successively led by Massimo DAlema, Walter Veltroni, the DS developed from the Democratic Party of the Left, which in turn was a reshaping of the Italian Communist Party into a democratic-socialist party. Under the leadership of Massimo DAlema, the PDS merged with some minor centre-left movements at a convention on 13 February 1998. The DS symbol lacked the hammer and sickle, which was present in the PDS one and was replaced by the red rose of European social democracy as used by the Party of European Socialists. Massimo DAlema became Prime Minister of Italy in October 1998, the first former Communist to hold the post, DAlema was replaced as the leader of DS by Walter Veltroni. During the partys national congress in November 2001, Piero Fassino. Fassino was re-elected during the national congress in February 2005 with 79. 0% of party members votes. The DS–DL–MRE joint list obtained 31. 2% of the vote and 220 deputies, the partys dismal result and the razor-thin win of The Union coalition over the centre-right House of Freedoms coalition prompted a discussion on the partys future. By the end of 2006 the party leadership was committed to a merger with DL, nine Ministers of the Prodi II Cabinet were affiliated to the DS, notably including Massimo DAlema Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Also Giorgio Napolitano, who was elected President of Italy in May 2006, hailed from the DS, the left-wing of Fabio Mussi, Cesare Salvi, Fulvia Bandoli and Valdo Spini scored 15. 0%, this motion was instead opposed to the merger of the DS with DL. As a result, the DS approved the formation of a Democratic Party, along with DL, inside the DS, there was often a somewhat simplistic distinction between reformists and radicals, indicating respectively the partys mainstream and its left-wing. The party also included several organised factions, a dissident group left the Labourites in order to launch Socialists and Europeans as a vehicle to oppose the partys merger with DL. On the partys right, Liberal DS had a moderate Third Way or radical political agenda. The electoral results of the Democrats of the Left in the 10 most populated regions of Italy are shown in the table below, the result for the 2006 general election refers to the election for the Senate
12.
Democratic Party (Italy)
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The Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Italy. The partys acting leader is Matteo Orfini, who replaced Matteo Renzi after his resignation in February 2017, in April–May the party will hold a leadership election and Renzi is again running for secretary. The PD was founded on 14 October 2007 upon the merger of various centre-left parties which had part of The Olive Tree list. The PDs main ideological trends are thus social democracy and the Italian Christian leftist tradition, the party has been also influenced by social liberalism, which was already present in some of the founding components of the DS and DL, and more generally by a Third Way progressivism. Following the 2013 general election and the 2014 European Parliament election, the PD was the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate and the European Parliament. From 2013 the Italian government has been led by three successive Democratic Prime Ministers, Enrico Letta, Matteo Renzi, and Paolo Gentiloni. As of 2017, other than the government, Democrats head fourteen regional governments out of twenty and function as coalition partner in Tuscany. Former bigwigs include Giorgio Napolitano, Sergio Mattarella, Romano Prodi, Giuliano Amato, Massimo DAlema, Pier Luigi Bersani, Francesco Rutelli, the coalition, in alliance with the Communist Refoundation Party, won the 1996 general election and Prodi became Prime Minister. In February 1998 the PDS merged with minor parties to become the Democrats of the Left, while in March 2002 the PPI, RI. In the summer of 2003 Prodi suggested that the forces would participate in the 2004 European Parliament election with a common list. Whereas the Union of Democrats for Europe and the far-left parties refused, four parties accepted, the DS, DL, the Italian Democratic Socialists and the European Republicans Movement. They launched a joint list named United in the Olive Tree, the project was later abandoned in 2005 by the SDI. In the 2006 general election the list obtained 31. 3% of the vote for the Chamber of Deputies, eight parties agreed to merge into the PD, Democrats of the Left Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy. Southern Democratic Party, Sardinia Project, European Republicans Movement, Democratic Republicans, Middle Italy, while the DL agreed to the merger with virtually no resistance, the DS experienced a more heated final congress. On 19 April 2007 approximately 75% of party members voted in support of the merger of the DS into the PD, the left-wing opposition, led by Fabio Mussi, obtained just 15% of the support within the party. A third motion, presented by Gavino Angius and supportive of the PD only within the Party of European Socialists, during and following the congress, both Mussi and Angius announced their intention not to join the PD and founded a new party called Democratic Left. On 22 May 2007 the composition of the committee of the nascent party was announced. On 18 June the committee met to decide the rules for the election of the 2,400 members of the partys constituent assembly
13.
Holy See
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The Holy See, also referred to as the See of Rome, is the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, the episcopal see of the Pope, and an independent sovereign entity. It serves as the point of reference for the Catholic Church everywhere. Today, it is responsible for the governance of all Catholics, organised in their Particular Churches, Patriarchates, as an independent sovereign entity, holding the Vatican City enclave in Rome as sovereign territory, it maintains diplomatic relations with other states. Diplomatically, the Holy See acts and speaks for the whole church and it is also recognised by other subjects of international law as a sovereign entity, headed by the Pope, with which diplomatic relations can be maintained. The creation of the Vatican City state was meant to ensure the diplomatic, in Greek, the adjective holy or sacred is constantly applied to all such sees as a matter of course. The word see comes from the Latin word sedes, meaning seat, while Saint Peters basilica in Vatican City is perhaps the church most associated with the Papacy, the actual cathedral of the Holy See is the church of Saint John Lateran within the city of Rome. The Pope governs the Catholic Church through the Roman Curia, the Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, directs and coordinates the Curia. The incumbent, Archbishop Pietro Parolin, is the Sees equivalent of a prime minister, Archbishop Paul Gallagher, Secretary of the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State, acts as the Holy Sees minister of foreign affairs. Parolin was named in his role by Pope Francis On 31 August 2013, mamberti was named in his role by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006. The Secretariat of State is the body of the Curia that is situated within Vatican City. The others are in buildings in different parts of Rome that have rights similar to those of embassies. The Roman Rota handles normal judicial appeals, the most numerous being those that concern alleged nullity of marriage and it also oversees the work of other ecclesiastical tribunals at all levels. The most important of these is the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See, the Prefecture of the Papal Household is responsible for the organization of the papal household, audiences, and ceremonies. The Holy See does not dissolve upon a Popes death or resignation and it instead operates under a different set of laws sede vacante. The government of the See, and therefore of the Catholic Church, canon law prohibits the College and the Camerlengo from introducing any innovations or novelties in the government of the Church during this period. In 2001, the Holy See had a revenue of 422.098 billion Italian lire, the Guardian newspaper described Mennini and his role in the following manner. Paolo Mennini, who is in effect the popes merchant banker, Mennini heads a special unit inside the Vatican called the extraordinary division of APSA – Amministrazione del Patrimonio della Sede Apostolica – which handles the patrimony of the Holy See. The Holy See has been recognized, both in practice and in the writing of modern legal scholars, as a subject of public international law, with rights
14.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
15.
Nazi
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National Socialism, more commonly known as Nazism, is the ideology and practice associated with the 20th-century German Nazi Party and Nazi Germany, as well as other far-right groups. Nazism subscribed to theories of racial hierarchy and Social Darwinism, identifying Germans as part of what Nazis regarded as an Aryan or Nordic master race and it aimed to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous society, unified on the basis of racial purity. The term National Socialism arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of socialism, the Nazi Partys precursor, the Pan-German nationalist and anti-Semitic German Workers Party, was founded on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, Adolf Hitler assumed control of the organisation, following the Holocaust and German defeat in World War II, only a few fringe racist groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, still describe themselves as following National Socialism. The full name of Adolf Hitlers party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the shorthand Nazi was formed from the first two syllables of the German pronunciation of the word national. The term was in use before the rise of the NSDAP as a colloquial and derogatory word for a peasant, characterizing an awkward. It derived from Ignaz, being a version of Ignatius, a common name in Bavaria. Opponents seized on this and shortened the first word of the name, Nationalsozialistische. The NSDAP briefly adopted the Nazi designation, attempting to reappropriate the term, the use of Nazi Germany, Nazi regime, and so on was popularised by German exiles abroad. From them, the spread into other languages and was eventually brought back to Germany after World War II. In English, Nazism is a name for the ideology the party advocated. The majority of scholars identify Nazism in practice as a form of far-right politics, far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate over other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements. Adolf Hitler and other proponents officially portrayed Nazism as being neither left- nor right-wing, but the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms, a major inspiration for the Nazis were the far-right nationalist Freikorps, paramilitary organisations that engaged in political violence after World War I. The Nazis stated the alliance was purely tactical and there remained substantial differences with the DNVP, the Nazis described the DNVP as a bourgeois party and called themselves an anti-bourgeois party. After the elections in 1932, the alliance broke after the DNVP lost many of its seats in the Reichstag, the Nazis denounced them as an insignificant heap of reactionaries. The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their socialism, their violence. Kaiser Wilhelm II, who was pressured to abdicate the throne and flee into exile amidst an attempted communist revolution in Germany, there were factions in the Nazi Party, both conservative and radical
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Italian Communist Youth Federation
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The Italian Communist Youth Federation was the youth wing of the Partito Comunista Italiano, and the direct heir of the Federazione Giovanile Comunista dItalia of the PCdI. In 2016 it was refounded under the name as the young wing of the Italian Communist Party. Constituted in 1949, its peak was in the 1960s, when its membership reached 200,000, the Federations newsletters and publications thus assumed a more avant-garde role, most importantly La città futura and Nuova generazione. The proposal was passed, with 91 votes in favour,10 abstentions and 13 against. On 19 December 1990, the 25th and last congress of the FGCI opened at Pesaro, most of the FGCI moved to the new Partito Democratico della Sinistra, which in 1992 gave birth to the Sinistra Giovanile del PDS. A minority, which first adhered to the Movimento per la Rifondazione Comunista and then to the Partito della Rifondazione Comunista, periodicals printed by the FGCI were Gioventù davanguardia, Il costruttore, Nuova generazione, La città futura
17.
Italian Chamber of Deputies
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The Chamber of Deputies is a house of the bicameral Parliament of Italy. The two houses form a perfect bicameral system, meaning they perform identical functions, but do so separately. Pursuant to article 56 of the Italian Constitution, the Chamber of Deputies has 630 seats, of which 618 are elected from Italian constituencies, Deputies are styled The Honourable and meet at Palazzo Montecitorio. Previously, the seat of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy had been briefly at the Palazzo Carignano in Turin and the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. Under the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini, from 1939 to 1943, the Chamber is composed of all members meeting in session at the Montecitorio. The assembly also has the right to meetings of the Government. If required, the Government is obligated to attend the session, conversely, the Government has the right to be heard every time it requires. The term of office of the House is five years,61.2 of the Constitution, states that representatives whose term has expired shall continue to exercise their functions until the first meeting of the new Chamber. An extension of the term, provided for by art,60.2, can be enacted only in case of war. Election of members to the Chamber of Deputies is by voluntary, universal, terms last for a total of five years, unless an early dissolution of the Chamber is called by the President of the Republic, at which point a snap election is held. Unlike the Senate, which members to be 40 years of age. The current system for elections to the Chamber of Deputies has been in operation since 2015, the territory of Italy is divided into 100 constituencies electing between 3 and 9 deputies depending on their size. For each constituency, the parties designate a list of candidates, head of list candidates can run in up to 10 constituencies, if two preference votes are expressed, they must be of a different sex, otherwise, the second preference is discarded. Only parties passing a 3% minimum threshold in the first round are assigned seats, if the party receiving the plurality of the votes passes a 40% threshold, it is attributed a minimum of 340 seats. The remaining 277 seats are allocated to the other parties using the largest remainder method. This provision was however rendered null and void by a Constitutional Courts judgment in January 2017, the President of the Chamber of Deputies performs the role of speaker of the house and is elected during the first session after the election. During this time the prerogatives of speaker are assumed by the vicepresident of Chamber of Deputies of the legislature who was elected first. If two were elected simultaneously, the oldest deputy serves as president of Chamber of Deputies, the President of Chamber of Deputies has also the role of President during the Parliament joint sessions, when the upper and lower houses have to vote together
18.
Social democracy
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In this period, social democrats embraced a mixed economy based on the predominance of private property, with only a minority of essential utilities and public services under public ownership. By 1868–1869, Marxism had become the official theoretical basis of the first social democratic party established in Europe, in this period, social democracy became associated with reformist socialism. The origins of social democracy have been traced to the 1860s, with the rise of the first major party in Europe. 1864 saw the founding of the International Workingmens Association, also known as the First International, another issue in the First International was the role of reformism. Although Lassalle was not a Marxist, he was influenced by the theories of Marx and Engels, however unlike Marxs and Engelss The Communist Manifesto, Lassalle promoted class struggle in a more moderate form. While Marx viewed the state negatively as an instrument of class rule that should only exist temporarily upon the rise to power of the proletariat and then dismantled, Lassalle accepted the state. Lassalle viewed the state as a means through which workers could enhance their interests, Lassalles strategy was primarily electoral and reformist, with Lassalleans contending that the working class needed a political party that fought above all for universal adult male suffrage. The ADAVs party newspaper was called Der Sozialdemokrat, Marx and Engels responded to the title Sozialdemocrat with distaste, Engels once writing, But what a title, Sozialdemokrat. Why dont they simply call it The Proletarian. Marx agreed with Engels that Sozialdemokrat was a bad title, there was a Marxist faction within the ADAV represented by Wilhelm Liebknecht who became one of the editors of the Die Sozialdemokrat. Friction in the ADAV arose over Lassalles policy of an approach to Bismarck that had assumed incorrectly that Bismarck in turn would be friendly towards them. This approach was opposed by the partys Marxists, including Liebknecht, opposition in the ADAV to Lassalles friendly approach to Bismarcks government resulted in Liebknecht resigning from his position as editor of Die Sozialdemokrat and leaving the ADAV in 1865. Though the SDAP was not officially Marxist, it was the first major organization to be led by Marxists and Marx. The party adopted stances similar to those adopted by Marx at the First International, there was intense rivalry and antagonism between the SDAP and the ADAV, with the SDAP being highly hostile to the Prussian government while the ADAV pursued a reformist and more cooperative approach. In spite of such militant rhetoric to appeal to the working class, in 1875 Marx attacked the Gotha Program that became the program of Social Democratic Party of Germany in the same year in his Critique of the Gotha Program. Marx was not optimistic that Germany at the time was not open to a means to achieve socialism. In addition he noticed a change over the relations between the two classes. The Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884 make an approach to universal suffrage. The Fabian Society was founded as a group from the Fellowship of the New Life due to opposition within that group to socialism
19.
Bilderberg Group
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The first conference was held at the Hotel de Bilderberg in Oosterbeek, Netherlands, from 29 to 31 May 1954. Bernhard in turn contacted Walter Bedell Smith, then head of the CIA, the guest list was to be drawn up by inviting two attendees from each nation, one of each to represent conservative and liberal points of view. Fifty delegates from 11 countries in Western Europe attended the first conference, the success of the meeting led the organizers to arrange an annual conference. A permanent steering committee was established with Retinger appointed as permanent secretary, conferences were held in France, Germany, and Denmark over the following three years. In 1957 the first U. S. conference was held on St. Simons Island, Georgia, the foundation also supplied funding for the 1959 and 1963 conferences. The groups original goal of promoting Atlanticism, of strengthening U. S, in 2001, Denis Healey, a Bilderberg group founder and a steering committee member for 30 years, said, To say we were striving for a one-world government is exaggerated, but not wholly unfair. Those of us in Bilderberg felt we couldnt go on forever fighting one another for nothing and killing people, so we felt that a single community throughout the world would be a good thing. Meetings are organized by a committee with two members from each of approximately 18 nations. Official posts include a chairman and an Honorary Secretary General, the groups rules do not contain a membership category but former participants receive the annual conference reports. The only category that exists is member of the steering committee, besides the committee, there is a separate advisory group with overlapping membership. Dutch economist Ernst van der Beugel became permanent secretary in 1960, prince Bernhard continued to serve as the meetings chairman until 1976, the year of his involvement in the Lockheed affair. According to James A. Bill, the committee usually met twice a year to plan programs. In 2002, author Jon Ronson wrote that the group has a central office in Holland which each year decides what country will host the forthcoming meeting. The host country then has to book a hotel for four days, plus arrange catering, transport. To fund this, the host solicits donations from corporations such as Barclays, Fiat Automobiles, GlaxoSmithKline, Heinz, Nokia. About two thirds of the come from Europe and the rest from North America, one third from politics and government. Partly because of its methods to ensure strict privacy, the Bilderberg Group has been criticised for its lack of transparency. In 2005, Davignon discussed accusations of the striving for a one-world government with the BBC, It is unavoidable
20.
Minister for Cultural Assets and Activities
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The Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism is the culture ministry of the Italian Republic. MiBACs headquarters are located in the historic Collegio Romano Palace and the current minister is Dario Franceschini and it was set up in 1974 as the Ministry for Cultural Assets and Environments by the Moro IV Cabinet through the decree read on 14 December 1974, n. 657, converted from the law of 29 January 1975, n, the new ministry largely has the remit and functions previously under the Ministry of Public Education. To this remit and functions it some of those of the Ministry of the Interior, the ministry is principally concerned with culture, the protection and preservation of artistic sites and property, landscape, and tourism. At the end of 2006, the departments were abolished. The eight General Directorates continue to be supported by high level scientific bodies. 477-501
21.
Daniele Luttazzi
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Daniele Luttazzi, real name Daniele Fabbri, is an Italian theater actor, writer, satirist, illustrator and singer/songwriter. His stage name is an homage to musician and actor Lelio Luttazzi and his favourite topics are politics, religion, sex and death. Luttazzi was born in Santarcangelo di Romagna, province of Rimini and he began his comic career performing satirical monologues in theatre shows and writing comedy books. In 1988, his monologue won an award in a comedy contest held at Romes Teatro Sistina, from 1989, he began working in TV variety shows, Fate il vostro gioco, Banane, Magazine 3, Mai Dire Gol. In 1998, he hosts his own night show, Barracuda. Luttazzi did monologues about recent news, interviews with famous showbiz and political personalities, the same formula was then adopted for his next TV show, called Satyricon, aired by the public channel Rai 2 in 2001. In March 2001, Luttazzi interviewed journalist Marco Travaglio about Lodore dei soldi, the next year, shortly after Berlusconis statement on the criminal use of public television made by Luttazzi, Luttazzis show was cancelled by RAIs management. Since then, Luttazzi has been cited by the European press as proof of Mr. Berlusconis censorship of the opposition. After television, Luttazzi toured Italy doing theatre shows and wrote books and he returned on TV in 2007 with the new satirical program Decameron, Politica, Sesso, Religione e Morte for the private channel La7. Eventually his show was suspended after a joke on journalist Giuliano Ferrara. 2012, Luttazzi wins his battle against La7. La7 shall pay Luttazzi 1 million 2 hundred thousand euros, in 1994, Susanna Tamaro, bestselling author of Va dove ti porta il cuore, sued Luttazzi for plagiarism after his parody Va dove ti porta il clito. Luttazzi won the trial, it was a parody, not plagiarism, since then, Luttazzi has been further accused of plagiarism. In 2001 the Italian progressive newspaper La Repubblica noticed the similarities between Luttazzi TV show Barracuda and the David Letterman Show, Luttazzi replied that the actual model of David Letterman is, in turn, Johnny Carsons Tonight Show and stated that all jokes and texts were original. The accusation of plagiarism, according to Luttazzi, is a misleading half-truth, Luttazzi calls his ruse the Lenny Bruce trick after a similar trick played by his hero, Lenny Bruce. Luttazzi asks his readers to find out the original jokes and he awards a prize to anyone who finds a nugget, i. e. a reference to famous jokes, he calls the game treasure hunt. Luttazzi also calls the allegations naive, explaining why those jokes are not plagiarized, but calqued and he used a joke by Emo Philips to prove that the meaning of a joke depends on its context. Luttazzis blog lists all the comedians and writers quoted in his works, La7 was sentenced to pay 1,200,000 Euros as compensation
22.
Marco Travaglio
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Marco Travaglio is an Italian investigative journalist, writer and opinion leader, director of the independent journal Il Fatto Quotidiano. Perry Anderson has called him arguably Europe’s greatest journalist, Travaglio was born in Turin and earned a degree in history from the University of Turin. In 1992 he began to pursue journalism as a career and he uses a more refined and not legally punishable weapon, the archives. Since 2006, Marco Travaglio has been a regular guest in the TV program AnnoZero, recently, Travaglio has contributed as a columnist to prominent national newspapers and magazines, such as La Repubblica, LUnità and Micromega. He still contributes to Lespresso writing a column by the name Signornò, in September 2009 he contributed to the founding of the independent newspaper Il Fatto Quotidiano. He became editor in chief of the paper in 2015, political and judicial events of national importance, from Mani pulite to the troubles of controversial political figure Silvio Berlusconi, have been Travaglios main area of interest. The journalist gained public attention in 2001, after participating in a TV show on state-owned national channel Raidue called Satyricon and he then introduced his bestseller book Lodore dei soldi, which investigates the origin of Mr Berlusconis early fortunes. Berlusconi filed a lawsuit for slander, but since the information was accurate and well documented, the show, aired during the campaign for the Italian general election, was heavily criticized by Berlusconi and his party and labeled by them as a politically motivated, non-objective personal attack. After Mr Berlusconis victory at the elections, Berlusconi banned Luttazzi from state-owned TV shows, causing a debate about freedom of information. Some called for chief executives at RAI to be dismissed, the political commentator Beppe Grillo supported Travaglio, while Schifani announced he would go to Court and sue Travaglio for slander
23.
National Alliance (Italy)
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National Alliance was a conservative political party in Italy. It was the successor of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement that distanced itself from its former ideology on its convention in Fiuggi, the ANs official newspaper was Secolo dItalia. Former MSI members were still the bulk of the new party. The name was suggested by an article on the Italian newspaper Il Tempo written in 1992 by Domenico Fisichella, starting in the 1990s, the MSI gradually transformed into a mainstream right-wing party, culminating in its 1995 dissolution into AN. The party was part of all three House of Freedoms coalition governments led by Silvio Berlusconi, Gianfranco Fini was notably nominated Deputy Prime Minister after the 2001 general election and was Foreign Minister from November 2004 to May 2006. In occasion of the 2006 general election, AN ran within the House of Freedoms, the centre-right lost by 24,000 votes in favour of the centre-left coalition The Union. Individually AN received nearly 5 million votes, amounting to 12. 3%, in July 2007 a group of splinters led by Francesco Storace formed The Right, which was officially founded on 10 November. Seven MPs of AN, including Teodoro Buontempo and Daniela Santanchè, in November 2007 Silvio Berlusconi announced that Forza Italia would have soon merged or transformed into The People of Freedom party. In an atmosphere of reconciliation with Gianfranco Fini, Berlusconi also stated that the new party could see the participation of other parties. Finally, on 8 February, Berlusconi and Fini agreed to form a joint list under the banner of the The People of Freedom, after the victory of the PdL in the 2008 general election, AN was merged into the PdL in early 2009. Distinguishing itself from the MSI, the party distanced itself from Benito Mussolini and Fascism and that is why the party was strong in Rome and Lazio, where most civil servants live. Moreover, AN presented itself as a party promoting national cohesion, national identity, some of these positions were not shared by many members of the party, most of whom staunchly opposed stem cell research and artificial insemination. Social Right, led by Gianni Alemanno, advocated a more social approach to policy and was considered at the right of the party. It had close ties with the General Labour Union, d-Destra, led by Francesco Storace, was the most conservative component of the party, proud of the MSIs tradition and in open opposition to Fini. Formed as a split from the Social Right, in July 2007 the group finally left AN, Christian Reformists was a minor Christian democratic faction. This was not a faction but an official organism within the party and expressed the position of the party on ethical. Some members of the Council, such as Pedrizzi and Mantovano were described as members of an unofficial Catholic Right faction. The party had roughly 10–15% support across Italy, having its stongholds in Central and Southern Italy, scoring badly in Lombardy and Sicily, from that moment the party suffered an electoral decline, but remained the third force of Italian politics
24.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
25.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed many landmark bills. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year
26.
The Audacity of Hope
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The Audacity of Hope, Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream is the second book written by then-Senator Barack Obama. In the fall of 2006 it became one on both the New York Times and Amazon. com bestsellers lists after Obama was endorsed by Oprah Winfrey. In the book, Obama expounds on many of the subjects that became part of his 2008 campaign for the presidency, the book advance from the publisher totalled $1.9 million contracted for three books. Obama announced his successful presidential campaign on February 10,2007. The title of The Audacity of Hope was derived from a sermon delivered by Obamas former pastor, Wright had attended a lecture by Dr. Frederick G. Sampson in Richmond, Virginia, in the late 1980s, on the G. F. To take the one string you have left and to have the audacity to hope, thats the real word God will have us hear from this passage and from Watts painting. While a Senate candidate, Obama delivered the address at the 2004 Democratic Convention. In the less than twenty minutes it took to deliver the speech, Obama was catapulted to sudden fame, in 2006, Obama released The Audacity of Hope, a book-length account that expanded upon many of the same themes he originally addressed in the convention speech. The book is divided into nine chapters, the Chicago Tribune credits the large crowds that gathered at book signings with influencing Obamas decision to run for president. Spanish and German translations were published in June 2007, the French edition, the Croatian edition was published in October 2008. The book remained on the New York Times Best Seller list for the 30 weeks since publication, the audiobook version won the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album. A number of blogs and newspapers repeated inaccurate rumors that the contains the passage. The actual quote does not mention Muslims at all, referring instead to Arab, english, The Audacity of Hope, Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream, Hardcover Crown Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-307-23769-9. Paperback Edinburgh, Canongate Press, ISBN 978-1-84767-083-0, Audio CD, RH Audio, Abridged edition, ISBN 978-0-7393-3408-9. Large print Random House Large Print, ISBN 978-0-7393-2665-7, Large print Paragon Press, ISBN 978-1-4084-1424-8. Bengali, Daya ayaḍāsiṭi aba hopa, āmerikāra cirāẏta svapnera punrujjibana bhāvanā, translated by Māsumura Rahamāna Khalilī and Māsuma Billāha, Aṅkura Prakāśanī, bulgarian, Дързостта на надеждата / Dŭrzostta na nadezhdata Сиела, Sofii︠a︡, Siela, ISBN 978-954-28-0354-6. Chinese, Wú wèi de xī wàng, translated by Luo Xuanmin, Jing Wang and Yin Yin Law Press at Beijing, chinese, Yǒng wǎng zhí qián, translated by Joyce Chen and Xun Pan, Business Weekly Publications, Taipei, ISBN 978-986-6571-28-2. Croatian, Odvažnost nade, razmišljanja o obnavljanju američkog sna, translation, Profil, ISBN 978-953-12-0937-3, tanker om generobringen af den amerikanske drøm, translated by Niels Ivar Larsen, Information 2008, ISBN 978-87-7514-195-1
27.
Piero Fassino
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Piero Franco Rodolfo Fassino is an Italian politician with the Democratic Party. He was Mayor of Turin from 2011 until 2016 and is a national secretary of the Democrats of the Left party. Piero Fassino was born in Avigliana, in a traditional socialist family and he graduated in Political Sciences and later registered with the Youth Communist Federation of Turin in 1968, becoming their secretary three years later. In 1975 he was elected as Member of the City Council of the Piedmont regional capital, from 1985 to 1990 he held a position as Provincial Councillor, also in Turin. From 1991 to 1996 he was International Secretary of the new party, re-elected in 1996, he was appointed in 1998 as Minister for Foreign Commerce in the government headed by Massimo DAlema. From 2000, he was Minister of Justice in the Giuliano Amato government, in 2001, during the National Party Congress of the Democrats of the Left, he was elected as secretary. He was then re-elected in February 2005, during the party congress and he received the America Award from the Italy-USA Foundation in 2010. He is married to Anna Maria Serafini, who was elected in Italian Senate in 2006
28.
Pier Luigi Bersani
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Pier Luigi Bersani is an Italian politician and was Secretary of the Democratic Party, Italys leading centre-left party, from 2009 to 2013. Bersani was Minister of Industry, Commerce and Craftmanship from 1996 to 1999, Minister of Transport from 1999 to 2001, and Minister of Economic Development from 2006 to 2008. Pier Luigi Bersani was born on 29 September 1951, in Bettola and his father was a mechanic and a gas station clerk. After earning his degree in Piacenza, Bersani enrolled in the University of Bologna where he graduated in philosophy with a dissertation on Pope Gregory I. He married Daniela in 1980, and he has two daughters, Elisa and Margherita, after a short experience as a teacher he committed his life to politics and public administration. Bersani joined the Italian Communist Party and subsequently the Democratic Party of the Left, as member of the National Secretariat of the Democrats of the Left, he was responsible for the economic sector. After the general election of 1996 he was Minister of Industry, Commerce and Craftmanship and Minister of Transports in the cabinets of Prodi, DAlema. The Prodi II Cabinet assigned the Minister of Economic Development, Pier Luigi Bersani, the government’s policy of competition and liberalization would not to stop there. Another bill proposed to rationalize the jurisdictions of the authorities, modifying and reinforcing their powers. Still another bill would introduce and regulate the procedures for class action lawsuits. Since 7 November 2009, as decided by the National Assembly and he defeated the mayor of Florence Matteo Renzi in the 2012 primary election. By the time polling stopped, the right was up to 30%, Bersani said he would try to form a government with the informal support of Five Star Movement. Anna Finocchiaro, DPs leader in the Senate, confirmed the likelihood DP would not form a new coalition with Berlusconis Centre-right coalition, on 22 March President Giorgio Napolitano asked Bersani to form a new government. On 27 March Bersani failed to strike a deal for forming a new Italian government with the grassroots Five-Star Movement which held the balance of power after Februarys inconclusive elections. On April 19, Bersani announced he would be stepping down from his post as Democratic Party leader after Romano Prodi failed to secure a majority in the presidential election. In 2001, Bersani co-founded with Vincenzo Visco the NENS think tank and he is also chairman of the Nuova Romea Society that was established in 2002 with the objective of the development of Emilia-Romagna and Veneto territories. Légion dhonneur Personal profile of Pier Luigi Bersani in the European Parliaments database of members Declaration of financial interests
29.
2008 Italian political crisis
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On 24 January 2008 Prime Minister of Italy Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate by a vote of 161 to 156 votes, causing the downfall of his government. Prodis resignation led President Giorgio Napolitano to request the president of the Senate, Franco Marini, the other possibility would have been to call for early elections immediately. Marini acknowledged impossibility to form a government due to the unavailability of the centre-right parties. Prodi had at the time been in office for 20 months, in February 2007, the Prime Minister handed in his resignation, only to be asked to remain by the President, and winning a vote of confidence in the Parliament. Prodi had built his government around a coalition called The Union and this situation was in turn the result of an electoral system of proportional representation, due to legislation passed by Berlusconi three months before he lost power. When the media reported an extensive corruption investigation involving Mastella and his wife – an UDEUR politician in Campania – Mastella resigned, the decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system. As stated many times by Minister Mastella, if the referendum would have confirmed this would lead directly to the fall of the government. The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament, uDEURs defection forced the question of whether Prodi still had the parliamentarian support to govern. Presenting a motion of confidence to parliament, he won easily in the lower house of the Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. Yet a win in the upper house – or Senate – seemed unlikely, the vote, held between 3pm and 9pm, was heated and dramatic. During its course the UDEUR party Senator Stefano Cusumano decided to confirm the confidence and to support the prime minister, even against the orders of his partys leader. Cusumano was subsequently subjected to the abuse of his colleagues, being called a faggot, traitor. At this point Cusumano apparently fainted, and was carried out on a stretcher, cusumanos defection had no effect, however, Prodi lost the vote with 161 to 156 votes, and promptly handed in his resignation. On the announcement of the certain members of the opposition, including National Alliance MP Nino Strano started celebrating with champagne. On 30 January 2008, Napolitano appointed Franco Marini to try to form a government with the goal of changing the current electoral system. On 4 February, the Liberal Populars seceded from UDC to join Berlusconis People of Freedom later this year, President Napolitano summoned Bertinotti and Marini, the two speakers of the houses of the Italian parliament, acknowledging the end of the legislature, on 5 February 2008. He dissolved parliament on 6 February 2008, elections were held on 13 April and 14 April 2008, together with the administrative elections. The elections resulted in a victory for Berlusconis centre-right coalition
30.
Italian general election, 2008
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A snap general election was held in Italy on 13–14 April 2008. Under Italian law, elections must be held within 70 days of the dissolution, the voting determined the leader of Italys 62nd government since the end of World War II. The coalition led by ex-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi from The People of Freedom party defeated that of former Mayor of Rome, Walter Veltroni of the Democratic Party. On 24 January 2008 Prime Minister of Italy Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate by a vote of 161 to 156 votes, causing the downfall of his government. Prodis resignation led President Giorgio Napolitano to request the president of the Senate, Franco Marini, the other possibility would have been to call for early elections immediately. The decision of former Minister of Justice Mastella arrived a few days after the confirmation of the Constitutional Court which confirmed the referendum to modify the electoral system. As stated many times by Minister Mastella, if the referendum would have confirmed this would have led directly to the fall of the government. The fall of the government would disrupt a pending election-law referendum that if passed would make it harder for small parties like Mastellas to gain seats in parliament, uDEURs defection forced the question of whether Prodi still had the parliamentarian support to govern. Presenting a motion of confidence to parliament, he won easily in the lower house of the Parliament, the Chamber of Deputies. Yet a win in the upper house – or Senate – seemed unlikely, the vote, held between 3pm and 9pm, was heated and dramatic. During its course the UDEUR party Senator Stefano Cusumano decided to confirm the confidence and to support the prime minister, even against the orders of his partys leader. He was subsequently subjected to the abuse of his colleagues, being called a faggot, traitor. At this point Cusumano apparently fainted, and was carried out on a stretcher, cusumanos defection had no effect, however, Prodi lost the vote with 161 to 156 votes, and promptly handed in his resignation. On 30 January, Napolitano appointed Franco Marini to try to form a government with the goal of changing the current electoral system. President Napolitano summoned Bertinotti and Marini, the two speakers of the houses of the Italian parliament, acknowledging the end of the legislature and he dissolved parliament on 6 February 2008. Major competitors in the election were Silvio Berlusconi, as leader of the opposition coalition. Berlusconis right coalition was leading by a significant margin in opinion polls, veltronis campaign has been compared to Barack Obamas presidential run in the United States. The most apparent of the similarities is his slogan, Si può fare, the main four left-wing parties not part of the PD decided to contest the election together under the banner of The Left – The Rainbow
31.
Venice
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Venice is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is situated across a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and these are located in the shallow Venetian Lagoon, an enclosed bay that lies between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Parts of Venice are renowned for the beauty of their settings, their architecture, the lagoon and a part of the city are listed as a World Heritage Site. In 2014,264,579 people resided in Comune di Venezia, together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area, with a total population of 2.6 million. PATREVE is a metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy. The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC, the city was historically the capital of the Republic of Venice. Venice has been known as the La Dominante, Serenissima, Queen of the Adriatic, City of Water, City of Masks, City of Bridges, The Floating City, and City of Canals. The City State of Venice is considered to have been the first real international financial center which gradually emerged from the 9th century to its peak in the 14th century and this made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history. It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period, Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi. Venice has been ranked the most beautiful city in the world as of 2016, the name Venetia, however, derives from the Roman name for the people known as the Veneti, and called by the Greeks Eneti. The meaning of the word is uncertain, although there are other Indo-European tribes with similar-sounding names, such as the Celtic Veneti, Baltic Veneti, and the Slavic Wends. Linguists suggest that the name is based on an Indo-European root *wen, so that *wenetoi would mean beloved, lovable, a connection with the Latin word venetus, meaning the color sea-blue, is also possible. The alternative obsolete form is Vinegia, some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae, the traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo on the islet of Rialto — said to have taken place at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421. Beginning as early as AD166 to 168, the Quadi and Marcomanni destroyed the center in the area. The Roman defences were again overthrown in the early 5th century by the Visigoths and, some 50 years later, New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, the traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, was Pauls magister militum. In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II
32.
George Clooney
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George Timothy Clooney is an American actor, filmmaker, and activist. He has received three Golden Globe Awards for his work as an actor and two Academy Awards, one for acting in Syriana and the other for co-producing Argo, in 1999, he took the lead role in Three Kings, a well-received war satire set during the Gulf War. In 2001, Clooneys fame widened with the release of his biggest commercial success, the heist comedy remake Oceans Eleven, in 2013, he received the Academy Award for Best Picture for producing the political thriller Argo. He is the person who has been nominated for Academy Awards in six different categories. In 2009, Clooney was included in Times annual Time 100 as one of the Most Influential People in the World and he is also noted for his political activism, and has served as one of the United Nations Messengers of Peace since January 31,2008. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, Clooney was born in Lexington, Kentucky. His mother, Nina Bruce, was a beauty queen and city councilwoman and his father, Nick Clooney, is a former anchorman and game show host who hosted AMC for five years in the late 1990s. Clooney has Irish, German, and English ancestry and his maternal great-great-great-great-grandmother, Mary Ann Sparrow, was the half-sister of Nancy Lincoln, mother of President Abraham Lincoln. Clooney has a sister named Adelia. His aunt was the cabaret singer and actress Rosemary Clooney. Through Rosemary, his cousins include actors Miguel Ferrer, Rafael Ferrer, and Gabriel Ferrer, Clooney was raised a strict Roman Catholic, but said in 2006 that he does not know if he believes in Heaven, or even God. He has said, Yes, we were Catholic, big time, whole family and he began his education at the Blessed Sacrament School in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky. He attended St. Michaels School in Columbus, Ohio, then Western Row Elementary School in Mason, Ohio, from 1968 to 1974, and St. Susanna School in Mason, the Clooneys moved back to Kentucky when George was midway through the seventh grade. In middle school, Clooney developed Bells palsy, a condition that partially paralyzes the face, the malady went away within a year. In an interview with Larry King, he stated that yes and it takes about nine months to go away. It was the first year of school, which was a bad time for having half your face paralyzed. After his parents moved to Augusta, Kentucky, Clooney attended Augusta High School and he has stated that he earned all As and a B in school, and was an enthusiastic baseball and basketball player. He tried out to professional baseball with the Cincinnati Reds in 1977
33.
Amal Alamuddin
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Amal Clooney is a barrister at Doughty Street Chambers, specializing in international law and human rights. Her clients include Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, in his fight against extradition and she has also represented the former prime minister of Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko, and Egyptian-Canadian journalist Mohamed Fahmy. She is married to the American actor George Clooney, Amal Alamuddin was born in Beirut, Lebanon. However, during the 1980s Lebanese Civil War, the Alamuddin family left Lebanon and settled in Gerrards Cross and she was two years old at the time. She has three siblings—one sister, Tala, and two half-brothers, Samer and Ziad, from her fathers first marriage, Clooney attended Dr Challoners High School, a girls grammar school located in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. She then studied at St. Hughs College, Oxford, where she received an Exhibition, in 2000, Clooney graduated with a BA degree in Jurisprudence from St. Hughs College, Oxford. The following year, in 2001, she entered New York University School of Law to study for the LLM degree and she received the Jack J. Katz Memorial Award for excellence in entertainment law. For one semester while at NYU, she worked in the office of Sonia Sotomayor, Clooney is qualified to practice as a lawyer in the United States and the United Kingdom. She was admitted to the Bar in New York in 2002 and she has also practised at international courts in The Hague including the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court. Clooney worked at Sullivan & Cromwell in New York City for three years as part of the Criminal Defense and Investigations Group, where her clients included Enron, in 2004, she completed a judicial clerkship at the International Court of Justice. She clerked under Judge Vladen S. Vereshchetin from Russia, Judge Nabil Elaraby from Egypt and she was subsequently based in The Hague working in the Office of the Prosecutor at the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon and at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Clooney returned to Britain in 2010, where she became a barrister in London at Doughty Street Chambers, for the spring 2015 and 2016 academic semesters, Clooney was a visiting faculty member and a senior fellow with Columbia Law Schools Human Rights Institute. She was a co-professor with Sarah H. Cleveland in Clevelands course on human rights, as of 2011, Clooney was assisting the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the arbitration between Merck Sharp and Dohme and the Republic of Ecuador. Starting in 2014, Clooney represented Canadian Al Jazeera English journalist Mohamed Fahmy who and he was eventually sentenced to three years in prison and lost a retrial in August 2015 before finally being pardoned by Egyptian president Abdel Fattah al-Sisi. In August 2014, Clooney declined a UN commission In October 2014, in May 2015, Greece decided to stop legal proceedings to recover the sculptures and dismissed her as their brief. In January 2015, Clooney began work on the recognition of the Armenian Genocide and she is representing Armenia on behalf of Doughty Street Chambers along with Geoffrey Robertson QC. She is representing Armenia in the case against Doğu Perinçek, whose 2007 conviction for genocide denial and racial discrimination was overturned in Perinçek v. Switzerland, a minor internet frenzy resulted from her bon mot prior to the 28 January 2015 hearing. In response to a journalist pestering her over what designer gown she would be wearing in court, arroyo was a sitting Pampanga congresswoman at the time
34.
Honoris causa
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An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows, Doctorate in Business Administration. The degree is conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitors contributions to a specific field or to society in general. It is sometimes recommended that such degrees be listed in ones CV as an award, rev. Theodore Hesburgh held the record for most honorary degrees, having been awarded 150 during his lifetime. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford and he later became Bishop of Salisbury. In the latter part of the 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees, these nominees usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation, the dissertation et jure dignitatis is considered to be a full academic degree. Although higher doctorates such as DSc, DLitt, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, the university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff. The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees, some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy - see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities. A typical example of university regulations is, Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters and it is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix Dr. In some universities, it is however a matter of preference for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of Doctor. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters h. c. after the award to indicate that status. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title Doctor prenominally, abbreviated Dr. h. c. or Dr. Sometimes, they use Hon before the letters, for example. In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate post nominal titles for honorary degrees and this is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. It is now common in countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD. For instance, a doctor of the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD. Some universities, including the Open University grant Doctorates of the University to selected nominees, most American universities award the degrees of LLD, LittD, LHD, ScD, PedD and DD only as honorary degrees
35.
Cavaliere di Gran Croce
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The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic was founded as the senior order of knighthood by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi in 1951. The post-nominal letters for the order are OMRI, investiture takes place biannually on 2 June, anniversary of the foundation of the Republic and on 27 December, anniversary of the promulgation of the Italian Constitution. However, those awards on Presidential motu proprio, related to termination of service or granted to foreigners may be made at any time, except in exceptional circumstances, no one can be awarded for the first time a rank higher than Knight. The minimum age requirement is normally 35
36.
List of Presidents of the Italian Republic
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This is the list of the Presidents of the Italian Republic with the title Presidente della Repubblica since 1948. The Quirinal Palace in Rome is the residence of the President of the Italian Republic. The twelve Presidents came from six of the twenty Regions. The President of the Republic is elected by Parliament in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies, in addition, the 20 regions of Italy appoint 58 representatives as special electors. Three representatives come from each region, save for the small Aosta Valley which appoints one, according to the Constitution, the election must be held in the form of secret ballot, with the 315 Senators, the 630 Deputies and the 58 regional representatives all voting. A two-thirds vote is required to elect on any of the first three rounds of balloting, after that, a majority suffices, the election is presided over by the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies, who calls for the public counting of the votes. The vote is held in the Palazzo Montecitorio, home of the Chamber of Deputies, the President assumes office after having taken an oath before Parliament and delivering a presidential address. Parties Traditionally, Presidents have not been members of any political party during their tenure, the parties shown are those to which the President belonged at the time they took office. Only Enrico De Nicola, who was elected as Provisional Head of State by the Constitutional Assembly on 28 June 1946, had an official title, all the other men took only the powers, but not the title, of Head of State. After the adoption of the Italian Constitution in 1948, the President of the Senate is eligible to take the powers of Head of State in case of absence of the President of the Republic. Enrico De Nicola was the man who had the title. He assumed the office on 1 July 1946, and became officially the President of the Republic on 1 January 1948, amintore Fanfani, as President of the Senate, assumed powers from President Leone after his resignation for a bribery scandal on 15 June 1978. He exercised the powers until 9 July 1978, francesco Cossiga, as President of the Senate, assumed powers from President Pertini on 29 June 1985, just four days before taking office as President. Giovanni Spadolini, as President of the Senate, assumed powers from President Cossiga on 28 April 1992 and he exercised the powers until 28 May 1992. Nicola Mancino, as President of the Senate, assumed powers from President Scalfaro on 15 May 1999 and he exercised the powers until 18 May 1999. Pietro Grasso, as President of the Senate, assumed powers from President Napolitano on 14 January 2015 and he exercised the powers until 3 February 2015
37.
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
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Carlo Azeglio Ciampi was an Italian politician and banker. He was the 49th Prime Minister of Italy from 1993 to 1994 and was the tenth President of the Italian Republic from 1999 to 2006, then he was called to military duty in Albania as a lieutenant. On 8 September 1943, on the date of the armistice with the Allies, he refused to remain in the Fascist Italian Social Republic and he subsequently managed to pass the lines and reach Bari, where he joined the Partito dAzione. In 1946 he married Franca Pilla and that same year, he obtained a B. A. in law from the University of Pisa and began working at the Banca dItalia. He also joined the CGIL, which he left in 1980, in 1960, he was called to work in the central administration of the Bank of Italy, where he became Secretary General in 1973, Vice Director General in 1976, and Director General in 1978. In October 1979, he was nominated Governor of the Bank of Italy and President of the national Bureau de Change, Ciampi was the first non-parliamentarian prime minister of Italy in more than 100 years. From April 1993 to May 1994 he oversaw a technical government, later, as treasury minister from 1996 to May 1999 in the governments of Romano Prodi and Massimo DAlema, he was credited with adopting the euro currency. He personally chose the Italian design for the 1-euro coin, whereas all others were left to a vote among some candidates the ministry had prepared. The design also fitted very well on the material of the coin. He usually refrained from intervening directly into the debate while serving as President. However, he often addressed issues, without mentioning their connection to the current political debate. His interventions have frequently stressed the need for all parties to respect the constitution and he was generally held in high regard by all political forces represented in the parliament. Ciampi resigned as President before the ceremony of his successor. As President, Ciampi was not considered to be close to the positions of the Vatican and he often praised patriotism, not always a common feeling in Italy because of its abuse by the fascist regime. He died in Rome on 16 September 2016, at the age of 95, after a long illness
38.
Italy-USA Foundation
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Italy–USA Foundation was established to promote the friendship between Italians and Americans plus American culture in Italy. The foundation is a organization based in Rome, Italy. The foundation cooperates with many American universities, like John Cabot University and Loyola University Chicago through the John Felice Rome Center, for projects, conferences, the Director of the Scientific Committee is Emilio Iodice, a former American diplomat, best-selling author, professor and business leader. The Foundation is a member of the United Nations Academic Impact and also promotes the Global Marketing, the Italy–USA Foundation promote yearly in Italy the America Award, a recognition under the auspices of the President of the Italian Republic. The award is seen as a means to acknowledge and encourage initiatives. Prominent personalities of any nationality who stand out for their work, the ceremony is held in Rome, Italy, at Chamber of Deputies, the Italian Parliament. The Italy-USA Foundation, in the frame of the America Award, the prize is an exclusive work of art in sterling silver by the goldsmith Gerardo Sacco, representing a Caravel with both the American and Italian flags. A delegation of the Foundation met on Sunday December 13,2009, in Capanne prison on the outskirts of Perugia, with American prisoner Amanda Knox, there was the Italy-USA Foundation, and many others that shared my pain and that helped me survive, with hope. I am eternally grateful for their hospitality and their courageous commitment. To those that wrote me, that me, that stood by me. I am forever grateful to you
39.
Achille Occhetto
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Achille Occhetto, is an Italian political figure. He is married to the activist and former actress Elisa Kadigia Bove and they have two sons, Malcolm and Massimiliano, both of whom were born in Sicily. He was appointed in 1986 as national coordinator of the PCI and became its secretary in 1988, under his leadership, the party witnessed the collapse of both the Berlin wall and the communist regime in the Soviet Union. He responded by declaring the communist experience over, and dissolved the PCI in order to form a new leftist party and this political shift was accepted by approximately 70% of the members at the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party. In 1994, he challenged and was defeated by Silvio Berlusconi in the 1994 election, leading the Alliance of Progressives, in 2009, he joined the new left-wing formation Left Ecology Freedom. A declaration about Il Cantiere, a new political project
40.
Silvio Berlusconi
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Silvio Berlusconi is an Italian media tycoon and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy in four governments. Berlusconi is the controlling shareholder of Mediaset and has owned the Italian football club A. C. Milan since 1986 and he is nicknamed Il Cavaliere for his Order of Merit for Labour, although he voluntarily resigned from this order in March 2014. In 2016, Forbes magazine ranked him as the 188th richest man in the world with a net worth of US$7.1 billion, in 2009, Forbes ranked him 12th in the List of The Worlds Most Powerful People due to his domination in Italian politics. He was the leader of the centre-right party Forza Italia from 1994 to 2009, since November 2013, he has led a revived Forza Italia. Berlusconi was the senior G8 leader from 2009 until 2011 and he holds the record of G8 Summit hosting. After serving nearly 19 years as member of the Chamber of Deputies, Italys lower house, on 1 August 2013, he was convicted of tax-fraud by the final appeal instance, Court of Cassation along with a public office ban for two years. As his age exceeded 70 years, he was exempted from direct imprisonment, because of being sentenced to a gross imprisonment for more than two years, a new Italian anticorruption law made the Senate expel and bar him from serving any legislative office for six years. Berlusconi has pledged to stay leader of Forza Italia throughout the period where he serves his imprisonment sentence, Berlusconi is famous for his populist political style and brash, overbearing personality. Berlusconi was born in Milan in 1936, where he was raised in a middle-class family and his father, Luigi Berlusconi, was a bank employee, and his mother, Rosa Bossi, a housewife. Silvio was the first of three children, he had a sister, Maria Francesca Antonietta Berlusconi, and has a brother, Paolo Berlusconi. After completing his school education at a Salesian college, he studied law at the Università Statale in Milan, graduating in 1961. Berlusconi was not required to serve the standard one-year stint in the Italian army which was compulsory at the time, in later life, he wrote AC Milans anthem with the Italian music producer and pop singer Tony Renis and Forza Italias anthem with the opera director Renato Serio. With the Neapolitan singer Mariano Apicella, he wrote two Neapolitan song albums, Meglio na canzone in 2003 and Lultimo amore in 2006, in 1965, he married Carla Elvira DallOglio, and they had two children, Maria Elvira, better known as Marina, and Pier Silvio. By 1980, Berlusconi had established a relationship with the actress Veronica Lario and he was divorced from DallOglio in 1985, and married Lario in 1990. By this time, Berlusconi was an entrepreneur, and his wedding was a notable social event. One of his best men was Bettino Craxi, a prime minister and leader of the Italian Socialist Party. In May 2009, Lario announced that she was to file for divorce, in addition to his five children, Berlusconi has ten grandchildren. Berlusconis business career began in construction, in the late 1960s, he built Milano Due,4,000 residential apartments east of Milan
41.
Robert Kennedy
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Robert Francis Bobby Kennedy, commonly known by his initials RFK, was an American politician from Massachusetts. He served as the United States junior senator from New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968. He was previously the 64th U. S. Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, serving under his older brother President John F. Kennedy and his successor, Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and is seen as an icon of modern American liberalism. After serving in the United States Naval Reserve as a Seaman Apprentice from 1944 to 1946, Kennedy graduated from Harvard University, prior to entering public office, he worked as a correspondent for The Boston Post and as an assistant counsel to the Senate committee chaired by Joe McCarthy. Kennedy was the manager for his brother John in the 1960 presidential election. He was appointed Attorney General after the election and served as the closest adviser to the president from 1961 to 1963. His tenure is best known for its advocacy for the Civil Rights Movement, the fight against organized crime and the Mafia, after his brothers assassination, he remained in office in the Johnson administration for a few months. He left to run for the United States Senate in New York in 1964, in 1968, Kennedy was a leading candidate for the Democratic nomination for the presidency, he appealed especially to poor, African-American, Hispanic, Catholic and young voters. Robert F. Kennedy was born on November 20,1925, in Brookline, Massachusetts and his older brothers were Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. and John F. Jack Kennedy, who was elected the 35th President of the United States in 1960. His younger brother was longtime United States Senator Edward M. Ted Kennedy, all four of his grandparents were children of Irish immigrants. His father was a businessman and a leading Irish Catholic figure in the Democratic Party. After he stepped down as ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1940, Joe Sr. focused his attention on his oldest son, Joseph Jr. expecting that he would enter politics and be elected president. He also urged the children to examine and discuss current events in order to propel them to public service. After Joseph Jr. was killed during World War II, the senior Kennedys hopes fell on his son, John. Joseph Sr. had the money and connections to play a role in the familys political ambitions. Kennedys older brother John was often bedridden by illness and, as a result, although he made little effort to get to know his younger brother during his childhood, John would take him for walks and regale him with the stories of heroes and adventures he had read. One of their favorite authors was John Buchan, who wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps, John sometimes referred to Robert as Black Robert due to his prudishness and disposition. He described his position in the hierarchy by saying, When you come from that far down
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