1.
Bush ballad
–
The bush ballad, bush song or bush poem is a style of poetry and folk music that depicts the life, character and scenery of the Australian bush. The typical bush ballad employs a straightforward structure to narrate a story, often one of action and adventure. The tradition dates back to the beginnings of European settlement when colonists, mostly British and Irish, many early bush poems originated in Australias convict system, and were transmitted orally rather than in print. Through bush poetry, publications like The Bulletin sought to define and promote mateship, egalitarianism, anti-authoritarianism, clubs and festivals devoted to bush poetry can be found throughout the country, and the tradition lives on in Australian country music. The songs tell stories of life in the wide open country of Australia. While subject matter may be constant, musical styles differ between traditional and contemporary bush ballads, contemporary bush ballads may employ finger picking and strumming rock styles. Australias musical traditions include the English, Scottish, and Irish folk songs of the convicts, there was also a hymn singing tradition brought by missionaries in the 19th century. And the convict songs of those incarcerated on the island, the represent attempts to European cultural forms to the Australian environment. Early Australian ballads sing of the ways of life of the epoch and of such people and events as bushrangers, swagmen, drovers, stockmen. Convict and bushranger verses often railed against government tyranny, classic bush songs on such themes include, The Wild Colonial Boy, Click Go The Shears, The Eumeralla Shore, The Drovers Dream, The Queensland Drover, The Dying Stockman and Moreton Bay. Later themes which endure to the present include the experiences of war, of droughts and flooding rains, of Aboriginality and of the railways, isolation and loneliness of life in the Australian bush has been another theme. For much of its history, Australias bush music belonged to an oral and folkloric tradition, the songs often discuss the hardscrabble life and struggles of the Aussie battler. This strain of Australian country music, with focusing on strictly Australian subjects, is generally known as bush music or bush band music. The ballad genre continued in Australia after popular music took hold in Great Britain, while popular music in England had begun to develop in the working-class music halls during the 1830s and 1840s, the spread of popular music in Australia was still in its infancy. The diversity in Australia has increased, but even in the 1920s Poncie Cubillo introduced the rondalla with their Filipino string band in Darwin, the ballad tradition has grown to include some of these influences including Chinese and Filipino. There were also the Italians growing tobacco, the de Bortoli family, in Texas in Queensland, adding to the amalgam of folk tunes and Tex Morton hillbilly tunes. However, Morton sang without an Australian accent and his style was closer to that of the American singer Jimmie Rodgers than earlier Australian folk singers. Later influences from American cowboy and country songs and 1950s rock n roll led to the performance of bush ballads being influenced by and combined with these forms
Bush ballad
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Cover to
Banjo Paterson 's seminal 1905 collection of bush ballads, entitled The Old Bush Songs
Bush ballad
–
First page of "The Dying Stockman," a bush ballad published in Banjo Paterson's 1905 collection The Old Bush Songs
2.
Composer
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A composer is a person who creates or writes music, which can be vocal music, instrumental music or music which combines both instruments and voices. The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation, many composers are also skilled performers, either as singers, instrumentalists, and/or conductors. Examples of composers who are well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach, Mozart. In many popular genres, such as rock and country. For a singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has previously composed and notated is termed interpretation. Different performers interpretations of the work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen. Composers and songwriters who present their own music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform the music of others, although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st century, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composers written intention came to be highly valued. This musical culture is almost certainly related to the esteem in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise. In Classical music, the composer typically orchestrates her own compositions, in some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The level of distinction between composers and other musicians varies, which issues such as copyright and the deference given to individual interpretations of a particular piece of music. In the development of European classical music, the function of composing music initially did not have greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In as much as the role of the composer in western art music has seen continued solidification, for instance, in certain contexts the line between composer and performer, sound designer, arranger, producer, and other roles, can be quite blurred. The term composer is often used to refer to composers of music, such as those found in classical, jazz or other forms of art. In popular and folk music, the composer is usually called a songwriter and this is distinct from a 19th-century conception of instrumental composition, where the work was represented solely by a musical score to be interpreted by performers
Composer
–
French composer
Louis-Nicolas Clérambault composing at the keyboard
3.
Banjo Paterson
–
Andrew Barton Banjo Paterson, CBE was an Australian bush poet, journalist and author. Patersons more notable poems include Waltzing Matilda, The Man from Snowy River, Patersons family lived on the isolated Buckinbah Station near Yeoval NSW until he was five when his father lost his wool clip in a flood and was forced to sell up. When Patersons uncle John Paterson died, his family took over John Patersons farm in Illalong, near Yass, bullock teams, Cobb and Co coaches and drovers were familiar sights to him. He also saw horsemen from the Murrumbidgee River area and Snowy Mountains country take part in races and polo matches. Patersons early education came from a governess, but when he was able to ride a pony, in 1874 Paterson was sent to Sydney Grammar School, performing well both as a student and a sportsman. During this time, he lived in a cottage called Rockend, the cottage is now listed on the Register of the National Estate. He left the school at 16 after failing an examination for a scholarship to University of Sydney. He went on to become a law clerk with a Sydney-based firm headed by Herbert Salwey and was admitted as a solicitor in 1886, in the years he practised as a solicitor, Paterson also started a writing career. From 1885, he began submitting and having published in the The Bulletin. His earliest work was a poem criticising the British war in the Sudan, over the next decade, the influential journal provided an important platform for Patersons work, which appeared under the pseudonym of The Banjo, the name of his favourite horse. As one of its most popular writers through the 1890s, he formed friendships with other significant writers in Australian Literature, brady, Harry Breaker Morant and Henry Lawson. In particular, Paterson became engaged in a rivalry of verse with Lawson about the allure of bush life. Paterson became a war correspondent for The Sydney Morning Herald and The Age during the Second Boer War and his graphic accounts of the relief of Kimberley, surrender of Bloemfontein and the capture of Pretoria attracted the attention of the press in Britain. He also was a correspondent during the Boxer Rebellion, where he met George Chinese Morrison and he was editor of the Sydney Evening News and of the Town and Country Journal. In 1908 after a trip to the United Kingdom he decided to abandon journalism and writing and moved with his family to a 40, 000-acre property near Yass. In World War I, Paterson failed to become a correspondent covering the fighting in Flanders and he returned to Australia early in 1915 and, as an honorary vet, travelled on three voyages with horses to Africa, China and Egypt. He was repatriated to Australia and discharged from the army having risen to the rank of major in April 1919 and his wife had joined the Red Cross and worked in an ambulance unit near her husband. Paterson also wrote on rugby football in the 1920s for the Sydney Sportsman
Banjo Paterson
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Banjo Paterson
Banjo Paterson
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The Gladesville cottage Rockend, where Paterson lived in the 1870s and 1880s
Banjo Paterson
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Cover to Paterson's seminal 1905 collection of bush ballads, entitled
Old Bush Songs
Banjo Paterson
–
John Longstaff 's portrait of Banjo Paterson, winner of the 1935
Archibald Prize
4.
Wanderjahre
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Normally three years and one day in Germany and Switzerland is minimum period of journeyman/woman. The journeyman years refer to the tradition of setting out on travel for several years after completing apprenticeship as a craftsman, the tradition dates back to medieval times and is still alive in German-speaking countries and in France Compagnons du Tour de France. In the British Isles the tradition is lost and only the title journeyman itself remains as a reminder of the custom of men travelling throughout the country. Crafts in Germany and Switzerland include Roofers, metal workers, wood carvers, carpenters and joiners, in medieval times the apprentice was bound to his master for a number of years. He lived with the master as a member of the household, receiving most or all of his compensation in the form of food and lodging. An apprentice could not charge a fee for his days work, after the years of apprenticeship the apprentice was absolved from his obligations. The guilds, however, would not allow a young craftsman without experience to be promoted to master - they could choose to be employed. Carpenters in Germany have retained the tradition of travelling journeymen even today, in the Middle Ages, the number of years spent journeying differed by the craft. Only after half of the journeyman years would the craftsman register with a guild for the right to be an apprentice master. After completing the journeyman years, he would settle in a workshop of the guild and after more years he would be allowed to make his masterpiece. With their consent he would be promoted to master and as such be allowed to open his own guild workshop in town. Beginning in the late 1980s, renewed interest in tradition in general together with economic changes have caused the tradition to wider acceptance. The tradition was brought back to life mostly unchanged from the concept since the journeyman brotherhoods never ceased to exist. The journeyman brotherhoods had established a standard to ensure that wandering journeymen are not mistaken for tramps, the journeyman is required to be unmarried, childless and debt-free - so that the journeyman years will not be taken as a chance to run away from social obligations. In modern times the brotherhoods often require a police clearance, additionally, journeymen are required to wear a specific uniform and to present themselves in a clean and friendly manner in public. This helps them to shelter for the night and a ride to the next town. A travelling book was given to the journeyman and in new town. This qualifies both as a record of his journey and also replaces the residence registration that would otherwise be required, in contemporary brotherhoods the Walz is required to last at least three years and one day
Wanderjahre
–
Journeymen in traditional uniform
Wanderjahre
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Travelling book of a German furrier named Albert Strauß in the
Kingdom of Hungary of the
Habsburg Monarchy in the year 1816.
Wanderjahre
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A travelling book of Albert Strauß: Regeln, welche der Wandernde zur Vermeidung angemessener Strafe zu beobachten hat. (rules which the journeyman has to observe to avoid proper punishment).
Wanderjahre
–
Carpenters "on the Walz", 1990
5.
Swag (bedroll)
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In Australia, a swag is a portable sleeping unit. It is normally a bundle of belongings rolled in a fashion to be carried by a foot traveller in the bush. Before motor transport was common, foot travel over long distances was essential to agriculture in the Australian bush and it is sometimes referred to as a backpack bed. Swags have been carried by shearers, miners, the unemployed, in Australia, the term swag is still widely used to refer to a tent or other portable shelter used for camping or outdoor sleeping. A modern swag is a waterproof canvas sleeping compartment that is sometimes insect-proof, all swags come with a foam mattress, and can comfortably be slept in with the addition of a pillow and sleeping bag. When rolled up the swag is relatively lightweight and compact, making it ideal for storage and it is typically easy to erect, and roll up can be done quickly. Swags are still used in Australia, by overlanders. There are still a number of manufacturers actively making both standard and custom-design swags. The modern swag is designed for robustness and is marketed towards those travelling by vehicle – they are too heavy, bushwalkers and hikers would use conventional lightweight tents and sleeping bags. More recently, several camping supply firms have produced readymade bedrolls along the pattern of the original swag, bindle Bivouac sack Sleeping pad Swagman
Swag (bedroll)
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One of the many ways to set up some brands of commercial, modern swags
6.
Swagman
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A swagman was a transient labourer who travelled by foot from farm to farm carrying his belongings in a swag. The term originated in Australia in the 19th-century and was used in New Zealand. Swagmen were particularly common in Australia during times of uncertainty, such as the 1890s. Many unemployed men travelled the rural areas of Australia on foot, their few meagre possessions rolled up, in the early 1800s, the term swag was used by British thieves to describe any amount of stolen goods. One definition given in Francis Groses 1811 Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue is any booty you have lately obtained, to carry the swag is to be the bearer of the stolen goods to a place of safety. James Hardy Vaux, a convict in Australia, used the term for similar purposes in his memoirs written in 1812, by the 1830s, the term in Australia had transferred from meaning goods acquired by a thief to the possessions and daily necessaries carried by a bushman. The compound swagman and colloquial variation swaggie first appeared in the 1850s during the Australian gold rushes, New Zealanders adopted the term in the 1880s, where swagmen were also known as swaggers. Swagger also originated in Australia, but became obsolete there by the 1890s, some were especially noted for their hospitality, such as Canowie Station in South Australia which around 1903 provided over 2,000 sundowners each year with their customary two meals and a bed. A romanticised figure, the swagman is famously referred to in the song Waltzing Matilda, by Banjo Paterson, the economic depressions of the 1860s and 1890s saw an increase in these itinerant workers. During these periods it was seen as mobilising the workforce, at one point it was rumoured that a Matilda Waltzers Union had been formed to give representation to swagmen at the Federation of Australia in 1901. During the early years of the 1900s, the introduction of the pension, during World War One many were called up for duty and fought at Gallipoli as ANZACs. The song And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda tells the story of a swagman who fought at Gallipoli, the numbers of swagmen have declined over the 20th century, but still rising in times of economic depression. Swagmen remain an icon of Australian history and folklore. Swags are still used, particularly in Australia, by overlanders. There are still a number of manufacturers actively making both standard and custom-design swags. Swagmen were often victims of circumstance who had found themselves homeless, others were rovers by choice, or else they were on the run from police. Many were European or Asian migrants seeking fortune on the goldfields, One such swagman was Welshman Joseph Jenkins, who travelled throughout Victoria between 1869 and 1894, documenting his experiences in daily diary entries and through poetry. Swagmen ranged in age from teenagers to the elderly, socialist leader John A. Lees time as a swagman while a teenager informed his political writing, and also featured directly in some of his other books
Swagman
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Photograph of a swagman circa 1901
Swagman
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Down on His Luck, painted by
Frederick McCubbin in 1889, depicts a melancholic swagman "on the Wallaby"
Swagman
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"The Shiner", a
South Island swagman from the 1870s to the 1920s
Swagman
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George Lambert, Sheoak Sam, 1898. Most swagmen travelled alone or with a dog.
7.
Billy tea
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A billycan is a lightweight cooking pot in the form of a metal bucket commonly used for boiling water, making tea or cooking over a campfire or to carry water. These utensils are more known simply as a billy or occasionally as a billy can. The term billy or billycan is particularly associated with Australian usage, in Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of bush life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has passed. To boil the billy most often means to make tea, billy Tea is the name of a popular brand of tea long sold in Australian grocers and supermarkets. Billies feature in many of Henry Lawsons stories and poems
Billy tea
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A traditional billycan on a campfire
8.
Squatting (pastoral)
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In Australian history, a squatter was typically a man, either a free settler or ex-convict, who occupied a large tract of Crown land in order to graze livestock. Initially often having no rights to the land, they gained its usage by being the first Europeans in the area. Eventually, the term Squattocracy, a play on aristocracy, developed to refer to some of these squatters, the term ‘squatter’ derives from its English usage as a term of contempt for a person who had taken up residence at a place without having legal claim. In its early derogatory context the term was applied to the illegitimate occupation of land by ticket-of-leave convicts or ex-convicts. From the mid-1820s, however, the occupation of Crown land without legal title became more widespread, as wool began to be exported to England and the colonial population increased the occupation of pastoral land for raising cattle and sheep progressively became a more lucrative enterprise. ‘Squatting’ had become so widespread by the mid-1830s that Government policy in New South Wales towards the practice shifted from opposition to regulation, by that stage the term ‘squatter’ was applied to those who occupied Crown land under a lease or license, without the negative connotation of earlier times. The term soon developed an association, suggesting an elevated socio-economic status. By 1840 squatters were recognized as being amongst the wealthiest men in the colony of New South Wales, many of them from upper, as unoccupied land with frontage to permanent water became more scarce, the acquisition of runs increasingly required larger capital outlays. Eventually the term came to refer to a person of high social prestige who grazes livestock on a large scale. In Australia the term is used to describe large landowners. Hence the term, Squattocracy, a play on aristocracy, when the British settled at Sydney Cove in 1788 the colonial government in Australia claimed all lands for the Crown. Governors of New South Wales were given authority to make grants to free settlers, emancipists. When land grants were made they were subject to conditions such as a quit rent. In line with the British governments policy of concentrated land settlement for the colony Governors of New South Wales tended to be prudent in making land grants. By the end of Governor Macquarie’s tenure in 1821 less than 1,000 square miles of land had been granted in the colony of New South Wales, during Governor Brisbanes term, however, land grants were more readily made. In addition regulations introduced during Brisbane’s term enabled settlers to purchase up to 4,000 acres at 5s an acre, during Governor Brisbanes four years in office the total amount of land in private hands virtually doubled. The impetus for squatting activities during early phase was an expanding market for meat as the population of Sydney increased. The first steps in establishing wool production in New South Wales also created a demand for land
Squatting (pastoral)
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Archibald Clunes Innes
Squatting (pastoral)
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Warfare between squatters and Aborigines in South Australia
Squatting (pastoral)
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1845 political cartoon by Edward Winstanley, critical of Governor
George Gipps ' land reforms
Squatting (pastoral)
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Colonial artist
S. T. Gill supports
Aboriginal land rights and condemns the Squattocracy in Squatter of N. S. Wales: Monarch of all he Surveys, 1788 (above) and Squatter of N. S. Wales: Monarch of more than all he Surveys, 1863 (below).
9.
Billabong
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A billabong is an oxbow lake, an isolated pond left behind after a river changes course. Billabongs are usually formed when the path of a creek or river changes, Billabongs, reflecting the arid Australian climate in which these dead rivers are found, fill with water seasonally and are dry for a greater part of the year. The etymology of the word billabong is disputed, the word is most likely derived from the Wiradjuri term bilabaŋ, which means a watercourse that runs only after rain and is derived from bila, meaning river, and possibly bong or bung, meaning dead. One source, however, claims that the term is of Scottish Gaelic origin, Billabongs attained significance as they held water longer than parts of rivers and it was therefore important for people to name these areas. Both Aboriginal Australians and European artists use billabongs as subject matter in painting, for example, american avant-garde filmmaker Will Hindle produced a short film titled Billabong in 1969. Billabong is the name of an Australian surfwear, skateboard and snowboard brand, limnology Meander Waltzing Matilda Media related to Billabongs of Australia at Wikimedia Commons
Billabong
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A billabong along Scrubby Creek at Berrinba Wetlands in
Berrinba,
Logan City, 2014
Billabong
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Billabong,
Northern Territory
10.
Winton, Queensland
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Winton is a town and locality in the Shire of Winton in Central West Queensland, Australia. It is 177 kilometres northwest of Longreach, the main industries of the area are sheep and cattle raising. The town was named in 1876 by postmaster Robert Allen, after his place of birth, Winton, at the 2011 census, Winton had a population of 954. Winton was the first home of the airline Qantas, Winton lies on the north bank of the Western River, a braided river that often runs dry, made of many small channels, a landform that gives this region, the Channel Country, its name. The Western itself flows westwards, eventually emptying into the Diamantina River at one of three major confluences on that river. This lies some 60 km downstream and this puts Winton in the Lake Eyre basin. The land in the area is mostly flat grassland, which lends itself well to pastoral activity. The Diamantina Rivers hook-shaped upper reaches have drawn scientific attention, in March 2015, Geoscience Australia reported that the rivers course at and near its headwaters flows along the edge of a roughly circular crustal anomaly that might well be an impact structure. The asteroid impact has not yet confirmed, but this could be done with core samples from the ground in the central ring structure to a depth of hundreds of metres. The impact, if indeed this is the explanation for the anomaly, the area surrounding the town has yielded a number of dinosaur fossils. In 2009, the discoveries near the town of three Early Cretaceous dinosaur genera, Australovenator, Wintonotitan and Diamantinasaurus, were announced, Australovenator wintonensis, the type specimen of that genus, is named after the town. The specimens were unearthed at the Matilda site not far northwest of town, on Elderslie Station, another sauropod, Savannasaurus, was also found in this area, along with the as-of-yet unnamed Elliot. The town also lent its name to the formation in which the fossils were found. See also, Australian Age of Dinosaurs, Lark Quarry Dinosaur Trackways, Winton is situated on the Great Artesian Basin. The water supply bursts to the surface at 83 °C and is then channelled through cooling ponds before being distributed to the town, sulphur gas gives the water an eggy smell. The main streets in the town of Winton were named after the stations lying in the directions in which the streets were running, for instance, east and west — Elderslie, Vindex, Cork and Dagworth. Those facing the north were called Oondooroo, Manuka, Sesbania, three of these stations, Dagworth, Vindex and Oondooroo, figure in the Waltzing Matilda story. The Koa People consider Bladensburg National Park area to be part of their country
Winton, Queensland
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Main street of Winton
Winton, Queensland
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At the races in Winton, Queensland, ca.1890
11.
Queensland
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Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
Queensland
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Flag (1876-1901)
Queensland
–
Flag
Queensland
–
Great Barrier Reef, which extends along most of Queensland's coastline
Queensland
–
A coral garden in
Osprey Reef
12.
Outback
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The Outback is the vast, remote interior of Australia. Culturally, the Outback is deeply ingrained in Australian heritage, history, early European exploration of inland Australia was sporadic. More focus was on the more accessible and fertile coastal areas, the first party to successfully cross the Blue Mountains just outside Sydney was led by Gregory Blaxland in 1813,25 years after the colony was established. This contrasts with the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition in 1860–61 which was better funded. The Overland Telegraph line was constructed in the 1870s along the route identified by Stuart, mineral exploration continues as new mineral deposits are identified and developed. While the early explorers used horses to cross the outback, the first woman to make the riding a horse was Anna Hingley. The paucity of land use has led to the Outback being recognised globally as one of the largest remaining. The savanna of northern Australia are the largest, intact savanna regions in the world, in the south, the Great Western Woodlands, which occupy 16,000,000 hectares, an area larger than all of England, are the largest remaining temperate woodland left on Earth. Reflecting the wide climatic and geological variation, the Outback contains a wealth of distinctive, the Australian Outback is full of very important well-adapted wildlife, although much of it may not be immediately visible to the casual observer. Many animals, such as red kangaroos and dingoes, hide in bushes to rest, birdlife is prolific, most often seen at waterholes at dawn and dusk. Huge flocks of budgerigars, cockatoos, corellas and galahs are often sighted, on bare ground or roads during the winter, various species of snakes and lizards bask in the sun, but they are rarely seen during the summer months. Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia, brought to Australia by pastoralists and explorers, feral horses known as brumbies are station horses that have run wild. Feral pigs, foxes, cats and rabbits are other imported animals that also degrade the environment, so time, the Outback is home to a diverse set of animal species, such as the kangaroo, emu and dingo. The Dingo Fence was built to restrict dingo movements into agricultural areas towards the south east of the continent, the marginally fertile parts are primarily utilised as rangelands and have been traditionally used for sheep or cattle grazing, on cattle stations which are leased from the Federal Government. While small areas of the outback consist of soils the majority has exceedingly infertile palaeosols. Riversleigh, in Queensland, is one of Australias most renowned fossil sites and was recorded as a World Heritage site in 1994, the 100 km2 area contains fossil remains of ancient mammals, birds and reptiles of Oligocene and Miocene age. The largest industry across the Outback, in terms of the occupied, is pastoralism, in which cattle, sheep. Capitalizing on the lack of improvement and absence of fertiliser and pesticide use
Outback
–
View across sand plains and salt pans to
Mount Connor, Central Australia
Outback
–
A
tourism sign post
Yalgoo, Western Australia
Outback
–
The
Dingo Fence near
Coober Pedy
Outback
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Fitzgerald River National Park in Western Australia
13.
National Film and Sound Archive
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The collection ranges from works created in the late nineteenth century when the recorded sound and film industries were in their infancy to those made in the present day. The Archive was formally established as the National Historical Film and Speaking Record Library in 1935, the work of the Archive can be officially dated to the establishment of the National Historical Film and Speaking Record Library by a Cabinet decision on 11 December 1935. At that time, an Advisory Committee was established to guide the institution and it reverted to its original name, National Film and Sound Archive, in December 2004. The NFSA Act became law on 20 March 2008 and came into effect on 1 July 2008, inscribed on the Australian Memory of the World Register in 2003. A2010 study compared the practices of accessioning and cataloging for NFSA collections. It found the NFSA to be stronger in current affairs and older programs, and YouTube stronger in game shows, lifestyle programs, YouTube cataloging was found to have fewer broken links than the NFSA collection, and YouTube metadata could be searched more intuitively. The NFSA was found to provide more useful reference information about production. National Film and Video Lending Service, containing over 16,000 titles, ownership of the collection was transferred to the NFSA from the National Library of Australia on 1 July 2008. Australian Jazz Archive Quality Cinema Lending Collection, The Cinema Lending Collection is a collection of premium-quality prints and this collection includes the Kodak/Atlab Cinema Collection, and the Deluxe/Kodak Collection. The goal of two collections is to preserve and make available a selection of significant Australian feature films produced between the 1950s-90s. This current project will be completed in June 2011, and by this time 75 titles will have been preserved, oral History Collection The National Registry of Recorded Sound is part of the Sounds of Australia program to promote and celebrate the nations sound heritage. Each year, the Australian public nominates new sounds to be added with final selections determined by a panel of industry experts. Film Australia Collection, contains a range of approximately 5,000 titles of quality Australian documentary and educational programs. The building to which the Archive moved in 1984 was the home of the Australian Institute of Anatomy from 1931-84, originally it held the anatomy collection of Sir Colin MacKenzie. This collection included the heart of the celebrated Australian racehorse Phar Lap and it features a symmetrical façade, a horizontal skyline, classical columns and a central entrance. The decorative foyer features images of flora, fauna and Aboriginal art. Face masks of well-known scientists from the late 19th century and early 20th century are featured on the walls as a reminder of its previous incarnation as the Institute of Anatomy. The building also features a courtyard, theatre and research centre
National Film and Sound Archive
–
National Film and Sound Archive
National Film and Sound Archive
National Film and Sound Archive
–
The National Film and Sound Archive fronts onto McCoy Circuit.
14.
Dagworth Station
–
Dagworth Station is a cattle station located north-west of Winton in central west Queensland in Australia. It was established in 1876 by Messrs Hunter and Urquhart who were living in a hut on the property in 1878 when they were still building up the run. One of the properties in 1887 was Elderslie Station, which at the time was owned by Sir Samuel Wilson. In 1894 the stations shearing shed was burned down along with seven others in the district as part of a protest by shearers over wages, the Macpherson family owned the station in the 1890s and early 1900s. Samuel Hoffmeister, who was implicated in these events was found dead at a nearby billabong. The following year Banjo Paterson visited the station and wrote the lyrics to Waltzing Matilda, the music for the song was arranged by Christina Macpherson, the daughter of the owner of Dagworth and sister of the manager of the property Robert Macpherson. The station is owned by the North Australian Pastoral Company which acquired it in 1995. It is 130 km in diameter, and Dagworth lies in its northeast quadrant, the asteroid impact, if indeed this is the explanation for the anomaly, would have happened roughly 300 million years ago. List of ranches and stations Waltzing Matilda - Australias Favourite Song
Dagworth Station
–
Troopers at Dagworth Station during the shearer's strike in 1894
15.
Station (Australian agriculture)
–
In Australia, a station is a large landholding used for producing livestock, predominantly cattle or sheep, that need an extensive range of grazing land. It corresponds to American ranches that operate under the Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 on public lands, the owner of a station is called a pastoralist or a grazier. Originally station referred to the homestead – the owners house and associated outbuildings of a pastoral property, stations in Australia are on Crown land pastoral leases, and are known colloquially as sheep stations or cattle stations as most are stock specific, dependent upon the country and rainfall. The operators or owners are known as pastoralists. Sheep and cattle stations can be thousands of kilometres in area. Anna Creek Station in South Australia is the worlds largest working cattle station, because of the extended distances, there is a School of the Air so that children can attend classes from their homes, originally using pedal powered radios to communicate with the teachers. The larger stations have their own school and teacher to educate the children on the station until at least they commence high school, large isolated stations have their own stores to supply workers with their needs. A station hand is an employee, who is involved in duties on a station. Some stations are in areas that are not easy to access. Accommodation for couples and families may be limited, consequently, many station employees are young and temporary. An important example is the jackaroo or jillaroo, a person who works on a station for several years in a form of apprenticeship. Aborigines have played a big part in the cattle industry where they were competent stockmen on the cattle stations. Nowadays staff on these stations may work in the homestead and in stock camps, stockmen, especially ringers, may be seasonal employees. Others include boremen, managers, mechanics, machinery operators, station and camp cooks, veterinary surgeons also fly to some of the more distant cattle and sheep stations. The long-running television drama McLeods Daughters is set on an Australian cattle station, the film Australia was set on a fictional station Faraway Downs, but parts were filmed on Home Valley Station. Jeannie Gunn arrived at Elsey Station in 1902, leaving after her husband died, Elsey also featured in the 1946 film The Overlanders, the crew set up camp on the property for a month. The river crossing sequence was shot at the Roper River, pastoral lease List of ranches and stations § Australia List of the largest stations in Australia Outstation Station Media related to Sheep and cattle stations in Australia at Wikimedia Commons
Station (Australian agriculture)
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A cattle station in northern New South Wales
Station (Australian agriculture)
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Border Collie and a collie cross working sheep in Queensland
Station (Australian agriculture)
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Noonkanbah woolshed, now the community centre in Western Australia
Station (Australian agriculture)
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Cattle and horses in stockyards at
Victoria River Downs Station circa 1985
16.
Central West Queensland
–
Central West Queensland is a remote region in the Australian state of Queensland which covers 396650.2 km². The region lies to the north of South West Queensland and south of the Gulf Country, Central West Queensland is serviced by the ABC Western Queensland radio station. It has a population of approximately 12,387 people, the first exploration by Europeans was by Major Thomas Mitchell who passed through the area in 1846. Mitchell was near Isisford on the Barcoo River when his party was lacking supplies and he then decided to return to Sydney, completing a successful expedition which had explored a large area of unknown country. The eastern extent of the Simpson Desert lies within the region, haddon Corner and Poeppel Corner on the Queensland border are also located here. Bioregions in the include the Channel Country. Part of the Cooper Basin is located in the region, the basin contains the most significant on-shore petroleum and natural gas deposits in Australia. At the federal level the region falls in the Division of Maranoa. Local government areas included in the region are Shire of Barcoo, Shire of Diamantina, Shire of Boulia, Shire of Winton, Longreach Region, Blackall-Tambo Region, the Diamantina River’s hook-shaped upper reaches have drawn scientific attention. In March 2015, Geoscience Australia reported that the course at. It is 130 km in diameter and lies some 60 km west of Winton, Middleton, the asteroid impact, if indeed this is the explanation for the anomaly, would have happened roughly 300 million years ago. Major towns of Central West Queensland include Longreach, Winton, Blackall, Barcaldine was the location for the 1891 Australian shearers strike, one of Australias earliest and most important industrial disputes. The Australian Stockmans Hall of Fame is a located in Longreach which pays tribute to pioneers of the Australian outback. The building was completed in 1987 and opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 29 April 1988. Smaller towns in the region include Bedourie, Birdsville, Boulia, Urandangi, Ilfracombe, Isisford, Yaraka, Jundah, Stonehenge, Windorah, Alpha, Aramac, Jericho, Tambo, the ghost town of Betoota has been designated as Australias smallest town. Waterways coursing through Central West Queensland include the Barcoo River, Georgina River, Diamantina River, Thomson River, Burke River, Major roads in the region include the Capricorn Highway and the Landsborough Highway. In the north of the region, the Kennedy Highway leads from Boulia to Cairns on the eastern coast of Australia, the Central railway line reached Longreach in 1892. Today, the Spirit of the Outback is a passenger rail service operating from Brisbane to Longreach
Central West Queensland
–
Barcoo River at
Isisford, 2011
Central West Queensland
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Regions of Queensland
Central West Queensland
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Farming equipment along the
Landsborough Highway at
Ilfracombe, 2011
Central West Queensland
–
Scrammy Gorge near
Winton, 2011
17.
Zither
–
Zither is a class of stringed instruments. The word zither is a German rendering of the Latin word cithara, historically, it has been applied to any instrument of the cittern family, or an instrument consisting of many strings stretched across a thin, flat body – similar to a psaltery. This article describes the second variety, like a guitar or lute, a zithers body serves as a resonating chamber, but, unlike guitars and lutes, a zither lacks a distinctly separate neck assembly. The number of strings varies, from one to more than fifty, in modern common usage the term zither refers to three specific instruments, the concert zither, its variant the Alpine zither, and the chord zither. Concert and Alpine zithers are found in Slovenia, Austria, Hungary, France, north-western Croatia. Emigration from these areas during the 19th century introduced the concert, chord zithers similar to the instrument in the photograph also became popular in North America during the late 19th and early 20th century. These variants all use metal strings, similar to the cittern and it is not fully understood how zitter or zither came to be applied to the instruments in this article as well as German varieties of the cittern. The Hornbostel-Sachs system, an academic instrument classification method, also uses the term zither, pedal steel guitars, lap guitars, and keyboard instruments like the clavichord, harpsichord and piano also fall within this broad categorical use. The word has also used in conjunction with brand varieties of other string instruments. The earliest known surviving instrument of the family is a Chinese guqin. Increasing interest in music has brought wider recognition to these other zither family members. Many of these instruments have been sampled electronically, and are available in instrument banks for music synthesizers, some of these employed movable bridges similar to the Japanese koto, used for retuning the drone strings. The Alpine Scheitholt furnishes an example of this type of European zither. By the late 18th century, two varieties of European concert zither had developed, known as the Salzburg zither. Both styles are found in concert zithers today, although the Salzburg style has become by far the most common. The zither became a folk music instrument in Bavaria and Austria and. Viennese zitherist Johann Petzmayer became one of the outstanding virtuosi on these early instruments and his ideas were not, however, widely accepted until 1862, when luthier Max Amberger of Munich fabricated a new zither based on Weigels design. At this point the zither had reached something very close to its modern concert form, within a relatively short time the new design had largely replaced the old Volkszither throughout central Europe, particularly in the Alpine countries
Zither
–
Typical concert (or fretted) zither
Zither
–
Typical chord (or fretless) 'guitar zither'
Zither
–
Turkish Qanun with 79 strings
Zither
–
Alpine Scheitholt
18.
Autoharp
–
The autoharp is a trademark for a string instrument having a series of chord bars attached to dampers, which, when depressed, mute all of the strings other than those that form the desired chord. Despite its name, the autoharp is not a harp at all, debate exists over the origin of the autoharp. A German immigrant in Philadelphia, Charles F. Zimmermann, was awarded US257808 in 1882 for a design for an instrument that included mechanisms for muting certain strings during play. He named his invention the autoharp, unlike later autoharps, the shape of the instrument was symmetrical, and the felt-bearing bars moved horizontally against the strings instead of vertically. It is not known if Zimmermann ever commercially produced any instruments of this early design, karl August Gütter of Markneukirchen, Germany, built a model that he called a Volkszither, which most resembles the autoharp played today. Gütter obtained a British patent for his instrument circa 1883–1884, Zimmermann, after returning from a visit to Germany, began production of the Gütter design in 1885, but with his own design patent number and catchy name. Gütters instrument design became popular, and Zimmermann has often been mistaken as the inventor. A stylized form of the term Autoharp was registered as a trademark in 1926, the word is currently claimed as a trademark by U. S. Music Corporation, whose Oscar Schmidt division manufactures Autoharps, the USPTO registration, however, covers only a Mark Drawing Code WORDS, LETTERS, AND/OR NUMBERS IN STYLIZED FORM and has expired. In litigation with George Orthey, it was held that Oscar Schmidt could only claim ownership of the lettering of the word Autoharp. Modern autoharps have 36 or 37 strings, although examples with as many as 47 strings. They are strung in either diatonic or chromatic scales, standard models have 15 or 21 chord bars, or buttons, available, a selection of major, minor, and dominant seventh chords. These are arranged for historical or systemic reasons, as for example, A variety of chord bar layouts exist, although the autoharp is often thought of as a rhythm instrument for playing chordal accompaniment, modern players can play melodies on the instrument. Diatonic players are able to play fiddle tunes using open-chording techniques, skilled chromatic players can perform a range of melodies. Diatonically strung single-key instruments from modern luthiers, such as Orthey, Fladmark, Hollandsworth, DAigle, Baker, Daniels and this is accomplished by doubling the strings for individual notes. Since the strings for notes not in the diatonic scale need not appear in the string bed, until the 1960s, no pickups were available to amplify the autoharp other than a rudimentary contact microphone, which had a poor-quality, tinny sound. Eventually, a bar magnetic pickup was designed by Harry DeArmond, pinkertons Assorted Colours used the instrument on their 1966 single Mirror, mirror. In the 1970s, Oscar Schmidt came out with their own magnetic pickup, shown at the right is a 1930 refinished Oscar Schmidt Inc. Model A
Autoharp
–
Modern autoharp
Autoharp
–
Autoharp (center) by C.F. Zimmermann Co. in 1896–1899; (left is
Marxophone, right is
Dolceola)
Autoharp
–
Electric Autoharp
Autoharp
–
Joe Butler playing an Oscar Schmidt Appalachian model Autoharp with
The Lovin Spoonful.
19.
Warrnambool
–
Warrnambool is a regional centre and former port city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. At June 2015, Warrnambool had an urban population of 33,979. Situated on the Princes Highway, Warrnambool marks the end of the Great Ocean Road. It has been referred to as the Albany of the East, the word Warrnambool originates from the local Indigenous Australian name for a nearby volcanic cone. It is interpreted to mean many things including land between two rivers, two swamps or ample water, the ships provenance has been variously attributed to France, China, Spain and Portugal. There is no evidence to suggest that it ever existed. This exploration was followed by that of the English navigator Matthew Flinders in the Investigator, and the French explorer Nicholas Baudin, the area was frequented by whalers early in the 19th century. The first settlers arrived in the 1840s in the Lady Bay area, the town was surveyed in 1846 and established soon after, the Post Office opening on 1 January 1849. During the Victorian Gold Rush, Warrnambool became an important port and grew quickly in the 1850s and it was gazetted as a municipality in 1855, and became a borough in 1863. Warrnambool was declared a town in 1883, and a city in 1918, Post Offices opened at Warrnambool South in 1937, Warrnambool East in 1946, and Warrnambool North in 1947. Climate Warrnambool has a temperate climate. Summers are slightly cooler than in Melbourne, while winters are slightly warmer, on average, rainfall is greater than in most of Victoria. The original City of Warrnambool was a 4x8 grid, with boundaries of Lava Street, Japan Street, Merri Street, in the nineteenth century, it was intended that Fairy Street – with its proximity to the Warrnambool Railway Station – would be the main street of Warrnambool. However, Liebig Street has since become the street of the central business district. The Warrnambool CBD is particularly notable for its number of roundabouts, during the end of June and the start of July every year, Warrnambool is the home to the childrens festival Fun4Kids. It is held next to the Lighthouse Theatre in the CBD, wunta Fiesta, a festival held in Warrnambool over the first weekend of February annually, is one of south-west Victorias major community festivals. It incorporates a range of entertainment for all ages. The Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum is in Warrnambool built on Flagstaff Hill that also holds the original lighthouses and its most prized item in its collection is the Minton peacock salvaged from the Loch Ard
Warrnambool
–
Warrnambool foreshore from Pickering Point
Warrnambool
–
War memorial
Warrnambool
–
Overview of the Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum
Warrnambool
–
Lighthouse at the Maritime Museum
20.
March (music)
–
A march, as a musical genre, is a piece of music with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for marching to and most frequently performed by a military band. In mood, marches range from the death march in Wagners Götterdämmerung to the brisk military marches of John Philip Sousa. Marches can be written in any time signature, but the most common time signatures are 44,22, however, some modern marches are being written in 12 or 24 time. The modern march tempo is typically around 120 beats per minute, many funeral marches conform to the Roman standard of 60 beats per minute. The tempo matches the pace of walking in step. Both tempos achieve the standard rate of 120 steps per minute, each section of a march typically consists of 16 or 32 measures, which may repeat. Most importantly, a march consists of a strong and steady percussive beat reminiscent of military field drums, Marches frequently change keys once, modulating to the subdominant key, and occasionally returning to the original tonic key. If it begins in a key, it modulates to the relative major. Marches frequently have counter-melodies introduced during the repeat of a main melody, Marches frequently have a penultimate dogfight strain in which two groups of instruments alternate in a statement/response format. In most traditional American marches, there are three strains, the third strain is referred to as the trio. A military music event where various marching bands and units perform is called tattoo, Marches werent notated until the late 16th century, until then, time was generally kept by percussion alone, often with improvised fife embellishment. With the extensive development of instruments, especially in the 19th century. Composers such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Gustav Mahler wrote marches, often incorporating them into their operas, sonatas, the later popularity of John Philip Sousas band marches was unmatched. The march tempo of 120 beats or steps per minute was adapted by Napoleon Bonaparte so that his army could move faster. Since he planned to occupy the territory he conquered, instead of his soldiers carrying all of their provisions with them, they would live off the land and march faster. The French march tempo is faster than the traditional tempo of British marches, traditional American marches use the French or quick march tempo. There are two reason for this, First, U. S. military bands adopted the march tempos of France, Second, the composer of the greatest American marches, John Philip Sousa, was of Portuguese and German descent. Portugal used the French tempo exclusively—the standard Sousa learned during his musical education, a military band playing or marching at the traditional British march tempo would seem unusually slow in the United States
March (music)
–
The Band of the Welsh Guards of the British Army play as guardsmen march up the Mall to change the guard
21.
Celtic music
–
Celtic music is a broad grouping of music genres that evolved out of the folk music traditions of the Celtic people of Western Europe. It refers to both orally-transmitted traditional music and recorded music and the styles vary considerably to include everything from music to a wide range of hybrids. Celtic music means two things mainly, first, it is the music of the peoples identifying themselves as Celts. Secondly, it refers to whatever qualities may be unique to the musics of the Celtic Nations, many notable Celtic musicians such as Alan Stivell and Paddy Moloney claim that the different Celtic musics have much in common. These common melodic practices may be used widely across Celtic Music, It is common for the line to move up. There are a number of reasons for this, Melodic variation can be easily introduced. Melodic variation is used in Celtic music, especially by the pipes. The relatively wider tonal intervals in some songs make it possible for stress accents within the line to be more in keeping with the local Celtic accent. By more than one Celtic language population belonging to different Celtic groups and these two latter usage patterns may simply be remnants of formerly widespread melodic practices. The definition is complicated by the fact that Irish independence has allowed Ireland to promote Celtic music as a specifically Irish product. However, these are modern geographical references to a people who share a common Celtic ancestry and consequently, additionally, the musics of ethnically Celtic peoples abroad are vibrant, especially in Canada and the United States. In Canada the provinces of Atlantic Canada are known for being a home of Celtic music, most notably on the islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island. The traditional music of Atlantic Canada is heavily influenced by the Irish, Scottish, in some parts of Atlantic Canada, such as Newfoundland, Celtic music is as or more popular than in the old country. Much of the music of this region is Celtic in nature, in Celtic Music, A Complete Guide, June Skinner Sawyers acknowledges six Celtic nationalities divided into two groups according to their linguistic heritage. The Q-Celtic nationalities are the Irish, Scottish and Manx peoples, while the P-Celtic groups are the Cornish, Bretons, there is also tremendous variation between Celtic regions. Ireland, Scotland, Brittany and Wales have living traditions of language and music, and there has been a recent major revival of interest in Celtic heritage in Cornwall, Galicia has a Celtic language revival movement to revive the Q-Celtic Gallaic language used into Roman times. Most of the Iberian Peninsula had a similar Celtic language in pre-Roman times, a Brythonic language was used in parts of Galicia and Asturias into early Medieval times brought by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasions via Brittany. The Romance language currently spoken in Galicia, Galician is closely related to the Portuguese language used mainly in Brazil, Galician music is claimed to be Celtic
Celtic music
–
Performance in 2010
Celtic music
–
Alan Stivell at Nuremberg, Germany, 2007
Celtic music
–
Massed pipers at the Lorient festival
22.
Robert Tannahill
–
Robert Tannahill was a Scottish poet of labouring class origin. Known as the Weaver Poet, he wrote lyrics in the wake of Robert Burns. Robert Tannahill was born at Castle Street in Paisley on 3 June 1774 and his mother was Janet Pollock from Boghall Farm near Beith and his father was James Tannahill from Kilmarnock. Soon after his birth the family moved to a newly built cottage in nearby Queen Street, Robert had a delicate constitution and a limp, due to a slight deformity in his right leg. On leaving school at age twelve, he was apprenticed to his father as a handloom weaver and it was during this time that Tannahill began to show an interest in poetry. With his apprenticeship completed, Tannahill left the town but, after two working in Bolton, Lancashire from late 1799 to late 1801, he returned home to support the family. His father died soon after and his mother was infirm, then Hugh married and Robert was left the sole support, making a resolution which he records in a touching but substandard poem in English, The Filial Vow. As things fell out, however, his mother was to him by thirteen years. In the years followed, his interest in poetry and music blossomed after becoming acquainted with the composer Robert Archibald Smith. While taking part in the life of the town, he helped found the Paisley Burns Club. His work now began to appear in such as The Scots Magazine and in 1807 he published a small collection of poems. Out on a some time later, he heard a girl in a field singing his Well meet beside the dusky glen on yon burnside and was greatly encouraged. But in 1810, following the rejection of a collection of his work by publishers in Greenock and Edinburgh. Eventually he burned all his manuscripts and drowned himself in a stream under the Paisley Canal. Most of Tannahills poetry dates from his home in 1802. His interest in poetry was of long standing and his reading was almost solely confined to it. Using both standard English and Scots, he experimented with forms, tales, fables, epitaphs. Among the odes are three written for the Burns anniversary, of which the first is a bravura performance, here the tartan-clad Genius of Scotland enters the assembly of the gods on Olympus and begs for a national bard, which is immediately granted with the birth of Burns
Robert Tannahill
–
Engraving from the Biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen (1875)
Robert Tannahill
–
Robert Tannahill as appearing on the
Scott Monument
Robert Tannahill
–
Portrait in Paisley Museum
Robert Tannahill
–
The statue of the poet by
David Watson Stevenson
23.
Brass band
–
A brass band is a musical ensemble generally consisting entirely of brass instruments, most often with a percussion section. Ensembles that include brass and woodwind instruments can in certain traditions also be termed brass bands, balkan-style Brass Bands play a distinctive style of music originating in 19th-century Balkans when Roma trumpeters influenced by Turkish marching bands transposed Folk music into brass. It is popular throughout the Balkans, especially Serbia, Albania, Macedonia, Romania and Bulgaria, the beats are usually fast and accompanied by kolo. The performers each have their instrument of the orchestra and are called trubači, the best known examples of acclaimed music in this style are from Goran Bregović and Boban Marković Orkestar. The Serbian film maker Emir Kusturica has, through his films, all parts apart from the Bass Trombone and percussion are now written in Treble Clef. Note that despite its musical range, the horn in E♭ is traditionally called the tenor horn in British bands. Brass bands have a tradition of competition between bands, often based around local industry and communities. Annual competitions are held in countries to select champion bands at various levels of musical competence. The Salvation Army, part of the Christian church, has deployed brass bands since 1878, the most well-known Salvation Army brass band is The International Staff Band which is based in London. Salvation Army bands vary considerably in size and complement as they are based on the personnel available. The cornet section of a Salvation Army band does not include a Repiano, a Salvation Army band may have 3-6 tenor horns, 2-4 baritones and 2-6 tenor trombones. Salvation Army bands have a tradition of training children in brass playing from an early age. In larger Salvation Army churches there will often be a Junior Band for children as well as a Senior Band for adults, fanfare orchestras are a type of brass band mainly found in Belgium and the Netherlands, while several ensembles exist in Germany, France and Luxembourg. Unlike British bands, they also sport saxophones, there are fanfares affiliated to the military and civil fanfare orchestras which are an important element of cultural tradition in some areas. The tradition of bands in New Orleans, Louisiana dates to the late 19th. Traditionally, New Orleans brass bands could feature various instrumentations, often including trumpets, trombones, clarinets, saxophones, sousaphones and percussion. The Treme Brass Band, while not as old, has members who have been influential throughout New Orleans Brass Band music, a well-known use of these bands is for the New Orleans jazz funeral. Also, a number of groups outside the United States have begun playing this style of music, the style of the music is often characterized by the use of the sousaphone in place of a Double bass to play the bass-line
Brass band
–
Tanzanian Police Force brass band
Brass band
–
Soprano cornet
Brass band
–
Cornet
Brass band
–
Flugelhorn
24.
John Field (composer)
–
John Field was an Irish pianist, composer, and teacher. He was born in Dublin into a family, and received his early education there. The Fields soon moved to London, where Field studied under Muzio Clementi, under his tutelage, Field quickly became a famous and sought-after concert pianist. Together, master and pupil visited Paris, Vienna, and St. Petersburg, ambiguity surrounds Fields decision to remain in the Russian capital, but it is likely that Field acted as a sales representative for the Clementi Pianos. Field was very highly regarded by his contemporaries and his playing and compositions influenced many composers, including Frédéric Chopin, Johannes Brahms, Robert Schumann. Field is best known as the instigator of the nocturne, although little is known of Field in Russia, he undoubtedly contributed substantially to concerts and teaching, and to the development of the Russian piano school. Notable students include Prussian pianist and composer Charles Mayer, see, List of music students by teacher, C to F#John Field. Field was born in Golden Lane, Dublin in 1782, the eldest son of Irish parents who were members of the Church of Ireland and his father, Robert Field, earned his living by playing the violin in Dublin theatres. Field first studied the piano under his grandfather, who was a professional organist and he made his debut at the age of nine, a performance that was well-received, on 24 March 1792 in Dublin. According to a biographer, W. H. Grattan Flood, Field started composing in Ireland. Flood also asserted that Fields family moved to Bath, Somerset, in 1793 and lived there for a time. By late 1793, though, the Fields had settled in London and this arrangement was made possible by Fields father, who was perhaps able to secure the apprenticeship through Giordani, who knew Clementi. Field continued giving performances and soon became famous in London, attracting favourable comments from the press. Around 1795 his performance of a Dussek piano concerto was praised by Haydn, Field continued his studies with Clementi, also helping the Italian with the making and selling of instruments. He also took up playing, which he studied under J. P. Solomon. His first published compositions were issued by Clementi in 1795, the first historically important work,1, H27, was premiered by the composer in London on 7 February 1799, when he was aged 16. Fields first official opus was a set of three piano sonatas published by Clementi in 1801, in summer 1802 Field and Clementi left London and went to Paris on business. They soon travelled to Vienna, where Field took a course in counterpoint under Johann Georg Albrechtsberger
John Field (composer)
–
John Field, c. 1820
John Field (composer)
–
A plaque commemorating John Field in Golden Lane, Dublin.
25.
Premier of Queensland
–
The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
Premier of Queensland
–
Incumbent
Annastacia Palaszczuk since 14 February 2015
Premier of Queensland
–
State badge of Queensland
26.
Samuel Griffith
–
Sir Samuel Walker Griffith GCMG, PC, QC, was an Australian politician, Premier of Queensland, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, and a principal author of the Constitution of Australia. Griffith was born in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, the son of the Rev. Edward Griffith. He was the brother of Mary Harriett Griffith, although of Welsh extraction, his forebears for at least three generations had lived in England. The family migrated to Queensland when Samuel was eight, during his course he was awarded the Cooper and Barker scholarships and other prizes. In 1865, he gained the T. S. Mort Travelling Fellowship, Travelling to Europe, he spent some of his time in Italy, and became much attached to the Italian people and their literature. Many years after, he was to become the first Australian translator of Dante, on his return to Brisbane, Griffith studied law and was articled to Arthur Macalister, in one of whose ministries Griffith afterwards had his first portfolio. Griffith was called to the bar in 1867, in 1870, Griffith returned to Sydney to complete an M. A. In the same year, he married Julia Janet Thomson, in 1872 Griffith was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, for East Moreton. Throughout his career he saw himself as a lawyer first and a politician second, Griffith took silk in 1876 as a Queens Counsel. In Parliament he gained a reputation as a liberal reformer and he was Attorney-General, Minister for Education and Minister for Works, and became leader of the liberal party in 1879. His great enemy was the conservative leader Sir Thomas McIlwraith, whom he accused of corruption, Griffith became Premier in November 1883 displacing McIlwraith. Griffiths election as Premier was assisted by auditor-general William Leworthy Goode Drews report on the colonys loans having reached over £13 million, Griffith won the next election largely on his policy of preventing the importation of Kanaka labour from the islands. He passed an act for this purpose, but it was found that the danger of the destruction of the industry was so great that the measure was never made operative. Recruiting was, however, placed under regulations and some of the worst abuses were swept away, Griffith took a special interest in British New Guinea, and was eventually responsible for the sending of Sir William MacGregor there in 1888. Griffith was regarded as an ally of the labour movement. He introduced a bill to trade unions, and declared that the great problem of this age is not how to accumulate wealth. In 1888 his government was defeated, in opposition he wrote radical articles for The Boomerang, William Lanes socialist newspaper. But in 1890 Griffith suddenly betrayed his friends and became Premier again at the head of an unlikely alliance with McIlwraith
Samuel Griffith
–
The Right Honourable Sir Samuel Griffith
GCMG,
QC
Samuel Griffith
–
Griffith as the first Chief Justice
Samuel Griffith
–
Headstone of Sir Samuel Griffith at Brisbane's
Toowong Cemetery.
Samuel Griffith
–
Exterior view of Merthyr House circa 1928
27.
Strike action
–
Strike action, also called labor strike, labour strike, or simply strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. A strike usually takes place in response to employee grievances, Strikes became common during the Industrial Revolution, when mass labor became important in factories and mines. In most countries, strike actions were made illegal, as factory owners had far more power than workers. Most Western countries partially legalized striking in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, Strikes are sometimes used to pressure governments to change policies. Notable examples are the 1980 Gdańsk Shipyard or 1981 Warning Strike, official publications have typically used the more neutral words work stoppage or industrial dispute. The first historically certain account of action was towards the end of the 20th dynasty. The artisans of the Royal Necropolis at Deir el-Medina walked off their jobs because they had not been paid, the Egyptian authorities raised the wages. An early predecessor of the strike may have been the secessio plebis in ancient Rome. In the Outline Of History, H. G. Wells characterized this event as the strike of the plebeians, the plebeians seem to have invented the strike. The strike action became a feature of the political landscape with the onset of the Industrial Revolution. For the first time in history, large numbers of people were members of the working class, they lived in cities. By the 1830s, when the Chartist movement was at its peak, in 1842 the demands for fairer wages and conditions across many different industries finally exploded into the first modern general strike. Instead of being a spontaneous uprising of the masses, the strike was politically motivated and was driven by an agenda to win concessions. Probably as much as half of the industrial work force were on strike at its peak – over 500,000 men. The local leadership marshalled a growing working class tradition to organize their followers to mount an articulate challenge to the capitalist. Friedrich Engels, an observer in London at the time, wrote, by its numbers, this class has become the most powerful in England, the English proletarian is only just becoming aware of his power, and the fruits of this awareness were the disturbances of last summer. Karl Marx has condemned the theory of Proudhon criminalizing strike action in his work The Poverty of Philosophy, in 1937 there were 4,740 strikes in the United States. This was the greatest strike wave in American labor history, the number of major strikes and lockouts in the U. S. fell by 97% from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010
Strike action
–
Female tailors on strike, New York City, February 1910.
Strike action
–
Strike action (1879), painting by
Theodor Kittelsen
Strike action
–
Agitated workers face the factory owner in The Strike, painted by
Robert Koehler in 1886
Strike action
–
A rally of the trade union
UNISON in
Oxford during a strike on 2006-03-28.
28.
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
–
The Australian Broadcasting Corporation is Australias national public broadcaster, owned and funded by the government. The ABC plays a role in the history of broadcasting in Australia. With a total budget of A$1. Founded in 1929 as the Australian Broadcasting Company, it was made a state-owned corporation on 1 July 1932 as the Australian Broadcasting Commission. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 changed the name of the organisation to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, although funded and owned by the government, the ABC remains editorially independent as ensured through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983. The ABC is sometimes referred to as Aunty, originally in imitation of the British Broadcasting Corporations nickname. The first public station in Australia opened in Sydney on 23 November 1923 under the call sign 2SB with other stations in Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth. It also nationalised the Australian Broadcasting Company which had created by entertainment interests to supply programs to various radio stations. Over the next four years the stations were reformed into a broadcasting organisation through regular program relays. The Australian broadcast radio spectrum was constituted of the ABC and the commercial sector, in 1942 The Australian Broadcasting Act was passed, giving the ABC the power to decide when, and in what circumstances, political speeches should be broadcast. Directions from the Minister about whether or not to broadcast any matter now had to be made in writing and it was used only once, in 1963. In the same year, Kindergarten of the Air began on ABC Radio in Perth, cater argues that reform was urgently needed in 1945, By the end of World War II, the ABC was a decadent, hollow institution. Its authority had been compromised by a poorly drafted charter and further undermined by timid management, poor governance, in April 1945, Boyer refused to accept the post of chairman until Prime Minister Curtin issued a mandate of independence which Boyer drafted itself. The ABC commenced television broadcasting in 1956, and followed the earlier practice of naming the station after the first letter of the base state. ABN-2 Sydney was inaugurated by Prime Minister Robert Menzies on 5 November 1956, with the first broadcast presented by Michael Charlton, aBV-2 followed two weeks later, on 18 November 1956. Stations in other cities followed, ABQ-2, ABS-2, ABW-2. ABC-3 Canberra opened in 1961, and ABD-6 started broadcasting in 1971, although radio programs could be distributed nationally by landline, television relay facilities were not in place until the early 1960s. This meant that news bulletins had to be sent to each city by teleprinter, to be prepared and presented separately in each city, with filmed materials copied manually
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
–
ABC mobile studio
caravan, used for concerts presented by the ABC at army camps and other locations, 1940
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
–
The ABC's
Perth headquarters in 1937
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
–
James Dibble, reading the first
ABC News television bulletin in NSW, 1956
Australian Broadcasting Corporation
–
The ABC's Sydney headquarters in
Ultimo.
29.
ABC News (Australia)
–
ABC News is a national news service in Australia produced by the News and Current Affairs division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The division is responsible for all news-gathering and production of output for ABC television, radio. Although the ABC is owned and funded by the Australian Government, the flagship radio news programs, AM, The World Today and PM are broadcast over various ABC radio outlets. ABC television news bulletins are broadcast throughout the day — including the flagship nightly 7pm state-based bulletins, bulletins focus strongly on issues of state relevance, with a greater inclusion of national and international news items than are found in the news bulletins of commercial broadcasters. The programme is shown online and on Australia Plus in the Asia Pacific region. Weekend Breakfast is broadcast weekends from 7am -11, 00am on ABC and ABC News 24 from ABCs main national news studios in Sydney at Ultimo and is presented by Andrew Geoghegan and Miriam Corowa. ABC News Mornings is presented by Joe OBrien from the ABCs main national news studios in Sydney at Ultimo, sport is presented by Paul Kennedy and weather is presented by Nate Byrne. A separate edition of the bulletin is produced for Western Australia two to three hours after the original broadcast, as the delay was deemed too long to remain up-to-date. Both versions air on ABC News 24, the bulletin was launched in February 2005 to replace the less successful Midday News and Business, preceded in turn by the long-running World at Noon. ABC News Early Edition is presented by James McHale from ABCs Perth studios and airs weekdays at 5pm on ABC in each Australian state, weather is presented by Graham Creed. 7.30 is presented by Leigh Sales and Matt Wordsworth from the ABCs main national news studios in Ultimo, Sydney on ABC at 7. 30pm, however, when a big state political event happens, the national program can be pre-empted by the local edition. Lateline is presented by Tony Jones and Emma Alberici from the ABCs main national news studios at Ultimo, Sydney, the program has developed a reputation for head-to-head debates on current issues and political interviews. National news updates are presented on ABC throughout the day with evening updates presented live in most states by the state news presenters. The ABCs Brisbane studios produces the 8. 30pm weeknight update, National updates are also available on demand via ABC News Online. The news bulletins such as ABC News Mornings, ABC News Afternoons, The World, The World This Week, Weekend Breakfast, ABC News Canberra is presented from the ABCs Dickson studios by Dan Bourchier on weeknights and Craig Allen on weekends with sports presenter Chris Kimball. ABC News New South Wales is presented from the ABCs Ultimo studios by Juanita Phillips, weather is presented by Graham Creed on weeknights. The Sydney bulletin was first presented in 1956 by veteran newsreader James Dibble until June 1983 when he was replaced by Richard Morecroft - who remained as presenter for the two decades. ABC News Northern Territory is presented from ABC Northerns Darwin studios by Eleni Roussos from Sunday to Thursday, ABC News Queensland is presented from the ABCs Queensland headquarters on Brisbanes South Bank by Karina Carvalho on weeknights and Jessica van Vonderen on weekends
ABC News (Australia)
30.
Rochester, Kent
–
Rochester is a town and historic city in the unitary authority of Medway in Kent, England. It is situated at the lowest bridging point of the River Medway about 30 miles from London, Rochester was for many years a favourite of Charles Dickens, who owned nearby Gads Hill Place, Higham, basing many of his novels on the area. Rochester and its neighbours, Chatham and Gillingham, Strood and a number of outlying villages form a large urban area known as the Medway Towns with a population of about 250,000. These places nowadays make up the Medway Unitary Authority area and it was, until 1998, under the control of Kent County Council and is still part of the ceremonial county of Kent, under the latest Lieutenancies Act. The Romano-British name for Rochester was Durobrivae, later Durobrivis c.730, the two commonly cited origins of this name are that it either came from stronghold by the bridge, or is the latinisation of the British word Dourbruf meaning swiftstream. In later times, the word cæster was added to the name, bede mentions the city in ca.730 and calls it Hrofes cæster, mistaking its meaning as Hrofis fortified camp. From this we get c.730 Hrofæscæstre,811 Hrofescester,1086 Rovescester,1610 Rochester, the Latinised adjective Roffensis refers to Rochester. Neolithic remains have been found in the vicinity of Rochester, over time it has been occupied by Celts, Romans. During the Celtic period it was one of the two centres of the Cantiaci tribe. During the Roman conquest of Britain a decisive battle was fought at the Medway somewhere near Rochester, the first bridge was subsequently constructed early in the Roman period. During the later Roman period the settlement was walled in stone, King Ethelbert of Kent established a legal system which has been preserved in the 12th century Textus Roffensis. In AD604 the bishopric and cathedral were founded, during this period, from the recall of the legions until the Norman conquest, Rochester was sacked at least twice and besieged on another occasion. The medieval period saw the building of the current cathedral, the building of two castles and the establishment of a significant town, Rochester Castle saw action in the sieges of 1215 and 1264. Its basic street plan was set out, constrained by the river, Watling Street, Rochester Priory, the city was raided by the Dutch as part of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. The Dutch, commanded by Admiral de Ruijter, broke through the chain at Upnor and sailed to Rochester Bridge capturing part of the English fleet, Rochester has for centuries been of great strategic importance through its position near the confluence of the Thames and the Medway. Rochester Castle was built to guard the crossing, and the Royal Dockyards establishment at Chatham witnessed the beginning of the Royal Navys long period of supremacy. The town, as part of Medway, is surrounded by two circles of fortresses, the line built during the Napoleonic wars consists of Fort Clarence, Fort Pitt, Fort Amherst. During the Second World War, Shorts also designed and manufactured the first four-engined bomber, Rochester and its neighbouring communities were hit hard by this and have experienced a painful adjustment to a post-industrial economy, with much social deprivation and unemployment resulting
Rochester, Kent
–
Rochester Cathedral viewed from the west at Castle Gardens
Rochester, Kent
–
Eastgate House, Rochester, Kent
Rochester, Kent
–
Rochester Castle from across the
Medway (engraving, G.F. Sargent c. 1836)
Rochester, Kent
–
The Guildhall, Rochester
31.
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
–
General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, Prince of Mindelheim, KG, PC, was an English soldier and statesman whose career spanned the reigns of five monarchs. It was not until the accession of Queen Anne in 1702 that Marlborough reached the zenith of his powers and secured his fame and fortune. His marriage to the hot-tempered Sarah Jennings – Annes intimate friend – ensured Marlboroughs rise, first to the Captain-Generalcy of British forces, but his wifes stormy relationship with the Queen, and her subsequent dismissal from court, was central to his own fall. Incurring Annes disfavour, and caught between Tory and Whig factions, Marlborough, who had brought glory and success to Annes reign, was forced from office and went into self-imposed exile. He returned to England and to influence under the House of Hanover with the accession of George I to the British throne in 1714, Marlboroughs insatiable ambition made him the richest of all Annes subjects. His family connections wove him into the fabric of European politics and his leadership of the allied armies consolidated Britains emergence as a front-rank power. He successfully maintained unity among the allies, thereby demonstrating his diplomatic skills, Churchill was the son of Sir Winston Churchill of Glanvilles Wootton in Dorset, by his wife Elizabeth Drake, fourth daughter of Sir John Drake of Ash in the parish of Musbury in Devon. The Churchill family are stated by the Devon historian William George Hoskins to have originated at the estate of Churchill, in the parish of Broadclyst in Devon, although Winston had paid off the fine by 1651, it had impoverished him. From this episode may derive the Churchill family motto, Fiel Pero Desdichado, Winston Churchill and his wife Elizabeth Drake had at least nine children, only five of whom survived infancy. The eldest daughter, Arabella Churchill, was born on 28 February 1649, John Churchill, the two younger sons were George Churchill, an admiral in the Royal Navy, and Charles Churchill, a general who served on campaign in Europe with his eldest brother John. His descendant and biographer the Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill, asserted that the conditions at Ashe might well have aroused in his mind two prevailing impressions, first a hatred of poverty. And secondly the need of hiding thoughts and feelings from those to whom their expression would be repugnant, after the Restoration of King Charles II in 1660 his fathers fortunes took a turn for the better, although he remained far from prosperous. The Kings own penury meant the old Cavaliers received scant financial reward, thus in 1665, Johns sister Arabella became Maid of Honour to Anne Hyde, the Duchess of York. Some months later John,15, joined her at court serving as page to Annes husband, James, Duke of York, the Duke of Yorks passion for all things naval and military rubbed off on young Churchill. Often accompanying the Duke inspecting the troops in the royal parks, on 14 September 1667, he obtained a commission as Ensign in the Kings Own Company in the 1st Guards, later to become the Grenadier Guards. That is unlikely, and even Sir Winston S. Churchill says There is, indeed, the known facts are that he was commissioned Ensign in September 1667, as above. By February 1671, John Churchill was back in London and duelling with Sir John Fenwick, but his liaisons with the insatiable temptress were indeed dangerous. You are a rascal, said Charles, but I forgive you because you do it to get your bread
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
–
Portrait by
Adriaen van der Werff
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
–
John Churchill by the studio of
John Michael Rysbrack, c.1730, National Portrait Gallery, London
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
–
Battle of Solebay by
Willem van de Velde the Younger. Churchill here learned the uncertainties and hazards of naval warfare.
John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
–
Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough. Attributed to
Godfrey Kneller.
32.
Second Boer War
–
The Second Boer War, usually known as the Boer War and also at the time as the South African War, started on 11 October 1899 and ended on 31 May 1902. Great Britain defeated two Boer states in South Africa, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State, Britain was aided by its Cape Colony, Colony of Natal and some native African allies. The British war effort was supported by volunteers from the British Empire, including Southern Africa, the Australian colonies, Canada, India. All other nations were neutral, but public opinion in them was largely hostile to Britain, inside Britain and its Empire there also was significant opposition to the Second Boer War. The British were overconfident and under-prepared, the Boers were very well armed and struck first, besieging Ladysmith, Kimberley, and Mafeking in early 1900, and winning important battles at Colenso, Magersfontein and Stormberg. Staggered, the British brought in numbers of soldiers and fought back. General Redvers Buller was replaced by Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener and they relieved the three besieged cities, and invaded the two Boer republics in late 1900. The onward marches of the British Army were so overwhelming that the Boers did not fight staged battles in defense of their homeland, the British quickly seized control of all of the Orange Free State and Transvaal, as the civilian leadership went into hiding or exile. In conventional terms, the war was over, Britain officially annexed the two countries in 1900, and called a khaki election to give the government another six years of power in London. However, the Boers refused to surrender and they reverted to guerrilla warfare under new generals Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, Christiaan de Wet and Koos de la Rey. Two more years of attacks and quick escapes followed. As guerrillas without uniforms, the Boer fighters easily blended into the farmlands, which provided hiding places, supplies, the British solution was to set up complex nets of block houses, strong points, and barbed wire fences, partitioning off the entire conquered territory. The civilian farmers were relocated into concentration camps, where very large proportions died of disease, especially the children, then the British mounted infantry units systematically tracked down the highly mobile Boer guerrilla units. The battles at this stage were small operations with few combat casualties The war ended in surrender, the British successfully won over the Boer leaders, who now gave full support to the new political system. Both former republics were incorporated into the Union of South Africa in 1910, the conflict is commonly referred to as simply the Boer War, since the First Boer War is much less well known. Boer was the term for Afrikaans-speaking white South Africans descended from the Dutch East India Companys original settlers at the Cape of Good Hope. It is officially called the South African War and it is known as the Anglo-Boer War among some South Africans. In Afrikaans it may be called the Anglo-Boereoorlog, Tweede Boereoorlog, in South Africa it is officially called the South African War
Second Boer War
–
Boer militiamen at
Spioenkop
Second Boer War
–
SS Cornwall – First Queensland contingent departing
Brisbane for the Second Boer War
Second Boer War
–
A sketch showing the arrest of
Jameson after the failed raid, in 1896
Second Boer War
–
Paul Kruger, leader of the
South African Republic (Transvaal)
33.
Griffith University
–
Griffith University is a public research university in South East Queensland on the east coast of Australia. Formally founded in 1971, Griffith opened its doors in 1975, introducing Australias first degrees in environmental science, the University is named after Sir Samuel Walker Griffith, who was twice Premier of Queensland and the first Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia. Sir Samuel Griffith played a role in the Federation of Australia and was the principal author of the Australian constitution. The Mount Gravatt and South Bank campuses are located in Brisbane. Griffith is a verdant university and a member of the IRU, in 1965174 hectares of natural bushland at Nathan were set aside for a new campus. Initially the site was to be part of the University of Queensland, by 1970 a new institution was being mooted, and Theodor Bray was asked by the Queensland Government to establish a second for Brisbane and the third for the state. After several months of discussion, the Queensland Government announced on 24 December 1970 that Bray would head a committee charged with establishing Griffith University, the Mount Gravatt site was renamed Nathan and set to become Griffith’s first campus. On 30 September 1971, the Queensland Government officially created and recognised Griffith University with the passing of the Assent to Griffith University Act 1971. On 5 March 1975, Griffith University began teaching 451 students in four schools, Australian Environmental Studies, Humanities, Modern Asian Studies, the university was distinguished by its problem-based rather than disciplinary approach to course design and research. In the 1990s, the Dawkins Revolution saw a number of education reforms in Australia. In 1990, the Mount Gravatt Teachers College and Gold Coast College of Advanced Education became official campuses of Griffith University, the Queensland Conservatorium of Music continued the higher education mergers and became an official part of Griffith University in 1991. Originally established in 1957, the new entity known as Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University. Griffith’s fifth campus, Logan, opened in 1998, located in the suburb of Meadowbrook, on an area of green fields south of Brisbane, the Logan campus was established to specifically address the interests and needs of the Logan City area. Griffith University’s campuses are distinctive for their nature-based settings within urban environments, the Gold Coast campus is located in the Gold Coast suburb of Southport. Set in native bushland, on the land of the Aboriginal Yugambeh and Kombumerri peoples, this campus plays host to over 18,200 students from all over Australia and it is Griffith Universitys largest campus. The campus is serviced by two Gold Coast light rail stations, and is an interchange for bus routes. Logan is Griffith University’s community-focused campus, hosting almost 2500 students, the campus offers degrees in human services and social work, nursing and midwifery, business and commerce, and education. The campus has strong connections with the community, hosting numerous sorting
Griffith University
–
Griffith University busway station on the
South East Busway
Griffith University
–
Griffith University
Griffith University
–
Griffith University (Nathan Campus) from Stadium Path
34.
Australian pounds
–
The pound was the currency of Australia from 1910 until 14 February 1966, when it was replaced by the Australian dollar. It was subdivided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence, the history of currency in Australia could be said to begin in 1800, when Governor Philip Gidley King issued a proclamation setting the value of a variety of foreign coins in New South Wales. However, because of the shortage of any sort of money, the currency during the first twenty-five years of settlement was rum, leading to terms such as the Rum Corps. Australias first coinage was issued in 1813 by the colony of New South Wales by punching the middle out of Spanish dollars and this process created two parts, a small coin, which was called the dump in Australia, and a ring, which was called a holey dollar. One holey dollar was worth five shillings, and one dump was worth one shilling and this was done in order to keep the coins in New South Wales, as they would be valueless elsewhere. In 1825, an Imperial order-in-council was issued with the purpose of introducing sterling coinage to all the British colonies and this was due to the introduction of the gold standard in the UK in 1816, and a decline in the supply of Spanish dollars. Most of the dollars used had been minted in Lima, Mexico City, and Potosí, from 1817, when the first bank, the Bank of New South Wales, was established, private banks issued paper money denominated in pounds. Acceptance of private bank notes was not made compulsory by legal tender laws, in 1852, the Government Assay Office in Adelaide issued gold pound coins. These weighed slightly more than sovereigns, from 1855, the Sydney mint issued half sovereigns and sovereigns, with the Melbourne mint beginning production in 1872. Many of the sovereigns minted in Australia were for use in India as part of a plan that the sovereign should become the imperial coin. As it turned out, India was already too entrenched in the Rupee system, in addition, the Queensland government issued treasury notes and banknotes which were legal tender in Queensland, and the New South Wales government issued a limited series of treasury notes in 1893. In 1910 the federal government passed the Australian Notes Act which prohibited the circulation of State notes, both these acts remain on the statute books and perpetuate the de facto end of private currencies in Australia. In 1910 a national currency was introduced by the Labor Government of Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, the new national currency was called the Australian pound, consisting of 20 shillings, each consisting of 12 pence. Monetary policy ensured that the Australian pound was fixed in value to the pound sterling, as such Australia was on the gold standard so long as Britain was. In 1914, the sterling was removed from the gold standard. When it was returned to the standard in 1925, the sudden increase in its value unleashed crushing deflationary pressures. Both the initial 1914 inflation and the subsequent 1926 deflation had far-reaching economic effects throughout the British Empire, Australia, in 1929, as an emergency measure during the Great Depression, Australia left the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. A variety of pegs to sterling applied until December 1931, when the government set a rate of £1 Australian =16 shillings sterling
Australian pounds
Australian pounds
–
One pound
Australian pounds
–
The 1852 Adelaide Pound (on average) contains 8.75 grams of gold (0.9170 fine) and weighs 0.2580 of an ounce.
Australian pounds
–
City Bank of Sydney in Australia cancelled £20 banknote
35.
Copyright
–
Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time, the exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the expression of ideas. Copyright is a form of property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Some, but not all jurisdictions require fixing copyrighted works in a tangible form and it is often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders. These rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of copyright laws have been standardized through international copyright agreements. Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the authors life plus 50 to 100 years, some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions. Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing fair exceptions to the exclusivity of copyright. Copyright came about with the invention of the press and with wider literacy. As a legal concept, its origins in Britain were from a reaction to printers monopolies at the beginning of the 18th century, Copyright laws allow products of creative human activities, such as literary and artistic production, to be preferentially exploited and thus incentivized. Different cultural attitudes, social organizations, economic models and legal frameworks are seen to account for why copyright emerged in Europe and not, for example, however, with copyright laws, intellectual production comes to be seen as a product of an individual, with attendant rights. The most significant point is that patent and copyright laws support the expansion of the range of human activities that can be commodified. This parallels the ways in which led to the commodification of many aspects of social life that earlier had no monetary or economic value per se. Often seen as the first real copyright law, the 1709 British Statute of Anne gave the rights for a fixed period. The act also alluded to individual rights of the artist and it began, Whereas Printers, Booksellers, and other Persons, have of late frequently taken the Liberty of Printing. Books, and other Writings, without the Consent of the Authors. to their very great Detriment, and too often to the Ruin of them and their Families
Copyright
–
The
Statute of Anne came into force in 1710.
Copyright
–
The Copyright Act of 1790 in the Columbian Centinel.
Copyright
–
The Pirate Publisher—An International Burlesque that has the Longest Run on Record, from
Puck, 1886, satirizes the then-existing situation where a publisher could profit by simply stealing newly published works from one country, and publishing them in another, and vice versa.
Copyright
–
A copyright certificate for proof of the Fermat theorem, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine.
36.
Carl Fischer Music
–
Carl Fischer Music is a major sheet music publisher that was based in New York City’s East Village since 1872. The company has moved to the Wall Street area in 2013. After 140 years, the remains a family-owned business, publishing both performance and educational music for students, teachers, and virtuosos. Carl Fischer’s composers and editors give clinics and sessions all over the country, in 1872, Carl Fischer opened his musical instrument repair shop in the East Village neighborhood of New York City. Carl Fischer also was a Musical Instrument Dealer, and imported wooden flutes made by Emil Rittershausen, Rittershausen is well documented in the New Langewell Index of musical instruments. As the company grew and diversified, Fischers three sons joined the team, Carl, Jr. Walter S. and George, in 1924, Carl Fischer Music was invited to be a member of ASCAP, adding the company’s publications to a respected network of artists and composers. The company continued to grow, necessitating the building of Carl Fischer’s new headquarters in 1926, located in Cooper Square and this building housed administrative offices and a sprawling retail store. Carl Fischer became the pre-eminent publisher of music for concert band composers such as Percy Grainger, John Philip Sousa, Walter S. Fischer succeeded his father as president of Carl Fischer Music, and in 1939, his son-in-law, Frank Hayden Connor became his assistant. Frank Hayden Connor became the president of the company and opened Carl Fischer’s second retail location and this five-story building was the largest music store in New York City until it was sold in 1959. Notable additions to the catalog during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s include significant works by Howard Hanson, Norman Dello Joio, Lukas Foss, Peter Mennin, Douglas Moore, and Anton Webern. Walter Fischer Connor became President and Chairman of the Board, as well as Chairman of Boosey and Hawkes, during this time, Carl Fischer Music developed the Rack Sense program, the first sophisticated computerized system for stocking music stores with high-turnover print music product. Composer Andrew Balent created the Sounds Spectacular series for band, a forerunner in the area of music for young bands, godfrey, Samuel Jones, and David Maslanka. In 1999, F. Hayden Connor, the grandson of founder Carl Fischer, became chairman. Carl Fischer Music moved its headquarters to the landmark Bayard-Condict Building in the NoHo neighborhood of Greenwich Village. Also in 1999, Larry Clark was named Vice President and Editor-in-Chief, bringing a wealth of composers into the Carl Fischer community, such as Sean O’Loughlin, Doris Gazda, Andrew Balent brought Joseph Compello to the catalog at this time. In 2008, BriLee Music joined the Carl Fischer choral catalog, Carl Fischer Music also continues to release enhanced editions of essential methods such as the Wohlfahrt Violin Studies, the Rose Studies for Flute and Clarinet, and many others. Former TMEA president and active educator Denise Eaton joined the team in 2011 as choral editor. Carl Fischer Music is under the leadership of CEO Sonya Kim, after 140 years, the company remains a family-owned business, publishing both performance and educational music for today’s students, teachers, and virtuosos
Carl Fischer Music
–
Carl Fischer Music logo
Carl Fischer Music
–
Walter S. Fischer, son of the founder and President from 1923-1946, sits at his desk in the 1940s.
37.
1996 Summer Olympics
–
A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
1996 Summer Olympics
–
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
1996 Summer Olympics
–
Games of the XXVI Olympiad
1996 Summer Olympics
–
The Morris Brown College Stadium.
1996 Summer Olympics
–
Boxing event at the 1996 games
38.
Sydney Morning Herald
–
The Sydney Morning Herald is a daily compact newspaper published by Fairfax Media in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1831 as the Sydney Herald, the SMH is the oldest continuously published newspaper in Australia, the newspaper is published six days a week. It is available at outlets in Sydney, regional New South Wales, Canberra, the Sydney Morning Herald includes a variety of supplements, including the magazines Good Weekend, and Sunday Life. By February 2016, average circulation had fallen to 104,000, similarWeb rates the site as the fifth most visited news website in Australia and as the 42nd newspapers website globally, attracting more than 15 million visitors per month. In 1931 a Centenary Supplement was published, the original four-page weekly had a print run of 750. In 1840, the newspaper began to publish daily, in 1841, an Englishman named John Fairfax purchased the operation, renaming it The Sydney Morning Herald the following year. Fairfax, whose family were to control the newspaper for almost 150 years, based his editorial policies upon principles of candour, honesty and we have no wish to mislead, no interest to gratify by unsparing abuse or indiscriminate approbation. During the decade 1890, Donald Murray worked there, the SMH was late to the trend of printing news rather than just advertising on the front page, doing so from 15 April 1944. Of the countrys metropolitan dailies, only The West Australian was later in making the switch, in 1949, the newspaper launched a Sunday edition, The Sunday Herald. Four years later, this was merged with the newly acquired Sun newspaper to create The Sun-Herald, in 1995, the company launched the newspapers web edition smh. com. au. The site has grown to include interactive and multimedia features beyond the content in the print edition. Around the same time, the organisation moved from Jones Street to new offices at Darling Park and built a new printing press at Chullora, the SMH has since moved with other Sydney Fairfax divisions to a building at Darling Island. In May 2007, Fairfax Media announced it would be moving from a format to the smaller compact or tabloid-size, in the footsteps of The Times. Fairfax Media dumped these plans later in the year, however, in June 2012, Fairfax Media again announced it planned to shift both broadsheet newspapers to tabloid size, in March 2013. Fairfax also announced it would cut staff across the group by 1,900 over three years and erect paywalls around the papers websites. The subscription type is to be a model, limiting readers to a number of free stories per month, with a payment required for further access. In July 2013 it was announced that the SMHs news director, Darren Goodsir, would become Editor-in-Chief, on 22 February 2014, the final Saturday edition was produced in broadsheet format with this too converted to compact format on 1 March 2014. Ahead of the decommissioning of the plant at Chullora in June 2014
Sydney Morning Herald
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The front page of The Sydney Morning Herald on 30 March 2007.
Sydney Morning Herald
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The Sydney Morning Herald
Sydney Morning Herald
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The cover of the newspaper's first edition, on 18 April 1831
39.
Coolibah Tree
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Eucalyptus coolabah is a eucalypt of riparian zones and is found throughout Australia from arid inland to coastal regions. The plant is commonly called coolibah or coolabah, the name being a loanword from the Indigenous Australian Yuwaaliyaay word, propagation is dependent on periods of immersion under water to sterilise seedbeds, as a result, the species is restricted to locales that experience at least periodic flooding. Nonetheless, the tree can be found over areas of floodplain far from permanent water. E. coolabah is a tree and reaches up to 15 m in height. The bark is box-like on the trunk and lower branches, E. coolabah is very similar to E. microtheca. The main external difference is that the latter has rough bark to the branches, while in E. coolabah the branches have smooth white, pale grey. E. coolabah was once known as E. microtheca, before splitting, waltzing Matilda—the coolabah tree is mentioned in this famous folk song Holliday, I. A field guide to Australian trees, Reed New Holland,2002 Cronin, key Guide to Australian Trees, Envirobook,2000 Media related to Eucalyptus coolabah at Wikimedia Commons
Coolibah Tree
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Eucalyptus coolabah
Coolibah Tree
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E. coolabah' flowers
Coolibah Tree
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Extensive coolabah woodland established on a floodplain in Northern Australia: The smooth white bark on the upper trunk and larger branches is characteristic of the species.
Coolibah Tree
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Sawn heartwood burl of a coolabah tree
40.
Australian English
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Australian English is a major variety of the English language, used throughout Australia. Although English has no status in the Constitution, Australian English is the countrys de facto official language and is the first language of the majority of the population. Australian English began to diverge from British English after the founding of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788 and was recognised as being different from British English by 1820. It arose from the intermingling of early settlers from a variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of the British Isles. Australian English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary, accent, pronunciation, register, grammar, the earliest form of Australian English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New South Wales. This first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation, the Australian-born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and South East England. The native-born children of the created the new dialect from the speech they heard around them. Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to blunt other patterns of speech, a quarter of the convicts were Irish. Many had been arrested in Ireland, and some in Great Britain, many, if not most, of the Irish spoke Irish and either no English at all, or spoke it poorly and rarely. There were other significant populations of convicts from non-English speaking part of Britain, such as the Scottish Highlands, anthony Burgess writes that Australian English may be thought of as a kind of fossilised Cockney of the Dickensian era. According to linguist Bruce Moore, the input of the various sounds that went into constructing the Australian accent was from south-east England. Some elements of Aboriginal languages have adopted by Australian English—mainly as names for places, flora and fauna. Many such are localised, and do not form part of general Australian use, while others, such as kangaroo, boomerang, budgerigar, wallaby, other examples are cooee and hard yakka. The former is used as a call, for attracting attention. Cooee is also a distance, if hes within cooee. Hard yakka means hard work and is derived from yakka, from the Jagera/Yagara language once spoken in the Brisbane region, also of Aboriginal origin is the word bung, from the Sydney pidgin English, meaning dead, with some extension to broken or useless. Many towns or suburbs of Australia have also influenced or named after Aboriginal words. The best-known example is the capital, Canberra, named after a local word meaning meeting place
Australian English
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English is the primary language spoken throughout Australia.
Australian English
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The
Australian gold rushes saw many external influences on the language.
Australian English
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Bush poets such as
Banjo Paterson captured the Australian vocabulary of the 19th century in their
bush ballads.
41.
Artisan
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Artisans practice a craft and may through experience and aptitude reach the expressive levels of an artist. The adjective artisanal is sometimes used in describing hand-processing in what is viewed as an industrial process. Thus, artisanal is sometimes used in marketing and advertising as a word to describe or imply some relation with the crafting of handmade food products, such as bread. Many of these have traditionally been handmade, rural or pastoral goods but are now commonly made on a larger scale with automated mechanization in factories. Artisans were the dominant producers of products prior to the Industrial Revolution. In ancient Greece, artisans were drawn to agoras and often built workshops nearby, during the Middle Ages, the term artisan was applied to those who made things or provided services. It did not apply to unskilled manual labourers, Artisans were divided into two distinct groups, those who operated their own businesses and those who did not. Those who owned their businesses were called masters, while the latter were the journeymen, one misunderstanding many people have about this social group is that they picture them as workers in the modern sense, employed by someone. The most influential group among the artisans were the masters, the business owners, the owners enjoyed a higher social status in their communities. Shokunin is a Japanese word for artisan or craftsman, which implies a pride in ones own work. In the words of shokunin Tashio Odate, Shokunin means not only having technical skill, a social obligation to work his best for the general welfare of the people, obligation both material and spiritual. Applied art Artist Arts and Crafts movement Caste — Tarkhan Guild Handicraft The dictionary definition of artisan at Wiktionary History of Artisans
Artisan
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Glassblowing artisans at work in a
crystal glass workshop
Artisan
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Craftsman of salt in Salinas Grandes,
Salta province (
Argentina)
Artisan
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An artist blacksmith and a striker working as one
Artisan
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Wood carver in Bali
42.
National Library of Australia
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In 2012–2013, the National Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, and an additional 15,506 metres of manuscript material. In 1901, a Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was established to serve the newly formed Federal Parliament of Australia, from its inception the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library was driven to development of a truly national collection. The present library building was opened in 1968, the building was designed by the architectural firm of Bunning and Madden. The foyer is decorated in marble, with windows by Leonard French. In 2012–2013 the Library collection comprised 6,496,772 items, the Librarys collections of Australiana have developed into the nations single most important resource of materials recording the Australian cultural heritage. Australian writers, editors and illustrators are actively sought and well represented—whether published in Australia or overseas, approximately 92. 1% of the Librarys collection has been catalogued and is discoverable through the online catalogue. The Library has digitized over 174,000 items from its collection and, the Library is a world leader in digital preservation techniques, and maintains an Internet-accessible archive of selected Australian websites called the Pandora Archive. A core Australiana collection is that of John A. Ferguson, the Library has particular collection strengths in the performing arts, including dance. The Librarys considerable collections of general overseas and rare materials, as well as world-class Asian. The print collections are further supported by extensive microform holdings, the Library also maintains the National Reserve Braille Collection. The Library has acquired a number of important Western and Asian language scholarly collections from researchers, williams Collection The Asian Collections are searchable via the National Librarys catalogue. The National Library holds a collection of pictures and manuscripts. The manuscript collection contains about 26 million separate items, covering in excess of 10,492 meters of shelf space, the collection relates predominantly to Australia, but there are also important holdings relating to Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and the Pacific. The collection also holds a number of European and Asian manuscript collections or single items have received as part of formed book collections. Examples are the papers of Alfred Deakin, Sir John Latham, Sir Keith Murdoch, Sir Hans Heysen, Sir John Monash, Vance Palmer and Nettie Palmer, A. D. Hope, Manning Clark, David Williamson, W. M. The Library has also acquired the records of many national non-governmental organisations and they include the records of the Federal Secretariats of the Liberal party, the A. L. P, the Democrats, the R. S. L. Finally, the Library holds about 37,000 reels of microfilm of manuscripts and archival records, mostly acquired overseas and predominantly of Australian, the National Librarys Pictures collection focuses on Australian people, places and events, from European exploration of the South Pacific to contemporary events. Art works and photographs are acquired primarily for their informational value, media represented in the collection include photographs, drawings, watercolours, oils, lithographs, engravings, etchings and sculpture/busts
National Library of Australia
National Library of Australia
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National Library of Australia as viewed from
Lake Burley Griffin,
Canberra
National Library of Australia
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The original National Library building on Kings Avenue, Canberra, was designed by Edward Henderson. Originally intended to be several wings, only one wing was completed and was demolished in 1968. Now the site of the Edmund Barton Building.
National Library of Australia
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The library seen from Lake Burley Griffin in autumn.
43.
Eucalyptus coolabah
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Eucalyptus coolabah is a eucalypt of riparian zones and is found throughout Australia from arid inland to coastal regions. The plant is commonly called coolibah or coolabah, the name being a loanword from the Indigenous Australian Yuwaaliyaay word, propagation is dependent on periods of immersion under water to sterilise seedbeds, as a result, the species is restricted to locales that experience at least periodic flooding. Nonetheless, the tree can be found over areas of floodplain far from permanent water. E. coolabah is a tree and reaches up to 15 m in height. The bark is box-like on the trunk and lower branches, E. coolabah is very similar to E. microtheca. The main external difference is that the latter has rough bark to the branches, while in E. coolabah the branches have smooth white, pale grey. E. coolabah was once known as E. microtheca, before splitting, waltzing Matilda—the coolabah tree is mentioned in this famous folk song Holliday, I. A field guide to Australian trees, Reed New Holland,2002 Cronin, key Guide to Australian Trees, Envirobook,2000 Media related to Eucalyptus coolabah at Wikimedia Commons
Eucalyptus coolabah
–
Eucalyptus coolabah
Eucalyptus coolabah
–
E. coolabah' flowers
Eucalyptus coolabah
–
Extensive coolabah woodland established on a floodplain in Northern Australia: The smooth white bark on the upper trunk and larger branches is characteristic of the species.
Eucalyptus coolabah
–
Sawn heartwood burl of a coolabah tree
44.
Eucalyptus
–
Eucalyptus /ˌjuːkəˈlɪptəs/ LHeritier 1789 is a diverse genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the flora of Australia. There are more than 700 species of eucalyptus and most are native to Australia, one species, Eucalyptus deglupta, ranges as far north as the Philippines. Of the 15 species found outside Australia, just nine are exclusively non-Australian, species of eucalyptus are cultivated widely in the tropical and temperate world, including the Americas, Europe, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, China, and the Indian subcontinent. However, the range over which many eucalypts can be planted in the zone is constrained by their limited cold tolerance. Australia is covered by 92,000,000 hectares of eucalypt forest, Eucalyptus is one of three similar genera that are commonly referred to as eucalypts, the others being Corymbia and Angophora. Many species, though by no means all, are known as gum trees because they exude copious kino from any break in the bark. The generic name is derived from the Greek words ευ well and καλύπτω to cover, Eucalyptus oil finds many uses like in aromatherapy, as a cure for joint pains. Eucalyptus trees show allelopathic effects, they release compounds which inhibit other plant species from growing nearby, on warm days, eucalyptus forests are sometimes shrouded in a smog-like mist of vaporised volatile organic compounds, the Australian Blue Mountains take their name from the haze. A mature eucalyptus may take the form of a low shrub or a large tree. The species can be divided into three main habits and four size categories, as a generalisation forest trees are single-stemmed and have a crown forming a minor proportion of the whole tree height. Woodland trees are single-stemmed, although they may branch at a distance above ground level. Many mallee trees may be so low-growing as to be considered a shrub, two other tree forms are notable in Western Australia and described using the native names mallet and marlock. The mallet is a small to medium-sized tree that does not produce lignotubers and has a long trunk. This is the habit of mature healthy specimens of Eucalyptus occidentalis, E. astringens, E. spathulata, E. gardneri, E. dielsii, E. forrestiana, E. salubris, E. clivicola. The smooth bark of mallets often has a satiny sheen and may be white, cream, grey, green, or copper. The term marlock has been used, in Forest Trees of Australia, it is defined as a small tree without lignotubers. They usually grow in more or less pure stands, clearly recognisable examples are stands of E. platypus, E. vesiculosa, and the unrelated E. stoatei
Eucalyptus
–
Eucalyptus
Eucalyptus
–
Eucalyptus regnans, a forest tree, showing crown dimension,
Tasmania
Eucalyptus
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Eucalyptus camaldulensis, immature woodland trees, showing collective crown habit,
Murray River,
Tocumwal,
New South Wales
Eucalyptus
–
Eucalyptus cretata, juvenile, showing low branching 'mallee' form,
Melbourne,
Victoria
45.
Billycan
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A billycan is a lightweight cooking pot in the form of a metal bucket commonly used for boiling water, making tea or cooking over a campfire or to carry water. These utensils are more known simply as a billy or occasionally as a billy can. The term billy or billycan is particularly associated with Australian usage, in Australia, the billy has come to symbolise the spirit of exploration of the outback and is a widespread symbol of bush life, although now regarded mostly as a symbol of an age that has passed. To boil the billy most often means to make tea, billy Tea is the name of a popular brand of tea long sold in Australian grocers and supermarkets. Billies feature in many of Henry Lawsons stories and poems
Billycan
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A traditional billycan on a campfire
46.
Trooper (police rank)
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Trooper is a rank used by several civilian state law enforcement organizations in the United States. For example, in the Louisiana State Police, Trooper is a rank below Trooper First Class, the insignia for this rank consists of a gold colored TPR collar pin worn on the wearers right lapel. Cadets who complete the state police academy are automatically promoted to Trooper, the title of address is Trooper. Is a rank used in the western United States associated with the duties of a Game Warden. Currently this title is used in the states of Oregon and Alaska, early Australian police forces had officers termed troopers, typically mounted police. For example, the classic Australian folk song Waltzing Matilda contains the line Down came the troopers, one, the term is no longer in current usage in Australia. Police ranks of the United States New Mexico Mounted Patrol Trooper
Trooper (police rank)
47.
Facsimile
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A facsimile is a copy or reproduction of an old book, manuscript, map, art print, or other item of historical value that is as true to the original source as possible. It differs from other forms of reproduction by attempting to replicate the source as accurately as possible in scale, color, condition, for books and manuscripts, this also entails a complete copy of all pages, hence, an incomplete copy is a partial facsimile. Facsimiles are sometimes used by scholars to research a source that they do not have access to otherwise, many are sold commercially, often accompanied by a volume of commentary. They may be produced in limited editions, typically of 500–2,000 copies, the term fax is a shortened form of facsimile though most faxes are not reproductions of the quality expected in a true facsimile. Advances in the art of facsimile are closely related to advances in printmaking, maps, for instance, were the focus of early explorations in making facsimiles, although these examples often lack the rigidity to the original source that is now expected. An early example is the Abraham Ortelius map, innovations during the 18th century, especially in the realms of lithography and aquatint, facilitated an explosion in the number of facsimiles of old master drawings that could be studied from afar. In the past, a such as the photostat, hectograph. More recently, facsimiles have been made by the use of form of photographic technique. For documents, a facsimile most often refers to document reproduction by a photocopy machine, in the digital age, an image scanner, a personal computer, and a desktop printer can be used to make a facsimile. Important illuminated manuscripts like Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry are not only on display to the public as facsimiles, however, unlike normal book reproductions, facsimiles remain truer to the original colors—which is especially important for illuminated manuscripts—and preserve defects. Facsimiles are best suited to printed or hand-written documents, and not to such as three-dimensional objects or oil paintings with unique surface texture. Reproductions of those objects are often referred to as replicas
Facsimile
–
Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, a famous
illuminated manuscript, is on view to both the public and to scholars only in the form of a high-quality facsimile
Facsimile
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Facsimile of Edgar Allan Poe's original manuscript for The Murders in the Rue Morgue
