1.
Dalian Shide F.C.
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Dalian Shide was a former professional Chinese football club based in Dalian, Liaoning province, China who played in Chinas football league system between 1955 to 2012. Their home stadiums were the 55,843 capacity Dalian Peoples Stadium, the club won their first major silverware when they won the 1992 domestic cup title. The tycoon Xu Ming and the Shide Group would go on to take over the club rename it Dalian Shide, the club was founded as Dalian Shipyards in 1955. After the 1982 season the local Dalian government took over its ownership, the club immediately became a major force within the second tier and eventually win promotion to the top level in 1984 when they won the division title. Soon afterwards the Chinese Football Association started to demand full professionalism, Dalian went on to be one of the first fully professionalised clubs in China on July 3,1992. They gained sponsorship in 1993 from the China Hualu group and then the Dalian Wanda Group on March 8,1994 who changed the name to Dalian Wanda FC. With Wang Jianlin and the support of his company the Dalian Wanda Group taking full ownership of the club. On January 9,2000 Wang Jianlin sold Dalian to Xu Ming and the Shide Group for 120 million Yuan, the new owners brought in Serbian Milorad Kosanović as their new manager and win another league title in the 2000 league season. In 2008, Dalian Shide selected a number of players from its academy to play in a team in the S. League in Singapore. On 14 February 2010, Zhang Yalin died of lymphoma in Dalian, Liaoning, aged 28, on 30 November 2012, Dalian Shide were acquired by Aerbin Group and merged into Dalian Aerbin F. C. In 1997 the club moved to the recently built 31,000 seat multi-use Jinzhou Stadium in Dalian,26 – Zhang Yalin, Midfielder, 2000–2009 posthumous. The number was retired in March 2010, managers who have coached the club and team since the team became a professional club back in July 3,1992 All-time honours list including amateur period. ^3, Deduct 3 points for abandoning a match in protest of a referees call
2.
Dalian
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Dalian is a major city and seaport in the south of Liaoning Province, China. It is the southernmost city of Northeast China and at the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, Dalian is the provinces second largest city and has sub-provincial administrative status, only the provincial capital is larger. The Shandong Peninsula lies southwest across the Bohai Strait, Korea lies across the Yellow Sea to the east, today, a financial, shipping and logistics centre for Northeast Asia, Dalian has a significant history of being used by foreign powers for its ports. Dalian was previously known as both Dalniy and Dairen, however the city was better known as Port Arthur and Ryojun from the original Port Arthur, now the citys Lüshunkou district. In 2012, Dalian ranked 82nd in the Global City Competitiveness Index, in 2006, Dalian was named Chinas most livable city by China Daily. Modern Dalian originated from Qingniwa or Qingniwaqiao, a fishing village. Russia built a town for the Kwantung Leased Territory after assuming control in 1898. After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan occupied the Kwantung Leased Territory, English sources called the city Dairen in this period, from the Japanese. In 1981, the State Council again renamed the city, from Lüda to Dalian, in the Qin and Han periods, Chinese expanded their territories into northern Korea through the Dalian region, then under the jurisdiction of Liaodong county. During the Sixteen Kingdoms era, the kingdom of Goguryeo controlled this region, in the early Tang Dynasty, the Dalian region was part of Andong Prefecture in Jili state, during the Liao Dynasty, it was part of Dong Jing Tong Liaoyang county. Dalian was named Sanshan in the period of Wei Jin, San Shanpu in the Tang Dynasty, Sanshan Seaport in the Ming Dynasty, and Qingniwakou during the Qing Dynasty. In the 1880s, Jinzhou, the north of downtown within Dalian, now Jinzhou District, was a town and centre for political intrigue. The Qing government built bridges and heavily fortified the peninsula, mining camps on the northern coast of Dalian Bay became the small town of Qingniwa or Qingniwaqiao, near what became downtown Dalian. The British occupied Qingniwa in 1858, but it returned to Chinese control in the 1880s, Port Arthur at the peninsulas tip took its English name from Royal Navy Lieutenant William C. Arthur, but Chinese called it Lüshun, in April 1895, China conceded defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War, ceding Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan and Penghu, and making many other concessions in the Treaty of Shimonoseki. For Russia the region of the peninsula was of particular interest as one of the few areas in the region that had the potential to develop ice-free ports. The Russians built a commercial port city, which they wanted to become the Paris of the Far East. Linked to the Trans-Siberian Railways branch line from Harbin, Dalniy became Russias primary port-city in Asia, Russia spent more than 10 million golden rubles building the new ice-free port city
3.
Liaoning
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Liaoning is a province of China, located in the northeast of the country. The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian or Fengtien province and it was also known as Mukden province at the time, for the Manchu pronunciation of Shengjing, the former name of the provincial capital Shenyang. Under the Japanese-puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945, Liaoning is the southernmost part of Manchuria, the Chinese Northeast. The Yalu River marks its border with North Korea, emptying into the Korea Bay between Dandong in Liaoning and Sinuiju in North Korea, the characters forming the provinces modern Chinese name are 辽 and 宁. They are the forms of the traditional characters 遼 and 寧. The first character literally means far, distant but is actually a reference to the Liao River which flows through the territory. The second literally means peace, calm but in such Chinese place names actually has the sense of pacified, made peaceful, here in reference to the turbulent situation of Manchuria in the late 1920s. In both English and Chinese, however, it is most common to gloss the name as the more literal Peace on the Liao, the provinces one-character abbreviation in Chinese is 辽. Liaoning is located in the part of Northeast China. In the past, it formed part of Korean kingdoms as Gojoseon, Goguryeo, and Balhae, as well as Chinese polities such as the Yan State and it was also inhabited by non-Han peoples such as Xiongnu, Donghu, Xianbei. In addition, the Khitan, Jurchen, Mongol Empire and Northern Yuan ruled Liaoning, the Ming Empire took control of Liaoning in 1371, just three years after the expulsion of the Mongols from Beijing. Around 1442, a wall was constructed to defend the agricultural heartland of the province from a potential threat from the Jurchen-Mongol Oriyanghan from the northwest. Between 1467 and 1468, the wall was expanded to protect the region from the northeast as well, although similar in purpose to the Great Wall of China, this Liaodong Wall was of a lower-cost design. While stones and tiles were used in parts, most of the wall was in fact simply an earth dike with moats on both sides. Despite the Liaodong Wall, the Manchus conquered Liaodong, or eastern Liaoning, in the early 17th century, decades before the rest of China fell to them. The Manchu dynasty, styled Later Jin, established its capital in 1616–1621 in Xingjing and it was moved to Dongjing, and finally in 1625 to Shengjing. Although the main Qing capital was moved from Shengjing to Beijing after it fell to the Qing in 1644, in the Governors words, Tieling and Fushun only have a few vagrants. West of the Liaohe, only Ningyuan, Jinzhou, and Guangning had any significant populations remaining, in the latter half of the seventeenth century, the imperial Qing government recruited migrants from south of the Great Wall to settle the relatively sparsely populated area of Fengtian Province
4.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
5.
Beijing
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Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China and the worlds third most populous city proper. It is also one of the worlds most populous capital cities, the city, located in northern China, is governed as a direct-controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban, suburban, and rural districts. Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by population after Shanghai and is the nations political, cultural. It is home to the headquarters of most of Chinas largest state-owned companies, and is a hub for the national highway, expressway, railway. The citys history dates back three millennia, as the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political centre of the country for much of the past eight centuries. Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A. D, the city is renowned for its opulent palaces, temples, parks, gardens, tombs, walls and gates. Its art treasures and universities have made it centre of culture, encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China. Siheyuans, the traditional housing style, and hutongs, the narrow alleys between siheyuans, are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing. The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, many of Beijings 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China, of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities in the world. Beijings Zhongguancun area is known as Chinas Silicon Valley and Chinas center of innovation. According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey, Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory Personal Finance Index, expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east, or in suburban districts such as Shunyi. Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had other names. The name Beijing, which means Northern Capital, was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming Dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing, the English spelling is based on the pinyin romanisation of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin. Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 京 as kjaeng, the single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is 京, which appears on automobile license plates in the city. The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is BJ, the earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District, where Peking Man lived. Homo erectus fossils from the date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago. Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived more recently, about 27,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality, including in Wangfujing, the first walled city in Beijing was Ji, a city from the 11th to 7th century BC
6.
Wang Jianlin
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Wang Jianlin is a Chinese businessperson. He is the founder of Dalian Wanda Group, Chinas largest real estate developer and he owns 20% of the Spanish football club Atlético Madrid. In 2016, Wang agreed a deal with FIFA to launch the China Cup, Wang Jianlin was born on October 24,1954, in Cangxi County, Guangyuan, Sichuan, China. His father fought for Mao Zedongs Peoples Liberation Army during the Long March, after sixteen years in the Peoples Liberation Army, Wang started working as the Office Administrator for the Xigang District in the city of Dalian. In 1989, he became the General Manager of Xigang Residential Development and he was Head of Factory in a Jiangyin-based factory. In 1992, he started working as the General Manager for the Dalian Wanda Group and he has also been serving as Assistant to the Regional Manager, Assistant Regional Manager and Director in Jiangsu Jiangnan Water Co. His company owns 21.57 million square metres of investment property,134 Wanda Shopping Plazas,82 luxury hotels,213 cinemas,99 department stores, the company became the worlds largest theatre owner in 2012 when it acquired AMC Theaters. He bought out U. S. -based AMC Entertainment for US$2.6 billion and he listed it on the New York Stock Exchange in December. He flew in celebrities Leonardo DiCaprio, Kate Beckinsale, and John Travolta to help launch an US$8 billion mini-Hollywood in the city of Qingdao in January 2014. Previously, Dalian Wanda had taken on billion-dollar hotel development projects in London and New York, in January 2014, he announced plans to build the worlds largest studio pavilion at Oriental Movie Metropolis which include a 10,000 square meter studio and an underwater stage. In 2014, he acquired land at 9900 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, in January 2015 it was reported that he was buying a 20% stake in the Spanish football club Atletico Madrid for 45m €. Wanda already owns Legendary Entertainment, co-producer of films such as Jurassic World, the Economist called him a man of Napoleonic ambition, and citing his military background in the PLA, where he rose from border guard to regimental commander. He enforces iron discipline in the workplace, where employees are fined when they violate the companys dress code. Despite his age, he has a trim figure, according to the Hurun Report, in 2014 he was the 26th richest person in the world with US$25 billion. According to Bloomberg, in 2015 he was the richest person in Asia with US$9.9 billion, according to Forbes, in 2016 he was the richest person in Asia with US$28.7 billion. At the age of 15, Wang started his 17-year service with the Peoples Liberation Army, in 1976, he joined the Communist Party of China. He served as deputy to the 17th National Congress, Wang is a delegate to the Chinese National Peoples Congress. He was twice named CCTVs Economic Person of the Year and he serves as the Vice-Chairman of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, and has been a member of the Chinese Peoples Political Consultative Conference since 2008
7.
Construction Industry
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Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction as an industry comprises six to nine percent of the domestic product of developed countries. Construction starts with planning, design, and financing, and continues until the project is built, large-scale construction requires collaboration across multiple disciplines. An architect normally manages the job, and a manager, design engineer. For the successful execution of a project, effective planning is essential, the largest construction projects are referred to as megaprojects. Construction is a term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems, or organizations. Construction is used as a verb, the act of building, and a noun, how a building was built, in general, there are three sectors of construction, buildings, infrastructure and industrial. Building construction is further divided into residential and non-residential. Infrastructure is often called heavy/highway, heavy civil or heavy engineering and it includes large public works, dams, bridges, highways, water/wastewater and utility distribution. Industrial includes refineries, process chemical, power generation, mills, there are other ways to break the industry into sectors or markets. Engineering News-Record is a magazine for the construction industry. Each year, ENR compiles and reports on data about the size of design and they publish a list of the largest companies in the United States and also a list the largest global firms. In 2014, ENR compiled the data in nine market segments and it was divided as transportation, petroleum, buildings, power, industrial, water, manufacturing, sewer/waste, telecom, hazardous waste plus a tenth category for other projects. In their reporting on the Top 400, they used data on transportation, sewer, hazardous waste, the Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors, building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors, there are also categories for construction service firms and construction managers. Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property or construction of buildings, the majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the property acts as laborer, paymaster, for this reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome. Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform to local building authority regulations, materials readily available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used
8.
Mass media
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The mass media is a diversified collection of media technologies that reach a large audience via mass communication. The technologies through which communication takes place include a variety of outlets. Broadcast media transmit information electronically, via such media as film, radio, recorded music, digital media comprises both Internet and mobile mass communication. Internet media comprise such services as email, social sites, websites. Print media transmit information via physical objects, such as books, comics, magazines, newspapers, event organizing and public speaking can also be considered forms of mass media. The organizations that control these technologies, such as studios, publishing companies. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries, books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries made prominent the question. For example, it is whether to include cell phones, computer games. In the 2000s, a called the seven mass media became popular. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, the sixth and seventh media, Internet and mobile phones, are often referred to collectively as digital media, and the fourth and fifth, radio and TV, as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a mass form of media. While a telephone is a communication device, mass media communicates to a large group. In addition, the telephone has transformed into a phone which is equipped with Internet access. A question arises whether this makes cell phones a mass medium or simply a device used to access a mass medium. There is currently a system by which marketers and advertisers are able to tap into satellites and this transmission of mass advertising to millions of people is another form of mass communication. Video games may also be evolving into a mass medium, video games provide a common gaming experience to millions of users across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Users sometimes share the experience with one another by playing online, excluding the Internet however, it is questionable whether players of video games are sharing a common experience when they play the game individually
9.
Health care industry
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It includes the generation and commercialization of goods and services lending themselves to maintaining and re-establishing health. The modern healthcare industry is divided into sectors and depends on interdisciplinary teams of trained professionals and paraprofessionals to meet health needs of individuals. The healthcare industry is one of the worlds largest and fastest-growing industries, consuming over 10 percent of gross domestic product of most developed nations, health care can form an enormous part of a countrys economy. The latter listed industry group includes companies that produce biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, the medical industry is also supported by many professions that do not directly provide health care itself, but are part of the management and support of the health care system. The incomes of managers and administrators, underwriters and medical malpractice attorneys, marketers, investors and shareholders of for-profit services and it is expected that the health share of the GDP will continue its upward trend, reaching 19.6 percent of GDP by 2016. In 2001, for the OECD countries the average was 8.4 percent with the United States, Switzerland, US health care expenditures totaled US$2.2 trillion in 2006. According to Health Affairs, US$7,498 be spent on every woman, man, Costs are projected to increase to $12,782 by 2016. There are many ways of providing healthcare in the modern world, the place of delivery may be in the home, the community, the workplace, or in health facilities. The most common way is face-to-face delivery, where care provider and this is what occurs in general medicine in most countries. However, with modern technology, in absentia health care is becoming more common. This could be when practitioner and patient communicate over the phone, video conferencing, improving access, coverage and quality of health services depends on the ways services are organized and managed, and on the incentives influencing providers and users. In market-based health care systems, for such as that in the United States. In many poorer countries, development aid, as well as funding through charities or volunteers, help support the delivery, the structure of healthcare charges can also vary dramatically among countries. For instance, Chinese hospital charges tend toward 50% for drugs, another major percentage for equipment, china has implemented a long-term transformation of its healthcare industry, beginning in the 1980s. Also over this period, a proportion of state-owned hospitals have been privatized. As an incentive to privatization, foreign investment in hospitals—up to 70% ownership has been encouraged, medical tourism is the rapidly growing practice of traveling across international borders to obtain healthcare. Such services typically include elective procedures as well as complex specialized surgeries such as joint replacement, cardiac surgery, dental surgery, however, virtually every type of health care, including psychiatry, alternative treatments, convalescent care and even burial services are available. Over 50 countries have identified medical tourism as a national industry, however, accreditation and other measures of quality vary widely across the globe, and there are risks and ethical issues that make this method of accessing medical care controversial
10.
Industrial manufacture
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Manufacturing is the value added to production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. Manufacturing engineering or manufacturing process are the steps through which raw materials are transformed into a final product, the manufacturing process begins with the product design, and materials specification from which the product is made. These materials are modified through manufacturing processes to become the required part. Manufacturing takes turns under all types of economic systems, in a free market economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more directed by the state to supply a centrally planned economy. In mixed market economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation, modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required the production and integration of a products components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead, the manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in North America include General Motors Corporation, General Electric, Procter & Gamble, General Dynamics, Boeing, Pfizer, examples in Europe include Volkswagen Group, Siemens, and Michelin. Examples in Asia include Sony, Huawei, Lenovo, Toyota, Samsung, in its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. In much of the world, the guild system protected the privileges. Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system. Toll manufacturing is an arrangement whereby a first firm with specialized equipment processes raw materials or semi-finished goods for a second firm, manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense. On the other hand, most manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs, the clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks and these costs are now well known and there is effort to address them by improving efficiency, reducing waste, using industrial symbiosis, and eliminating harmful chemicals. The negative costs of manufacturing can also be addressed legally, developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. Across the globe, manufacturers can be subject to regulations and pollution taxes to offset the costs of manufacturing activities. Labor unions and craft guilds have played a role in the negotiation of worker rights. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world, tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing
11.
Real estate development
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Real estate developers are the people and companies who coordinate all of these activities, converting ideas from paper to real property. Real estate development is different from construction, although many developers also manage the construction process, developers buy land, finance real estate deals, build or have builders build projects, create, imagine, control and orchestrate the process of development from the beginning to end. Developers usually take the greatest risk in the creation or renovation of real estate—and receive the greatest rewards, sometimes property developers will only undertake part of the process. For example, some developers source a property and get the plans and permits approved before selling the property with the plans and permits to a builder at a premium price. Developers work with different counterparts along each step of this process, including architects, city planners, engineers, surveyors, inspectors, contractors, lawyers, leasing agents. In the Town and Country Planning context in the United Kingdom, development is defined in the Town, there is no specific credential required, nor license necessary, for a person or company to call himself a real estate developer. A real estate developer is not a designation, there are no schools or associations who recognize or protect the term as a trademark. Some real estate developers, often involved in marketing properties through traditional real estate channels. Licensed contractors who follow blueprints designed by licensed architects and licensed engineers and this definition is clarified by the remainder of s55 and the inclusion of the Generally Permitted Development Order 1995 and the Use Classes Order 1987. No single path leads automatically to success in real estate development, developers come from a variety of disciplines— construction, urban planning, lending, architecture, law and accounting, among others. Recent specialized programs that award a Master of Real Estate Development degree are also available, the graduate programs in real estate development are the most comprehensive education in the real estate industry. Other formal education includes a Master of Science in Real Estate, a development team can be put together in one of several ways. At one extreme, a company might include many services. At the other end of the spectrum, a development company might consist of one principal, assembling a team of professionals to address the environmental, economic, private, physical and political issues inherent in a complex development project is critical. A developers success depends on the ability to coordinate and lead the completion of a series of interrelated activities efficiently, the general contractor of the project hires subcontractors to put the architectural plans into action. Purchasing unused land for a development is sometimes called speculative development. Subdivision of land is the mechanism by which communities are developed. Technically, subdivision describes the legal and physical steps a developer must take to convert raw land into developed land, after subdivision is complete, the developer usually markets the land to a home builder or other end user, for such uses as a warehouse or shopping center
12.
Retail
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Retail markets and shops have a very ancient history, dating back to antiquity. Retailing involves the process of selling goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand is identified through a supply chain, Once the strategic retail plan is in place, retailers devise the retail mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, personnel and presentation. In the digital age, a number of retailers are seeking to reach broader markets by selling through multiple channels. Digital technologies are changing the way that consumers pay for goods. Retailing support services may include the provision of credit, delivery services. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products, sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing, sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping and browsing, it not always result in a purchase. Retail shops occur in a range of types and in many different contexts - from strip shopping centres in residential streets through to large. Shopping streets may restrict traffic to pedestrians only, forms of non-shop retailing include online retailing and mail order. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means to cut off, clip, pare and it was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a sale in small quantities in 1433. Like in French, the retail in both Dutch and German also refers to the sale of small quantities of items. Also see History of merchants, History of the market place, open air, public markets were known in ancient Babylonia and Assyria. These markets typically occupied a place in the towns centre, surrounding the market, skilled artisans, such as metal-workers and leather workers, occupied premises in alley ways that led to the open market-place. These artisans may have sold wares directly from their premises, in ancient Greece markets operated within the agora, and in ancient Rome the forum. In antiquity, exchange involved direct selling, merchants or peddlers, the Phoenicians, noted for their seafaring skills, plied their ships across the Mediterranean, becoming a major trading power by 9th century BCE. The Phoenicians imported and exported wood, textiles, glass and produce such as wine, oil, dried fruit, the Phoenicians extensive trade networks necessitated considerable book-keeping and correspondence. In around 1500 BCE, the Phoenicians developed an alphabet which was much easier to learn that the complex scripts used in ancient Egypt
13.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
14.
Asset
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In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
15.
Wanda Cinemas
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Wanda Cinemas is a cinema operator in China, headquartered in the Wanda Plaza in Chaoyang District, Beijing. It is a part of the Dalian Wanda Group, as of 2014 Wang Jianlin is the head of the company. As of April 2017, Wanda Cinema remained Chinas largest film distributor, some locations are named Wanda International Cinemas. The company was founded in 2005, in 2014 the company had 4.2 billion yuan in box office revenue, the highest grossing in China. In 2014 the China Securities Regulatory Commission gave approval for the companys IPO, in 2015 it was again the largest cinema chain by box office gross, with US$945 million, representing 14% of the market. As of 2014, the company had a total of 1,616 screens, including 94 IMAX screens, in 182 cinema complexes in almost 100 cities in China, as of December 2015, the number of screens has since risen to an estimated 2,000 screens. In June 2015, Wanda Cinemas announced that it had acquired Australian cinema chain Hoyts, on July 27,2016, the company announced it would acquire film website Mtime. As of April 2017, Wanda Cinema remained Chinas largest film distributor, Wanda Cinemas is headquartered in the Wanda Plaza in Chaoyang District, Beijing. Beijing CBD Wanda Plaza houses the headquarters and includes the Beijing CBD Wanda Cinemas. Some locations are named Wanda International Cinemas, as of 2016, it has a total of 2,789 screens in 320 theaters in China, Australia and New Zealand. As of June 2016, it was the largest exhibitor in China, List of cinema and movie theater chains List of IMAX venues Wanda Cinemas Wanda Cinemas
16.
AMC Theatres
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Founded in 1920, AMC has the largest share of the American theater market ahead of Regal Entertainment Group and Cinemark Theatres. The chain has 346 locations in North America, and 86 more locations in mainland China, the companys headquarters are located in Leawood, Kansas. AMC Theatres was founded in 1920 by the Dubinsky Brothers, who had been traveling the Midwest performing melodramas and they purchased the Regent Theatre on 12th Street between Walnut and Grand in downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The Dubinskys eventually changed their name to Durwood, and the company formed was called Durwood Theatres. In 1961, Edwards son Stanley took control of Durwood Theatres, then a small 10-theatre chain, Stanley had attended Harvard University and served as a navigator in the U. S. Air Force during World War II. He renamed Durwood Theatres as American Royal Cinema on October 1,1968, as he later explained to Variety magazine, We needed to define what our company was doing in the business. It was structured under the belief that every customer was a guest, under its new name, AMC opened the two-screen Parkway Twin theatre in a shopping center on Kansas Citys Ward Parkway in 1963. This marked the companys first foray into using the multiplex model, the industry quickly embraced the multiplex concept, where additional screens meant very little difference in staff and operating costs, but resulted in a significant increase in profits. The concept also provided more film choices at one location, drawing bigger crowds and it also gave owners the flexibility to show big hits on more screens, and less reliance on any individual film that could turn out as a bust. By the 1980s, the company was experiencing strong growth, AMC had built and was operating a number of ten-screen multiplex cinemas in the United Kingdom, including sites at locations such as Dudley and Tamworth. These were subsequently bought and taken over by UCI, in the later part of the decade, AMC MeyerPark in Houston, Texas opened with 14 screens, and became the largest theatre in the United States under one roof at the time. AMCs megaplexes were a success overseas as well, on December 20,1996, AMC opened the AMC Arrábida 20 in Portugal. At the time, AMC was publicly traded on AMEX under the code AEN, the company filed for a $450 million IPO in its third such filing since 2006 on 14 July 2010. Stanley Durwood died in 1999, and was succeeded by Peter Brown, gerardo I. Lopez succeeded Brown as CEO and president on March 2,2009. Previously, Lopez was the Executive Vice President of President Consumer Products Group, Seattles Best Coffee and Foodservice at Starbucks. Under new leadership, one of the first major announcements came in March of the same year, the company used to have its headquarters in downtown Kansas City. The state of Kansas had offered $47 million in incentives to get the 400 jobs to move, the company continues to officially be headquartered in Kansas City, although it has moved its headquarters to the Ten Main Center, where it now leases space. The disability rights group had accused the company of only providing closed captioning or audio description systems at some of its locations in the state, AMC was acquired by Dalian Wanda Group, a Chinese conglomerate headquartered in Dalian, in May 2012
17.
Sunseeker
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Sunseeker International is a British luxury motor yacht manufacturer. Its headquarters and main facility is in Poole Harbour, at Poole in Dorset. The company has been making motor boats since 1969, Chinese conglomerate Dalian Wanda Group has owned the company since 2013. It is the largest UK-based luxury yachtmaker measured by 2012 revenues, manufacturing is undertaken mainly in Poole, in seven production plants and shipyards. An additional deep-water shipyard is used to build the 105 yacht, in March 2007, the company announced a 500 job expansion program, with a new site on the Isle of Portland, A new factory is being developed at New Quay Road, Poole. In October 2002, Robert Braithwaite, the founder of Sunseeker International, was named Ernst & Youngs UK Entrepreneur of the Year, in 2006 Robert Braithwaite led a £44 million MBO of the company, backed by Bank of Scotland. The company features in the 2008 Sunday Times list Profit Track 100 of the most profitable non-listed companies, in 2010, Irish private equity firm FL Partners took over ownership of Sunseeker through a debt restructuring deal after Sunseeker posted losses the previous year. On 19 June 2013 it was announced that the Chinese conglomerate Dalian Wanda Group had agreed to buy a 91. 8% stake in Sunseeker for £320M. As reported, it has promised that the day-to-day running of Sunseeker in Poole will be unaffected, with its 2. The deal is set to be sealed by mid-August, in January 2015, Phil Popham was appointed as the companys new Chief Executive Officer. Sunseeker boats have featured in the James Bond film series since 1999, the relationship began with The World Is Not Enough, famously chasing up the Thames in the pre-credits sequence, and continued through Die Another Day, Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace. Below is a description of one the yachts in the Sunseeker collection, their specifications, Sunseeker Predator 115, The Sunseeker Predator 115, also known as Chimera, was launched in spring 2013. Features, The Predator 115 has 5 cabins, meaning it has room for 10 guests and she also features a large on deck dining area and a spa tub. Specifications, The yacht is 34.5 metres in length, with a draft of 2.38 metres and she has a maximum speed of 24 knots and her cruising speed is 18 knots. Charter, The Predator 115 is available for charter in the Mediterranean, fairline Boats Princess Yachts Official website
18.
Infront Sports & Media
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Infront Sports & Media is a sports marketing company based in Zug, Switzerland. The company handles the media and marketing rights for international events and federations and also provides sports services - such as advertising, sponsorship. It represents all seven Olympic winter sport federations, several summer sport organizations, Infront was created in late 2002 through the integration of CWL, Prisma and KirchSportAG. It has 35 offices, which belong to different subsidiaries for geographic regions, Infront Sports & Media was founded in October 2002 in order to create the television and radio broadcasts for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. The company originated from a merger of two existing Swiss-based marketing companies, CWL and Prisma Sports & Media, infronts origins are in the football business, but in 2005 the company lost a majority of its FIFA business and subsequently diversified. Today the company is divided into Summer and Winter sports properties and also has dedicated Football, Endurance and Digital Production, until 2011 it was owned by a consortium of shareholders. In September 2011 – European private equity firm Bridgepoint reached an agreement to acquire the company, in February 2015, Chinese conglomerate Dalian Wanda won an auction to purchase Infront from Bridgepoint for more than €1 billion. In November 2015 it was announced that Infront would be integrated together with the WTC with its Ironman brand under the roof of Wanda Sports. World Triathlon Corporation. Infront Sports & Media has 900 employees in 35 offices which are operated by several subsidiaries specializing in a region as well as in specialized services. Infront Sports & Media supports media rights distribution, marketing concepts, an Infront subsidiary, Host Broadcast Services, produces television and radio signals for the FIFA World Cup. HBS provides a stereo,5.1, and satellite broadcast feed to organizations that own the rights to the media, another Infront subsidiary, Omnigon helps sports, media and entertainment providers to develop mobile apps and websites. Infront also provides hospitality and catering, stadium advertising, event management, Infront Sports & Media represents all seven Olympic winter sport federations, including the IIHF for ice hockey and the IBU for biathlon. It also manages media and/or marketing rights to most of the FIS World Cup events, in summer sports, Infront started supporting mass participation and endurance sports in 2011, including Ironman events and the UCI World Championships in cycling. It is also a partner for the EHF EURO in handball, in China, Infront represents the Chinese Basketball Association tournament and the national team, Team China Basketball. Infronts HBS subsidiary was awarded the Judges award at the 2010 International Broadcasting Convention for its work helping FIFA broadcast the World Cup in stereoscopic 3D, in football, Infront has supported the FIFA World Cup since 2002. It distributes the Asian media rights and manages the host broadcast production, fifa said Blatter was not involved in awarding the deal to Infront. Infront also works with the German Football Association, the Italian Lega Serie A, in 2016 Infront with Omnigon collaborated on several projects including digital services to the Serie A and mobile app development for the German Football Association’s DFB Cup
19.
Hoyts
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The Hoyts Group is an Australian group of companies, including Hoyts Exhibition, Hoyts Kiosk and Val Morgan. Hoyts Exhibition manages 450 screens across 40 Australian and 10 New Zealand cinema complexes, Val Morgan, the cinema advertising arm of the Hoyts Group, dominates the cinema advertising market with over 95% market share. In the exhibition business, the largest part of the Hoyts Group, their competitor is Event Cinemas and smaller competitors include Wallis Cinemas, Palace Cinemas, Dendy. After a financially disastrous run, Russell returned to his work as a dentist, undeterred, he leased the old St. Georges Hall in Bourke Street, Melbourne, and began showing short films on Saturday nights. Unlike his previous venture, it was successful, and as a result, by the time he died at the end of World War I, Hoyts had expanded into the suburbs of Melbourne, and into Sydney. On September 29,1926, Hoyts and two companies, Electric Theatres Pty. Ltd. and Associated Theatres Pty. Ltd. merged to become Hoyts Theatres Limited. On March 27,1936, the Fox Family Pictures logo secured a major shareholding in the company, in August 1982, Twentieth Century Fox sold Hoyts to a group of four Melbourne businessmen. In April 1985, the Fink family subsequently bought out the partners to become the sole owner. The Finks began to expand the company, into such as film distribution, home entertainment, and cinema operations in New Zealand. In 1987, the corporation was restructured and two of the companies in the corporation were listed on the Australian Stock Exchange, Hoyts Media, however, the company that owned the cinemas, Hoyts Cinemas, was not floated until 1996. In 1996, Hoyts Cinemas was floated and in 1999, the late Kerry Packers private family company, Consolidated Press Holdings, after that, Hoyts began to sell off cinemas. This trend began in 1999 when their Polish operations were sold, in 2003, Hoyts sold its Hoyts America operations to Regal Entertainment Group except for the Simsbury, West Nursery and Providence Place locations, which will remain the locations of Hoyts America. In 2004, it joined forces with Village Roadshow and AHL to bail out Val Morgan Cinema Advertising, in December that year, PBL and West Australian Newspapers purchased the company from Consolidated Press Holdings. On 29 March 2007, Hoyts opened their latest cinema in Sylvia Park, in Auckland, New Zealand—featuring what is now the largest 35 mm film screen in the world and bean bag seating. In September 2007, PBL and WAN sold each of their 50% shares in the Hoyts Group to Sydney-based private equity firm Pacific Equity Partners, the sale valued the company at A$440 million. In October 2008, Hoyts announced a bid for Australian Multiplex Cinemas. On 17 March 2010 Australias Hoyts Corporation announced its intention to expand its New Zealand cinema operations with the purchase of Barrie Everards Berkeley Cinema Group, the two companies completed the transaction in June 2010 after regulatory approval, adding four multiplexes to Hoyts New Zealand presence in Auckland. In October 2010 it was announced that Hoyts will acquire Australian Multiplex Cinemas and this purchase was successfully completed in November 2010
20.
Legendary Entertainment
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Legendary Entertainment is an American media company based in Burbank, California. The company was founded by Thomas Tull in 2000 and in 2005, concluded an agreement to co-produce and co-finance films with Warner Bros. since 2016, Legendary has been a subsidiary of the Chinese conglomerate Wanda Group. Thomas Tull founded Legendary Entertainment after raising $500 million from private equity firms, Legendary Pictures, Inc. was incorporated in California in 2000 and in 2005 it signed an agreement with Warner Bros. to co-produce and co-finance up to 40 films over seven years. In 2010, Tull, Fidelity Investments, and Fortress Investment Group bought all the shares of the original investors, the buyout also included a $25 million-investment by Orange Sky Golden Harvest Entertainment. Following the transaction, Tull became the largest shareholder, thus enabling him to more direct the companys operations. Golden Harvest later sold its stake in the company for $30 million, in 2011, Accel Partners bought $40 million-worth of shares and Accel partner Jim Breyer joined the companys board of directors. That same year the company was reported to have been valued at more than $1 billion, in September 2011, Chief Creative Officer Jon Jashni was appointed to the new position of President. In December 2012, Waddell & Reed bought around 20% of Legendarys shares for $443 million, in October 2014, SoftBank bought $250 million shares, a 10% stake, in Legendary. The transaction increased the total value to around $3 billion. On January 17,2017, it was announced that Tull has exited as Legendary Entertainment CEO, in addition to producing American films, Legendary Entertainment has announced various other business endeavors. The goal of the division was reoriented in 2012 with the acquisition of Nerdist Industries, LLC, in 2014, Legendary acquired both Geek & Sundry, Inc. a YouTube channel and production company, and the website Smart Girls at the Party. On June 10,2016, LDN announced a streaming service, Alpha. In 2010, the announced the launch of a comic book division called Legendary Comics. The first graphic novel published by the company was Holy Terror by Frank Miller, in 2011, the company announced the creation of Legendary Television, LLC to focus on developing television productions. The division was headed by Jeremy Elice and a contract with Warner Bros. In 2013, Legendary purchased film marketing agency Five33 Ltd, the company, which in the past has worked on marketing campaigns for various studios, will now work exclusively on marketing Legendarys films. Also in 2013, Legendary invested in hiring former head of Warner Bros, Television, Bruce Rosenblum, to head Legendarys television and digital media operations. In 2011, the announced the formation of Legendary East Ltd. a joint venture film production company based in Hong Kong
21.
Simplified Chinese characters
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Simplified Chinese characters are standardized Chinese characters prescribed in the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters for use in mainland China. Along with traditional Chinese characters, it is one of the two character sets of the contemporary Chinese written language. The government of the Peoples Republic of China in mainland China has promoted them for use in printing since the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to increase literacy and they are officially used in the Peoples Republic of China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong, Macau. Overseas Chinese communities generally tend to use traditional characters, Simplified Chinese characters may be referred to by their official name above or colloquially. Strictly, the latter refers to simplifications of character structure or body, character forms that have existed for thousands of years alongside regular, Simplified character forms were created by decreasing the number of strokes and simplifying the forms of a sizable proportion of traditional Chinese characters. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms embodying graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms, some characters were simplified by applying regular rules, for example, by replacing all occurrences of a certain component with a simplified version of the component. Variant characters with the pronunciation and identical meaning were reduced to a single standardized character. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification, and are identical between the traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. Some simplified characters are very dissimilar to and unpredictably different from traditional characters and this often leads opponents not well-versed in the method of simplification to conclude that the overall process of character simplification is also arbitrary. In reality, the methods and rules of simplification are few, on the other hand, proponents of simplification often flaunt a few choice simplified characters as ingenious inventions, when in fact these have existed for hundreds of years as ancient variants. However, the Chinese government never officially dropped its goal of further simplification in the future, in August 2009, the PRC began collecting public comments for a modified list of simplified characters. The new Table of General Standard Chinese Characters consisting of 8,105 characters was promulgated by the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China on June 5,2013, cursive written text almost always includes character simplification. Simplified forms used in print have always existed, they date back to as early as the Qin dynasty, One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lubi Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China, Traditional culture and values such as Confucianism were challenged. Soon, people in the Movement started to cite the traditional Chinese writing system as an obstacle in modernising China and it was suggested that the Chinese writing system should be either simplified or completely abolished. Fu Sinian, a leader of the May Fourth Movement, called Chinese characters the writing of ox-demons, lu Xun, a renowned Chinese author in the 20th century, stated that, If Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die. Recent commentators have claimed that Chinese characters were blamed for the problems in China during that time
22.
Traditional Chinese characters
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Traditional Chinese characters are Chinese characters in any character set that does not contain newly created characters or character substitutions performed after 1946. They are most commonly the characters in the character sets of Taiwan, of Hong Kong. Currently, a number of overseas Chinese online newspapers allow users to switch between both sets. In contrast, simplified Chinese characters are used in mainland China, Singapore, the debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters has been a long-running issue among Chinese communities. Although simplified characters are taught and endorsed by the government of Mainland China, Traditional characters are used informally in regions in China primarily in handwriting and also used for inscriptions and religious text. They are often retained in logos or graphics to evoke yesteryear, nonetheless, the vast majority of media and communications in China is dominated by simplified characters. Taiwan has never adopted Simplified Chinese characters since it is ruled by the Republic of China, the use of simplified characters in official documents is even prohibited by the government in Taiwan. Simplified characters are not well understood in general, although some stroke simplifications that have incorporated into Simplified Chinese are in common use in handwriting. For example, while the name of Taiwan is written as 臺灣, similarly, in Hong Kong and Macau, Traditional Chinese has been the legal written form since colonial times. In recent years, because of the influx of mainland Chinese tourists, today, even government websites use simplified Chinese, as they answer to the Beijing government. This has led to concerns by residents to protect their local heritage. In Southeast Asia, the Chinese Filipino community continues to be one of the most conservative regarding simplification, while major public universities are teaching simplified characters, many well-established Chinese schools still use traditional characters. Publications like the Chinese Commercial News, World News, and United Daily News still use traditional characters, on the other hand, the Philippine Chinese Daily uses simplified. Aside from local newspapers, magazines from Hong Kong, such as the Yazhou Zhoukan, are found in some bookstores. In case of film or television subtitles on DVD, the Chinese dub that is used in Philippines is the same as the one used in Taiwan and this is because the DVDs belongs to DVD Region Code 3. Hence, most of the subtitles are in Traditional Characters, overseas Chinese in the United States have long used traditional characters. A major influx of Chinese immigrants to the United States occurred during the half of the 19th century. Therefore, the majority of Chinese language signage in the United States, including street signs, Traditional Chinese characters are called several different names within the Chinese-speaking world
23.
Standard Chinese
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Its pronunciation is based on the Beijing dialect, its vocabulary on the Mandarin dialects, and its grammar is based on written vernacular Chinese. Like other varieties of Chinese, Standard Chinese is a language with topic-prominent organization. It has more initial consonants but fewer vowels, final consonants, Standard Chinese is an analytic language, though with many compound words. There exist two standardised forms of the language, namely Putonghua in Mainland China and Guoyu in Taiwan, aside from a number of differences in pronunciation and vocabulary, Putonghua is written using simplified Chinese characters, while Guoyu is written using traditional Chinese characters. There are many characters that are identical between the two systems, in English, the governments of China and Hong Kong use Putonghua, Putonghua Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, and Mandarin, while those of Taiwan, Singapore, and Malaysia, use Mandarin. The name Putonghua also has a long, albeit unofficial, history and it was used as early as 1906 in writings by Zhu Wenxiong to differentiate a modern, standard Chinese from classical Chinese and other varieties of Chinese. For some linguists of the early 20th century, the Putonghua, or common tongue/speech, was different from the Guoyu. The former was a prestige variety, while the latter was the legal standard. Based on common understandings of the time, the two were, in fact, different, Guoyu was understood as formal vernacular Chinese, which is close to classical Chinese. By contrast, Putonghua was called the speech of the modern man. The use of the term Putonghua by left-leaning intellectuals such as Qu Qiubai, prior to this, the government used both terms interchangeably. In Taiwan, Guoyu continues to be the term for Standard Chinese. The term Putonghua, on the contrary, implies nothing more than the notion of a lingua franca, Huayu, or language of the Chinese nation, originally simply meant Chinese language, and was used in overseas communities to contrast Chinese with foreign languages. Over time, the desire to standardise the variety of Chinese spoken in these communities led to the adoption of the name Huayu to refer to Mandarin and it also incorporates the notion that Mandarin is usually not the national or common language of the areas in which overseas Chinese live. The term Mandarin is a translation of Guānhuà, which referred to the lingua franca of the late Chinese empire, in English, Mandarin may refer to the standard language, the dialect group as a whole, or to historic forms such as the late Imperial lingua franca. The name Modern Standard Mandarin is sometimes used by linguists who wish to distinguish the current state of the language from other northern. Chinese has long had considerable variation, hence prestige dialects have always existed. Confucius, for example, used yǎyán rather than colloquial regional dialects, rime books, which were written since the Northern and Southern dynasties, may also have reflected one or more systems of standard pronunciation during those times
24.
Pinyin
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Pinyin, or Hànyǔ Pīnyīn, is the official romanization system for Standard Chinese in mainland China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is often used to teach Standard Chinese, which is written using Chinese characters. The system includes four diacritics denoting tones, Pinyin without tone marks is used to spell Chinese names and words in languages written with the Latin alphabet, and also in certain computer input methods to enter Chinese characters. The pinyin system was developed in the 1950s by many linguists, including Zhou Youguang and it was published by the Chinese government in 1958 and revised several times. The International Organization for Standardization adopted pinyin as a standard in 1982. The system was adopted as the standard in Taiwan in 2009. The word Hànyǔ means the language of the Han people. In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji in Beijing and this was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese. One of the earliest Chinese thinkers to relate Western alphabets to Chinese was late Ming to early Qing Dynasty scholar-official, the first late Qing reformer to propose that China adopt a system of spelling was Song Shu. A student of the great scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan, Song had been to Japan and observed the effect of the kana syllabaries. This galvanized him into activity on a number of fronts, one of the most important being reform of the script, while Song did not himself actually create a system for spelling Sinitic languages, his discussion proved fertile and led to a proliferation of schemes for phonetic scripts. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and it was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. This Sin Wenz or New Writing was much more sophisticated than earlier alphabets. In 1940, several members attended a Border Region Sin Wenz Society convention. Mao Zedong and Zhu De, head of the army, both contributed their calligraphy for the masthead of the Sin Wenz Societys new journal. Outside the CCP, other prominent supporters included Sun Yat-sens son, Sun Fo, Cai Yuanpei, the countrys most prestigious educator, Tao Xingzhi, an educational reformer. Over thirty journals soon appeared written in Sin Wenz, plus large numbers of translations, biographies, some contemporary Chinese literature, and a spectrum of textbooks
25.
Mainland China
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Mainland China, also known as the Chinese mainland, is the geopolitical area under the direct jurisdiction of the Peoples Republic of China. It generally includes Hainan island and excludes the special regions of Hong Kong and Macau. The term mainland China was coined by the Kuomintang after receiving control of Taiwan from Japan after World War II. By 1949, the KMT-led Republic of China government was defeated in the Chinese Civil War, there are two terms in Chinese for mainland, Dàlù, which means continent, and Nèidì, literally inland or inner land. In the PRC, the usage of the two terms are interchangeable and there is no prescribed method of reference in any jurisdiction. To emphasize equal footing in Cross-Strait relations, the term is used in official contexts with reference to Taiwan, but in its relations with Hong Kong and Macau, the PRC government refers to itself as the Central Peoples Government. Mainland area is the term to free area of the Republic of China used in the ROC Constitution. It treats the mainland as part of ROCs territory despite the lack of effective control, by 1949, the Communist Party of Chinas Peoples Liberation Army had largely defeated the Kuomintang s National Revolutionary Army in the Chinese Civil War on the mainland. This has resulted in a situation in which two co-existing governments compete for legitimacy and recognition as the government of China. The phrase mainland China emerged as a neutral term to refer to the area under control of the Communist Party of China. Until the late 1970s, both the PRC and ROC envisioned a military takeover of the other, during this time the ROC referred to the PRC government as Communist Bandits while the PRC referred to the ROC as Chiang Bandits. Later, as a military solution became less feasible, the ROC referred to the PRC as Communist China, due to their status as colonies of foreign states during the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, the phrase mainland China excludes Hong Kong and Macau. Since the return of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 and 1999, respectively, the territories also have their distinct identities. Therefore, mainland China generally continues to exclude these territories, because of the One country, the term is also used in economic indicators, such as the IMD Competitiveness Report. International news media often use China to refer only to mainland China or the Peoples Republic of China, in the PRC, the term 内地 is often contrasted with the term 境外 for things outside of the mainland region. Examples include Administration of Foreign-funded Banks or the Measures on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions, Hainan is an offshore island, therefore geographically not part of the continental mainland. Nonetheless, Hainanese people still refer to the mainland as the mainland. In some coastal provinces such as Guangdong, Fujian and Jiangsu, in contrast, the pro-Taiwan independence Democratic Progressive Party prefer to use the term China instead, referring to the PRC, to imply that Taiwan is separate from China
26.
Chinese economic reform
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China had one of the worlds largest and most advanced economies prior to the nineteenth century. The economy stagnated beginning in the 16th century and even declined in terms in the nineteenth and much of the twentieth century. Economic reforms introducing market principles began in 1978 and were carried out in two stages, the private sector grew remarkably, accounting for as much as 70 percent of China gross domestic product by 2005. From 1978 until 2013, unprecedented growth occurred, with the economy increasing by 9. 5% a year, the conservative Hu-Wen Administration more heavily regulated and controlled the economy after 2005, reversing some reforms. The success of Chinas economic policies and the manner of their implementation has resulted in changes in Chinese society. Large-scale government planning programs alongside market characteristics have minimized poverty, while incomes and income inequality have increased, during the 1930s, China developed a modern industrial sector, which stimulated modest but significant economic growth. The economy was disrupted by the war against Japan and the Chinese Civil War from 1937 to 1949. Urban Chinese citizens experienced virtually no increase in living standards from 1957 onwards, one study noted that average pay levels in the catering sector exceeded wages in higher education. The economic performance of the Peoples Republic of China was poor in comparison with other East Asian countries, such as Japan, South Korea and rival Chiang Kai-sheks Republic of China. The economy was riddled with huge inefficiencies and malinvestments, and with Maos death, Economic reforms began after Deng Xiaoping and his reformist allies ousted the Gang of Four Maoist faction. By the time Deng took power, there was support among the elite for economic reforms. As the de facto leader, Dengs policies faced opposition from party conservatives but were successful in increasing the countrys wealth. Dengs first reforms began in agriculture, a long neglected by the Communist Party. Deng responded by decollectivizing agriculture and emphasizing the household-responsibility system, which divided the land of the Peoples communes into private plots, farmers were able to keep the lands output after paying a share to the state. This move increased agricultural production, increased the living standards of hundreds of millions of farmers, reforms were also implemented in urban industry to increase productivity. Moreover, the adoption of Industrial Responsibility System 1980s further promote the development of state-owned enterprise by allowing individuals or groups to manage the enterprise by contract. Private businesses were allowed to operate for the first time since the Communist takeover, price flexibility was also increased, expanding the service sector. The country was opened to foreign investment for the first time since the Kuomintang era, Deng created a series of special economic zones for foreign investment that were relatively free of the bureaucratic regulations and interventions that hampered economic growth
27.
Real estate in China
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Real estate in China is developed and managed by public, private, and state-owned red chip enterprises. But after the hit, these policies were quickly eliminated. By late 2014, the IMF warned that a real estate oversupply problem had arisen that threatened to impact the economy, particularly in 2nd. As of 2015 the market was experiencing low growth and the government had eased prior measures to tighten interest rates, increase deposits. As of 2010, Chinas real estate market is the largest in the world, the Chinese property bubble was a real estate bubble in residential and/or commercial real estate in China. The phenomenon has seen average housing prices in the country triple from 2005 to 2009, tianjin High price-to-income and price-to-rent ratios for property and the high number of unoccupied residential and commercial units have been held up as evidence of a bubble. The deflation of the property bubble is seen as one of the causes for Chinas declining economic growth in 2012. The BBC cites Ordos in Inner Mongolia as the largest ghost town in China, full of empty shopping malls, a large, and largely uninhabited urban real estate development has been constructed 25 km from Dongsheng District in the Kangbashi New Area. Intended to house a million people, it remains largely uninhabited, intended to have 300,000 residents by 2010, government figures stated it had 28,000. As of 2010, China has officially ordered an end to its welfare housing system, however, according to China Youth Daily, a parallel housing market continues to exist. Government agencies continue to pay less than 20% of market value for real estate, and many officials purportedly misappropriate renovation and housing reform funds for personal gain
28.
Evergrande Group
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The Evergrande Group or the Evergrande Real Estate Group is Chinas second-largest property developer by sales. It is based in southern Chinas Guangdong Province, and sells apartments mostly to upper, the company is incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Formerly called the Hengda Group, Evergrande was founded by Xu Jiayin in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou in 1996, in October 2009 the company raised $722 million in an initial public offering on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The group bought football club Guangzhou Evergrande F. C. in 2010 and invested heavily, the group has a mineral water brand Evergrande Spring and a football tutoring school. In recent years Chinese property developers like Evergrande and Dalian Wanda have made forays into alternative, for example, Evergrande has expanded into solar panels, pig farming, agribusiness, and baby formula. The firm now has projects in over 170 cities in the country, alibaba CEO Jack Ma has a minority share of the company. As of 2016, owner Xu Jiayin was the eighth richest Chinese man, the under-construction Ocean Flower Island, located in Hainan, is one of their major projects. The Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission suspended an American investor who criticized the company, which has raised concerns over freedom of speech in Hong Kong’s financial markets
29.
Financial Times
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The Financial Times is an English-language international daily newspaper with a special emphasis on business and economic news. The paper, published and owned by Nikkei Inc. in Tokyo, was founded in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley, and merged in 1945 with its closest rival, the Financial Times has an average daily readership of 2.2 million people worldwide. FT. com has 4.5 million registered users and over 285,000 digital subscribers, FT Chinese has more than 1.7 million registered users. The world editions of the Financial Times newspaper had an average daily circulation of 234,193 copies in January 2014. In February 2014 the combined sale of the editions of the Financial Times was 224,000 copies. In October 2013 the combined print and digital circulation of the Financial Times reached nearly 629,000 copies. In December 2016 print sales for the paper stood at 193,211, on 23 July 2015 Nikkei Inc. agreed to buy the Financial Times from Pearson for £844m. On 30 November 2015 Nikkei completed the acquisition, the FT was launched as the London Financial Guide on 10 January 1888, renaming itself the Financial Times on 13 February the same year. Describing itself as the friend of The Honest Financier, the Bona Fide Investor, the Respectable Broker, the Genuine Director, the readership was the financial community of the City of London, its only rival being the slightly older and more daring Financial News. After 57 years of rivalry the Financial Times and the Financial News were merged in 1945 by Brendan Bracken to form a single six-page newspaper, the Financial Times brought a higher circulation while the Financial News provided much of the editorial talent. The Lex column was introduced from Financial News. Pearson bought the paper in 1957, over the years the paper grew in size, readership and breadth of coverage. It established correspondents in cities around the world, reflecting early moves in the economy towards globalisation. On 1 January 1979 the first FT was printed outside the UK, since then, with increased international coverage, the FT has become a global newspaper, printed in 22 locations with five international editions to serve the UK, continental Europe, the U. S. The European edition is distributed in continental Europe and Africa and it is printed Monday to Saturday at five centres across Europe reporting on matters concerning the European Union, the Euro and European corporate affairs. In 1994 FT launched a lifestyle magazine, How To Spend It. In 2009 it launched a website for the magazine. On 13 May 1995 the Financial Times group made its first foray into the world with the launch of FT. com
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Tencent
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Its headquarters are in Nanshan District, Shenzhen. Its offerings in China include the well-known instant messenger Tencent QQ and one of the largest web portals, Mobile chat service WeChat has helped bolster Tencents continued expansion into smartphone services. Tencent holds 15% stake of JD. com, one of the largest B2C online retailers in China, in April 13,2015, the market value of Tencent exceeded US$200 billion for the first time, hitting US$206 billion. On September 8,2015, Tencent became the largest Internet company in Asia by value after Alibaba Group Holding Limited suffered a drop in its share value. In April 2017, Tencent surpassed Wells Fargo and became the 10th biggest company in the world, Tencent was founded by Ma Huateng, Zhang Zhidong, Xu Chenye, Chen Yidan and Zeng Liqing in November 1998 as Tencent Inc. Incorporated in the Cayman Islands, initial funding was provided to it by venture capitalists, in Feb 1999, Tencents iconic messenger product OICQ released. Shortly after, Tencent had its name changed to QQ, this was said to be due to a threat from ICQ. The company remained unprofitable for the first three years, South African media company Naspers purchased a 46% share of Tencent in 2001. Tencent Holding Ltd was listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 16 June 2004, the company originally derived income solely from advertising and premium users of QQ, who pay monthly fees to receive added extras. By 2008, Tencent was seeing profit growth from the sale of virtual goods, while Tencents services have included online gaming since 2004, around 2007-2008 it rapidly increased its offerings by licensing games. While least two, CrossFire and Dungeon Fighter Online, were produced by South Korean game developers. On February 18,2011, Tencent acquired a majority equity interest in Riot Games, developer of League of Legends, Tencent had already held 22. 34% of the equity interest out of a previous investment in 2008. On the 16th December 2015, Riot Games sold its equity to Tencent Holdings. Tencent acquired a minority stake in Epic Games, developer of franchises like Unreal, Gears of War and Infinity Blade, Tencent in 2013 increased its stake in Kingsoft Network Technology, a subsidiary of Kingsoft Corporation, to 18%. Tencent previously had a 15. 68% stake in the company, Tencent took part in Activision Blizzard splitting from Vivendi as a passive investor in 2013 and now owns about 5% of the shares as of 2016. On September 17,2013, it was announced that Tencent had invested $448 million for a minority share in Chinese search engine Sogou. com, the subsidiary of Sohu, Inc. On January 15,2014, Tencent said it will invest HKD1.5 billion in logistics and warehouse firm China South City Holdings Ltd to develop its e-commerce and logistics business. On February 27,2014, Tencent purchased a 20-percent stake in restaurant ratings and group buying website Dianping for $400 million
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Baidu
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Baidu, Inc. incorporated on January 18,2000, is a Chinese-American web services company headquartered at the Baidu Campus in Beijings Haidian District. It is one of the largest Internet companies in the world, Baidu offers many services, including a Chinese search engine for websites, audio files and images. Baidu offers 57 search and community services including Baidu Baike and a searchable, Baidu was established in 2000 by Robin Li and Eric Xu. Both of the co-founders are Chinese nationals who studied and worked overseas before returning to China, in December 2016, Baidu ranked 4th overall in the Alexa Internet rankings. During Q4 of 2010, it is estimated there were 4.02 billion search queries in China of which Baidu had a market share of 56. 6%. Chinas Internet-search revenue share in second quarter 2011 by Baidu is 76%, in December 2007, Baidu became the first Chinese company to be included in the NASDAQ-100 index. As of 2006, Baidu provided an index of over 740 million web pages,80 million images, Baidu offers multimedia content including MP3 music, and movies, and is the first in China to offer Wireless Application Protocol and personal digital assistant -based mobile search. Baidu Baike is similar to Wikipedia as an encyclopedia, however, unlike Wikipedia. The company also hosts a service, called Baidu Music. On December 4,2015, Baidu announced plans to merge with Taihe Entertainment Group to help the service compete with Apple Inc. s Apple Music, the name Baidu literally means countless times, or alternatively, a hundred times. In 1994, Robin Li joined IDD Information Services, a New Jersey division of Dow Jones and Company and he also worked on developing better algorithms for search engines and remained at IDD Information Services from May 1994 to June 1997. In 1996, while at IDD, Li developed the RankDex site-scoring algorithm for search results page ranking. He later used this technology for the Baidu search engine, in 2000, the company Baidu launched in Beijing, China. The first office was located in a room, which was near Peking University from where Robin graduated. In 2003, Baidu launched a search engine and picture search engine. On January 12,2010, Baidu. coms DNS records in the United States were altered such that browsers to baidu, Internet users were met with a page saying This site has been attacked by Iranian Cyber Army. Chinese hackers later responded by attacking Iranian websites and leaving messages, on August 6,2012, the BBC reported that three employees of Baidu were arrested on suspicion that they accepted bribes. The bribes were paid for deleting posts from the forum service
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E-commerce
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E-commerce is a transaction of buying or selling online. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail. 1979, Michael Aldrich demonstrates the first online shopping system,1981, Thomson Holidays UK is the first business-to-business online shopping system to be installed. 1982, Minitel was introduced nationwide in France by France Télécom,1983, California State Assembly holds first hearing on electronic commerce in Volcano, California. Testifying are CPUC, MCI Mail, Prodigy, CompuServe, Volcano Telephone and it is the first comprehensive electronic commerce service. 1989, In May 1989, Sequoia Data Corp, introduced Compumarket The first internet based system for e-commerce. Sellers and buyers could post items for sale and buyers could search the database,1990, Tim Berners-Lee writes the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, using a NeXT computer. 1992, Book Stacks Unlimited in Cleveland opens a sales website selling books online with credit card processing. 1993, Paget Press releases edition No.3 of the first app store, The Electronic AppWrapper 1994, Netscape 1.0 is introduced in late 1994 with SSL encryption that made transactions secure. 1994, Ipswitch IMail Server becomes the first software available online for sale,1994, Ten Summoners Tales by Sting becomes the first secure online purchase through NetMarket. 1995, The US National Science Foundation lifts its former strict prohibition of commercial enterprise on the Internet, the shopping service at launch featured W H Smith, Tesco, Virgin Megastores/Our Price, Great Universal Stores, Interflora, Dixons Retail, Past Times, PC World and Innovations. 1995, Jeff Bezos launches Amazon. com and the first commercial-free 24-hour, internet-only radio stations, Radio HK, eBay is founded by computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as AuctionWeb. 1996, IndiaMART B2B marketplace established in India,1996, ECPlaza B2B marketplace established in Korea. 1996, The use of Excalibur BBS with replicated Storefronts was an implementation of electronic commerce started by a group of SysOps in Australia. 1998, Electronic postal stamps can be purchased and downloaded for printing from the Web,1999, Alibaba Group is established in China. Business. com sold for US $7.5 million to eCompanies, the peer-to-peer filesharing software Napster launches. ATG Stores launches to sell items for the home online. 2000, Complete Idiots Guide to E-commerce released on Amazon 2000,2001, Alibaba. com achieved profitability in December 2001
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Open Road Films
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Open Road Films is an American film production and distribution company based in Los Angeles, California. It was launched in March 2011 by the two largest U. S. theatrical exhibitors, AMC Theatres and Regal Entertainment Group. In March 2011, rival theater chains AMC Entertainment and Regal Entertainment Group announced the hiring of Tom Ortenberg as Chief Executive Officer of their new production company, Open Road Films. The studio released its first film, Killer Elite, on 23 September 2011, directed by Gary McKendry and starring Jason Statham, Clive Owen and Robert De Niro. Open Roads 2015 film Spotlight received six Academy Award nominations and became the winner for Best Picture at the 88th Academy Awards. These were the first Oscar wins for the company, in June 2011, a few months after it started operations, Open Road Films signed a pay-TV deal with Netflix, which expires in 2016. In October 2013, the signed a pay-TV deal with Showtime that begins in 2017. Open Road distributes their films to other countries as well, through another distributor originating in that country
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London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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