Wars of the Three Kingdoms
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The Wars of the Three Kingdoms is the collective term for a series of conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in England, Scotland, and Ireland, then separate entities in a personal union under Charles
Charles I by Anthony van Dyck, painted 1635–1636
The spark, a riot in St Giles' Cathedral, Edinburgh, reputedly started by Jenny Geddes throwing a wooden stool
King Charles I and Prince Rupert before the Battle of Naseby
The English and Scots armies lovingly embrace each other.
First English Civil War
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The First English Civil War took place in England and Wales from 1642 to 1646, and forms part of the 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms. An estimated 15% to 20% of adult males in England and Wale
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
…1653 in England, Scotland, and Ireland, then separate entities in a personal union under Charles I. They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, and the Anglo-Scottish War of 1650–1652. They resulted…
Charles I of England, c. 1636
Edward Hyde, later Earl of Clarendon, c. 1643; originally part of the Parliamentary opposition, in 1642 he became Charles' chief advisor
John Pym, who led the opposition to Charles from 1640 until his death in December 1643
Charles' nephew and most talented general, Prince Rupert, popularised during the Victorian era as the archetypal Cavalier