1.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
4.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
5.
Marietta, Ohio
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Marietta is a city in and the county seat of Washington County, Ohio, United States. It was a station on the Underground Railroad before the Civil War and is the home of the longest-running ferromanganese refinery in North America, the private, nonsectarian liberal arts Marietta College is located here. Marietta is located at 39°25′15″N 81°27′2″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.75 square miles, of which 8.43 square miles is land and 0.32 square miles is water. The Muskingum River and Duck Creek flow into the Ohio River at Marietta, the area is part of the Appalachian Plateau which covers the eastern half of Ohio. The Appalachian Plateau consists of hills and valleys and is the most rugged area in the state. The area is within the ecoregion of the Western Allegheny Plateau and this portion of the state is blessed with beautiful scenery and Ohios most abundant mineral deposits. The climate in this area is characterized by humid summers, cold winters, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Marietta has a Humid continental climate, abbreviated Dfa on climate maps. Succeeding Indian cultures lived along the Ohio River and its tributaries for thousands of years, among them were more than one culture who built earthwork mounds, monuments which generally expressed their cosmology, often with links to astronomical events. Between 100 BC and AD500, the Hopewell culture built the complex on the terrace east of the Muskingum River near its mouth with the Ohio. It is now known as the Marietta Earthworks, a walled, graded path led to the rivers edge. By the time of the tribes, such as the Shawnee. Two of their plates were discovered in the Marietta area in 1798, in 1770, the future U. S. president George Washington, then a surveyor, began exploring large tracts of land west of his native Virginia. During the Revolutionary War, Washington told his friend General Rufus Putnam of the beauty he had seen in his travels through the Ohio Valley, after the American Revolutionary War, the United States sold or granted large tracts of land to stimulate development in this area. Marietta was founded by settlers from New England who were investors in the Ohio Company of Associates and it was the first of numerous New England settlements in what was then the Northwest Territory. These New Englanders, or Yankees as they were called, were descended from the Puritan English colonists who had settled New England in the 1600s and were primarily Congregationalists, the first church constructed in Marietta was a Congregationalist church, founded around 1786. Before the mid-1790s services were held at the fort or in Munsells Hall at nearby Point Harmar, in 1798 the Muskingum Academy was built on the site of the 19th century Marietta Congregationalist Church. The academy building served for both educational and religious purposes, after the war, the newly formed United States had little cash but plenty of land. Competing states had agreed to end their claims to the lands, Arthur St. Clair was appointed by the president as governor of the new territory
6.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
7.
Ohio's 6th congressional district
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Ohios 6th congressional district is represented by Representative Bill Johnson. This district runs along the southeast side of the state, bordering Kentucky, West Virginia and it stretches from rural Lucasville through Athens and several older Ohio River industrial towns all the way to the Youngstown city limits. At that time, The Washington Post described the Sixth as a fail-safe Republican district, the Ohio General Assembly redrew the Sixth District following the results of the 1980 Census. Beginning with the 100th Congress in 1987, adjustments were made by the legislature to the boundaries, a small part of the Montgomery County territory was detached, as were parts of Fayette County in Washington Court House in Union Township and the townships of Jasper and Marion. Part of Brown County was added, Jackson and Eagle Townships and these were the boundaries for the rest of McEwens service in Congress. The district was rural and agricultural with no large cities. One of the industries was the United States Department of Energys Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant at Piketon. The district was 97 per cent white with a household income of $21,761. In 1992, the district was altered significantly to accommodate Ohios loss of two House seats in redistricting, although the district did not include Millers hometown of Lancaster, Miller decided not to retire and instead challenged McEwen in the Sixth District primary in 1992. The campaign was bitter, and McEwen eked out only a narrow victory, in November, McEwen was upset by Democrat Ted Strickland, a prison psychologist. Strickland himself was defeated in 1994 by Republican Frank Cremeans, for 2002 the district was shifted dramatically eastward to make the seat friendlier for Strickland. At the same time, it ended the career of James Traficant in the neighboring 17th District by placing his hometown of Poland into the 6th. Traficant opted to run in his old district and lost, the district currently includes all of Columbiana, Gallia, Guernsey, Jefferson, Lawrence, Meigs, Monroe, Noble and Washington counties, and portions of Athens, Belmont, Mahoning and Scioto counties. In 2010, Republican Bill Johnson defeated incumbent Democrat Charles Wilson, following the 2010 United States Census, the bounds of the sixth district were changed again as Ohio lost two seats in Congress. The following chart shows historic election results, election results from presidential races, Ohios congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
8.
Time in the United States
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The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation. The clocks run by these services are synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services. The use of solar time became increasingly awkward as railways. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s, each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a problem for people travelling by train. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from, Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18,1883, the conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time as the worlds time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. It is, within about 1 second, mean time at 0°. It does not observe daylight saving time and it is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC §260. The federal law establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs. As of August 9,2007, the time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC. Prior to this they were based upon the solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich. Only the full-time zone names listed below are official, abbreviations are by common use conventions, the United States uses nine standard time zones. The Central standard time zone, which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast, Mississippi Valley, the Mountain standard time zone, which comprises roughly the states that include the Rocky Mountains
9.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
10.
Coordinated Universal Time
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Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated to UTC, is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time. It is within about 1 second of mean time at 0° longitude. It is one of closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time. For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, the first Coordinated Universal Time was informally adopted on 1 January 1960. This change also adopted leap seconds to simplify future adjustments, a number of proposals have been made to replace UTC with a new system that would eliminate leap seconds, but no consensus has yet been reached. Leap seconds are inserted as necessary to keep UTC within 0.9 seconds of universal time, see the Current number of leap seconds section for the number of leap seconds inserted to date. The official abbreviation for Coordinated Universal Time is UTC and this abbreviation arose from a desire by the International Telecommunication Union and the International Astronomical Union to use the same abbreviation in all languages. English speakers originally proposed CUT, while French speakers proposed TUC, the compromise that emerged was UTC, which conforms to the pattern for the abbreviations of the variants of Universal Time. Time zones around the world are expressed using positive or negative offsets from UTC, the westernmost time zone uses UTC−12, being twelve hours behind UTC, the easternmost time zone, theoretically, uses UTC+12, being twelve hours ahead of UTC. In 1995, the nation of Kiribati moved those of its atolls in the Line Islands from UTC-10 to UTC+14 so that the country would all be on the same day. UTC is used in internet and World Wide Web standards. The Network Time Protocol, designed to synchronise the clocks of computers over the internet, computer servers, online services and other entities that rely on having a universally accepted time use UTC as it is more specific than GMT. If only limited precision is needed, clients can obtain the current UTC from a number of official internet UTC servers, for sub-microsecond precision, clients can obtain the time from satellite signals. UTC is also the standard used in aviation, e. g. for flight plans. Weather forecasts and maps all use UTC to avoid confusion about time zones, the International Space Station also uses UTC as a time standard. Amateur radio operators often schedule their radio contacts in UTC, because transmissions on some frequencies can be picked up by many time zones, UTC is also used in digital tachographs used on large goods vehicles under EU and AETR rules. UTC divides time into days, hours, minutes and seconds, days are conventionally identified using the Gregorian calendar, but Julian day numbers can also be used. Each day contains 24 hours and each hour contains 60 minutes, the number of seconds in a minute is usually 60, but with an occasional leap second, it may be 61 or 59 instead
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
13.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
14.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
15.
Ohio River
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The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. The 981-mile river flows through or along the border of six states, through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U. S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people and it is named in Iroquoian or Seneca, Ohi, yó, lit. Good River or Shawnee, Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi, the river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous civilizations formed along its valley. For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation, in 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U. S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated and its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted. During the 19th century, the river was the boundary of the Northwest Territory. Where the river was narrow, it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North, many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement. The Ohio River is a transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates, in winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohios confluence with the Mississippi, Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, from there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line. From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia, the river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the borders of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions, northeast New York, a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny. Pennsylvania, a corridor from the corner to north central border
16.
Muskingum River
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The Muskingum River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 111 miles long, in southeastern Ohio in the United States. An important commercial route in the 19th century, it flows southward through the eastern hill country of Ohio. Via the Ohio, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed, the river is navigable for much of its length through a series of locks and dams. The Muskingum is formed at Coshocton in east-central Ohio by the confluence of the Walhonding and it joins the Ohio at Marietta. Along its course the Muskingum collects Wills Creek near Conesville, Wakatomika Creek at Dresden, the Licking River at Zanesville, Moxahala Creek at South Zanesville, the name Muskingum derives from the Shawnee word mshkikwam swampy ground, taken to mean elks eye in Lenape by folk etymology. Historically, it was also the name of a large Wyandot town along the river, noted frontier explorer, Christopher Gist, reached the Big Sandy Creek tributary of the river on December 4,1751. Traveling downriver, he recorded arriving on December 14 at the western Wyandot town of Muskingum, there he remained for the following month. Marietta was founded in 1788 as the first permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory, the Big Bottom Massacre occurred along its banks in 1791. Zanesville was settled by European Americans in 1799 at the site where Zanes Trace crossed the Muskingum at the mouth of the Licking River. In the mid-19th century the Muskingum was an important commercial shipping route, with dams and locks controlling the level to allow boats to travel up. With the decrease in use of water-based transportation in Ohio by the 1920s, since the 1960s, the locks have been repaired to enable pleasure craft to travel the entire navigable length of the river. The Muskingum waterway is one of the few remaining systems in the US to use hand-operated river locks, the navigation system has been designated a national Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. In 2006, it was designated An Ohio Water Trail, this provides for increased canoe access on the river. The Friends of the Lower Muskingum River is a 501 nonprofit land trust based in Marietta, Ohio, concerned with protection of the Muskingum River, in addition, the Muskingum River Conservation District is a quasi-governmental entity concerned with flood control on the river
17.
Little Muskingum River
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The Little Muskingum River is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 65 mi long, in southeast Ohio in the United States. It rises in the country of Monroe County, approximately 5 mi northwest of the Ohio River and 8 mi southeast of Woodsfield. It flows southwest, in a meandering course, roughly parallel to. It passes Rinard Mills and Dart, and joins the Ohio approximately 5 mi southeast of Marietta, Ohio and the mouth of the Muskingum River, duck Creek enters the Ohio between the mouth of the Muskingum and Little Muskingum. All except the last 2 mi of the river are within Wayne National Forest
18.
Duck Creek (Ohio)
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Duck Creek is a tributary of the Ohio River, approximately 30 mi long, in southeastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Ohio River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed and it drains an area of the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau, between the watersheds of the Muskingum and Little Muskingum Rivers. The East Fork, approximately 20 mi long, rises in western Monroe County and flows southwardly through eastern Noble. From Warner, Duck Creek flows generally southwardly in a meandering course and joins the Ohio River at Marietta
19.
Little Hocking River
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The Little Hocking River is a small tributary of the Ohio River,18.4 miles long, in southeastern Ohio in the United States. Via the Ohio River, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, the river flows for its entire length in southwestern Washington County, its tributaries also drain a small area of southeastern Athens County. Downstream of Veto Lake, the river flows southwestward into Belpre Township, near its mouth it turns eastward and it is 6.8 miles long and drains an area of 13 square miles. The Little West Branch Little Hocking River rises at 39°21′28″N 81°43′06″W in Fairfield Township and it is 6 miles long and drains an area of 9.46 square miles. It is 18 miles long and drains an area of 39.4 square miles, according to the Geographic Names Information System, the Little Hocking River has also been known historically as Little Hockhocken River, Little Hockhockin River, and Little Hockhocking River. List of rivers of Ohio Root Covered Bridge
20.
Noble County, Ohio
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Noble County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,645, the county is named for Rep. Warren P. Noble of the Ohio House of Representatives, who was a settler there. Noble County was formed on March 11,1851 from portions of Guernsey, Morgan, Monroe and it was the last county to be formed in Ohio and, therefore, represents the youngest county in the state. It was named for either James Noble or Warren P. Noble, Noble County was home to the first North American oil well, the Thorla-McKee Well, discovered in 1814. It was the last of Ohios 88 counties to be formed, in 1925, a United States Navy dirigible, USS Shenandoah, was caught in a storm over Noble County, and broke into several pieces. Of those on board,14 were killed and 29 survived, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 405 square miles, of which 398 square miles is land and 6.6 square miles is water. The population density was 35 people per square mile, there were 5,480 housing units at an average density of 14 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 92. 55% White,6. 69% Black or African American,0. 26% Native American,0. 09% Asian,0. 03% from other races,0. 43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 24. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.10. In the county, the population was out with 22. 60% under the age of 18,11. 70% from 18 to 24,31. 80% from 25 to 44,20. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 130.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 140.50 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,940, and the median income for a family was $38,939. Males had an income of $30,911 versus $20,222 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,100, about 8. 30% of families and 11. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 90% of those under age 18 and 11. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 14,645 people,4,852 households, the population density was 36.8 inhabitants per square mile. There were 6,053 housing units at a density of 15.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 96. 1% white,2. 5% black or African American,0. 3% American Indian,0. 1% Asian,0. 2% from other races, and 0. 8% from two or more races
21.
Monroe County, Ohio
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Monroe County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,642, the county was created in 1813 and later organized in 1815. Monroe County was formed on January 28,1813 from portions of Belmont, Guernsey and it was named after James Monroe, the U. S. Secretary of State when the county was formed, and later fifth President of the United States. On or about December 20,2011, Exxon Mobil Corp. a New Jersey petroleum company, via its subsidiary XTO Energy, acquired 20,056 acres of Monroe County Utica Shale gas leases from Beck Energy. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 457 square miles. The population density was 33 people per square mile, there were 7,212 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 72% White,0. 26% Black or African American,0. 15% Native American,0. 07% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 11% from other races, and 0. 67% from two or more races. 0. 41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,24. 00% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the family size was 2.96. In the county, the population was out with 23. 60% under the age of 18,7. 10% from 18 to 24,25. 90% from 25 to 44,27. 20% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 97.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.10 males, the median income for a household in the county was $30,467, and the median income for a family was $36,297. Males had an income of $33,308 versus $19,628 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,096, about 11. 00% of families and 13. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 30% of those under age 18 and 11. 40% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 14,642 people,6,065 households, the population density was 32.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,567 housing units at a density of 16.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 1% white,0. 4% black or African American,0. 1% Asian,0. 1% American Indian,0. 1% from other races, and 1. 2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 4% of the population, in terms of ancestry,34. 8% were German,14. 5% were Irish,10. 6% were English, and 9. 6% were American
22.
Tyler County, West Virginia
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Tyler County is a county in the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,208, the county was founded in 1814 and is named after John Tyler, Sr. father of President John Tyler. Tyler County was formed from a portion of Ohio County on December 6,1814. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 261 square miles. The population density was 37 people per square mile, there were 4,780 housing units at an average density of 19 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 99. 35% White,0. 02% Black or African American,0. 05% Native American,0. 08% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 03% from other races, and 0. 45% from two or more races. 0. 43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,23. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the family size was 2.89. In the county, the population was out with 23. 30% under the age of 18,6. 50% from 18 to 24,26. 90% from 25 to 44,26. 90% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 95.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $29,290, and the median income for a family was $35,320. Males had an income of $34,250 versus $18,140 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,216, about 12. 20% of families and 16. 60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24. 00% of those under age 18 and 12. 70% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 9,208 people,3,858 households, the population density was 35.9 inhabitants per square mile. There were 5,000 housing units at a density of 19.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 99. 0% white,0. 2% American Indian,0. 2% black or African American,0. 1% Asian,0. 0% from other races, and 0. 5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 5% of the population, in terms of ancestry,23. 3% were German,16. 1% were English,12. 7% were Irish, and 11. 8% were American. The average household size was 2.37 and the family size was 2.84
23.
Pleasants County, West Virginia
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Pleasants County is a county located in the U. S. state of West Virginia. At the 2010 census, the population was 7,605 and its county seat is St. Marys. The county was created by the Virginia General Assembly in 1851 and named for US Senator and Virginia Governor James Pleasants, Jr. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 135 square miles. It is the fourth-smallest county in West Virginia by area, the population density was 58 people per square mile. There were 3,214 housing units at a density of 25 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 98. 30% White,0. 48% Black or African American,0. 47% Native American,0. 20% Asian,0. 07% from other races,0. 37% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22. 90% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.93. In the county, the population was out with 23. 80% under the age of 18,7. 80% from 18 to 24,28. 70% from 25 to 44,24. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 100.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.20 males, the median income for a household in the county was $32,736, and the median income for a family was $37,795. Males had an income of $31,068 versus $18,077 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,920, about 10. 90% of families and 13. 70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 80% of those under age 18 and 7. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 7,605 people,2,861 households, the population density was 58.5 inhabitants per square mile. There were 3,390 housing units at a density of 26.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 3% white,1. 3% black or African American,0. 2% American Indian,0. 1% Asian,0. 1% from other races, and 1. 0% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 8% of the population, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.90. The median age was 42.4 years, the median income for a household in the county was $38,882 and the median income for a family was $54,391
24.
Wood County, West Virginia
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Wood County is a county in the U. S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 86,956, the county was formed in 1798 from the western part of Harrison County and named for James Wood, governor of Virginia from 1796 to 1799. Wood County is part of the Parkersburg-Vienna, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, Wood County was formed on December 21,1798 from portions of Harrison County. It was named for James Wood, a general in the American Revolutionary War who was then Governor of Virginia. In 1861, Virginia seceded from the Union, the delegates of the 40 western counties who opposed secession formed their own government and seceded from the Confederate state of Virginia. West Virginia was granted statehood in 1863, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 377 square miles, of which 366 square miles is land and 11 square miles is water. Wood Countys northern and western boundary is the Ohio River, the Little Kanawha River flows northwestward through the county to its mouth at the Ohio River in Parkersburg. Tributaries of the Little Kanawha River in Wood County include Worthington Creek, Tygart Creek, the population density was 240 people per square mile. There were 39,785 housing units at a density of 108 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 97. 32% White,1. 01% Black or African American,0. 21% Native American,0. 51% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,0. 14% from other races, and 0. 77% from two or more races. 0. 58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 10% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the family size was 2.88. In the county, the population was out with 23. 00% under the age of 18,8. 00% from 18 to 24,27. 90% from 25 to 44,25. 60% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 92.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $33,285, and the median income for a family was $40,436. Males had an income of $34,899 versus $22,109 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,073, about 10. 60% of families and 13. 90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20. 50% of those under age 18 and 8. 60% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 86,956 people,36,571 households, the population density was 237.4 inhabitants per square mile
25.
Athens County, Ohio
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Athens County is a county in southeastern Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 64,757, the county was formed in 1805 from Washington County. Because the original university was founded there in 1804, the town. The Athens Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Athens County, the county has a total area of 508 square miles, of which 504 square miles is land and 4.8 square miles is water. Athens County is located in the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau region of Ohio and it features steep, rugged hills, with typical relief of 150 to 400 feet, deeply dissected by stream valleys, many of them remnant from the ancient Teays River drainage system. Most of Athens County is within the Hocking River watershed, with areas in the Shade River. The Hocking River joins the Ohio River at the village of Hockingport in Athens County. The population density was 123 people per square mile, there were 24,901 housing units at an average density of 49 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 48% White,2. 39% Black or African American,0. 28% Native American,1. 90% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 36% from other races, and 1. 56% from two or more races. 1. 03% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 4% were of German,13. 9% American,12. 9% Irish,11. 1% English and 5. 6% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 28. 30% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.92. In the county, the population was out with 18. 30% under the age of 18,30. 70% from 18 to 24,23. 70% from 25 to 44,18. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 26 years, for every 100 females there were 95.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $27,322, and the median income for a family was $39,785. Males had an income of $30,776 versus $23,905 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,171, about 14. 00% of families and 27. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21. 20% of those under age 18 and 12. 90% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 64,757 people,23,578 households, the population density was 128.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 26,385 housing units at a density of 52.4 per square mile
26.
Morgan County, Ohio
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Morgan County is a county located in the U. S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 15,054, the county was created in 1817 and later organized in 1819. It is named for Daniel Morgan, an officer in the American Revolutionary War, Morgan County was formed on December 29,1817, from portions of Guernsey, Muskingum and Washington counties. It was named after Daniel Morgan, a member in the Congress from Virginia, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 422 square miles, of which 416 square miles is land and 5.4 square miles is water. The population density was 36 people per square mile, there were 7,771 housing units at an average density of 19 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 66% White,3. 41% Black or African American,0. 35% Native American,0. 08% Asian,0. 26% from other races,0. 41% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 25. 50% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.98. In the county, the population was out with 25. 30% under the age of 18,7. 80% from 18 to 24,26. 30% from 25 to 44,25. 00% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39 years, for every 100 females there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $28,868, and the median income for a family was $34,973. Males had an income of $30,411 versus $21,039 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,967, about 15. 70% of families and 18. 40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25. 10% of those under age 18 and 12. 40% of those age 65 or over. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 15,054 people,6,034 households, the population density was 36.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 7,892 housing units at a density of 19.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 2% white,2. 9% black or African American,0. 3% American Indian,0. 1% Asian,0. 2% from other races, and 3. 3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 0. 6% of the population, in terms of ancestry,21. 2% were German,12. 9% were English,12. 7% were Irish, and 9. 8% were American. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 2.94. The median age was 42.4 years, the median income for a household in the county was $34,962 and the median income for a family was $40,440
27.
Interstate 77 in Ohio
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Interstate 77 is an Interstate Highway in the eastern United States. It traverses diverse terrain, from the state of West Virginia to the rolling farmlands of North Carolina. It largely supplants the old U. S. Route 21 between Cleveland, Ohio, and Columbia, South Carolina, as an important north–south corridor through the middle Appalachians, the southern terminus of Interstate 77 is in Columbia at the junction with Interstate 26. The northern terminus is in Cleveland at the junction with Interstate 90, entering from West Virginia at Marietta via the Marietta–Williamstown Interstate Bridge, Interstate 77 passes through rolling Appalachian terrain. The interchange with I-70 at Cambridge was noted on the cover of the 1969 Ohio Department of Highways official highway map as being the Worlds Largest Interchange, other major Interstate Highways I-77 connects with in Ohio are I-76, I-80, and I-90. The interchange with the Ohio Turnpike was completed December 3,2001, providing access, previously. Interstate 77 is also known as the Vietnam Veterans of America Highway in Ohio, officially designated to run from Port Huron to Charlotte, I-77 appeared on the original Interstate system route numbering plan in 1957. The part of Interstate 94 from Detroit northeast to Port Huron, Michigan was originally planned as I-77 in 1957, I-77 in Michigan later became part of I-94. Interstate 77 Alternate is the designation of an Interstate route in Summit County, the route follows I-76 westbound from I-277 in Akron, then follows SR21 northbound in Norton. The route terminates at I-77 in Copley Township
28.
U.S. Route 50 in Ohio
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U. S. Route 50 runs east–west across the southern part of the U. S. state of Ohio, passing through Cincinnati, Chillicothe, and Athens. It is mainly a two-lane road except for the easternmost part, US50 enters Ohio from Indiana at a traffic light with State Line Road. The route heads northeast as an undivided highway, passing through farmland. The highway passes under Interstate 275 before entering the western suburbs of the greater Cincinnati area. The road has a crossing with a railroad track, before curving southeast. US50 has a signal at the intersection with SR128. Southeast of SR128, US50 becomes a divided highway. After the river the route enters Cleves and curves due south, in Cleves the highway has a traffic signal with SR264, before leaving Cleves and entering North Bend. In North Bend the road continues to pass through woodland and residential properties, before passing the monument, the highway curves east-southeast and becomes a four-lane undivided highway, before leaving North Bend. The road parallels the Ohio River and passes through a mix of woodland, the route begins to curve northeast and enters Cincinnati. US50 begins a concurrency with SR264, at an intersection in the Lower Price Hill neighborhood of Cincinnati, the two routes heads east and is locally known as the Sixth Street Expressway. The expressway heads east as a divided highway passing through industrial properties. As the highway heads east it crosses over a railroad track, east of the Mill Creek, the road passes under a railroad track, before an eastbound exit towards Mehring Way. Followed by an entrance from Harriet Street, before passing under another railroad track. The highway has an interchange with Freeman Avenue, this interchange does not have a westbound exit, the expressway passes over some railroad tracks and Linn Street, followed by an eastbound entrance and westbound exit to and from Linn Street. East of the interchange with Linn Street, is a bridge over Gest Street, after Gest Street, is an interchange with SR264, this interchange serves downtown Cincinnati. The Sixth Street Expressway end at an interchange with Interstate 75, US50 curves southeast and begins a concurrency with I–71. I–71 and US50 head east through downtown on a locally known as Fort Washington Way
29.
Ohio State Route 7
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State Route 7, formerly known as Inter-county Highway 7 until 1921 and State Highway 7 in 1922, is a north–south state highway in the southern and eastern portions of the U. S. state of Ohio. At just over 292 miles in length, it is the longest state route in Ohio and its southern terminus is an interchange with U. S. Route 52 just west of Chesapeake. Its northern terminus also serves as the terminus of SR531 in Conneaut. The path of SR7 stays within five miles of the Ohio River for the southern portion, the road also remains within 10 miles of the Pennsylvania state line for the northern portion. SR7 starts in Chesapeake and for about 100 miles it runs along the Ohio River, then it heads north along SR11 & US30 from East Liverpool to Rogers. After it turns north in Rogers, it heads up to Youngstown, then the highway heads east overlapped with US62. After that shared alignment, the then heads north again in Hubbard through a lot of small towns to its northern terminus in Conneaut. In 1961, the US52 expressway opened from Chesapeake westward towards Sheridan, the original eastern terminus of the four-lane divided highway was at the current Chesapeake northbound-only exit ramp east of Tallow Ridge Road. US52 originally crossed at the present-day Robert C. Byrd Bridge that connects Chesapeake to Huntington, ten years later, the four-lane expressway was extended eastward to an incomplete trumpet interchange just east of Big Branch Road. A four-lane connector route from the complete interchange to the foot of the Robert C. Byrd Bridge at SR527 was completed. At the same time, the two-lane Chesapeake interchange ramp just east of Tallow Ridge Road was converted to an exit ramp. The abrupt terminus at Chesapeake was envisioned to connect to Proctorville, on May 31,2002, ground was broken for Phase 1-A of the Proctorville bypass. Phase 1-A entailed a two-lane connector road from the East Huntington Bridge to Irene Road, Phase 1-B was designated from Irene Road to State Route 7 near Fairland East Elementary in Rome. Phase 2 was envisioned from Irene Road west to Chesapeake, the total cost was originally estimated to be at $165 million. On April 27,2003, Phase 1-A of the Proctorville bypass opened to traffic, the $6.5 million, one-mile section of three-lane roadway was opened from the foot of the East Huntington Bridge to Irene Road and signed as SR607. On June 3,2003, bids were opened for Phase 1-B from Irene Road to SR7 near Fairland East Elementary. The projected cost of the 4. 5-mile segment was originally $27 million, however, when the bids were let, the lowest bid, which was also accepted, came in at $22.1 million. The road was designed as a two-lane limited-access facility on a four-lane right-of-way, construction began on August 4, with an original estimated completion date of June 30,2005
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Ohio State Route 26
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State Route 26 is a 67-mile-long north–south route in south eastern Ohio spanning from SR7 in Marietta to SR148 between Jerusalem and Bethesda. SR26 also passes through Graysville and Woodsfield, where the state route designation ends in Wayne Township, the road continues north as Belmont County Road 26 where it connects to the Barkcamp State Park and the National Road. Much of the route parallels the Little Muskingum River and travels through the heart of Wayne National Forests Marietta Unit, SR26 begins at the intersection of Pike Street and 7th Street in Marietta. Pike Street is also designated SR7, after following 7th Street along the property line of Marietta College for about 150 feet, SR26 turns east onto Greene Street. The route heads around the side of a hill before passing under Interstate 77 and crossing the Duck Creek, SR26 heads into hilly terrain generally following valleys formed by streams. Upon entering the Wayne National Forest, the route parallels the Little Muskingum River. About 25 miles from the terminus, SR26 encounters its first state highway, SR26 and SR260 form a 0. 2-mile-long concurrency. Upon exiting Washington County and entering Monroe County, SR26 heads in a northerly direction. After intersecting SR 537s eastern terminus, SR26 climbs a hill, after briefly following the Little Muskingum River again, SR26 reaches SR800 and the two routes together head north towards Woodsfield. In Woodsfield, SR26 and SR800 travel along Main Street, exit the Wayne National Forest, north of downtown Woodsfield, SR800 breaks away at Oaklawn Avenue, while SR26 continues north. At the Monroe County Airport, the route heads east through a region of Center Township. The route makes several hairpin curves around its crossing of the Sunfish Creek, in the village of Jerusalem, SR26 shares a concurrency with SR145 east out of the town, the two routes split before reaching the village of Wilson. Almost immediately, SR26 enters Wayne Township, Belmont County heading north, the route crosses the Captina Creek and a fork of the aforementioned creek before ending at SR148 at a four-way intersection including CR26, a former segment of SR26. The segment of SR26 between Marietta and Woodsfield has been a part of the highway system since 1912 as SR389. In 1923, SR26 was designated on all of former SR389 between Marietta and Woodsfield and west across the side of the state to Dunlop in Hamilton County. Two years later, the terminus of SR26 was moved to Marietta when the Athens–Marietta segment became a part of US 50N. In 1937, SR26 was extended north along unimproved roads from Woodsfield through Jerusalem, in 1962, the northern terminus was moved out of Morristown to SR147 in Bethesda, and was truncated to SR148 in 1979. All portions of the former SR26 north of SR148 are now county-maintained and designated as Belmont County Route 26, between 2012 and 2014, SR26 experienced a small truncation in Marietta when its southern terminus was moved from the intersection of Greene Street and 3rd Street
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Ohio State Route 60
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It is the seventh longest state route in Ohio. Heading south from Vermilion, SR60 traverses rural North Central Ohio while connecting Vermilion, New London, Ashland, south of Loudonville, SR60 enters more hilly country, before entering the Muskingum River Valley at Dresden. It closely parallels the Muskingum River for the remainder of its journey to Marietta except for a stretch in Morgan County where it moves inland to avoid bends in the river. Markers for SR60 are not posted south of the Greene Street/3rd Street intersection in Marietta, SR60 is unsigned along SR7 / SR26 / Greene Street and the Williamstown Bridge approach. Parts of SR60 were once signed as SR77, in order to eliminate a numerical duplication with an Interstate highway in Ohio having the same number, Interstate 77, SR77 was renumbered in part as SR60
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Ohio State Route 145
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State Route 145 is a 46. 14-mile long north–south state highway in the southeastern quadrant of the U. S. state of Ohio. The western terminus of SR145 is at a T-intersection with SR821 in Lower Salem and its eastern terminus is at a T-intersection with SR148 approximately 5.25 miles northeast of Beallsville. Along its path, SR145 passes through northern Washington County, no part of SR145 is included as a part of the National Highway System. The SR145 designation was applied in 1923 and it was originally routed from its southern terminus in Lower Salem to its junction with SR78 in Lewisville. SR145 was extended to the north in 1937, routed from SR78 in Lewisville to then-SR8 in Malaga
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Ohio State Route 260
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State Route 260 is a 36. 67-mile-long state highway in southeastern Ohio. The route runs from SR7 in Matamoras to SR78 near East Union, the route is signed as a north-south highway though it runs northwest-southeast between Matamoras and East Union. No part of the route is a part of the National Highway System, SR260 was first assigned around 1926 on its present alignment between SR145 in Road Fork to SR78 near East Union, entirely in Noble County. SR245 was signed on the present SR260 route between Matamoras and Bloomfield at SR26 as well, the section between SR26 and SR145 was not a part of the highway system at the time. By 1933, SR260 extended east from SR145 in Monroe County to the community of Marr, within the next two years, the route was extended south to Bloomfield and absorbed all of SR245. Since then, no changes have taken effect on the routing
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Ohio State Route 339
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State Route 339 is a north–south state highway in southeastern Ohio, a U. S. state. The southern terminus of SR339 is at SR618 approximately 2 miles west of Belpre, the highways northern terminus is a T-intersection with SR821 about 0.75 miles south of Dexter City. SR 339s routing takes it through portions of the counties of Washington, Morgan, no portion of SR339 is included within the National Highway System, a network of highways deemed most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. SR339 was established in 1933 and this would only be temporary, as in 1935 the highway was extended southwesterly to a new southern terminus at its eastern junction with SR60, then designated as SR77, in Beverly. In 1972, as a result of the designation of Interstate 76 to Ohio, the SR76 designation was eliminated
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Ohio State Route 530
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State Route 530 is a nearly 8-mile long, east-west state highway in the southeastern corner of the U. S. state of Ohio. The western terminus of State Route 530 is at a signalized T-intersection with State Route 60 in downtown Lowell and its eastern terminus is at State Route 821 in the community of Warner, nearly 1 mile west of Lower Salem. All of State Route 530 is situated within the part of Washington County. The highway is not included as a component of the National Highway System, the designation of State Route 530 took place in 1937. From its inception, State Route 530 has been routed along the alignment that it utilizes today. No major changes have taken place to the routing of State Route 530 since it was established, the entire route is in Washington County
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Ohio State Route 550
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State Route 550 is an east–west state highway in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of Ohio. The western terminus of SR550 is at an interchange with U. S. Route 33 just north of the city limits of Athens, the eastern terminus of SR550 is at an intersection with SR7 just west of Marietta. Along its way, SR550 passes through the counties of Athens, there is no section of the highway that is incorporated within the National Highway System. The route connecting Athens and Marietta has been a state highway since the creation in Ohio in the 1910s. Prior to 1922, the route was known as SR157, between 1923 and 1929, the route became the southernmost part of SR26. In 1929, the SR26 designation was removed and replaced by a part of U. S. Route 50N and this route ran from Athens at US50 east to Marietta. In West Virginia, it traveled along WV16 until it joined US 50S in Ellenboro, by 1935, the mainline of US50 was signed along US 50S between Athens and Pike, West Virginia and the former US 50N became U. S. Route 50 Alternate. A temporary ferry between Newport and St. Marys was utilized until the new Hi Carpenter Memorial Bridge opened in 1977. Also, when US50 was moved onto a freeway in West Virginia in 1973, US50 Alt. s eastern terminus was moved back to Ellenboro, the designation of SR550 took place in 1976. Since the route became SR550, no changes have taken place to the routing. At least part of the route of 550 is based on the original Marietta-Chillicothe Stagecoach Road
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Ohio State Route 555
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State Route 555 is a 62. 36-mile-long, north–south running state highway that passes through four counties in southeastern Ohio. State Route 555s southern terminus is at the concurrency of US50, SR7 and its northern terminus is at SR60 in Wayne Township, just outside Zanesville. The route passes through rural portions of Washington, Morgan, Perry. Its emergence into southern Zanesville at the northern end takes the route into a more suburban setting before it terminates. SR555 begins at a intersection with US50, SR7, and SR32. The route heads on a route towards the northwest. Northwest of Cutler, the route clips a part of the Wayne National Forest, after its brief routing through the Wayne National Forest, SR555 intersects SR550 in the community of Bartlett. Just shortly after the intersection with SR676 at its terminus, SR555 enters Morgan County. In the village of Chesterhill, one of two incorporated towns through which SR555 passes, the route shares a concurrency with SR377. After exiting the village, the route back in a northwestern direction. After sharing a concurrency with SR78 in Ringgold, SR555 re-enters another part of the Wayne National Forest. The road curves back into Morgan County where it begins a new concurrency with SR37, the two routes head west into Perry County before SR555 breaks off and travels north. SR 555s stay in Perry County is short as it soon re-enters Morgan County where it intersects, upon entering Muskingum County, the route travels north in Brush Creek Township. As SR555 begins to approach the Muskingum River, the curves to the left at an intersection with County Road 6A. At this point, state maintenance of the ends and SR555 becomes county-maintained as Muskingum County Road 6. Through the remainder of Brush Creek Township and parts of Springfield Township, after making an S-curve to cross the Moxahala Creek, the route barely misses the village limits of South Zanesville but does reach a southern section of the city of Zanesville. At the city limits, CR6 ends and SR555 is its own route again, just after the city limits, SR555 reaches the eastern terminus of SR719 at a signalized intersection. SR555 turns right to cross over the Muskingum River before it ends at an intersection with SR60, as of 2012, no part of SR555 is included within the National Highway System
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Ohio State Route 676
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State Route 676 is a 26. 53-mile long east–west state highway in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of Ohio. The western terminus of SR676 is at a T-intersection with SR555 approximately 3 miles southeast of the village of Chesterhill and its eastern terminus is at a T-intersection with SR7 in the southwestern portion of the city of Marietta. SR676 traverses the western portion of Washington County and a portion of southern Morgan County. There are no segments of SR676 that are a part of the National Highway System, the SR676 designation was established in 1937. It has utilized the routing between SR555 near Chesterhill and SR7 near Marietta throughout its history. Initially, the length of SR676 was a gravel roadway. In 1947, the easternmost stretch of SR676 between County Road 183 and SR7 was paved, four years later, the highway was hard-surfaced between the present SR339 junction, at the time designated as SR76, and CR183. The remaining gravel portion of SR676 between SR555 and the current SR339 intersection was paved by 1961
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Ohio State Route 821
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State Route 821 is a north–south state highway in the southeastern portion of the U. S. state of Ohio. The route is entirely undivided surface road, and is less direct than the newer I-77 which supplanted it as a through route. As the interstate was being built, the designation of US21 was moved to the freeway before Ohio wholly decommissioned the now-superfluous U. S. route, SR821 was designated about two years after US21 was moved onto I-77 in southeastern Ohio. Along its path, SR821 passes through portions of Washington County and Noble County. No segment of the route is included as a part of the National Highway System, the NHS is a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation. SR821 was created in 1971, the designation was applied to what was the former routing of US21 between Marietta and Byesville, prior to the completion of I-77 through the area by 1969. At the time, when the US21 designation was removed from Ohio in favor of I-77, however, by 1971, it was introduced back into the system, and was given the designation of SR821, based on its routing along the old path of US21
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Wayne National Forest
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The Wayne National Forest is located in the south-eastern part of the US state of Ohio, in the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. It is the national forest in Ohio. Forest headquarters are located between The Plains and Nelsonville, Ohio, on US Route 33, overlooking the Hocking River, the Wayne National Forest was started as part of a reforestation program. The forest comprises three administrative and purchase units, Athens, Marietta, and Ironton, as of January 2012, the forest has 240,101 acres in federal ownership within a proclamation boundary of 832,147 acres. The Athens Unit is located in Athens, Hocking, Morgan, Perry, and Vinton Counties, the Marietta Unit is located in Monroe, Noble and Washington Counties, and includes 63,381 acres as of 2002, with over half of the total being within Washington County. The Ironton Unit is located in Gallia, Jackson, Lawrence and Scioto Counties, the area of Ohio included within the Forest is based on late Paleozoic geology, heavy in sandstones and shales, including redbeds, with many coal beds. The topography is very rugged, with elevation changes typically in the 200–400-foot range. The North Country Trail passes through areas of the Wayne, in which it is coincident with the Buckeye Trail. Wayne National Forest Official Website A Forest Returns, The Success Story of Ohios Only National Forest –- oral history on the beginnings of the Wayne, economic Analysis of the 2006 Wayne National Forest Plan – a critical analysis of future USFS plans for the Wayne
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1860 United States Census
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The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census conducted in the United States starting June 1,1860, and lasting five months. It determined the population of the United States to be 31,443,321, the total population included 3,953,761 slaves, representing 12. 6% of the total population. By the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, as a result, Census Superintendent Joseph C. G. Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of public reports, without graphic or cartographic representations. The statistics did allow the Census staff to produce a display, including preparing maps of Southern states. These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including population, slave population, predominant agricultural products. The 1860 census Schedule 1 was one of two schedules that counted the population of the United States, the other was Schedule 2, aggregate data for small areas, together with compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the National Historical Geographic Information System. National data reveals that farmers made up nearly 10% of utilized occupations, farm laborers represent the next highest percent with 3. 2%, followed by general laborers at 3. 0%. More localized data shows that other occupations were common, in the town of Essex, Massachusetts, a large section of the women in the labor force were devoted to shoe-binding, while for men the common occupations were farming and shoe-making. IPUMS data also notes that the share of the population that had enrolled in school or marked as Student stood at 0. 2%. The census of 1860 was the last in which much of Southern wealth was held as slaves—still legally considered property, G. G. Kennedy U. S. Federal Cens us Mortality Schedules 1850-1880 Adam Goodheart, The Census of Doom, NY Times
Washington County, Ohio
