1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
U2
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U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono, the Edge, Adam Clayton, initially rooted in post-punk, U2s sound grew to incorporate influences from many genres of popular music, yet has maintained an anthemic sound. Their lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal themes, popular for their live performances, the group has staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career. The band formed at Mount Temple Comprehensive School in 1976 when the members were teenagers with limited musical proficiency, within four years, they signed with Island Records and released their debut album Boy. Subsequent work such as their first UK number-one album War, by the mid-1980s, they had become renowned globally for their live act, highlighted by their performance at Live Aid in 1985. The groups fifth album, The Joshua Tree, made them international superstars and was their greatest critical and commercial success. Topping music charts around the world, it produced their only number-one singles in the US, With or Without You, facing a backlash and creative stagnation, U2 reinvented themselves in the 1990s through a new musical direction and public image. This experimentation continued through their album, Pop, and the PopMart Tour. U2 regained critical and commercial favour with the records All That You Cant Leave Behind and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb and their U2 360° Tour of 2009–2011 is the highest-attended and highest-grossing concert tour in history. The groups thirteenth album, Songs of Innocence, was released at no cost through the iTunes Store, U2 have released 13 studio albums and are one of the worlds best-selling music artists of all time, having sold more than 170 million records worldwide. They have won 22 Grammy Awards, more than any other band, Rolling Stone ranked U2 at number 22 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. The band formed in Dublin on 25 September 1976, Larry Mullen Jr. then a 14-year-old student at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, posted a note on the schools notice board in search of musicians for a new band—six people responded. Mullen later described it as The Larry Mullen Band for about ten minutes, then Bono walked in and blew any chance I had of being in charge. Martin, who had brought his guitar and amplifier to the first practice but could not play, did not remain with the group, the group settled on the name Feedback because it was one of the few technical terms they knew. Most of their material consisted of cover songs, which the band admitted was not their forte. Some of the earliest influences on the band were emerging punk rock acts, such as the Jam, the Clash, Buzzcocks, the popularity of punk rock convinced the group that musical proficiency was not a prerequisite to being successful. In April 1977, Feedback played their first gig for an audience at St. Fintans High School. Shortly after, the changed their name to The Hype
3.
Windmill Lane Studios
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Windmill Lane Recording Studios is a 3-storey recording studio located at 20 Ringsend Road in Dublin, Ireland. Over the course of its history, it has been used by notable artists. The original site of the Windmill Lane Recording Studio remained a popular symbol for music fans due to the studio links with U2. It was originally used to record traditional Irish music, notably by Planxty, other bands, such as Thin Lizzy or The Boomtown Rats, went to London or further afield to record their albums. After U2 based themselves at the studios, Van Morrison, Sinéad OConnor, clannads hit Theme from Harrys Game was recorded at the studios, this song propelled the band and their singer Moya Brennan into international territories. Status Quo recorded two albums here in 1980, Just Supposin and Never Too Late, released in 1981, the studios were expanded in the 1980s under the supervision of Andy Munro of Munro Acoustics. Much of the work was specifically for U2s album The Joshua Tree. The original studio buildings were covered in graffiti from fans, who had paid pilgrimage from all over the world, the original location of the studios were recommended as a tourist attraction by publications such as The New York Times. However, this building has since been demolished. In the late 1980s, Windmill Lane Recording Studios relocated from its base on Windmill Lane road to its current location on Ringsend Road. The original Windmill Lane road site was bought by property companies Hibernia Reit in 2015 and it will be developed into offices, retail spaces and residential units, and is expected to be completed in 2017. International artists have made use of Windmill Lane Recording Studios, including the Rolling Stones, Status Quo, Kate Bush, Kylie Minogue. Elvis Costello, The Waterboys, The Spice Girls, Ed Sheeran, Ellie Goulding, Metallica, Norah Jones, Windmill Lane Recording Studios have become known as the U2 Studios due to the bands close connection with the studios. U2 albums to have fully or partially recorded at Windmill Lane Recording Studios include Boy, War, The Joshua Tree, Pop, All That You Cant Leave Behind. Orchestras regularly record their music at Windmill Lane Recording Studios, as it is the recording room in Ireland that can record an 80-piece orchestra apart from Radio Telefís Éireann. The scores to many movies have been recorded here, Mission Impossible, Syng Street, A Room with a View, The Remains of the Day, The Mask, the Grifters, My Left Foot, In America, and A River Runs Through It
4.
Rock music
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It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
5.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
Steve Lillywhite
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Stephen Alan Lillywhite, CBE is an English record producer. He has won six Grammy Awards, including the Producer of The Year in 2006, Lillywhite was born in Surrey, England. From 1984 to 1994 he was married to Kirsty MacColl, with whom he had two sons, Jamie and Louis and he has been married to Patricia Louise Galluzzi since 29 May 2004. He was made a Commander of the Order of The British Empire in 2012 for his contributions to music, Lillywhite entered the music industry in 1972, when he worked as a tape operator for Polygram. He produced a recording for Ultravox, which led to them being offered a recording contract with Island Records. Lillywhite soon joined Island as a producer, where he worked with many of the leading new wave musicians, including the guitarist Johnny Thunders for whom he produced a solo album. His first commercial success was with Siouxsie and the Banshees in August 1978, after producing their debut single and he also produced Ku Klux Klan, the first single that Steel Pulse released under Island Records in 1978. In February 1980 the Psychedelic Furs self-titled debut album was released, produced by Lillywhite and he also produced Peter Gabriels critically acclaimed third solo album Peter Gabriel, which was released in May 1980 and topped the UK album chart. It established Gabriel as one of rocks most ambitious, innovative musicians, during the recording of the album he pioneered the gated reverb drum sound which became a hallmark of Phil Collins solo career. Later in the year, Boy, the album of U2, was released, produced by Lillywhite. Lillywhites collaboration with U2 continued with the albums October and War, Lillywhite was also hired by Rush to produce their 1984 album, Grace Under Pressure but, much to their frustration, withdrew from the project to work with Simple Minds. In 1987 Lillywhite worked with the Pogues, producing Fairytale of New York and his wife, Kirsty MacColl, provided the lead female vocal for the song, which became the bands biggest hit. The single narrowly missed being the UK Christmas number one single, the song Cotton Fields, from the Pogues 1989 album Peace and Love, includes a reference to Steve Lillywhites drunken mix. During the 1990s, Lillywhite produced the platinum albums Under the Table and Dreaming, Crash. In 1991, he continued to produce Morrissey and co-produced songs from U2s Achtung Baby, working alongside Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois and Flood. That same year he returned to Dublin to produce Engine Alleys debut album entitled A Sonic Holiday, and Kirsty MacColl again provided additional vocals and he also produced albums by Travis and the debut by The Las. In 1996, he produced Phishs Billy Breathes, and he returned to produce Joy in 2009, lilywhite was featured as the subject for a BBC Radio 1 documentary series on record producers. In 1999, he produced the US band Gusters Lost and Gone Forever, in 2000, Lillywhite was fired from his fourth album by the Dave Matthews Band after band members cited creative differences
8.
October (U2 album)
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October is the second studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and released on 12 October 1981 on Island Records, inspired by Bonos, the Edges, and Larry Mullen Jr. s memberships in a Christian group called the Shalom Fellowship, the record features spiritual and religious themes. Their involvement with Shalom Fellowship led them to question the relationship between the Christian faith and the rock and roll lifestyle, and threatened to break up the group. After completing the Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material for October, just as they did for their debut album, Boy, from the previous year, the group recorded at Windmill Lane Studios with Lillywhite producing. The sessions were complicated by Bonos loss of a briefcase containing in-progress lyrics for the new songs, forcing a hurried, October was preceded by the release of lead single Fire in July 1981, while a second single, Gloria, coincided with the album release. The record received mixed reviews and limited radio play, in 2008, a remastered edition of October was released. After completing their Boy Tour in February 1981, U2 began to write new material and they wrote part of October during an extended sound check at First Avenue in Minneapolis. The band entered the studio in July 1981 to record October, the band already booked studio time through the end of August and thus had to continue recording in spite of this, even improvising lyrics on some songs. Bono said of the process of October, I remember the pressure it was made under, I remember writing lyrics on the microphone. Lillywhite was pacing up and down the studio, and the ironic thing about October is that theres a sort of peace about the album, even though it was recorded under that pressure. A lot of people found October hard to accept at first, I mean and its a powerful word, its lovely to say. Its implying more than get up and dance, baby, I think October goes into areas that most rock n roll bands ignore. When I listen to the album, something like Tomorrow, it moves me. The briefcase was recovered in October 2004, and Bono greeted its return as an act of grace. The record placed an emphasis on religion and spirituality, particularly in the songs Gloria, With a Shout, about the album, Bono declared in 2005, Can you imagine your second album—the difficult second album—its about God. The songs mainly refine U2s formula of riff-rockers with songs such as Gloria and Rejoice, in particular, guitarist The Edge incorporates piano in songs such as I Fall Down, Stranger In a Strange Land, Scarlet, and October. Tomorrow, a lament to Bonos mother, who died when he was young, borrows the riff from Cry, an older song the band has used as an introduction to The Electric Co. live. October was released on 12 October 1981, both of the albums two singles preceded the albums release, Fire and Gloria were released as singles in July and October 1981, respectively
9.
Under a Blood Red Sky
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Under a Blood Red Sky is a live album by Irish rock band U2, produced by Jimmy Iovine and released in 1983. Along with its companion film, U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky. The album consists of recordings from three shows on the bands War Tour, from Colorado and Boston in the US and from Germany. An accompanying concert video entitled U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky was released the following year, unlike the album, the film was recorded entirely at the outdoor Red Rocks Amphitheatre on 5 June 1983. The bands performance of Sunday Bloody Sunday from the film has been cited as one of Rolling Stones 50 Moments that Changed the History of Rock, the title is taken from the lyrics of the song New Years Day, originally released on U2s War album. The album was re-released on 29 September 2008 as a remastered CD with a DVD of the Red Rocks concert, all tracks written by U2, with lyrics by Bono. Notes During the performance of The Electric Co, Bono included a 27-second snippet of Stephen Sondheims Send in the Clowns. When Under a Blood Red Sky was released, U2 failed to get permission and pay the appropriate licensing and royalty fees to include that piece of Sondheims tune on the album. When Sondheim objected, U2 agreed to pay a $50,000 penalty for the unauthorized use and to press all future releases with a new version that did not include the snippet. Essentially, there are now two versions of the album, the original with the full The Electric Co. running 5,18. However, the various CDs pressed around the world all vary in the versions of the song that are included, the trifold digipack CD pressed in the U. S. correctly lists The Electric Co. at 4,51 and contains the edited version of the song. Later U. S. CD pressings in the jewel box format incorrectly list The Electric Co. at 5,18. Some, and perhaps all, European pressings of the CD correctly list The Electric Co. at 5,18 and have the version of the song. An Australian pressing of the CD lists the track at 4,57, the remastered editions all contain the edited version of the song
10.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
11.
Two Hearts Beat as One
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Two Hearts Beat as One is a song by rock band U2. It is the track on their 1983 album, War. Two Hearts Beat as One features a bassline by Adam Clayton and achieved moderate success as a single in the UK. Unlike the other videos from the album, it has never included on any of the bands video compilations. It was released as the second single in the US, UK and Australia, as opposed to Sunday Bloody Sunday. Both singles were released in Japan, the song was first played in concert on 26 February 1983, at the first show of the War Tour and was played at almost all concerts on that tour. On the second leg of the War Tour, Two Hearts Beat as One began to follow Surrender and this transition survived to the Unforgettable Fire Tour. However, on the leg of the Unforgettable Fire Tour, Two Hearts Beat as One was separated from Surrender. Its last tour appearance on 29 April 1985, in Atlanta and it made a further subsequent appearance when it was performed as part of the encore at a Lovetown Tour concert on 27 December 1989, in the Point Depot, Dublin. The song was not played again for 25 years until a New York concert during the Innocence + Experience Tour. A live performance of the song at Red Rocks Amphitheatre appears on the DVD release of the concert film Live at Red Rocks, list of covers of U2 songs – Two Hearts Beat as One Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
12.
Sunday Bloody Sunday
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Sunday Bloody Sunday is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the track from their 1983 album War and was released as the albums third single on 11 March 1983 in Germany. Sunday Bloody Sunday is noted for its militaristic drumbeat, harsh guitar, along with New Years Day, the song helped U2 reach a wider listening audience. It was generally received by critics on the albums release. The song has remained a staple of U2s live concerts, during its earliest performances, the song created controversy. Lead singer Bono reasserted the songs message to his audience for many years. Today, it is considered one of U2s signature songs, and is one of the bands most performed tracks, critics rate it among the best political protest songs, and it has been covered by over a dozen artists. It was named the 272nd-greatest song by Rolling Stone on their list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, Sunday Bloody Sunday grew from a guitar riff and lyric written by the Edge in 1982. While newlyweds Bono and Ali Hewson honeymooned in Jamaica, the Edge worked in Ireland on music for the upcoming album. Following an argument with his girlfriend, and a period of doubt in his own song-writing abilities, channelled fear and frustration and self-loathing into a piece of music. This early draft did not yet have a title or chorus melody, after Bono had reworked the lyrics, the band recorded the song at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin. During the sessions, producer Steve Lillywhite encouraged drummer Larry Mullen, Jr. to use a click track, a chance meeting with Andy Newmark – a drummer who used a click track religiously – changed Mullens mind. The opening drum pattern soon developed into the songs hook, a local violinist, Steve Wickham, approached the Edge one morning at a bus stop and asked if U2 had any need for a violin on their next album. In the studio for half a day, Wickhams electric violin became the final instrumental contribution to the song. The direct impetus for the lyrics was an encounter with IRA supporters in New York City, as a promotional gimmick, U2 manager Paul McGuinness had made arrangements for the band to appear in the 1982 St. Patricks Day parade. However, he found that there was a possibility that Bobby Sands. As they felt that the IRAs tactics were prolonging the fighting in Northern Ireland, McGuinness, McGuinness met with one of the parades organizers in a New York bar to arrange the cancellation, and ended up in a heated debate about the IRA. McGuinness recalled, He kept telling me to keep my voice down, the place was full of New York policemen - Irish cops - and he thought I was going to get us killed
13.
40 (song)
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40, also known as 40, is the tenth and final track from U2s 1983 album, War. The song is noted for its performances, often involving the audience singing along for minutes after the band has left the stage. The lyrics are a modification of the Bibles Psalm 40, the song was released as a commercial single only in Germany, simply to promote U2s appearance at the Loreley Festival in 1983. The single was released on a 7 gramophone record with a B-side of the version of Two Hearts Beat as One. Since its live debut on February 26,1983, in Dundee,40 has been a staple of U2s live concerts, the song was recorded right at the end of the recording sessions for War. Bassist Adam Clayton had already left the studio, and the three remaining members decided they didnt have a good song to end the album. Bono, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr. quickly recorded the song with The Edge switching off to both the electric and bass guitar, bono called the song 40 as he based the lyrics on Psalm 40. When we were making our third record, the War LP, we were being thrown out of the studio by the manager because we had overrun or something. The first verse of the song is based on Psalm 40, 1-2, the chorus is loosely based on the first two verses of Psalm 40,3, which reads He put a new song in my mouth, a song of praise to our God. 40 debuted live on February 26,1983, in Dundee as the song of the show. It became very popular as a closer, and between its debut and January 10,1990, there were roughly only twenty tour concerts that did not feature 40 as the closing song. The crowd would continue to chant the refrain of How long. to sing this song. Even after the band had left the stage, Live performances of the song are included on the live album Under a Blood Red Sky and the concert film Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky. During the U2 360° Tour, it was snippeted in Pittsburgh and was revived on the last night of that tour in Moncton and it is U2s fifteenth most performed live song, or twelfth most performed if snippets are included in its total. The song made its Innocence + Experience Tour debut on 27 May 2015 in Inglewood and this song has intermittently been played on tour as the closing song. 40 –2,35 Two Hearts Beat as One –4,02 This is the only single release. The song was titled 40 for this release, list of covers of U2 songs -4040 Lyrics – Lyrics to the song
14.
Bono
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Paul David Hewson, known by his stage name Bono, is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician, venture capitalist, businessman, and philanthropist. He is best known as the lead vocalist of rock band U2, Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, frequently using religious, social, during U2s early years, his lyrics contributed to their rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with the other members, Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised for his activism and involvement with U2, together with Bill and Melinda Gates, Bono was named Time Person of the Year in 2005, among other awards and nominations. Bono was born in the Rotunda Hospital, Dublin, on 10 May 1960. He was raised in the Northside suburb of Finglas with his brother by their mother, Iris, a member of the Church of Ireland, and their father, Brendan Robert Bob Hewson and his parents initially agreed that the first child would be raised Anglican and the second Catholic. Although Bono was the child, he also attended Church of Ireland services with his mother and brother. He went to the local primary Glasnevin National School, Bonos mother died on 10 September 1974, after suffering a cerebral aneurysm at her fathers funeral. Many U2 songs, including I Will Follow, Mofo, Out of Control, Lemon, Bono attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, a multi-denominational school in Clontarf. During his childhood and adolescence, Bono and his friends were part of a surrealist street gang called Lypton Village, Bono met one of his closest friends, Guggi, in Lypton Village. The gang had a ritual of nickname-giving, Bono had several names, first, he was Steinhegvanhuysenolegbangbangbang, then just Huyseman, followed by Houseman, Bon Murray, Bono Vox of OConnell Street, and finally just Bono. Bono Vox is an alteration of Bonavox, a Latin phrase which translates to good voice and it is said he was nicknamed Bono Vox by his friend Gavin Friday. He initially disliked the name, however, when he learned it translated to good voice, Hewson has been known as Bono since the late 1970s. Although he uses Bono as his name, close family and friends also refer to him as Bono. After he left school, his father Bob Hewson, told him he could live at home for one year but if he was not able to pay his own way, Bono is married to Alison Hewson. The couple have four children, daughters Jordan and Memphis Eve and sons Elijah Bob Patricius Guggi Q, Bono is almost never seen in public without sunglasses, as he suffers from glaucoma
15.
Boy (album)
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Boy is the debut studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was produced by Steve Lillywhite, and was released on 20 October 1980 on Island Records and it contains many songs from the bands 40-song catalogue at the time, including two tracks that were re-recorded from their original versions on the bands debut release, the EP Three. The album was slated to be produced by Martin Hannett, who produced the bands first single for Island,11 OClock Tick Tock. Boy was recorded from July–September 1980 at Dublins Windmill Lane Studios and it was also their first time working with Lillywhite. He employed unorthodox production techniques, such as recording Mullens drums in a stairwell, the band found Lillywhite to be very encouraging and creative, and he subsequently became a frequent producer of their recorded work. Thematically, the lyrics reflected on adolescence, innocence, and the passage into adulthood, Boy received generally positive reviews and included U2s first single to receive airplay on US radio, I Will Follow. It peaked at number 52 in the UK and number 63 in the US, the albums release was followed by the groups first tour of continental Europe and the US, the Boy Tour. In 2003, the album was included at number 417 on Rolling Stones list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, in 2008, a remastered edition of Boy was released. Originally, Joy Division producer Martin Hannett was penciled in to produce the album, Boy was recorded at Windmill Lane Studios in Dublin from July to September 1980, with Steve Lillywhite producing. Lillywhite had first come to prominence for his work on the 1978s debut single of Siouxsie, U2, who listened to Siouxsie and the Banshees, used Lillywhites skills to add the distinctive glockenspiel part on I Will Follow. The drums were recorded in the stairwell of the reception area due to Lillywhites desire to achieve this wonderful clattery sound. They had to wait until the receptionist went home in the evenings as the phone rang through the day, some of the songs, including An Cat Dubh and The Ocean, were written and recorded at the studio. Many of the songs were taken from the bands 40-song repertoire at the time, including Stories for Boys, Out of Control, guitarist the Edge recorded all the songs using his natural stained Gibson Explorer. He drew inspiration from music he was listening to at the time, including Television and Siouxsie, I Will Follow focused on the trauma of the early death of Bonos mother when he was a young teenager. Boy was originally released on 20 October 1980, the model boy on the cover is Peter Rowen (brother of Bonos friend, Guggi. He also appeared on the covers of Three, War, The Best of 1980–1990, the photographer, Hugo McGuiness, and the sleeve designer, Steve Averill, went on to work on several more U2 album covers. The image was changed to a picture of the band for the American and Canadian release. Sandy Porter is credited as the photographer for the American cover, however, the photo of Rowen appeared on the inner sleeve of the album in the US and Canada
16.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
17.
Thriller (Michael Jackson album)
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Thriller is the sixth studio album by American singer Michael Jackson, released on November 30,1982 by Epic Records. The follow-up to Jacksons successful previous album, Off the Wall, Thriller explores genres similar to those of its predecessor, including pop, post-disco, rock and funk. Recording sessions for Thriller took place from April to November 1982 at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, Quincy Jones produced the album, while Jackson wrote four of its nine songs. In just over a year, Thriller became—and currently remains—the worlds best-selling album and it is the best-selling album in the United States and the first album to be certified 33x multi-platinum, having shipped 33 million album-equivalent units. Thriller is also the best selling album ever in Europe, with sales of over 17 million copies, the album won a record-breaking number of eight Grammy Awards in 1984, including Album of the Year. Seven singles were released from the album, all of which reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Thriller also enabled Jackson to break racial barriers in pop music, via his appearances on MTV. The album was one of the first to use music videos as successful promotional tools, and that same year the album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, along with Jacksons Off the Wall album. In 2012, Slant Magazine placed Thriller at number one on its list of Best Albums of the 1980s, in 2003, Rolling Stone placed the album at number 20 on their list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The album was listed by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers at number three on its list of the Definitive 200 albums of all time, Jacksons previous album Off the Wall received strong critical acclaim and was also a commercial success, eventually selling over 20 million copies worldwide. The years between Off the Wall and Thriller were a period for the singer, a time of increasing independence. The period saw the singer become deeply unhappy, Jackson explained, Even at home, I sit in my room sometimes and cry. Its so hard to make friends, I sometimes walk around the neighborhood at night, just hoping to find someone to talk to. But I just end up coming home, when Jackson turned 21 in August 1979, he hired John Branca as his manager. Jackson confided in Branca that he wanted to be the biggest star in show business and the wealthiest. The singer was upset about what he perceived to be the under-performance of Off the Wall, stating, It was totally unfair that it didnt get Record of the Year, someday those magazines are going to be begging me for an interview. Maybe Ill give them one, and maybe I wont, Jackson reunited with Off the Wall producer Quincy Jones to record his sixth studio album. The pair worked together on 30 songs, nine of which were eventually included, Thriller was recorded at Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles, California, with a production budget of $750,000
18.
Rolling Stone
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Rolling Stone is an American biweekly magazine that focuses on popular culture. It was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner, who is still the publisher. It was first known for its coverage and for political reporting by Hunter S. Thompson. In the 1990s, the magazine shifted focus to a readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors. In recent years, it has resumed its traditional mix of content, Rolling Stone magazine was founded in San Francisco in 1967 by Jann Wenner and Ralph Gleason. To get it off the ground, Wenner borrowed $7,500 from his own family and from the parents of his soon-to-be wife, Jane Schindelheim. The first issue carried a date of November 9,1967. Some authors have attributed the name solely to Dylans hit single, At Gleasons suggestion, Rolling Stone initially identified with and reported the hippie counterculture of the era. In the very first edition, Wenner wrote that Rolling Stone is not just about the music, in the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazines political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005. In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Patti Smith. It was at point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories. One interviewer, speaking for a number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus. In 1977, the magazine moved its headquarters from San Francisco to New York City, editor Jann Wenner said San Francisco had become a cultural backwater. During the 1980s, the magazine began to shift towards being an entertainment magazine. Music was still a dominant topic, but there was increasing coverage of celebrities in television, films, the magazine also initiated its annual Hot Issue during this time. Rolling Stone was initially known for its coverage and for Thompsons political reporting. In the 1990s, the changed its format to appeal to a younger readership interested in youth-oriented television shows, film actors
19.
The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time
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The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time is a 2003 special issue of American magazine Rolling Stone, and a related book published in 2005. The lists presented were compiled based on votes from selected rock musicians, critics, and industry figures, and predominantly feature American and British music from the 1960s and the 1970s. In 2012, Rolling Stone published an edition of the list drawing on the original. It was made available in bookazine format on newsstands in the US from April 27 to July 25, the new list contained 38 albums not present in the previous one,16 of them released after 2003. The accounting firm Ernst & Young devised a point system to weigh votes for 1,600 submitted titles, the list includes a few compilations, and greatest hits collections. The following authors contributed to the made of each album, An amended list was released in book form in 2005. The Complete Recordings would be reinstated to the list in the 2012 edition. E. M, the Rolling Stone 500 has also been criticised for being male-dominated, outmoded and almost entirely Anglo-American in focus. Following the publicity surrounding the list, rock critic Jim DeRogatis and this featured a number of generally younger critics arguing against the high evaluation of various great albums, some of which had been included in the list, including DeRogatis taking on Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, which had been Rolling Stones top choice
20.
War Tour
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The War Tour was a concert tour by the Irish rock band U2, which took place in 1982 and 1983 in support of the groups third album War. The tour took place in Western Europe, the United States, venues were mostly halls, but some arenas were introduced later on. U2s performances were well received both critically and commercially, especially in the United States where U2 broke through to become a major act. Scenes of lead singer Bono waving a flag during the song Sunday Bloody Sunday became an emblematic image of this phase of U2s career. It was their first tour as full-time headlining act and their first to be profitable, the live album Under a Blood Red Sky and the concert film U2 Live at Red Rocks, Under a Blood Red Sky both originated from performances on the tour. These shows generally featured three songs from the upcoming album – Sunday Bloody Sunday, New Years Day, and Surrender. If you dont like it, well never play it again, the reception was positive, and the song stayed in. Subsequent introductions would explicitly clarify the purpose, This song is not a rebel song. On 26 February 1983 at Caird Hall in Dundee, Scotland, the band played 29 shows and three television appearances in Scotland, England, and Wales, ending on 3 April with a single continental show at the Printemps de Bourges in Bourges, France. Three or four songs from War were added to these set lists, including Two Hearts Beat As One. The War Tour was U2s first as a headlining act. Most of the venues were colleges and smaller auditoriums, but they played a few shows, such as at the Centrum in Worcester, Massachusetts. Many of the featured the Welsh band The Alarm as the opening act. The festival was broadcast live on MTV, the performance climaxed in a grand finale where Bono scaled the proscenium of the US festivals huge stage while singing the song The Electric Co. ending up about 100 feet above the ground. A steady rain and the surreal, torch-lit natural beauty of the combined to present U2s performance in the most dramatic of contexts. Frequently shown on MTV, the video helped to expand the bands American audience. The album used performances culled from the Red Rocks show as well as a 6 May show in Bostons Orpheum Theatre, the Orpheum Theatre performance was also recorded and broadcast on the King Biscuit Flower Hour syndicated radio program. U2 then played at 5 outdoor summer festivals in Western Europe in July and August
21.
Ali Hewson
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Alison Ali Hewson is an Irish activist and businesswoman. She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson, known as Bono, raised in Raheny, she met her future husband at a young age at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and married him in 1982. She was awarded a degree in politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989, the couple have four children together and live at residences in Ireland, France, and the United States. She has inspired several U2 songs, most famously Sweetest Thing, Hewson became involved in anti-nuclear activism in the 1990s. She narrated Black Wind, White Land, a 1993 Irish documentary about the effects of the Chernobyl disaster. She has been a patron of Chernobyl Childrens Project International since 1994 and has participated in a number of aid missions to the exclusion zones of Belarus. She has also campaigned against Sellafield, the northern English nuclear facility, in 2002 she helped lead an effort which sent more than a million postcards, urging the site be closed, to Prime Minister Tony Blair and others. Hewson has repeatedly been discussed by tabloid newspapers as a candidate for political offices. None of these suggestions have come to fruition, Hewson is the co-founder of two ethical businesses, the EDUN fashion line in 2005 and Nude Skincare products in 2007. The former, intended to promote trade with Africa, has struggled to become a viable business. French conglomerate LVMH has made investments into both companies. Alison Stewart was born on 23 March 1961, the daughter of Terry and she has an older brother, Ian, and nephew, aspiring model Ross Stewart, who both live in Australia. The Stewart family, who resided in the suburb of Raheny on Dublins Northside and her father was a self-educated electrical worker who, according to Hewson, was constantly questioning things. Her mother, who was a housewife, had a career in mind for her daughter. Alison studied at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, at the age of twelve, she met Paul Hewson, who was in the year above at the school. He pursued her immediately, but she kept her distance. In September 1974, Pauls mother Iris died suddenly, leaving him emotionally adrift, soon after, Alison began taking care of Paul, cleaning his clothes, walking to school with him, and cooking for him. In September 1976, Paul met the members of what would become U2, the band members adopted nicknames
22.
Jamaica
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Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
23.
Solidarity (Polish trade union)
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Solidarity is a Polish labour union that was founded on 17 September 1980 at the Lenin Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by a communist party and its membership reached 9.5 million members before its September 1981 Congress, which constituted one third of the total working-age population of Poland. In the 1980s, Solidarity was a broad social movement, using the methods of civil resistance to advance the causes of workers rights. In the unions clandestine years, the Pope and the United States provided significant financial support, the round table talks between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to semi-free elections in 1989. By the end of August, a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed, in December 1990, Wałęsa was elected President of Poland. Since then Solidarity has become a traditional, liberal trade union. Its membership had dropped to 680,000 by 2010 and 400,000 by 2011, in the 1970s Polands government raised food prices while wage stagnated. This led to the June 1976 protests and subsequent government crackdown on dissent, groups like the KOR and ROPCIO began to form underground networks to monitor and oppose the governments abusive behavior. Labour unions formed an important part of this network, in 1979, the Polish economy shrank for the first time since World War II by 2 percent. The foreign debt reached around $18 billion by 1980, for participation in the illegal trade union, Anna Walentynowicz was fired from work at the Gdańsk Shipyard on 7 August 1980,5 months before she was due to retire. This management decision enraged the workers of the Shipyard, who staged a strike action on 14 August defending Anna Walentynowicz, Anna Waletynowicz and Alina Pienkowska transformed a strike over bread and butter issues into a solidarity strike in sympathy with other striking establishments. Solidarity emerged on 31 August 1980 in Gdańsk at the Lenin Shipyards when the communist government of Poland signed the agreement allowing for its existence, on 17 September 1980, over 20 Inter-factory Founding Committees of free trade unions merged at the congress into one national organization NSZZ Solidarity. It officially registered on 10 November 1980, Wałęsa and others formed a broad anti-Soviet social movement ranging from people associated with the Catholic Church to members of the anti-Soviet left. Solidarity advocated non-violence in its members activities, in September 1981 Solidaritys first national congress elected Wałęsa as a president and adopted a republican program, the Self-governing Republic. The government attempted to destroy the union with the law of 1981 and several years of repression. In Poland, the Roundtable Talks between the government and Solidarity-led opposition led to elections in 1989. By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed, since 1989 Solidarity has become a more traditional trade union, and had relatively little impact on the political scene of Poland in the early 1990s. A political arm founded in 1996 as Solidarity Electoral Action won the election in 1997
24.
The Edge
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David Howell Evans, better known by his stage name The Edge, is an Irish musician and songwriter best known as the lead guitarist, keyboardist and backing vocalist of the rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with the band as well as one solo record, as a guitarist, the Edge has crafted a minimalistic and textural style of playing. His use of a delay effect yields a distinctive ambient. The Edge was born in England to a Welsh family, and was raised in Ireland after the Evans family moved there, in 1976, at Mount Temple Comprehensive School he formed a band with his fellow students and elder brother Dik that would evolve into U2. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements and they eventually became one of the most successful acts in popular music, with albums such as 1987s The Joshua Tree and 1991s Achtung Baby. With U2, the Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record Zooropa, the Edge met his second and current wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band. As a member of U2 and as an individual, the Edge has campaigned for human rights and he co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. Several music publications have ranked the Edge among the greatest guitarists of all time, david Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital, in the County of Essex in England, on 8 August 1961. He is the child of Welsh parents Garvin and Gwenda Evans, who originated in Llanelli. Garvin was an engineer who worked for the electricity board. The Edge has an elder brother Richard and a sister called Gillian. He received his formal education at St Andrews National School, Malahide. As a child he received piano and guitar lessons. Among the several other pupils who also responded to the note were Bono and this band went through a number of versions before becoming known as U2 in March 1978. U2 began its public life in small venues in Dublin in 1977. In December 1979 they performed their first concerts outside Ireland, in London and their debut album Boy was released in 1980. In 1981, leading up to the October Tour, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, during this period he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers, in which bandmates Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved. Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music later became Sunday Bloody Sunday
25.
Provisional Irish Republican Army
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It was the biggest and most active republican paramilitary group during the Troubles. It saw itself as the successor to the original IRA and called simply the Irish Republican Army. It was also referred to as such by others. The Provisional IRA emerged in December 1969, following a split in the republican movement, the IRA initially focused on defence, but it began an offensive campaign in 1971. The IRAs primary goal was to force the British to negotiate a withdrawal from Northern Ireland and it used guerrilla tactics against the British Army and RUC in both rural and urban areas. It also carried out a campaign in Northern Ireland and England against what it saw as political. The IRA called a ceasefire in July 1997, after Sinn Féin was re-admitted into the Northern Ireland peace talks. It supported the 1998 Good Friday Agreement and in 2005 it disarmed under international supervision, the campaign was supported by arms and funding from Libya and from some Irish American groups. As a result, the IRA launched a new strategy known as the Long War and this saw them conduct a war of attrition against the British and increased emphasis on political activity, via the political party Sinn Féin. The success of the 1981 Irish hunger strike in mobilising support and winning elections led to the Armalite and ballot box strategy, with more time, the British demand was quickly dropped after the May 1997 general election in the UK. The IRA ceasefire was reinstated in July 1997 and Sinn Féin was admitted into all-party talks. The IRAs armed campaign, primarily in Northern Ireland but also in England and mainland Europe, the dead included around 1,100 members of the British security forces, and about 640 civilians. The IRA itself lost 275–300 members and an estimated 10,000 imprisoned at times over the 30-year period. The organisation remains classified as a proscribed terrorist group in the UK, two small groups split from the Provisional IRA, the Continuity IRA in 1986, and the Real IRA in 1997. Both reject the Good Friday Agreement and continue to engage in paramilitary activity and this new IRA group is estimated by Police Service of Northern Ireland intelligence sources to have between 250 and 300 active militants and many more supporting associates. The Provisional IRA was organised hierarchically, at the top of the organisation was the IRA Army Council, headed by the IRA Chief of Staff. All levels of the organisation were entitled to send delegates to IRA General Army Conventions, the GAC was the IRAs supreme decision-making authority. Since 1969, there have only three, in 1970,1986, and 2005, owing to the difficulty in organising such a large gathering of an illegal organisation in secret
26.
Ulster Defence Association
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The Ulster Defence Association is the largest Ulster loyalist paramilitary and vigilante group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in September 1971 and undertook a campaign of almost twenty-four years during the Troubles, for most of this time it was a legal organisation. Its declared goal was to defend Ulster Protestant loyalist areas and to combat Irish republicanism, in the 1970s, uniformed UDA members openly patrolled these areas armed with batons and held large marches and rallies. Within the UDA was a group tasked with launching paramilitary attacks, the British government outlawed the UFF in November 1973, but the UDA itself was not proscribed as a terrorist group until August 1992. The UDA/UFF was responsible for more than 400 deaths, the vast majority of its victims were Irish Catholic civilians, killed at random, in what the group called retaliation for IRA actions or attacks on Protestants. High-profile attacks carried out by the group include the Milltown massacre, the Sean Graham bookmakers shooting, the Castlerock killings, most of its attacks were in Northern Ireland, but from 1972 onward it also carried out bombings in the Republic of Ireland. The UDA/UFF declared a ceasefire in 1994 and ended its campaign in 2007, the other main loyalist paramilitary group during the conflict was the Ulster Volunteer Force. All three groups are Proscribed Organisations in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000, the Ulster Defence Association emerged from a series of meetings during the middle of 1971 of loyalist vigilante groups called defence associations. The largest of these were the Shankill and Woodvale Defence Associations, with groups based in East Belfast. The first meeting was chaired by Billy Hull, with Alan Moon as its vice-chair, Moon was quickly replaced by Jim Anderson and had left the organisation by the time of its formal launch in September. Its most prominent early spokesperson was Tommy Herron, however, Andy Tyrie would emerge as soon after. Its original motto was Cedenta Arma Togae and it was an organisation until it was banned by the British Government on 10 August 1992. At its peak of strength it held around forty thousand members, the UDA enforced this general strike through widespread intimidation across Northern Ireland. The strike was led by VUPP Assemblyman and UDA member, Glenn Barr, the UDA were often referred to as Wombles by their rivals, mainly the Ulster Volunteer Force. The name is derived from the fictional creatures The Wombles. Its headquarters is in Gawn Street, off the Newtownards Road in east Belfast, and its current motto is Quis Separabit, the UDA had several womens units, which acted independent of each other. Although they occasionally helped man roadblocks, the units were typically involved in local community work and responsible for the assembly. This was a source of pride for the UDA, the first womens unit was founded on the Shankill Road by Wendy Bucket Millar, whose sons Herbie and James Sham Millar would later become prominent UDA members
27.
Violin
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The violin is a wooden string instrument in the violin family. It is the smallest and highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use, smaller violin-type instruments are known, including the violino piccolo and the kit violin, but these are virtually unused in the 2010s. The violin typically has four strings tuned in fifths, and is most commonly played by drawing a bow across its strings. Violins are important instruments in a variety of musical genres. They are most prominent in the Western classical tradition and in varieties of folk music. They are also used in genres of folk including country music and bluegrass music. Electric violins are used in forms of rock music, further. The violin is sometimes called a fiddle, particularly in Irish traditional music and bluegrass. The violin was first known in 16th-century Italy, with further modifications occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Europe it served as the basis for stringed instruments used in classical music, the viola. According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, many of these trade instruments were formerly sold by Sears, Roebuck and Co. and other mass merchandisers. A person who makes or repairs violins is called a luthier or violinmaker, the parts of a violin are usually made from different types of wood and on the use of a pickup and an amplifier and speaker). Violins can be strung with gut, Perlon or other synthetic, the earliest stringed instruments were mostly plucked. Similar and variant types were probably disseminated along East-West trading routes from Asia into the Middle East, the first makers of violins probably borrowed from various developments of the Byzantine lira. These included the rebec, the Arabic rebab, the vielle, the earliest pictures of violins, albeit with three strings, are seen in northern Italy around 1530, at around the same time as the words violino and vyollon are seen in Italian and French documents. One of the earliest explicit descriptions of the instrument, including its tuning, is from the Epitome musical by Jambe de Fer, by this time, the violin had already begun to spread throughout Europe. The violin proved very popular, both among street musicians and the nobility, the French king Charles IX ordered Andrea Amati to construct 24 violins for him in 1560, one of these noble instruments, the Charles IX, is the oldest surviving violin. The Messiah or Le Messie made by Antonio Stradivari in 1716 remains pristine and it is now located in the Ashmolean Museum of Oxford
28.
Steve Wickham
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Steve Wickham is an Irish musician. He is a member of The Waterboys. Wickham plays both rock and roll and traditional Irish music, and has developed a rock music technique for violin he calls the fuzz fiddle, Wickham is also accomplished with the mandolin, tin whistle, concertina, saxophone, piano, guitar and bones. He identifies Lou Reed, Van Morrison, Toni Marcus, and Mozart as musical influences, amongst others and he is described by Mike Scott as the worlds greatest rock fiddle player and by New Musical Express as a fiddling legend. Scott invited Wickham to participate in The Waterboys after hearing his work on an OConnor demo tape at Wallingers studio, Wickham contributed his fiddle to the song The Pan Within on The Waterboys This Is the Sea. After the album was released, Wallinger left The Waterboys and Wickham joined the group officially, Wickham invited Scott to move The Waterboys to Dublin, Ireland in 1986. Wickhams influence and the new environment resulted in the traditional Irish music, in 1990, Wickham, preferring an acoustic sound over rock, disagreed with Scott and Anthony Thistlethwaite over the direction of The Waterboys, and the group disbanded. Scott reformed the band seven years later, Wickham appeared as a guest at some Waterboys concerts in Dublin in 2000, and, according to Scott it felt so good he re-joined the band. The Waterboys now continue to record music and tour, with Wickham as a prominent member, Wickham also regularly performs with the Sligo Early Music Ensemble. Wickham has experimented with a technique he calls fuzz fiddle, partially inspired by rock fiddler Warren Ellis, Wickhams first attempt at a distorted rock fiddle sound was with a band named Juggler, which existed between 1978 and 1981. Wickham fed his fiddle through a distortion pedal, but disliked the amount of feedback. While attending a Nick Cave concert with Scott, Wickham observed Ellis use a fiddle with a fuzz pedal successfully, Wickham, after experimenting with some combinations, settled upon an amplifier, fiddle and pedal combination he was pleased with, and the fuzz-fiddle was reborn. Wickham has used the technique for The Waterboys song Is She Conscious, a cover of Bruce Springsteens Independence Day and, in a nod to Jimi Hendrixs version of The Star Spangled Banner, has also used it in a performance of Amhrán na bhFiann. Wickham has performed on albums as a guest or band member. His first solo album, Geronimo was released in 2004, the album is named after Wickhams name for his beloved violin
29.
Bus stop
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A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to board or alight from a bus. These are normally positioned on the highway and are distinct from off-highway facilities such as bus stations, the construction of bus stops tends to reflect the level of usage. Stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating, and possibly electronic passenger information systems, less busy stops may use a simple pole, Bus stops may be clustered together into transport hubs allowing interchange between routes from nearby stops and with other public transport modes. Certain stops may be restricted to discharge/set-down only or pick-up only, some stops may be designated as timing points, and if the vehicle is ahead of schedule it will wait there to ensure correct synchronization with the timetable. In dense urban areas where bus volumes are high, skip-stops are sometimes used to increase efficiency, fare stages may also be defined by the location of certain stops in distance or zone-based fare collection systems. Sunday stops are close to a church and used only on Sundays, the first ever recorded bus stop was in Bishops Stortford and was believed to be constructed in 1890, linking Bishops Stortford to the town of Colchester. Bus stop infrastructure ranges from a pole and sign, to a rudimentary shelter. The usual minimum is a pole mounted flag with suitable name/symbol, Bus stop shelters may have a full or partial roof, supported by a two, three or four sided construction. The construction may feature advertising, from simple posters, to complex illuminated, some installations have also included interactive advertising. The stop may include separate street furniture such as a bench, lighting, individual bus stops may simply be placed on the sidewalk next to the roadway, although they can also be placed to facilitate use of a busway. More complex installations can include construction of a bus turnout or a bus bulb, for traffic management reasons, several bus stops may be grouped together to facilitate easy transfer between routes. These may be arranged in a row along the street. Groups of bus stops may be integral to transportation hubs, with extra facilities such as a waiting room or ticket office, outside groupings of bus stops can be classed as a rudimentary bus station. In certain areas, the area of road next the bus stop may be specially marked, often, car drivers can be unaware of the legal implications of stopping or parking in a bus-stop. In bus rapid transit systems, bus stops may be more elaborate than street bus stops and these may have enclosed areas to allow off-bus fare collection for rapid boarding, and be spaced further apart like tram stops. Bus stops on a bus transit line may also have a more complex construction allowing level boarding platforms. Most bus stops are identified with a sign attached to a pole or light standard. Some stops are plastic strips strapped on to poles and others involve a sign attached to a bus shelter, the signs are often identified with a picture of a bus and/or with the words bus stop
30.
Larry Mullen Jr.
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Laurence Joseph Larry Mullen Jr. is an Irish musician and actor, best known as the drummer of the Irish rock band U2. A member of the band since its inception, he has recorded 13 studio albums with U2, Mullen was born and raised in Dublin, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School, where, in 1976, he co-founded U2 after posting a message on the schools notice board. His drumming style developed from his playing martial beats in a marching band. Some of his most famous contributions to the U2 catalogue include Sunday Bloody Sunday, Pride, Where the Streets Have No Name, Zoo Station, Mysterious Ways, through his work with U2, Mullen has received 22 Grammy Awards. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked Mullen the 96th-greatest drummer of all time, as a member of the band, he has been involved in philanthropic causes throughout his career, including Amnesty International. He has sporadically acted in films, most notably in Man on the Train and his father was a civil servant and his mother a homemaker. He has a sister, Cecilia, and had a younger sister. He attended the School of Music in Chatham Row to learn piano at the age of eight and, then, began drumming in 1971, at the age of 9, after Joes death, Bonnies daughter, Monica, took over from him. But Mullen gave up the lessons and started playing by himself and his mother died in a car accident in 1976. Mullen lost interest again and left the band after they asked him to cut his shoulder-length hair and he saved money and his father helped him out to buy a drum kit made by a Japanese toy company, which was for sale by a friend of his sister Cecilia. He set up the kit in his bedroom and his parents gave him certain times to practice, then his father got him into the Post Office Workers Band, which played orchestral melodies with percussion, along with marching band standards. He attended Scoil Colmcille, Marlborough Street, Dublin and he took the exams for Chanel College and St. Pauls, two Catholic schools his father wanted his son to attend. Mullens father suggested that he place a notice on the Mount Temple bulletin board, U2 was founded on 25 September 1976 in Mullens kitchen in Artane. McCormick and Martin soon left, and the name was changed to The Hype. Just before they won a talent contest in Limerick, Ireland, they changed their name again, for the time, to U2 at a farewell concert for Dik Evans. Mullen left school in 1978, having taken his Intermediate Certificate exams, the school offered him the chance to complete his Leaving Certificate exams. He and his sister Cecelia worked for an American company in Dublin, Mullen worked there for a year in the purchasing department, with the prospect of becoming a computer programmer in their geology section. In 2016, Rolling Stone ranked Mullen the 96th-greatest drummer of all time, when the band was first being signed to CBS Records, they refused to sign the band unless Mullen was fired
31.
Andy Newmark
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Andrew Newmark was born on July 14,1950, in Port Chester, New York, and raised primarily in the nearby suburb of Mamaroneck. His mother was Bermudian, and his father was a Russian Jewish immigrant who worked in the New York District Attorneys office, first taking up the drums at the age of nine, Newmark gradually honed his craft and was taking paid gigs at age 15. Visiting his mothers native Bermuda frequently throughout his youth, Newmark made the decision to move there on a permanent basis at the age of 16. Newmark played in the Bermuda Jam, a Bermuda band that included former Savages guitarist Paul Muggleton, one of his first prolific gigs was recording with a young Carly Simon, and he is featured on Simons 1971 album Anticipation as well as her follow-up album, No Secrets. These, and other early sessions segued into a permanent role as a member of the funk band Sly. Hired to replace Gerry Gibson, who in turn had replaced founding Family Stone member Greg Errico, Newmark went on to record one album as the Family Stones drummer, Fresh and also performed with the band for two years in live concert. And had played Beautifully Sweet Beat time on a Bread Recording LA Session to Artist Giants, after leaving Family Stone in 1974, Newmark returned to session work, soon landing another prominent role playing drums on Gary Wrights 1975 album Dream Weaver. In addition, Newmark has performed and recorded with John Lennon, Cat Stevens, Joe Walsh, in 1980, Newmark was the sole drummer on John Lennons last album, Double Fantasy, as well as Milk and Honey released in 1984. He was also the drummer on Yoko Onos Season of Glass in 1981. According to a 2006 Sound on Sound magazine interview with engineer Andy Jackson, since 2011, Newmark has been a member of Kent based band Rocky and the Natives. Newmark uses Yamaha drums, Remo drum heads, Zildjian cymbals and his drum setup and cymbals vary slightly with who he plays with, but generally favors a setup consisting of a bass drum, rack tom, snare drum, and then one or two floor toms
32.
Sly and the Family Stone
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Sly and the Family Stone was an American band from San Francisco. Active from 1966 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of funk, soul, rock, the band was the first major American rock group to have an integrated, multi-gender lineup. Formed in 1966, the groups music synthesized a variety of musical genres to help pioneer the emerging psychedelic soul sound. In the 1970s, the band transitioned into a darker and less commercial sound on releases such as Theres a Riot Goin On and Fresh. The work of Sly and the Family Stone greatly influenced the sound of subsequent American funk, pop, soul, R&B, and hip hop music. In 2010, they were ranked 43rd in Rolling Stone list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993. Sly Stone was a member of a deeply religious middle-class household from Dallas, Texas, K. C. and Alpha Stewart held the family together under the doctrines of the Church of God in Christ and encouraged musical expression in the household. While attending high school, Sylvester and Freddie joined student bands, One of Sylvesters high school musical groups was a doo-wop act called The Viscaynes, in which he and a Filipino teenager were the only non-white members. The Viscaynes released a few singles, and Sylvester recorded several solo singles under the name Danny Stewart. By 1964, Sylvester had become Sly Stone and a jockey for San Francisco R&B radio station KSOL. During the same period, he worked as a producer for Autumn Records, producing for San Francisco-area bands such as The Beau Brummels. One of the Sylvester Stewart-produced Autumn singles, Bobby Freemans Cmon, Stewart recorded unsuccessful solo singles while at Autumn. In 1966, Sly Stone formed a band called Sly & the Stoners, around the same time, Freddie founded a band called Freddie & the Stone Souls, which included Gregg Errico on drums, and Ronnie Crawford on saxophone. At the suggestion of Stones friend, saxophonist Jerry Martini, Sly and Freddie combined their bands, creating Sly and the Family Stone in November 1966. At first the group was called Sly Brothers and Sisters but after their first gig at the Winchester Cathedral in Redwood City they changed the name to Sly & the Family Stone. Since both Sly and Freddie were guitarists, Sly appointed Freddie the official guitarist for the Family Stone, meanwhile, Sly recruited Larry Graham to play bass guitar. Vanetta Stewart wanted to join the band as well and she and her friends, Mary McCreary and Elva Mouton, had a gospel group called The Heavenly Tones. Sly recruited the teenagers directly out of school to become Little Sister, Sly
33.
Kid Creole and the Coconuts
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Kid Creole and the Coconuts is an American musical group created and led by August Darnell. The Coconuts are a trio of female backing vocalists/dancers whose lineup has changed throughout the years, thomas August Darnell Browder was born in The Bronx, New York City, USA on August 12,1950. His mother was from South Carolina with Caribbean and Italian parents and his father from Savannah, as an adult, Thom Browder began going by his two middle names as August Darnell. Growing up in the pot of the Bronx, Darnell was exposed early on to all kinds of music. Darnell began his career in a band named The In-Laws with his brother, Stony Browder. The band disbanded so Darnell could pursue a career as an English teacher, Darnell obtained a masters degree in English, but in 1974 again formed a band with his brother Stony Browder Jr. under the name Dr. Buzzards Original Savannah Band. Their self-titled debut release was a Top 40-charting album which was certified gold and was nominated for a Grammy, Darnell began producing for other artists, such as Don Armando’s Second Avenue Rhumba Band and Gichy Dan’s Beachwood No.9, before adopting the name Kid Creole in 1980. The Kid wore zoot suits and danced onstage in a reminiscent of films of the 30s and 40s. The co-founders of the band were Darnell and his Savannah Band associate vibraphone player Andy Hernandez, Hernandez served as Darnells on-stage comic foil, as well as his musical director and arranger. On their earliest releases, the Coconuts were Kaegi, Cheryl Poirier, and Lori Eastside, Eastside dropped out early, and was replaced by Taryn Hagey, who in turn was replaced by Janique Svedberg. Throughout the 1980s, the band also included Peter Schott on keyboards, drummer David Span, bass player Carol Colman, with horn players, percussionists, and other adjunct members, the full band lineup often swelled to over a dozen players. Kid Creole and the Coconuts debut album Off the Coast of Me was critically well-received and they made their national TV debut performing Mister Softee and There But For The Grace of God Go I on Saturday Night Live in November,1980. By the second album they were accompanied by the Pond Life horn section Charlie Lagond, Ken Fradley, the album charted briefly, and subsequently Coati Mundis early Latin rap Me No Pop I, though not originally on the album, became a Top 40 UK hit single. Their breakthrough came with 1982s Tropical Gangsters, which hit #3 in the UK and spun off three Top 10 hits with Stool Pigeon, Annie, Im Not Your Daddy and Im A Wonderful Thing, dear Addy also made the Top 40. In the US the album was retitled Wise Guy and reached #145, Darnell subsequently produced spin-off albums for the Coconuts with Cheryl Poirier on lead vocals. Darnell and Kaegi divorced in 1985, though she remained with the band and she and Cheryl Poirier also formed their own group Boomerang with Perri Lister, which released an album on the Atlantic label in 1986. Darnell continued Kid Creole and the Coconuts, and in the mid to late 1980s contributed to film soundtracks. He appeared at the Montreux Jazz Festival in 1986 and in this period released the albums In Praise of Older Women and Other Crimes and I, Too, Have Seen the Woods, neither of which charted
34.
Adam Clayton
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Adam Charles Clayton is an Irish musician, best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band U2. He has resided in County Dublin since the time his family moved to Malahide when he was five years old in 1965. Clayton is well known for his bass playing on such as Gloria, New Years Day, Bullet the Blue Sky, With or Without You, Mysterious Ways, Get on Your Boots. He has worked on solo projects throughout his career, such as his work with fellow band member Larry Mullen, Jr. on the 1996 version of the Theme from Mission. Clayton, as a part of U2, has won 22 Grammy Awards, Adam Charles Clayton is the oldest child of Brian and Jo Clayton, born on 13 March 1960 in Chinnor, Oxfordshire, England. His father was a pilot with the Royal Air Force, who moved into civil aviation, when he was 4 years old, Claytons father worked in Kenya as a pilot with East African Airways, the family being resident in Nairobi. In 1965 the family moved to Malahide, County Dublin in the Republic of Ireland, the Clayton family became friends with the Evans family. When he was eight years old, Clayton was sent to the junior boarding Castle Park School in Dalkey. He did not enjoy or respond well to its ethos not being particularly sports orientated and he was interested in pop music, which students were not allowed to listen to. He joined the Schools Gramphone Society, which met to listen to classical music and he also took piano lessons for a short time. At age 13, Clayton entered the private St. Columbas College secondary school in Rathfarnham, here he made friends with other pupils who were enthusiastic about the pop/rock music acts of the period, including The Who, The Beatles, The Grateful Dead, and Carole King. In response he bought a £5 acoustic guitar from a junk-shop near the Dublin quays, john Leslie, who shared a bunk bed with Clayton at St. Columbas, persuaded him to join in with a school band where Clayton would play the bass guitar for the first time. His mother purchased a bass for him when he was 14 years old on the basis of a promise that he would commit himself to learn to play the instrument. McCormick and Martin left the band soon after its inception, while the band was a five-piece it was known as Feedback. The name was changed to The Hype, but changed to U2 soon after Dik Evans left. Clayton stood in as the nearest thing that the band had to a manager in its early life, handing over the duties to Paul McGuinness in May 1978. In 1981, around the time of U2s second, spiritually charged album, October, Bono, The Edge, and Mullen had joined a Christian group, and were questioning the compatibility of rock music with their spirituality. However, Clayton, with his more ambiguous religious views, was less concerned, Clayton made international headlines in August 1989 when he was arrested in Dublin for carrying a small amount of marijuana
35.
Delay (audio effect)
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Delay is an audio effect and an effects unit which records an input signal to an audio storage medium, and then plays it back after a period of time. The delayed signal may either be played multiple times, or played back into the recording again. Delay effects range from an echo effect to a pronounced blending of previous sounds with new sounds. The first delay effects were achieved using tape loops improvised on reel-to-reel magnetic recording systems, by shortening or lengthening the loop of tape and adjusting the read and write heads, the nature of the delayed echo could be controlled. Audio engineers working in music quickly adapted similar techniques, to augment their use of plate reverb. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, several sound engineers began making devices for use in recording studios, guitarist and instrument designer Les Paul was an early pioneer in delay devices. A landmark device was the EchoSonic made by American Ray Butts and it is a portable guitar amplifier with a built-in tape echo, which became used widely in country music and especially in rock and roll. Tape echoes became commercially available in the 1950s, an echo machine is the early name for a sound processing device used with electronic instruments to repeat the sound and produce a simulated echo. The device was popular with guitarists and was used by Brian May, Jimmy Page, One example is the Echoplex which used a tape loop. The length of delay was adjusted by changing the distance between the record and playback heads. Another example is the Roland Space Echo with a record and multiple tape heads. The time between echo repeats was adjusted by varying the tape speed, the length or intensity of the echo effect was adjusted by changing the amount of echo signal was fed back into the pre-echo signal. Different effects could be created by combining the different playback heads, some models also included a spring reverb. Before the invention of audio technology, music employing a delayed echo had to be recorded in a naturally reverberant space, often an inconvenience for musicians. The presence of multiple taps made it possible to have delays at varying rhythmic intervals, many delay processors based on analog tape recording, such as Ray Butts EchoSonic, Mike Battles Echoplex, or the Roland Space Echo, used magnetic tape as their recording and playback medium. Electric motors guided a tape loop through a device with a variety of mechanisms allowing modification of the effects parameters, in the Space Echo, all of the heads are fixed, but the speed of the tape could be adjusted, changing the delay time. Thin magnetic tape was not entirely suited for operation, however. Several designs were made, the 1959 Ecco-Fonic had a spinning head, many were temperamental, such as the Vox Echomatic
36.
Echo
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In audio signal processing and acoustics, echo is a reflection of sound that arrives at the listener with a delay after the direct sound. The delay is proportional to the distance of the surface from the source. Typical examples are the echo produced by the bottom of a well, by a building, or by the walls of an enclosed room, a true echo is a single reflection of the sound source. The word echo derives from the Greek ἠχώ, itself from ἦχος, echo in the folk story of Greek is a mountain nymph whose ability to speak was cursed, only able to repeat the last words anyone spoke to her. Some animals use echo for location sensing and navigation, such as cetaceans, acoustic waves are reflected by walls or other hard surfaces, such as mountains and privacy fences. The reason of reflection may be explained as a discontinuity in the propagation medium and this can be heard when the reflection returns with sufficient magnitude and delay to be perceived distinctly. When sound, or the echo itself, is reflected multiple times from multiple surfaces, the human ear cannot distinguish echo from the original direct sound if the delay is less than 1/15 of a second. The velocity of sound in dry air is approximately 343 m/s at a temperature of 25 °C, therefore, the reflecting object must be more than 17. 2m from the sound source for echo to be perceived by a person located at the source. When a sound produces an echo in two seconds, the object is 343m away. In nature, canyon walls or rock cliffs facing water are the most common settings for hearing echoes. The strength of echo is frequently measured in dB sound pressure level relative to the transmitted wave. Echoes may be desirable or undesirable, in music performance and recording, electric echo effects have been used since the 1950s. The Echoplex is a delay effect, first made in 1959 that recreates the sound of an acoustic echo. Designed by Mike Battle, the Echoplex set a standard for the effect in the 1960s and was used by most of the guitar players of the era. While Echoplexes were used heavily by guitar players, many recording studios used the Echoplex. Beginning in the 1970s, Market built the solid-state Echoplex for Maestro, in the 2000s, most echo effects units use electronic or digital circuitry to recreate the echo effect. Hamilton Mausoleum, Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, Its high stone holds the record for the longest echo in the world, gol Gumbaz of Bijapur, India, Any whisper, clap or sound gets echoed repeatedly. The gazebo of Napier Museum in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, listen to Duck echoes and an animated demonstration of how an echo is formed
37.
The Troubles
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The Troubles is the common name for the ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is described as a guerrilla war or low-level war. The most recent instalment of violence began in the late 1960s and is deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Belfast Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mainly took place in Northern Ireland, violence spilled over at times parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe. The conflict was political and nationalistic, fuelled by historical events. It also had an ethnic or sectarian dimension, although it was not a religious conflict, a key issue was the constitutional status of Northern Ireland. Unionists/loyalists, who are mostly Protestants and consider themselves British, want Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom, Irish nationalists/republicans, who are predominantly Catholics, want Northern Ireland to be reunited with the 26 counties which make up the Republic of Ireland in an independent united Ireland. This campaign was met with violence by loyalists who viewed the campaign as a stalking horse. This eventually led to the deployment of British troops, initially to protect Catholic civilians, the security forces of the Republic played a smaller role. More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict, of whom 52% were civilians, 32% were members of the British security forces, there has been sporadic violence since the Good Friday Agreement was signed, including a campaign by anti-ceasefire republicans. The Troubles refers to the recent three-decade conflict between nationalists and unionists, the term the Troubles was previously used to refer to the Irish revolutionary period, it was adopted to refer to the escalating violence in Northern Ireland after 1969. The violence was characterised by the campaigns of Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitary groups. It thus became the focus for the longest major campaign in the history of the British Army, nationalists regard the state forces as forces of occupation or partisan combatants in the conflict. One part of the Agreement is that Northern Ireland will remain within the United Kingdom unless a majority of the Northern Irish electorate vote otherwise and it also established the Northern Ireland Executive, a devolved power-sharing government, which must consist of both unionist and nationalist parties. In 1609, Scottish and English settlers, known as planters, were given land escheated from the native Irish in the Plantation of Ulster. As the Penal Laws started to be phased out in the part of the 18th century, there was more competition for land. With Roman Catholics allowed to buy land and enter trades from which they had formerly been banned, tensions arose resulting in the Protestant Peep ODay Boys and Catholic Defenders. This created polarisation between the communities and a reduction in reformers among Protestants, many of whom had been growing more receptive to democratic reform
38.
Northern Ireland
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Northern Ireland is a constituent unit of the United Kingdom in the north-east of Ireland. It is variously described as a country, province, region, or part of the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland. In 2011, its population was 1,810,863, constituting about 30% of the total population. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by an act of the British parliament, Northern Ireland has historically been the most industrialised region of Ireland. After declining as a result of the political and social turmoil of the Troubles, its economy has grown significantly since the late 1990s. Unemployment in Northern Ireland peaked at 17. 2% in 1986, dropping to 6. 1% for June–August 2014,58. 2% of those unemployed had been unemployed for over a year. Prominent artists and sports persons from Northern Ireland include Van Morrison, Rory McIlroy, Joey Dunlop, Wayne McCullough, some people from Northern Ireland prefer to identify as Irish while others prefer to identify as British. Cultural links between Northern Ireland, the rest of Ireland, and the rest of the UK are complex, in many sports, the island of Ireland fields a single team, a notable exception being association football. Northern Ireland competes separately at the Commonwealth Games, and people from Northern Ireland may compete for either Great Britain or Ireland at the Olympic Games. The region that is now Northern Ireland was the bedrock of the Irish war of resistance against English programmes of colonialism in the late 16th century, the English-controlled Kingdom of Ireland had been declared by the English king Henry VIII in 1542, but Irish resistance made English control fragmentary. Victories by English forces in war and further Protestant victories in the Williamite War in Ireland toward the close of the 17th century solidified Anglican rule in Ireland. In Northern Ireland, the victories of the Siege of Derry and their intention was to materially disadvantage the Catholic community and, to a lesser extent, the Presbyterian community. In the context of open institutional discrimination, the 18th century saw secret, militant societies develop in communities in the region and act on sectarian tensions in violent attacks. Following this, in an attempt to quell sectarianism and force the removal of discriminatory laws, the new state, formed in 1801, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, was governed from a single government and parliament based in London. Between 1717 and 1775 some 250,000 people from Ulster emigrated to the British North American colonies and it is estimated that there are more than 27 million Scotch-Irish Americans now living in the US. By the close of the century, autonomy for Ireland within the United Kingdom, in 1912, after decades of obstruction from the House of Lords, Home Rule became a near-certainty. A clash between the House of Commons and House of Lords over a controversial budget produced the Parliament Act 1911, which enabled the veto of the Lords to be overturned. The House of Lords veto had been the unionists main guarantee that Home Rule would not be enacted, in 1914, they smuggled thousands of rifles and rounds of ammunition from Imperial Germany for use by the Ulster Volunteers, a paramilitary organisation opposed to the implementation of Home Rule
39.
Bloody Sunday (1972)
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Fourteen people died, thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, other protesters were injured by rubber bullets or batons, and two were run down by army vehicles. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, the soldiers involved were members of the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, also known as 1 Para. Two investigations have been held by the British government, the Widgery Tribunal, held in the immediate aftermath of the incident, largely cleared the soldiers and British authorities of blame. It described the shooting as bordering on the reckless, but accepted their claims that they shot at gunmen. The report was criticised as a whitewash. The Saville Inquiry, chaired by Lord Saville of Newdigate, was established in 1998 to reinvestigate the incident, following a 12-year inquiry, Savilles report was made public in 2010 and concluded that the killings were both unjustified and unjustifiable. It found that all of those shot were unarmed, that none were posing a threat, that no bombs were thrown. On the publication of the report, British prime minister David Cameron made an apology on behalf of the United Kingdom. Following this, police began an investigation into the killings. Bloody Sunday was one of the most significant events of the Troubles because a number of civilian citizens were killed, by forces of the state, in full view of the public. It was the highest number of killed in a single shooting incident during the conflict. Bloody Sunday increased Catholic and Irish nationalist hostility towards the British Army, Support for the Provisional Irish Republican Army rose and there was a surge of recruitment into the organisation, especially locally. While many Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a force, in contrast to what was regarded as a sectarian police force. In response to escalating levels of violence across Northern Ireland, internment without trial was introduced on 9 August 1971, there was disorder across Northern Ireland following the introduction of internment, with 21 people being killed in three days of rioting. In Belfast, soldiers of the Parachute Regiment shot dead 11 Catholic civilians in what known as the Ballymurphy Massacre. On 10 August, Bombardier Paul Challenor became the first soldier to be killed by the Provisional IRA in Derry, a further six soldiers had been killed in Derry by mid-December 1971. At least 1,332 rounds were fired at the British Army, who also faced 211 explosions and 180 nail bombs, both the Official IRA and Provisional IRA had established no-go areas for the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary in Derry through the use of barricades
40.
Staccato
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Staccato is a form of musical articulation. In modern notation it signifies a note of shortened duration, separated from the note that may follow by silence and it has been described by theorists and appeared in music since at least 1676. In 20th-century music, a dot placed above or below a note indicates that it should be played staccato, a number of signs came to be used in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to discriminate more subtle nuances of staccato. This does not, however, alter the rhythm of the music, the opposite musical articulation of staccato is legato, signifying long and continuous notes. The scope of the dot, In the first measure. The staccato applies to both notes of the pairs, in the second measure, the pairs of notes are stemmed separately indicating two different parts, so the staccato applies only to the upper note. Playing staccato is the opposite of playing legato, a staccato passage for strings is by definition a bowed rather than a pizzicato technique, though pizzicato itself might be thought of as a kind of staccato effect. For example, Leroy Andersons Jazz Legato/Jazz Pizzicato, there is an intermediate articulation called either mezzo staccato or non-legato. In musical notation, staccatissimo indicates that the notes are to be played extremely separated and distinct, a few composers, such as Mozart, have used staccato dots accompanied by a written instruction staccatissimo when they mean the passage to be played staccatissimo. Glissando Legato Marcato Portato Slur Basic Music Theory Neil V. Hawes, organist and choirmaster of St. Marys Church, Osterley Staccato—video example of staccato playing
41.
Protest song
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A protest song is a song that is associated with a movement for social change and hence part of the broader category of topical songs. It may be folk, classical, or commercial in genre, Protest songs are frequently situational, having been associated with a social movement through context. Goodnight Irene, for example, acquired the aura of a protest song because it was written by Lead Belly, a black convict and social outcast, although on its face it is a love song. Or they may be abstract, expressing, in general terms, opposition to injustice and support for peace, or free thought. Beethovens Ode to Joy, a song in support of universal brotherhood, is a song of this kind and it is a setting of a poem by Schiller celebrating the continuum of living beings, to which Beethoven himself added the lines that all men are brothers. Songs which support the status quo do not qualify as protest songs, Protest song texts may have significant cognitive content. The labor movement musical Pins and Needles summed up the definition of a protest song in a number called Sing Me a Song of Social Significance, Phil Ochs once explained, A protest song is a song thats so specific that you cannot mistake it for BS. There is no evidence that it was sung as a movement song. A more recent song advocating sexual liberation is Sexo by Los Prisioneros, reggae* music, originating in Jamaica, has become a major global form of protest song on a wide variety of themes. The sociologist R. Serge Denisoff saw protest songs rather narrowly in terms of their function, Denisoff saw the protest song tradition as originating in the psalms or songs of grass-roots Protestant religious revival movements, terming these hymns protest-propaganda, as well. Denisoff subdivided protest songs as either magnetic or rhetorical, magnetic protest songs were aimed at attracting people to the movement and promoting group solidarity and commitment – for example, Eyes on the Prize and We Shall Overcome. Rhetorical protest songs, on the hand, are often characterized by individual indignation. Denisoff argued that although rhetorical songs often are not overtly connected to building a larger movement, examples include Bob Dylans Masters of War and Whats Going On by Marvin Gaye. They point out that Denisoff had paid attention to the song tunes of protest music, considered them strictly subordinate to the texts. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. described the songs this way. Raï has been music in Algeria, to the point of one popular singer being assassinated. According to Memi, It is a song against racism, so I wanted to sing it with a North African who was born in France Because of that and because of his talent, in the song, we say, In your eyes, I feel like foreigner. Its like the kids who were born in France but they have Arab faces and they are French, and they should be considered French
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Nuclear proliferation
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Four countries besides the five recognized Nuclear Weapons States have acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. None of these four is a party to the NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985, then withdrew in 2003, Research into the development of nuclear weapons was undertaken during World War II by the United States, Germany, Japan, and the USSR. The United States was the first and is the country to have used a nuclear weapon in war. With their loss during the war, Germany and Japan ceased to be involved in any nuclear weapon research, in August 1949, the USSR tested a nuclear weapon. The United Kingdom tested a nuclear weapon in October 1952, France developed a nuclear weapon in 1960. The Peoples Republic of China detonated a weapon in 1964. India exploded a device in 1974, and Pakistan conducted a series of nuclear weapon tests in May 1998. In 2006, North Korea conducted its first nuclear test, none of these efforts were explicitly public, because the weapon developments themselves were kept secret until the bombing of Hiroshima. The Baruch Plan, which drew heavily from the Acheson–Lilienthal Report of 1946, proposed the verifiable dismantlement, Security Council could veto, and which would proportionately punish states attempting to acquire the capability to make nuclear weapons or fissile material. Baruchs plea for the destruction of nuclear weapons invoked basic moral, in one part of his address to the UN, Baruch said, Behind the black portent of the new atomic age lies a hope which, seized upon with faith, can work out our salvation. If we fail, then we have damned every man to be the slave of Fear and we must elect World Peace or World Destruction. We must answer the worlds longing for peace and security, with this remark, Baruch helped launch the field of nuclear ethics, to which many policy experts and scholars have contributed. Although the Baruch Plan enjoyed wide support, it failed to emerge from the UNAEC because the Soviet Union planned to veto it in the Security Council. Still, it remained official American policy until 1953, when President Eisenhower made his Atoms for Peace proposal before the U. N. General Assembly, eisenhowers proposal led eventually to the creation of the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1957. Efforts to conclude an agreement to limit the spread of nuclear weapons did not begin until the early 1960s. Although these efforts stalled in the early 1960s, they renewed once again in 1964, in 1968, governments represented at the Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee finished negotiations on the text of the NPT. In June 1968, the U. N. General Assembly endorsed the NPT with General Assembly Resolution 2373, and in July 1968, the NPT entered into force in March 1970. The main materials whose generation and distribution is controlled are highly enriched uranium and plutonium, dual-use technology refers to the possibility of military use of civilian nuclear power technology
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Soldier Girls
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Soldier Girls is a 1981 documentary film by Nick Broomfield and Joan Churchill about several women training in the US army. Under the aggressive Sergeant Abing are several women, some dedicated to defending their country. Several of these recruits become harder and colder through the course of their training at Fort Gordon. Excerpts from the film are used in U2s song Seconds on their third album, official website Soldier Girls at the Internet Movie Database
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I Will Follow
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I Will Follow is a song by rock band U2. It is the track from their debut album, Boy. Lead singer Bono wrote the lyrics to I Will Follow in tribute to his mother who died when he was 14 years old, I Will Follow is the only song that U2 have performed on every tour since they released their first album. The song was U2s first music video, directed by Meiert Avis in Dublin, I Will Follow was written three weeks before U2 began recording Boy. U2 singer Bono has said that he wrote the song from his mothers perspective and his mother died following her own fathers funeral when Bono was fourteen, which the singer says plunged him into emotional turmoil for the next few years. In the recording of the song for the Boy album, its producer Steve Lillywhite plays a glockenspiel, edge has acknowledged John McGeogh as an influence on his early sound, the guitar line on this tune evokes comparison to Magazines Because Youre Frightened. I Will Follow had a single release as a live version in the Netherlands and Germany in 1982. It appeared on both the album and video collection The Best of 1980-1990, and in some countries. The song is included in the 2015 music video game Rock Band 4 as a playable track and it is the bands most frequently performed song with over 800 performances. It also appears on Vertigo 05, Live from Milan, the bonus DVD that is included with the U218 Singles compilation, U2 performed the song on the BBC2 television show The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1981. The performance was released on DVD on a compilation of performances from the show. In 2005, Blender ranked the song at number 214 on its list The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born, the magazine wrote, The first song on U2s first album introduced the guitar sound that would define their work. The arena-ready clarion call also established Bonos trademark lyrical earnestness, one of the reasons the song remains a fan favorite, note The Netherlands release was recorded for the Veronica TV concert series Countdown, and was reissued in Germany in 1983. The cover of the Canadian and U. S. releases feature the image as the North American release of Boy. The 1983 release was in a red sleeve with no cover artwork
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