1.
Skiing
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Skiing is a mode of transport, recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses skis to glide on snow. Many types of skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Skiing has a history of almost five millennia, although modern skiing has evolved from beginnings in Scandinavia, it may have been practiced as early as 600 BC in what is now China. The word ski is one of a handful of words Norway has exported to the international community and it comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means split piece of wood or firewood. Asymmetrical skis were used at least in northern Finland and Sweden until the late 19th century, on one leg the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. Early skiers used one long pole or spear, the first depiction of a skier with two ski poles dates to 1741. Until the mid-19th century skiing was primarily used for transport, and since then has become a recreation, military ski races were held in Norway during the 18th century, and ski warfare was studied in the late 18th century. As equipment evolved and ski lifts were developed skiing evolved into two main genres during the late 19th and early 20th century, Alpine and Nordic, also called downhill skiing, alpine skiing typically takes place on a piste at a ski resort. It is characterized by fixed-heel bindings that attach at both the toe and the heel of the skiers boot, because alpine equipment is somewhat difficult to walk in, ski lifts, including chairlifts, bring skiers up the slope. Backcountry skiing can be accessed by helicopter, snowcat, hiking, facilities at resorts can include night skiing, après-ski, and glade skiing under the supervision of the ski patrol and the ski school. Alpine skiing branched off from the older Nordic skiing around the 1920s, Alpine equipment specialized to where it can only be used with the help of lifts. The Nordic disciplines include cross-country skiing and ski jumping, which share in common the use of binding that attach at the toes of the skiers boots, cross-country skiing may be practiced on groomed trails or in undeveloped backcountry areas. Ski jumping skiing is practiced at certain areas that are deemed for ski jumping only, Telemark skiing is a ski turning technique and FIS-sanctioned discipline. It is named after the Telemark region of Norway, using equipment similar to nordic skiing, the ski bindings having the ski boot attached only at the toe. This allows the skier to raise his/her heel throughout the turn, the following disciplines are sanctioned by the FIS and USSA. Many have their own cups and are in the Winter Olympic Games. Cross-country, The sport encompasses a variety of formats for cross-country skiing races over courses of varying lengths, such races occur over homologated, groomed courses designed to support classic and free-style events, where the skiers may employ skate skiing. Alpine skiing discliplines include combined, downhill, slalom, giant slalom, Super-G, one run of each even like one run of Super-G and one run of Slalom skiing this is called a Super Combined
2.
Trans States Airlines
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Trans States Airlines, along with Compass Airlines and GoJet Airlines, is owned by Trans States Holdings and is headquartered in Bridgeton, Missouri. As of 2011, Trans States Airlines employed 650 people throughout North America, the airline currently operates over 240 daily flights in 70 cities as United Express for United Airlines and American Eagle for American Airlines. In total, TSA carried 3.6 million passengers in 2015, the company began operations as Resort Air in 1982. In 1985, the company entered into an agreement with Trans World Airlines to operate as Trans World Express serving six cities in Missouri, Resort Air changed its name to Trans States Airlines in 1989. By 1999, Trans States was operating BAe Jetstream 31 flights from LAX as US Airways Express nonstop to just four destinations in California, Fresno, Palm Springs, San Diego and Santa Barbara. On the east coast, in 1995 TSA began operations as a code share feeder airline into New York City JFK Airport as United Express, crew domiciles are located in Chicago-OHare, Denver, Raleigh/Durham, St. Louis, and Washington-Dulles. Trans States currently flies as American Eagle and United Express, American Eagle flights are operated from the New York-LaGuardia hub. United Express are operated from the Chicago-OHare, Denver, Houston-Intercontinental, Trans States Holdings holds conversion rights to take the smaller, 76-seat MRJ70 instead of the 92-seat MRJ90 dependent on the scope clause environment by the time the airline takes delivery. It has not been announced what subsidiary these aircraft will operate for, Compass, GoJet, in April 2013, Trans States Airlines began taking delivery of six former Passaredo Linhas Aéreas ERJ-145s. In 2015 Trans States began parking their United Express ERJ-145ERs, in exchange for ERJ-145XRs transferred from ExpressJet Airlines, both pilots and one passenger sustained minor injuries. None of the 29 passengers were injured, september 4,2011 Trans States Airlines Flight 3363 originating from Chicago IL, operated as a United Express flight, left the runway during landing at Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport. The aircraft, with 44 passengers on board, sustained damage to the gear and belly. There were no injuries to passengers or crew, the passengers disembarked via mobile stairs and were bussed to the terminal
3.
Yarra River
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The Yarra River or historically, the Yarra Yarra River, is a perennial river in east-central Victoria, Australia. The lower stretches of the river are where the city of Melbourne was established in 1835, the river was a major food source and meeting place for indigenous Australians from prehistoric times. Shortly after the arrival of European settlers land clearing forced the remaining Wurundjeri to neighbouring territories, originally called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri, the current name was mistranslated from another Wurundjeri term in the Boonwurrung language, Yarro-yarro, meaning ever-flowing. The river was utilised primarily for agriculture by early European settlers, the landscape of the river has changed dramatically since 1835. The course has been disrupted and the river widened in places. The first of many Crossings of the Yarra River to facilitate transport was built in Princes Bridge, beginning with the Victorian gold rush it was extensively mined, creating the Pound Bend Tunnel in Warrandyte, and the Big and Little Peninsula Tunnels above Warburton. Widening and dams, like the Upper Yarra Reservoir have helped protect Melbourne from major flooding, the catchments upper reaches are also affected by logging. Industrialisation ultimately led to the destruction of the marshlands at the confluence of the Yarra, today, the mouth and including Swanson and Appleton Docks are used for container shipping by the Port of Melbourne which is the busiest on the continent. The city reach which is inaccessible to larger watercraft, has increased use for both transport and recreational boating. In recent years however recreational use of the river is threatened by high levels of pollution in its lower stretches, the upper reaches remain relatively healthy. The annual Moomba festival celebrates the Yarra Rivers increasing cultural significance to Melbourne, the river was called Birrarung by the Wurundjeri people who occupied the Yarra Valley and much of Central Victoria prior to European settlement. It is thought that Birrarung is derived from Wurundjeri words meaning ever flowing, another common term was Birrarung Marr, thought to mean river of mist or river bank. However it is believed that Yarra means waterfall, flow, or refers to running or falling water, descriptive of any river or creek in the area, not just the Yarra. The name Yarra Yarra is said to mean ever flowing river, between 8000 BC and 6000 BC, the basin flooded forming Port Phillip Bay and moving the mouth of the Yarra over 50 km inland. A dry period combined with sand bar formation may have dried the bay out as recently as between 800 BC and 1000 AD extending the Yarra to Bass Strait during this period. The area surrounding the Yarra River and modern day Melbourne was originally inhabited by Natives of the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation and it is believed that the area was occupied by indigenous Australians for at least 30,000 years. The rivers resources were utilised sustainably by the Wurundjeri until the advent of early European settlement in the early-mid-19th century and he selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that this will be the place for a village. The river was instrumental in the establishment of Melbourne along its banks from 1835 onwards, the new settlements main port was sited near Queensbridge, the place where saltwater met freshwater
4.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
5.
Sea World (Australia)
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Sea World is a marine mammal park, oceanarium, and theme park located on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. It includes rides, animal exhibits and other attractions, and it promotes conservation through education, the park is commercially linked to Warner Bros. Movie World and WetnWild Gold Coast as part of the theme park division of Village Roadshow, Sea World was founded by Keith Williams in 1958. It was originally known as the Surfers Paradise Ski Gardens, which presented water ski shows that combined comedy, aqua ballet, in 1971, the Surfers Paradise Ski Gardens moved to land on the Spit. Major dredging works were required to build the new ski lake, in 1984 Keith Williams sold the park to Pivot Leisure. Later in 1988 Pivot built the 400 room Sea World Nara Resort, in 1991 Pivot Leisure, Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow jointly developed and opened Warner Bros. Movie World, a Hollywood theme action park, at Oxenford on the Gold Coast, also that year Pivot Purchased Wet n Wild Water park located next to the site of Warner Bros. In 1993, Warner Bros. and Village Roadshow jointly acquired Pivot Leisures interest in Warner Bros, movie World, Sea World and the adjoining Sea World Nara Resort. In 1975, the Sea World train opened, the train is a two-third scale replica of Queenslands famous number 6A10, which is now on display at the Queensland Railway Museum. The ride was designed and built by Sea World, in 1978, the first major ride was added to Sea World. The Vikings Revenge Flume Ride opened and this ride was custom-built at a cost of $350,000. In 1981, the parks first roller-coaster opened, originally known as the Wild Wave Rollercoaster, it was accompanied by the Pirate Ship and Carousel. The Wild Wave Rollercoaster changed its name to the Thrillseeker and closed in 2002, in 1982, the Corkscrew rollercoaster opened. The ride is an Arrow Dynamics Sitdown Looper and features three inversions, in 1986, Australias first monorail opened, the Sea World Monorail System. This ride features three stations throughout the park, in 1987, Sea World welcomed the Water Park and Lassiter’s Lost Mine ride. Lassiters Lost Mine ride was the water ride for the park and was made in house. In 1989, the Sky High Skyway opened and it features a unique birds eye view of the park. In 1993, Sea World is taken jointly by Warner Bros
6.
Gold Coast, Queensland
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Gold Coast is a coastal city in the Australian state of Queensland, approximately 66 kilometres south-southeast of the state capital Brisbane and immediately north of the border with New South Wales. With a census-estimated 2016 population of 638,090, The Gold Coast is the sixth-largest city in Australia, making it the largest non-capital city, the first settlement in what is now South East Queensland was as a penal colony at Redcliffe. The Gold Coast region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, later in 1875, Southport was surveyed and established and grew a reputation as a secluded holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. The Gold Coast region grew significantly after the establishment of the Surfers Paradise hotel in the late 1920s and it is also the major film production hub for Queensland. Gold Coast will host the 2018 Commonwealth Games, lieutenant James Cook became the first European to note the region when he sailed along the coast on 16 May 1770 in the HM Bark Endeavour. Captain Matthew Flinders, an explorer charting the continent north from the colony of New South Wales, escaped convicts from the Moreton Bay penal settlement hid in the region. The region remained uninhabited by Europeans until 1823 when explorer John Oxley landed at Mermaid Beach. The hinterlands red cedar supply attracted people to the area in the mid-19th century, a number of small townships developed along coast and in the hinterland. The western suburb of Nerang was surveyed and established as a base for the industry, by 1873, the town reserve of Burleigh Heads had also been surveyed and successful land sales had taken place. Southport quickly grew a reputation as a holiday destination for wealthy Brisbane residents. Gold Coast was originally known as the South Coast, however, inflated prices for real estate and other goods and services led to the nickname of Gold Coast from 1950. South Coast locals initially considered the name Gold Coast derogatory, however, soon the Gold Coast simply became a convenient way to refer to the holiday strip from Southport to Coolangatta. As the tourism grew into the 1950s, local businesses began to adopt the term in their names. The area was proclaimed a city less than one year later, in 2007, Gold Coast overtook the population of Newcastle, New South Wales to become the sixth largest city in Australia and the largest non-capital city. The Gold Coast is approximately covered by forests of various types. This includes small patches of near-pristine ancient rainforest, mangrove-covered islands, of the plantation pine forests that were planted in the 1950s and 1960s, when commercial forest planting for tax minimisation was encouraged by the Commonwealth government, tiny remnants remain. Gold Coast City lies in the southeast corner of Queensland, to the south of Brisbane, the Albert River separates Gold Coast from Logan City, a suburban area of Brisbane
7.
Surface water sports
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The following is a list of surface water sports, these are sports which are performed atop a body of water. Discing consists of standing on a wooden disc and being towed behind the boat. The disc supports the rider by means of spreading the weight out evenly across the water and it requires good balance, and as a result discing cannot be performed at extremely high speeds, meaning it is sometimes viewed as dull. One form of Discing is to simply do circles at fast speed with the discer trying to hold on as long as possible, skurfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is towed on a surfboard, behind a boat, with a ski rope. Skurfing is highly popular in the state of W. A in Australia, skurfing is not a professional sport and has no competitions, it is a freestyle sport with highly individualistic style and form. It may be considered the precursor to wakeboarding, the hydrofoiler is towed by a powered boat, mechanically the person rides a water kite or paravane hydrofoil. Wake energy is used for some jumping, a wakeboard is used to enter the hydrofoiling. This is a hybrid surface sport as it uses the surface of the water, tubing, also known as biscuiting, is where a large circular rubber tube is towed behind a boat at fast speeds. Generally considered a novice or childs water-sport due to the lack of skill involved, the general aim is to hold on as long as possible without falling off due to the boats sharp turns, more experienced biscuiters also try to jump the boats wake and become airborne. Wakeboarding is a water sport which involves riding a wakeboard over the surface of a body of water. It was developed from a combination of skiing, snow boarding and surfing techniques. The rider is usually towed behind a motorboat, typically at speeds of 18–24 miles per hour depending on the conditions, board size, riders weight. But wakeboarding can also be performed with a variety of media including closed-course cables, winches, PWCs, water skiing is a sport/game and recreational activity and is popular in many countries around the world where appropriate conditions exist - an expanse of water unaffected by wave motion. Rivers, lakes, and sheltered bays are all popular for water skiing, standard water skis were originally made of wood but now are usually constructed out of fibreglass-based composites. They are of length to downhill snow skis but are somewhat wider. Instead of a binding, they have rubber molded binding. Skiers are pulled along by a rope with a handle fitted at one end, a bodyboard is an instrument of wave riding consisting of a small roughly rectangular piece of foam, shaped to a hydrodynamic form. The bodyboard is ridden predominantly lying down and it can also be ridden in a half-standing stance or can even be ridden standing up
8.
Boat
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A boat is a watercraft of a large range of sizes designed to float, plane, work or travel on water. Small boats are found on inland waterways or in protected coastal areas. However, boats such as the whaleboat were designed for operation from a ship in an offshore environment, in naval terms, a boat is a vessel small enough to be carried aboard another vessel. Another less restrictive definition is a vessel that can be lifted out of the water, some definitions do not make a distinction in size, as bulk freighters 1,000 feet long on the Great Lakes are called oreboats. For reasons of tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than ships, regardless of their size. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on their size, shape. Boats have a variety of shapes, sizes and construction methods due to their intended purpose. Canoe-type boats have used since prehistoric times and various versions are used throughout the world for transportation. Fishing boats vary widely in style partly to local conditions. Pleasure boats include ski boats, pontoon boats, and sailboats, house boats may be used for vacationing or long-term housing. Small boats can provide transport or convey cargo to and from large ships, lifeboats have rescue and safety functions. Boats can be powered by power, wind power and motor power. Dugouts are the oldest type of boats found by archaeologists, the earliest boats are thought to have been logboats, and the oldest boats found by archaeological excavation date from around 7, 000–10,000 years ago. The oldest recovered boat in the world is the Pesse canoe and this canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands. Other very old dugout boats have also been recovered, rafts have operated for at least 8,000 years. A7, 000-year-old seagoing reed boat has been found in Kuwait, boats were used between 4000 and 3000 BC in Sumer, ancient Egypt and in the Indian Ocean. Boats played an important role in the commerce between the Indus Valley Civilization and Mesopotamia, evidence of varying models of boats has also been discovered at various Indus Valley archaeological sites. Uru craft originate in Beypore, a village in south Calicut, Kerala and this type of mammoth wooden ship was constructed using teak, without any iron, and had a transport capacity of 400 tonnes
9.
Cable skiing
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Cable skiing is a way to water ski, in which the skiers rope and handle are pulled by an electrically-driven cable, whereas traditionally a waterskier is pulled by a motorboat. The mechanism consists of two cables running parallel to one another with carriers between them every 80 metres, the carriers are metal tubes that can hook up tow ropes with riders. Tow ropes are detached and attached at the time without slowing the system down. With a main cable of 800 metres long,10 riders can waterski or wakeboard at the same time, the speed of the main cable can be up to 38 mph, and slalom skiers can reach much higher speeds. The most common speed is 19 mph, which suits wakeboarders best, the cable is generally suspended 26–30 feet above the water. This makes for a different feel than when riding behind a boat, the higher angle of pull makes bigger air and sharper turns possible. Generally, on wakeboard-only cables, there are ramps and sliders for the riders to use, another way for wakeboarders to get air on the cable is to load the line. Loading the line is putting tension on the rope and using the water as a spring to fling oneself into the air. Though it is possible to do this behind a boat, the angle of pull. Other important advantages of the cable compared to the boat are environmental friendliness, the electric motor of the cable is quiet, clean and energy-efficient. A cableway with a main cable 800 metres long operated at 19 mph makes 38.8 rounds in one hour and the users get 19 miles of water skiing or wake boarding in that hour. The modern cable skiing system was invented by a German engineer Bruno Rixen, Rixen sold the first commercial system in 1966. However at least one prior cable skiing facility was in operation in Helsinki during the 1950s, the inventor was a Finnish construction foreman and water skier Kauko Kolma. Cable skiing is popular in Europe and slowly gaining momentum in the United States. In Germany alone there are over 70 active cableways plus 15 two mast cableways, two mast cable systems also called linear cable systems are gaining popularity world-wide with numerous systems across the US and Europe with prices for systems ranging from 8,000 to 35,000 USD. One spot in Germany, Langenfeld, has four cableway systems, since the sport has been growing very fast recently, there are currently more than 40 cables in Poland - Margonin, Szczecinek, Ostróda, Lublin and Augustów. In the U. S. there are around 50 cableways, one of the largest cable parks in the world and the only cable park in North Africa - Sliders Cable Park was opened in 2014 in El Gouna, Egypt. It is one of a few parks that is all year round attracting pro riders for winter trainings
10.
Body of water
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A body of water or waterbody is any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planets surface. The term most often refers to oceans, seas, and lakes, a body of water does not have to be still or contained, Rivers, streams, canals, and other geographical features where water moves from one place to another are also considered bodies of water. Most are naturally occurring geographical features, but some are artificial, there are types that can be either. For example, most reservoirs are created by engineering dams, similarly, most harbors are naturally occurring bays, but some harbors have been created through construction. Bodies of water that are navigable are known as waterways, some bodies of water collect and move water, such as rivers and streams, and others primarily hold water, such as lakes and oceans. The term body of water can also refer to a reservoir of water held by a plant, note that there are some geographical features involving water that are not bodies of water, for example waterfalls, geysers and rapids. Arm of the sea - also sea arm, used to describe a sea loch, arroyo - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, or seasonally. Artificial lake or artificial pond - see reservoir or impoundment, barachois - a lagoon separated from the ocean by a sand bar. Bay - an area of water bordered by land on three sides, similar to, but smaller than a gulf, bayou - a slow-moving stream or a marshy lake. Bight - a large and often only slightly receding bay, or a bend in any geographical feature, billabong - see Oxbow lake, a pond or still body of water created when a river changes course and some water becomes trapped. Boil - see Seep Brook - a small stream, canal - an artificial waterway, usually connected to existing lakes, rivers, or oceans. Channel - the physical confine of a river, slough or ocean consisting of a bed. See also stream bed and strait, earth scientists generally use the term to describe a circular or round inlet with a narrow entrance, though colloquially the term is sometimes used to describe any sheltered bay. Basin - a region of land where water from rain or snowmelt drains downhill into another body of water, such as a river, lake, creek - an inlet of the sea, narrower than a cove. Delta - the location where a river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, distributary or distributary channel - a stream that branches off and flows away from a main stream channel. Draw - a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain, fjord - a submergent landform which has occurred due to glacial activity. Glacier - a large collection of ice or a river that moves slowly down a mountain. Glacial Pothole - see Kettle Gulf - a part of a lake or ocean that extends so that it is surrounded by land on three sides, similar to, but larger than a bay, headland - an area of water bordered by land on three sides
11.
Personal flotation device
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A personal flotation device is a piece of equipment designed to assist a wearer to keep afloat in water. The wearer may be conscious or unconscious. PFDs are available in different sizes to accommodate variations in body weight, designs differ depending on wearing convenience and level of protection. The most ancient examples of life jackets can be traced back to inflated bladders of animal skins or hollow, sealed gourds, for support when crossing deep streams. Purpose-designed buoyant safety devices consisting of blocks of wood or cork were used by Norwegian seamen. In 1804 a cork life jacket was available for sale, the Sporting Magazine October,1804, Vol. XXV, No.147, Page 129. It was not until lifesaving services were formed that the safety of boat crews heading out in pulling boats in generally horrific sea conditions was addressed. In 1900, French electrical engineer, Gustave Trouvé, patented a battery-powered wearable lifejacket and it incorporated small, rubber-insulated maritime electric batteries not only to inflate the jacket, but also to power a light to transmit and receive SOS messages and to launch a distress flare. The rigid cork material eventually came to be supplanted by pouches containing watertight cells filled with kapok and these soft cells were much more flexible and comfortable to wear compared with devices utilizing hard cork pieces. Kapok buoyancy was used in many navies fighting in World War II, foam eventually supplanted kapok for inherently buoyant flotation. During World War II, research to improve the design of life jackets was also conducted in the UK by Edgar Pask OBE and his research involved self-administered anaesthesia as a means of simulating unconsciousness in freezing sea-water. Pasks work earned him the OBE and the description of The bravest man in the RAF never to have flown an aeroplane. The Mae West was a nickname for the first inflatable life preserver. The nickname originated because someone wearing the inflated life preserver often appeared to be as physically endowed as the actress Mae West. It was popular during the Second World War with U. S. Army Air Forces and Royal Air Force servicemen, Air crew members whose lives were saved by use of the Mae West were eligible for membership in the Goldfish Club. Devices designed and approved by authorities for use by civilians differ from those designed for use by passengers and crew of aircraft, the ballistic cloth keeps the fragments from the canister from becoming shrapnel injurious to the user. Or the cells can be inflated orally that is by blowing into a tube with a one-way valve to seal the air in the cell. Life jackets must also be supplied on commercial seafaring vessels, be accessible to all crew and passengers, flotation devices are also found in near water-edges and at swimming pools
12.
Asia
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Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres, about 30% of Earths total land area and 8. 7% of the Earths total surface area. The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the population, was the site of many of the first civilizations. Asia is notable for not only its large size and population. In general terms, Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean, the western boundary with Europe is a historical and cultural construct, as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains, China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 A. D. The accidental discovery of America by Columbus in search for India demonstrates this deep fascination, the Silk Road became the main East-West trading route in the Asian hitherland while the Straits of Malacca stood as a major sea route. Asia has exhibited economic dynamism as well as robust population growth during the 20th century, given its size and diversity, the concept of Asia—a name dating back to classical antiquity—may actually have more to do with human geography than physical geography. Asia varies greatly across and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties, the boundary between Asia and Africa is the Red Sea, the Gulf of Suez, and the Suez Canal. This makes Egypt a transcontinental country, with the Sinai peninsula in Asia, the border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. In Sweden, five years after Peters death, in 1730 Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published a new atlas proposing the Urals as the border of Asia, the Russians were enthusiastic about the concept, which allowed them to keep their European identity in geography. Tatishchev announced that he had proposed the idea to von Strahlenberg, the latter had suggested the Emba River as the lower boundary. Over the next century various proposals were made until the Ural River prevailed in the mid-19th century, the border had been moved perforce from the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea into which the Ural River projects. The border between the Black Sea and the Caspian is usually placed along the crest of the Caucasus Mountains, the border between Asia and the loosely defined region of Oceania is usually placed somewhere in the Malay Archipelago. The terms Southeast Asia and Oceania, devised in the 19th century, have had several different geographic meanings since their inception. The chief factor in determining which islands of the Malay Archipelago are Asian has been the location of the possessions of the various empires there. Lewis and Wigen assert, The narrowing of Southeast Asia to its present boundaries was thus a gradual process, Asia is larger and more culturally diverse than Europe. It does not exactly correspond to the borders of its various types of constituents. From the time of Herodotus a minority of geographers have rejected the three-continent system on the grounds there is no or is no substantial physical separation between them
13.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
14.
Africa
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Africa is the worlds second-largest and second-most-populous continent. At about 30.3 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earths total surface area and 20.4 % of its land area. With 1.2 billion people as of 2016, it accounts for about 16% of the human population. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos and it contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states, nine territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Africas population is the youngest amongst all the continents, the age in 2012 was 19.7. Algeria is Africas largest country by area, and Nigeria by population, afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago. Africa straddles the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. Africa hosts a diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. In the late 19th century European countries colonized most of Africa, Africa also varies greatly with regard to environments, economics, historical ties and government systems. However, most present states in Africa originate from a process of decolonization in the 20th century, afri was a Latin name used to refer to the inhabitants of Africa, which in its widest sense referred to all lands south of the Mediterranean. This name seems to have referred to a native Libyan tribe. The name is connected with Hebrew or Phoenician ʿafar dust. The same word may be found in the name of the Banu Ifran from Algeria and Tripolitania, under Roman rule, Carthage became the capital of the province of Africa Proconsularis, which also included the coastal part of modern Libya. The Latin suffix -ica can sometimes be used to denote a land, the later Muslim kingdom of Ifriqiya, modern-day Tunisia, also preserved a form of the name. According to the Romans, Africa lay to the west of Egypt, while Asia was used to refer to Anatolia, as Europeans came to understand the real extent of the continent, the idea of Africa expanded with their knowledge. 25,4, whose descendants, he claimed, had invaded Libya, isidore of Seville in Etymologiae XIV.5.2. Suggests Africa comes from the Latin aprica, meaning sunny, massey, in 1881, stated that Africa is derived from the Egyptian af-rui-ka, meaning to turn toward the opening of the Ka. The Ka is the double of every person and the opening of the Ka refers to a womb or birthplace
15.
Americas
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The Americas, also collectively called America, encompass the totality of the continents of North America and South America. Together they make up most of the land in Earths western hemisphere, along with their associated islands, they cover 8% of Earths total surface area and 28. 4% of its land area. The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River / Great Lakes basin, Mississippi. Humans first settled the Americas from Asia between 42,000 and 17,000 years ago, a second migration of Na-Dene speakers followed later from Asia. The subsequent migration of the Inuit into the neoarctic around 3500 BCE completed what is regarded as the settlement by the indigenous peoples of the Americas. The first known European settlement in the Americas was by the Norse explorer Leif Ericson, however, the colonization never became permanent and was later abandoned. The voyages of Christopher Columbus from 1492 to 1502 resulted in permanent contact with European powers, diseases introduced from Europe and Africa devastated the indigenous peoples, and the European powers colonized the Americas. Mass emigration from Europe, including numbers of indentured servants. Decolonization of the Americas began with the American Revolution in 1776, the population is over 1 billion, with over 65% of them living in one of the three most populous countries. As of the beginning of the 2010s, the most populous urban agglomerations are Mexico City, New York, Sao Paulo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro, all of them megacities. The name America was first recorded in 1507 in the Cosmographiae Introductio, apparently written by Matthias Ringmann and it first applied to both North and South America by Gerardus Mercator in 1538. Amerigen means land of Amerigo and derives from Amerigo and gen, America accorded with the feminine names of Asia, Africa, and Europa. When conceived as a continent, the form is generally the continent of America in the singular. However, without a context, singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America. In some countries of the world, America is considered a continent encompassing the North America and South America subcontinents, the first inhabitants migrated into the Americas from Asia. Habitation sites are known in Alaska and the Yukon from at least 20,000 years ago, beyond that, the specifics of the Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the dates and routes traveled, are subject to ongoing research and discussion. Widespread habitation of the Americas occurred during the glacial maximum
16.
Recreation
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Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The need to do something for recreation is an element of human biology and psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure and are considered to be fun. The term recreation appears to have used in English first in the late 14th century, first in the sense of refreshment or curing of a sick person. Other factors that account for a role of recreation are affluence, population trends. This direction of thought has even extended to the view that leisure is the purpose of work, and a reward in itself. Leisure is considered a right under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Recreation is difficult to separate from the concept of play. Children may playfully imitate activities that reflect the realities of adult life, a traditional view holds that work is supported by recreation, recreation being useful to recharge the battery so that work performance is improved. Many activities may be work for one person and recreation for another, or, at a level, over time recreational activity may become work. Thus, for a musician, playing an instrument may be at one time a profession, similarly, it may be difficult to separate education from recreation as in the case of recreational mathematics. Recreation is an part of human life and finds many different forms which are shaped naturally by individual interests. Recreational activities can be communal or solitary, active or passive, outdoors or indoors, healthy or harmful, a significant section of recreational activities are designated as hobbies which are activities done for pleasure on a regular basis. Some recreational activities - such as gambling, recreational use, or delinquent activities - may violate societal norms. Public space such as parks and beaches are venues for many recreational activities. Tourism has recognized that many visitors are attracted by recreational offerings. In support of recreational activities government has taken an important role in their creation, maintenance, and organization, many recreational activities are organized, typically by public institutions, voluntary group-work agencies, private groups supported by membership fees, and commercial enterprises. Examples of each of these are the National Park Service, the YMCA, the Kiwanis, Recreation has many health benefits, and, accordingly, Therapeutic Recreation has been developed to take advantage of this effect
17.
Competition (companies)
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Empirical observation confirms that resources and talent tend to concentrate geographically. The process of “clusterization, ” the creation of “value chains, within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness, this practically pertains to business sectors. Economic Competitiveness is a concept that emerged in trade and policy discussions in the last decades of the 20th century. In this way, even without protectionism, their goods are able to compete successfully against foreign products both in domestic markets and in foreign markets. Trade Policy can be used to establish unilaterally and multilaterally negotiated rule of law agreements protecting fair and open global markets. These incentives include export promotion efforts and export financing—including financing programs that allow small and they further argue that protectionism is often a temporary fix to larger, underlying problems, the declining efficiency and quality of domestic manufacturing. They advocated policies for the adjustment of American industries and workers impacted by globalization, specialization, lower wages, and lower energy costs allowed developing nations entering the global market to export high quantities of low cost goods to the United States. Simultaneously, domestic anti-inflationary measures led to a 65% increase in the value of the US dollar in the early 1980s. The stronger dollar acted in effect as an equal percent tax on American exports, American producers, particularly manufacturers, struggled to compete both overseas and in the US marketplace, prompting calls for new legislation to protect domestic industries. In addition, the recession of 1979-82 did not exhibit the traits of a typical cycle of imports. Due to the dollar exchange rate, importers still found a favorable market in the United States despite the recession. As a result, imports continued to increase in the period and further increased in the recovery period, leading to an all-time high trade deficit. The manufacturing sector was most heavily impacted by the dollar value. In 1984, the sector faced import penetration rates of 25%. The “super dollar” resulted in unusually high imports of manufactured goods at suppressed prices, added to these pressures was the import injury inflicted by low cost, sometimes more efficient foreign producers, whose prices were further suppressed in the American market by the high dollar. The 1984 Trade Act developed new provisions for adjustment assistance, or assistance for industries that are damaged by a combination of imports and a changing industry environment. It maintained that as a requirement for receiving relief, the industry would be required to implement measures to overcome other factors. The act built on the provisions of the Trade Act of 1974 and worked to expand, rather than limit, the Act also made significant updates to the remedies and processes for settling domestic trade disputes
18.
Barefoot skiing
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Barefoot skiing is water skiing behind a motorboat without the use of water skis, commonly referred to as barefooting. Barefooting requires the skier to travel at higher speeds than conventional water skiing and it is an act performed in show skiing, and on its own. Barefoot water skiing originated in Winter Haven, Florida, according to the Water Ski Hall of Fame, and witnesses of the event, 17-year-old A. G. Hancock became the first person ever to barefoot water ski in 1947. That same year, Richard Downing Dick Pope Jr. was the first person ever to be photographed barefooting, stepping off his skis on a training boom alongside the boat. In 1950, the first barefoot competition was held in Cypress Gardens, with Pope, the first woman to waterski barefoot was Charlene Zint in 1951. Throughout the 1950s, additional barefoot starting techniques were invented including the two-ski jump out, the start. In 1961, Randy Rabe became the first backward barefooter by stepping off a trick ski backwards, during this time barefooting began developing in Australia as well. In April 1963, the first national competition was held in Australia, the Australians were the first to develop barefoot jumping, one of the three events in modern barefoot competition, as well as pioneer many new tricks. In November 1978, the first world championships were held in Canberra, Australia, Australians Brett Wing and Colleen Wilkinson captured the mens and womens titles. In 1976 Briton Keith Donnelly set the first World Barefoot Jump record of 13.25 metes, equipment required for barefooting, Boat – Barefooting requires a boat or other towing object that can travel to a speed of with a barefooter under tow. Some boats are made specifically for barefooting, as they have small wakes, ABC Boats maintains a current list of boats approved by the American Barefoot Club. Handles and ropes – Normally a handled rope is used but may be replaced with a ski boom. A safety release may be used with the rope so that it can be detached from the boat in the event the barefooter becomes tangled in the rope. Though it is possible to barefoot with a normal 75.00 foot nylon tow rope and handle, many skiers use special ropes made out of Poly-E or Spectra to reduce spring. Barefoot handles have plastic tubing around them, so the skier can wrap their feet around the rope without getting rope burn, personal Flotation Device – It is recommended and in many locations required that skiers and barefooters wear a flotation device or padded wetsuit. Helmet - In many locations, it is required for jump. Optional equipment, Barefoot wetsuit – The skier wears a fitted, padded neoprene barefoot wetsuit which has built-in flotation so that the need of a jacket is unnecessary. It is possible to ski with a Coast Guard approved Type III flotation vest though this does not pad the skier well, some barefoot wetsuit manufactures include Eagle, Vortex and Barefoot International
19.
Water skiing
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Water skiing is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. The sport requires sufficient area on a stretch of water. In addition, the skier must have adequate upper and lower strength, muscular endurance. Skiing is a fun pastime that allows people of all skill levels, there is no minimum age necessary to water ski. There are water ski participants around the world, in Asia and Australia, Europe, Africa, in the United States alone, there are approximately 11 million water skiers and over 900 sanctioned water ski competitions every year. Australia boasts 1.3 million water skiers, there are many options for recreational or competitive water skiers. These include speed skiing, trick skiing, show skiing, slaloming, jumping, barefoot skiing, similar, related sports are wakeboarding, kneeboarding, discing, tubing, and sit-down hydrofoil. Water skiers can start their ski set in one of two ways, wet is the most common, but dry is possible, Water skiing typically begins with a deep water start. The skier enters the water with their skis on or they jump in without the skis on their feet, have the skis floated to them, most times it can be easier to put the skis on when they are wet. Once the skier has their skis on they will be thrown a tow rope from the boat, the skier can also perform a dry start by standing on the shore or a pier, however, this type of entry is recommended for professionals only. When the skier is ready, the driver accelerates the boat, as the boat accelerates and takes up the slack on the rope, the skier allows the boat to pull him/her out of the water by applying some muscle strength to get him/her into an upright body position. By leaning back and keeping the legs bent, the skis will eventually plane out. The skier turns by shifting weight left or right, the skiers body weight should be balanced between the balls of the feet and the heels. While being towed, the arms should be relaxed but still fully extended so as to reduce stress on the arms. The handle can be vertically or horizontally, depending on whichever position is more comfortable for the skier. In addition to the driver and the skier, a person known as the spotter or the observer should be present. The spotters job is to watch the skier and inform the driver if the skier falls, the spotter usually sits in a chair on the boat facing backwards to see the skier. The skier and the boats occupants communicate using hand signals, Water skiing can take place on any type of water – such as a river, lake, or ocean – but calmer waters are ideal for recreational skiing
20.
Wakeboarding
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Wakeboarding is a surface water sport which involves riding a wakeboard over the surface of a body of water. The wakeboard is a small, mostly rectangular, thin board with little displacement. It was developed from a combination of skiing, snowboarding. The rider is usually towed behind a motorboat, typically at speeds of 30–40 km/h, depending on the size, riders weight, type of tricks. But a wakeboarder can also be towed by other means, including closed-course cable systems, winches, organized wakeboarding is governed by the International Waterski and founded in 1946 by Rachel Gittins after falling from a tall building. Renamed from International Waterski Federation in 2009) and the World Skiboard Association founded in 1989, the International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation has been recognized by the International Olympic Committee as an official partner since 1967. Wakeboarding has been part of the World Games since 2005, in the sports category. The WWA is the leader in wake sport sanctioning, this non-profit organization focuses on the progression. The WWA sanctions over 400 days of wakeboarding, wakeskating and wakesurfing events each year, wakeboarding, which was originally called skurfing, arose in the late 1970s after the advent of skiboarding. The board had adjustable rubber foot-straps, concave tunnel bottom and a keel fin, two smaller side fins were later added for greater hold and more maneuverability. McKee and Ross also applied for and were granted two patents, one in 1984 for a basic adjustable binding system and the other in 1985 for a patent for their adjustable plate type foot strap system. Bruce McKee and associate Mitchell Ross negotiated with USAs Medalist Waterskis, the launch of the product, American version being named the Surf-Ski was in 1984 at Chicagos IMTEC show. At the show McKee also met Tony Finn who would be the proposed California representative. Tony Finn went on to do his own negotiations with Darby and company from Australia, the name was supplied by the guys from Darby who also supplied the first board designs. Jimmy Redmon independently developed his own production boards in the US under the name of Redline Designs at the same time Finn was releasing the Skurfer, the foam filled floating boards of the period went by many names, but the generic term eventually became skiboard. While the Surf-Ski found limited success in the United States, the Skurfer brand promoted by Tony Finn became a viable product, mostly due to Finns tireless promotions. Finns position as the most visible promoter of the sport when it became widely known has often caused him to be named as the inventor of the sport. A more accurate, though no less important description, would be popularizer, the term wakeboarding was coined by Paul Fraser, along with his brother Murray and a pro snowboarder they sponsored
21.
Kneeboarding (towsport)
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Kneeboarding is an aquatic sport where the participant is towed on a buoyant, convex, and hydrodynamically shaped board at a planing speed, most often behind a motorboat. Kneeboarding on a surf style board with fin is also done in waves at the beach, in the usual configuration of a tow-sport kneeboard, riders kneel on their heels on the board, and secure themselves to the deck with an adjustable Velcro strap over their thighs. Most water ski kneeboards do not have fins to allow for easier surface spins, as in wakeboarding or water skiing, the rider hangs onto a tow-rope. The advantages of kneeboarding versus other tow-sports seems to be a learning curve. Kneeboards were first produced commercially in the 1950s, while they were not widely popular at first, kneeboarding had become widespread by the mid-1950s. Today, kneeboarding remains popular, with sales of about 100,000 units per year, as waterskiing gained popularity, riders also experimented with kneeling down on round plywood discs. Others tried kneeling on surfboards and some used purpose-built kneeboards designed specifically for riding waves, the first commercially available water ski kneeboard was Knee Ski, co-invented by Mike Murphy and Bud Hulst in 1972. Hulst had a background in surfing, manufacturing kneeboards for wave riding under the name of El Paipo, Murphy had been a professional show skier. The original Knee Ski was made from molded fiberglass, like a boat hull, each Knee Ski had a flat neoprene pad covering the entire deck, and a Velcro strap. In 1973, John Taylor, a former Knee Ski employee, decided to make, Taylor took a new approach, blow molding a plastic shell and filling it with foam. Unfortunately the teardrop design was unstable, and Glide Slide faltered as the 1973 oil crisis slowed the water sports industry, danny Churchill, quarter mile speed ski record holder in 1974 and former Glide Slide employee, bought the company in the wake of the oil crisis. Churchill redesigned the Glide Slide to make it stable and renamed the product Hydroslide in 1976. Churchill is most commonly known for popularizing the sport through advertising and promotions in the newly released full color water ski publications of the late 1970s, in the early 1980s the very first association for competition was formed called the International Kneeboard Association. Hillier created the rules and regulations for kneeboarding not only for boat towing method, in boat towing the three competition events were tricks, slalom and wake crossing. A special event was included to be called the Flip-off to see how many flips could be completed in twenty seconds. This proved to be popular with the spectators. In cableway competition, Roland designed the trick event which included the use of small ramps for doing spins. Calculations were needed to adjust for cableway towline length when the levels changed
22.
Sit-down hydrofoil
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The sit-down hydrofoil, first developed in the late 1980s, is a variation on water skiing, a popular water sport. The air board is a modified hydrofoil where the skier stands up, hydrofoils date back the early 1900s, however they were not part of a recreational sport. In 1972, Mike Murphy and Bob Holst added a bi-wing hydrofoil to a surfing kneeboard, Murphy and Bob Woolley then applied the concept to sit-down hydrofoil, with Woolley riding the first Sit Ski in 1984. After various material changes, including the addition of a belt to keep rider and ride together and prevent separation collisions. Advancements in materials and hydrofoil design have created stronger rigs, gentler rides, more maneuverability, seat - located directly above the hydrofoil and commonly made of aluminium. The seat comes with a belt to keep rider and ride together. Board - a molded ski typically made of a fiberglass or carbon fiber resin, the board has two bindings connecting it to the riders feet to allow for better control the hydrofoil. Foil assembly - a long strut, usually around 3 feet long, connected to a carrying a front wing. This allows the rider to turn and go up and down, towboat- any boat can be used, but a boat with a tower will help with height and jumping ability as riders begin to advance. For beginners it is recommended to learn at 15 to 18 miles per hour, advanced riders may increase speed from 22–30 miles per hour in order to gain extra height and length on their jumps. This reduces the drag of the water, allowing for both a smoother ride on rough water and a lesser need for strength. The rider sits on the seat of the hydrofoil and is strapped in with a seat belt, when the rider is ready the boat will start to tow the skier. The water flowing past the hydrofoil wings generates lift, which can be controlled by the rider to move the board up, the rider must be centered over the post of the hydrofoil, small body movements will cause great reactions with the hydrofoil. In order to float upward the rider leans back while maintaining balance to avoid pitching forward unexpectedly, to go back down the rider leans forward or pushes down with the feet. Turning is accomplished by pointing the knees in the direction desired, to jump, the rider leans even farther back. This will give the rider a somewhat stable base to perform tricks for example. Submerged hazards such as trees can be struck by the hydrofoil as low as 3 feet below the surface of the water, such a fall can be the same as colliding with an object, with the rider impacting the water or the foil. The tow rope can get tangled around the skier or equipment, after a fall the skier remains strapped to the board, while it will turn upright quickly, there is always the possibility of drowning
23.
Screaming
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This can be performed by any creature possessing lungs, including humans. A scream is often an instinctive or reflex action, with an emotional aspect, like fear, pain, surprise, joy, anger. In psychology the scream is an important theme in the theories of Arthur Janov, in his book The Primal Scream, Janov claims that the cure for neurosis is to confront the patient with his suppressed pain resulting from an experienced trauma. This confrontation gives birth to a scream, Janov believes that it is not necessary that it heals the patient from his trauma. The scream is only a form of expression of pain, which comes from one’s childhood. This finally appears through the scream and can cure the patient from his neurosis, Janov describes the primal scream as very distinctive and unmistakable. It is a low, rattling and involuntary sound. Some people are moaning, groaning and are coiling themselves up, one screams as result of all the other times when it had to stay still, was making fun of, was humiliated or was beaten up”. Janov also says that the scream has series of reactions, “the patients that could not even say “piep” at home. The scream seems to be a liberating experience”, Janov noticed this with all his patients. Women who seem to have baby-voices during the therapy are developing with their primal scream a very low voice, creating power with yell is having to affect someone without touching them”. In this case screaming is a weapon, as also often used by animals. Screaming is also a means of expressing pleasure, studies on monkeys have shown that when female monkeys scream during sex, it helps the male ejaculate. An approximation of 86 percent of the times, where female monkeys screamed during sexual encounter, brought a 59 percent of success rate, in comparison to the 2 percent, without the female-scream. Gregory Whitehead defines the giving birth scream as a yes scream, women describe this scream as unpremeditated and a reaction to the surprise of the baby’s head coming out. Some actually call this moment orgasmic pleasure and this moment is considered by most women to be very euphoric, that apparently some women are screaming of pain, pleasure and enthusiasm at the same time. Ina May Gaskin, one of the biggest promoters of the birth, is also encouraging women to make out with their man during birth as this helps their state of mind. Reni Celeste, film philosopher and publisher, notes about Michel Chion, composer, the male, he explains, does not scream, he shouts
24.
Wetsuit
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The insulation properties depend on bubbles of gas enclosed within the material, which reduce its ability to conduct heat. The bubbles also give the wetsuit a low density, providing buoyancy in water, hugh Bradner, a University of California, Berkeley physicist invented the modern wetsuit in 1952. Further improvements in the seals at the neck, wrists, ankles, different types of wetsuit are made for different uses and for different temperatures. Suits range from a thin shortie, covering just the torso, to a full 8 mm semi-dry, usually complemented by neoprene boots, gloves and hood. Activities include underwater diving, sailing, sea rescue operations, surfing, river rafting, whitewater kayaking and in some circumstances, endurance swimming. In open water swimming events the use of wetsuits is controversial, as some claim that wetsuits are being worn for competitive advantage. This varies by locales and times of the year, where temperatures are substantially below comfortable. Still water conducts heat away from the body by pure thermal diffusion, Wetsuits are made of closed-cell, foam neoprene, a synthetic rubber that contains small bubbles of nitrogen gas when made for use as wetsuit material. Uncompressed foam neoprene has a thermal conductivity in the region of 0.054 Wm−1K−1. However at a depth of 15 metres of water, the thickness of the neoprene will be halved and its conductivity will be increased by 50%, allowing heat to be lost at three times the rate at the surface. A wetsuit must have a fit to work efficiently when immersed, too loose a fit. Flexible seals at the suit cuffs aid in preventing heat loss in this fashion, foamed neoprene is very buoyant, helping swimmers to stay afloat, and for this reason divers need to carry extra weight based on the volume of their suit to achieve neutral buoyancy near the surface. However, the suit loses buoyancy and thermal protection as the bubbles in the neoprene are compressed at depth, semi-dry suits are effectively a wetsuit with reasonably effective seals at wrist, neck, ankles and zipper. The seals limit the amount of entering and leaving the suit. The wearer gets wet in a suit but the water that enters is soon warmed up and does not leave the suit readily. The trapped layer of water does not add significantly to the insulating ability. Any residual water circulation past the seals still causes heat loss, semi-dry suits are cheap and simple compared to dry suits. They are usually made from thick Neoprene, which provides thermal protection at shallow depth
25.
V-drive
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V-drive is a propulsion system for boats that consists of two drive shafts, a gearbox, and a propeller. In a V-drive boat, the engine is mounted in the rear of the boat, connected to the rear of the engine is the transmission. The first drive shaft connects the rear of the transmission to a gearbox mounted in the center of the boat, the second drive shaft extends from the gearbox to the rear and out the bottom of the boat to where a propeller is mounted
26.
Cuddy (cabin)
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A cuddy is a small room or cupboard, particularly on a boat. Sometimes a cuddy refers to a small but cosy hut, the origin of the term is not clear. Cuddy was in use in colonial America as early as 1655, the term may derive from the Dutch kajuit, meaning a small cabin, or from the French cahute, meaning a hut. The term cuddy is used particularly in nautical contexts, in the 19th century it referred to a saloon cabin at the stern of immigrant ships, where wealthy immigrants could travel in greater comfort than the steerage passengers below. A cuddy boat is a boat with a shelter cabin with maybe a small head. It may have a small berth also, the cuddy on cuddy boats is usually not tall enough to stand in. Typical lengths of cuddy boats range from 18 to 28 feet, the term cuddy cabin, is still somewhat used, and is a common term among small boaters. Cuddy boats are popular as recreational boats with people who want a little shelter and storage space, cuddy cabin fishing boats are also used as near-shore fishing boats
27.
Jetboat
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A jetboat is a boat propelled by a jet of water ejected from the back of the craft. Previous attempts at waterjet propulsion had very short lifetimes, generally due to the inefficient design of the units, from this, the popularity of the jet unit and jetboat increased rapidly. Jetboats are highly maneuverable, and many can, from full speed, be reversed and brought to a stop within little more than their own length, in a maneuver known as a crash stop. There is no engineering limit to the size of jetboats, though the validity of their use depends a lot on the type of application, also, in situations with very large propellers turning at slow speeds, the equivalent size waterjet would be too big to be practical. For these reasons, the vast majority of units are installed in high-speed vessels and in particular situations where shallow draught, maneuverability. The biggest jet-driven vessels are found in use or the high-speed passenger/car ferry industry. South Africas Valour-class frigates and the United States Littoral Combat Ship are among the biggest jet-propelled vessels so far, even these vessels are capable of performing crash stops. Both methods yield thrust due to Newtons third law— every action has an equal, in a jetboat, the waterjet draws water from beneath the hull, where it passes through a series of impellers and stators - known as stages - which increase the velocity of the waterflow. Most modern jets are single-stage, while older waterjets may have as many as three stages, the tail section of the waterjet unit extends out through the transom of the hull, above the waterline. This jetstream exits the unit through a nozzle at high velocity to push the boat forward. Steering is accomplished by moving this nozzle to either side, or less commonly, because the jetboat relies on the flow of water through the nozzle for control, it is not possible to steer a conventional jetboat without the engine running. This deflector redirects thrust forces forward to reverse thrust. Steering is still available with the reverse deflector lowered so the vessel will have full maneuverability, with the majority of the hull clear of the water, there is reduced drag, greatly enhancing speed and maneuverability, so jetboats are normally operated at planing speed. A conventional river-going jetboat will have a hull to improve its high-speed cornering control and stability. At speed, jetboats can be operated in less than 7.5 cm of water. One of the most significant breakthroughs, in the development of the waterjet, was to change the design so it expelled the jetstream above the water line, contrary to many peoples intuition. It makes no difference to the amount of thrust generated whether the outlet is above or below the waterline, hamiltons first waterjet design had the outlet below the hull and actually in front of the inlet. This probably meant that water was entering the jet unit and reducing its performance
28.
Ralph Samuelson
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Ralph Wilford Samuelson was the inventor of water skiing, which he first performed in the summer of 1922 in Lake City, Minnesota, just before his 19th birthday. Samuelson was already skilled at aquaplaning—standing on a board while being pulled by a powerboat—but he hoped to create something like snow skiing on the water, Lake Pepin, a wide portion of the Mississippi River between Minnesota and Wisconsin, was the venue for his experiments. Samuelson did not patent his invention, nor was his work sufficiently publicized at the time to prevent U. S. Patent 1,559,390 for water skis from being issued, on October 27,1925, to prolific inventor Fred Waller of Huntington. Waller marketed his product as Dolphin Akwa-Skees, in several instances in the book, Pope reiterates—erroneously, we now know—that Waller was the first to invent water skis. Samuelsons early attempts included using staves from wooden barrels and snow skis before he created new skis made of pine boards 8 feet long and 9 inches wide and he bent up the front tips after softening the wood by boiling them in his mothers copper kettle. Gaining confidence on the water, he began jumping wakes, and his slightly-modified second pair still exists, today they are at the Lake City Chamber of Commerce, in Lake City, Minnesota. Samuelson first succeeded on June 28 by starting off wearing skis while standing on top of an aquaplane board and he attracted a lot of attention locally in the following days and weeks. On July 8,1925, Samuelson went on to perform the first ski jump on water and he fell flat in his first attempt, but soon greased the launch platform with lard and succeeded on the second try. Also that year, he became the first speed skier as he found himself racing across the water at 80 mph, in his later years, Samuelson moved to Pine Island, Minnesota where he was a turkey farmer. He was a guest of honor at a water skiing 50th anniversary in 1972, when he returned to Minnesota, he began to suffer the effects of cancer, and died in Pine Island on August 28,1977. Minnesota - Birthplace of Water Skiing
29.
Lake Pepin
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Lake Pepin is a naturally occurring lake, and the widest naturally occurring part of the Mississippi River, located approximately 60 miles downstream from Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is a widening of the river on the border between Minnesota and Wisconsin, the formation of the lake was caused by the backup of water behind the sedimentary deposits of the Chippewa Rivers delta. It has an area of about 40 square miles and an average depth of 21 feet. The villages of Maiden Rock and Stockholm border on the Wisconsin side, the largest city on the waterfront is Lake City, Minnesota. There are three marinas on the lake, the Lake City Marina, and Hansens Harbor, both in Lake City, and Dans Pepin Marina in Pepin, Wisconsin, there is also a private dock for the customers of the Pickle Factory restaurant in Pepin. In the winter, there are ice roads that cross the lake, Maiden Rock, on Lake Pepin, is one site said to be the locale where a Dakota woman named Winona leapt to her death. The lake was first named in a map of New France made by Guillaume Delisle at the request of Louis XIV of France in 1703, the lake was named for Jean Pepin who settled on its shores in the late 1600s after exploring the Great Lakes from Boucherville. Nicolas Perrot erected the first of a number of fur trade posts, Fort Saint Antoine, in 1727 René Boucher de La Perrière and Michel Guignas built Fort Beauharnois on the lake. In 1730 it had to be rebuilt on higher ground, Boucher was the military leader and Father Guignas was a missionary to the Sioux. In 1890 it was the site of one of the worst maritime disasters on the Mississippi, known as the Sea Wing disaster when the Sea Wing ferry capsized in a bad storm, in 1922, Lake City native Ralph Samuelson invented the sport of water skiing on the lake. Ever since that date, Lake City has been known as the birthplace of waterskiing, the city celebrates with a festival called Waterski Days every year on the last weekend in June. The lighthouse at the entrance to the Lake City Marina is the only working lighthouse on the entire Mississippi River. Lake Pepin is the lake that Laura and her visit in the Going to Town chapter of Little House in the Big Woods. Lauras family and their covered wagon then cross the frozen Lake Pepin in the chapter Going West, as with many other lakes, this lake is also the site of alleged sightings of a monster similar to the one said to live in Loch Ness. Lake Pepins natural flora are threatened by the rates of sedimentation from upstream sources. The lake is filling in at a rate of ten times greater than pre-colonization, due largely to increased run-off from farms along the Minnesota River
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Lake City, Minnesota
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Lake City is a city in Goodhue and Wabasha counties in the U. S. state of Minnesota. It lies along Lake Pepin, a portion of the Mississippi River. The population was 5,063 at the 2010 census, most of Lake City is located within Wabasha County with only a small portion in Goodhue County. The city of Lake City is located 65 miles southeast of the Twin Cities at the intersection of U. S, highways 61 and 63 on the Mississippi River at Lake Pepin. Lac de Pleurs was the given to Lake Pepin by Father Louis Hennepin. He christened the large body of water Lac de Pleurs after observing his Sioux captors weeping near the lake over the death of a chiefs son, the first known settler was Jacob Boody, who arrived in 1853. In the years to follow, several explorers passed through this area, the town was platted in 1855. The town supervisors were given powers by the State Legislature in 1864 to create a port market for grain. At Lake City the waters of Lake Pepin were deep enough to allow for such a port, soon the town became noted as a profitable market with the volume of trade for the year 1866 bringing in a little over a million and a half dollars. The city of Lake City became incorporated in 1872 and since has continued to thrive in its location on beautiful Lake Pepin and it is widely known for its attractive surroundings and bountiful fishing for every fresh water species. Lake City was the home of the inventor of waterskiing, Ralph Samuelson, the Sea Wing disaster occurred on July 13,1890 when a strong squall line overturned the excursion vessel Sea Wing on Lake Pepin near Lake City. Over 200 people were aboard the vessel when it was overturned, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.56 square miles,4.50 square miles is land and 0.06 square miles is water. Highways 61 and 63 are two of the routes in the community. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,063 people,2,238 households, the population density was 1,125.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 2,687 housing units at a density of 597.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 3% White,0. 5% African American,0. 3% Native American,0. 8% Asian,1. 3% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 2% of the population. 30. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.72. The median age in the city was 46.2 years
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Ski
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A ski is a narrow strip of semi-rigid material worn underfoot to glide over snow. Substantially longer than wide and characteristically employed in pairs, skis are attached to ski boots with ski bindings, with either a free, lockable, for climbing slopes, ski skins can be attached at the base of the ski. Originally intended as an aid to travel over snow, they are now mainly used recreationally in the sport of skiing, the word ski comes from the Old Norse word skíð which means stick of wood or ski. In Norwegian this word is usually pronounced, in Swedish, another language evolved from Old Norse, the word is skidor. English and French use the original spelling ski, and modify the pronunciation, prior to 1920, English usage of skee and snow-shoe is often seen. In Italian, it is pronounced as in Norwegian, and the spelling is modified, Portuguese, German and Spanish adapt the word to their linguistic rules, esqui, Schier and esquí. In Dutch, the word is ski” and pronunciation was originally as in Norwegian, but since approximately the 1960s changed to. Many languages make a form out of the noun, such as to ski in English, skier in French, esquiar in Spanish, sciare in Italian, skiën in Dutch. Finnish has its own ancient words for skis and skiing, in Finnish ski is suksi and skiing is hiihtää. The Sami also have their own words for skis and skiing, for example, the Lule Sami word for ski is sabek and skis are sabega. The Sami use cuoigat for the verb to ski, the term may date back to 10,000 years before present. The oldest wooden skis found were in what is today Russia, Sweden, Nordic ski technology was adapted during the early 20th century to enable skiers to turn at higher speeds. New ski and ski binding designs, coupled with the introduction of ski lifts to carry skiers up slopes, meanwhile advances in technology in the Nordic camp allowed for the development of special skis for skating and ski jumping. This type of ski was used at least in northern Finland, on one leg, the skier wore a long straight non-arching ski for sliding, and on the other a shorter ski for kicking. Early record of this type of skis survives in works of Olaus Magnus and he associates them to Sami people and gives Sami names of savek and golos for the plain and skinned short ski. Finnish names for these are lyly and kalhu for long and short ski and this is called skredstång in Swedish. Around 1850 artisans in Telemark, Norway invent the cambered ski and this ski arches up in the middle, under the binding, which distributes the skiers weight more evenly across the length of the ski. Earlier plank-style skis had to be thick enough not to bow downward and this new design made it possible to build a thinner, lighter ski, that flexed more easily to absorb the shock of bumps, and that maneuvered and ran faster and more easily
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Sash window
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The oldest surviving examples of sash windows were installed in England in the 1670s, for example at Ham House. The invention of the window is sometimes credited, without conclusive evidence. Others see the window as a Dutch invention. To facilitate operation, the weight of the panel is usually balanced by a heavy steel, lead. The sash weight is connected to the window by a braided cotton sash cord, or a chain, breakage of this cord requires disassembly, or destruction, of the trim pieces to gain access for repair. The term sash windows is used interchangeably with the term box sash windows in the United Kingdom, historically box sash windows are heavier and more stately in nature than modern sash windows, but both terms are used within the industry when referring to the same type of window. The name hung sash window, which is usual in the United States than in the United Kingdom. These windows are found in older buildings in warmer climates. A significant advantage of double-hung windows is that they provide efficient cooling of interiors during warm weather, a double-hung window where the upper sash is smaller than the lower is termed a cottage window. A single-hung window has two sashes, but normally the top sash is fixed and only the bottom sash slides, triple- and quadruple-hung windows are used for tall openings, common in New England churches. Construction is usually of softwood, and these sashes were traditionally only single-glazed, early sash windows were made from high-quality wood that has lasted generations and should, if at all possible, be repaired with similar-quality slow-growth wood rather than being replaced. The glass in old windows can be as important as the sashes themselves, old glass is easily recognised by its imperfections which give a degree of distortion both when looking through it and when looking at it from the outside. Of these, the glass still currently being manufactured in the traditional way is cylinder. All other old glass is therefore irreplaceable and should be carefully conserved and/or protected before any work is carried out, modern double-glazed sash windows are now available, but depending on their aesthetic style, can be frowned upon. Traditional problems with solid wooden sash windows include rot, swelling or distortion of the woodwork or rattling in the wind and these problems can be solved by careful repair and the introduction of draught stripping. It is also a problem for inexperienced painters to paint the sash stuck. The sliding mechanism makes sash windows more vulnerable to these problems than traditional casement windows, sash windows are relatively high maintenance, but offer advantages in return. However, well-maintained sash windows should last generations without needing parts replaced and it is also possible to clean all the glass from within the building by sliding the two panes to different positions
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Sailor
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A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crewmember in their operation and maintenance. The term bluejacket may be used for British or US Navy enlisted sailors, the Bluejackets Manual is the basic handbook for United States Navy personnel. 700,000 of the worlds mariners come from the Philippines, the term seaman is frequently used in the particular sense of a sailor who is not an officer. Seafarers hold a variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the operation of an ocean-going vessel. A ships crew can generally be divided into four categories, the deck department, the engineering department, the stewards department. Officer positions in the department include but are not limited to, master and his chief, second. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the department are able seaman. With some variation, the mate is most often charged with the duties of cargo mate. Second Mates are charged with being the officer in case of medical emergency. All three mates each do four-hour morning and afternoon shifts on the bridge, when underway at sea, Marine engineering staff also deal with the hotel facilities on board, notably the sewage, lighting, air conditioning and water systems. Engineering staff manage bulk fuel transfers, from a barge in port. When underway at sea, the second and third engineers will often be occupied with oil transfers from storage tanks, cleaning of oil purifiers is another regular task. Engineering staff are required to have training in firefighting and first aid, additional duties include maintaining the ships boats and performing other nautical tasks. Engineers play a key role in cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers, other possible positions include motorman, machinist, electrician, refrigeration engineer and tankerman. A typical stewards department for a ship is a chief steward, a chief cook. All three positions are filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply, overtime, the steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. A chief stewards duties may overlap with those of the assistant, the chief cook
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Royal Swedish Yacht Club
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Royal Swedish Yacht Club, KSSS, is the largest and oldest yacht club in Sweden and one of the five oldest in the world, formed 15 May 1830. KSSS is also the oldest yacht club in Continental Europe, activities include racing, training, education, squadron sailing, match racing and club activities. KSSS also operates the port and has its own ports in Saltsjöbaden and they are the Challenger of Record for the 2013 Americas Cup, where they will be represented by Artemis Racing. List of International Council of Yacht Clubs members Official site
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Sandhamn
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Sandhamn is located on the island Sandön, which is, however, colloquially referred to as Sandhamn. One of the most important natural ports in the archipelago with easy access to the Swedish capital and it is known for its tavern, its clubhouse, and its harbour. While the settlement only has a hundred permanent inhabitants, the number of increases to 2-3,000 during the summer. Sandhamn receives an additional 100,000 visitors annually, most of the inhabitants are entrepreneurs but many also have regular jobs. For example, two of the employers on the island, other than the restaurants and bed & breakfasts, are the Swedish Maritime Administration. The harbor can receive 350 ships, while up to 150 boats can be moored on the neighboring island Lökholmen, Sandhamn is connected to the mainland by ferry lines departing from Stavsnäs and Stockholm. The island is described in a travel account by Valdemar Sejr in the mid-13th century. Until the 16th century, Sandhamn is mentioned as Svenska Sandön and is said to belong to the Eknö by village, at that time, the island was most likely uninhabited and mostly used for pasturage by inhabitants on the surrounding islands. During the reign of Charles XI the passage outside Sandhamn was opened to commercial shipping which increased the need for piloting in the strait, in the 18th century, three cottages on the island were used by the pilots. By the mid-19th century piloting had become the source of income for the islanders. While serving as a customs inspector 1852-1869, the poet Elias Sehlstedt described the life of the people of Sandhamn, during the second half of the 19th century, approximately 300 people had settled in Sandhamn, which made it one of the largest settlements in the Stockholm Archipelago. A regular steamship connection with Stockholm, passing by Stavsnäs, was established in 1865 and it quickly transformed Sandhamn to a popular spot for summer vacations for the wealthy class — islanders gradually rebuilding their cottages to accommodate the increasing numbers of summer guests. The Royal Swedish Yacht Club started to organise regattas in the 1890s and Sandhamn, the organisation had a clubhouse built in 1897 to the design of Fredrik Liljekvist and Sandhamn has remained one of the main hubs for pleasure sailing in Sweden since. It includes the Korsö lighthouse designed by architect Carl Hårleman and inaugurated in 1757 as the first lighthouse featuring a light beam. In 1914, the coal and oil dealer Kurt Heinicke had several odd structures built on Lökholmen, including a Sami hut, a curiosity museum, an observatory, today one of his residences and the observatory survives. The tower used by the pilots was built in 1962, next to it is the simple chapel characteristic for the archipelago and inaugurated in 1935. The central area of the town is a mixture of traditional log houses, later additions have been adapted to the historical context on the island. The buildings in the area itself are of more recent date, including shops, bakeries, cafés, hostels
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Stockholm
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The city is spread across 14 islands on the coast in the southeast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago and the Baltic Sea. The area has settled since the Stone Age, in the 6th millennium BC. It is also the capital of Stockholm County, Stockholm is the cultural, media, political, and economic centre of Sweden. The Stockholm region alone accounts for over a third of the countrys GDP and it is an important global city, and the main centre for corporate headquarters in the Nordic region. The city is home to some of Europes top ranking universities, such as the Stockholm School of Economics, Karolinska Institute and it hosts the annual Nobel Prize ceremonies and banquet at the Stockholm Concert Hall and Stockholm City Hall. One of the citys most prized museums, the Vasa Museum, is the most visited museum in Scandinavia. The Stockholm metro, opened in 1950, is known for its decoration of the stations. Swedens national football arena is located north of the city centre, Ericsson Globe, the national indoor arena, is in the southern part of the city. The city was the host of the 1912 Summer Olympics, and hosted the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics otherwise held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Stockholm is the seat of the Swedish government and most of its agencies, including the highest courts in the judiciary, and the official residencies of the Swedish monarch and the Prime Minister. The government has its seat in the Rosenbad building, the Riksdag is seated in the Parliament House, and the Prime Ministers residence is adjacent at the Sager House. After the Ice Age, around 8,000 BCE, there were already a number of people living in the present-day Stockholm area. Thousands of years later, as the ground thawed, the climate became tolerable, at the intersection of the Baltic Sea and lake Mälaren is an archipelago site where the Old Town of Stockholm was first built from about 1000 CE by Vikings. They had a positive impact on the area because of the trade routes they created. Stockholms location appears in Norse sagas as Agnafit, and in Heimskringla in connection with the legendary king Agne, the earliest written mention of the name Stockholm dates from 1252, by which time the mines in Bergslagen made it an important site in the iron trade. The first part of the name means log in Swedish, although it may also be connected to an old German word meaning fortification, the second part of the name means islet, and is thought to refer to the islet Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm. Stockholms core, the present Old Town was built on the island next to Helgeandsholmen from the mid 13th century onward. The city originally rose to prominence as a result of the Baltic trade of the Hanseatic League, Stockholm developed strong economic and cultural linkages with Lübeck, Hamburg, Gdańsk, Visby, Reval, and Riga during this time
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Dick Pope Sr.
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Richard Downing Pope Sr. better known as Dick Pope, was the founder of Cypress Gardens in Winter Haven, Florida. He was also known as Mr. Florida and Mr. Water Skiing and he played a key role in the development of tourism in the state of Florida, and in the growth of theme parks as tourist destinations. He was an accomplished athlete, and helped to popularize the sport of water skiing. Dick Pope Sr. was born in Des Moines, Iowa, according to legend during the middle of a tornado, from where he was said to have derived his whirlwind personality, at the age of 7, in 1908, his family moved to Lake Wales, Florida. For a while, he lived and worked in New York City, in 1926, while in North Carolina, he met his future wife, Julie Pope. Together they spent most of their lives in and around Winter Haven and they were active members of St. Matthew’s Catholic Church in Winter Haven. They had two children, Dick Pope Jr. and Adrienne Pope Watkins, during World War II, he served in the U. S. Army Signal Corps. Pope was known for his personality and his flamboyant clothing, including a turquoise suit, trimmed in pink. Pope started working in his fathers real estate business at an early age and he was a natural promoter and salesman. He is said to have closed his first real estate deal when he was just 12 years old, during the Great Depression, he took different jobs working as a promoter and salesman. He and his brother had success promoting speedboats and aquaplanes on lakes throughout Florida. In the early 1930s, his wife Julie showed him an article in Good Housekeeping about a man charging visitors money to see the gardens around his mansion home. From this, they hatched the idea of Cypress Gardens, on January 2,1936, Dick and Julie Pope officially opened their famed theme park, charging visitors 25 cents each to visit. Cypress Gardens was an immediate success, Cypress Gardens would eventually grow to over 200 acres of land, and host more than a million visitors annually. The theme park provided visitors with an escape from the everyday world and it was a success, and the next weekend,800 more soldiers arrived to see the show. From that point on, water ski shows were a staple of the Cypress Gardens brand, Pope worked tirelessly to promote his theme park. He produced over 500 news reels and 75 short films to promote the park, in the 1970s, Cypress Gardens purchased Magnolia Mansion, the New Orleans style mansion, built on Lake Eloise by citrus magnate, John A. Snively. At its height, Cypress Gardens was nationally famous and it was used as a set location for a variety of films, including Moon Over Miami
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Cypress Gardens
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Cypress Gardens was a botanical garden and theme park near Winter Haven, Florida that operated from 1936 to 2009. As of 2011, the botanical garden portion had been preserved inside the newly formed Legoland Florida, billed as Floridas first commercial tourist theme park, Cypress Gardens opened on January 2,1936 as a botanical garden planted by Dick Pope Sr. and his wife Julie. Over the years it became one of the biggest attractions in Florida, known for its water ski shows, gardens, and Southern Belles. It became known as the Water Ski Capital of the World because it was the site of many of the sports landmark firsts, during World War II, soldiers visited and waterskiing was introduced for their entertainment. In the 1950s the Southern Belles attraction was introduced, in young women dressed in the crinolines reminiscent of the Antebellum South. During the American Civil War Centennial young men dressed in Confederate uniforms would be photographed with the Southern Belles, in the early 1960s a custom photography boat named Miss Cover Girl was introduced, and the park became a popular site for the filming of television commercials. Many celebrities and dignitaries have skied and visited at the park, including Elvis Presley, King Hussein of Jordan and his son and successor and it was also the site of a Johnny Carson special. On April 14,2014, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, competition for guests increased after Walt Disney World Resort opened nearby in 1971. In the early 1980s, the Popes retired and transferred the park to their son, Dick Pope, in the 1980s book publisher Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich purchased the park along with SeaWorld, Circus World and Stars Hall of Fame. Harcourt sold most of the businesses to Anheuser-Busch in 1989, busch continued to operate Cypress Gardens until April 1,1995, when a group of the parks managers, led by Bill Reynolds, bought the property. Under President and CEO Reynolds, the park operated until April 13,2003,529 people were put out of work with three days notice. On February 22,2004, Adventure Parks Group, owned by Kent Buescher, purchased the property, the purchase of the amusement park portion of the Cypress Gardens property was part of a larger conservation transaction. In that transaction, the entire 150-acre site was purchased from its previous owner, First Gardens, L. C. by The Trust for Public Land, Adventure Parks Group purchased the balance of the property, also subject to the conservation easement. Bueschers plan to reopen the park in September 2004 was delayed by damages created by hurricanes Charley, Frances, Cypress Gardens Adventure Park finally opened in November 2004. One of its new attractions, the Triple Hurricane roller coaster, was named for the storm season. The adjacent Splash Island water park opened in 2005, along with the Galaxy Spin roller coaster, in September 2006, Adventure Parks Group filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection at the Florida site following approximately $30 million in damages sustained by the 2004 hurricanes. On Monday, November 10,2008, Land South Holdings announced the closure of the park. It reopened on March 28,2009, with a water park named Splash Island
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Winter Haven, Florida
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Winter Haven is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. The population was 33,874 at the 2010 census, according to the U. S. Census Bureaus 2015 estimates, the city had a population of 37,689, making it the second most populated city in Polk County. It is a city of the Lakeland-Winter Haven, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Timucua and the Calusa were the earliest known inhabitants of the land that would become Winter Haven, both of these groups were deeply impacted, by war and disease, from the Spanish conquest of Florida in the early 1500s. The Timucua were particularly affected by the expedition of Hernando de Soto, by the 19th century, both these groups no longer existed. During the Seminole Wars, the Seminole leader, Chipco, several small skirmishes during the war were fought in and around Winter Haven. In 1819, after the signing of the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States gained control of Florida, the first American or European settlers in the area were encouraged to settle here by the Armed Occupation Act of 1842. This act was created to increase the white population in the area as a way to weaken the Native Americans populations after the Second Seminole War. It created generous land grants and other incentives for settlers who were willing to defend themselves against the native populations, during the 1840s and 1850s, the United States government conducted the first surveys of the area. Henry Washington conducted the first survey of the area in 1843, in 1849, Dr. John Westcott completed an extensive survey of the area, including mapping many of the local lakes. The first maps of the area were published by the United States government in 1854, in 1883, Col. Henry Haines working for Henry Plant and the Plant System, successfully built the first railroad across Polk County, passing just north of Winter Haven. Lake Haines, in Winter Haven, was named after Col. Haines, the arrival of the railroad created the first real growth in area. The area was platted in 1884 and would first be known as Harris Corners and this name was in reference to F. A. K. Harris, who opened the first mercantile store in the area around this time, the name Winter Haven was later suggested, in reference to the areas pleasant climate. By the end of the century, the population grew to approximately 400 and in 1911, the Chain of Lakes canals were begun in 1915. The first Florida boom took place in the 1920s as towns sprang up all over the peninsula, floridas potential as a place to live and a place to visit was first realized in the 1920s, but the Great Depression slowed growth until after World War II. Winter Haven Hospital was founded in 1926 and has been in the city ever since, during this period, the population of Winter Haven began to grow substantially. Many beautiful single-family homes were built in Winter Haven at this time in the revival style
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Water Ski Hall of Fame and Museum
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The Water Ski Hall of Fame and Museum, located in Polk City, Florida, is administered by the USA Water Ski Foundation. USA-WSF is a 5013 not-for-profit public foundation formed in 1968 to preserve and promote the sport of water skiing, the museum houses items of memorabilia, vintage skis and related equipment, classic photos, press clippings, and highlights from historic competitions and events. From 1982-2012, the USA Water Ski Foundation Hall of Fame has inducted 63 individuals who have made contributions to water skiing. The Water Ski Hall of Fame and Museum was originally established by the USA Water Ski Foundation in 1980 in Winter Haven, Florida, in 1994 the fundraising campaign “Quantum Leap” was launched to build the current building. List of Water Skiing Hall of Fame Inductees Official Site
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1972 Summer Olympics
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The 1972 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XX Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Munich, West Germany, from August 26 to September 11,1972. The sporting nature of the event was overshadowed by the Munich massacre in which eleven Israeli athletes and coaches. Five Black September Palestinian terrorists died, the 1972 Summer Olympics were the second Summer Olympics to be held in Germany, after the 1936 Games in Berlin, which had taken place under the Nazi regime. The logo of the Games was a blue solar logo by Otl Aicher, the Olympic mascot, the dachshund Waldi, was the first officially named Olympic mascot. The Olympic Fanfare was composed by Herbert Rehbein, a companion of Bert Kaempfert, the Olympic Park is based on Frei Ottos plans and after the Games became a Munich landmark. The competition sites, designed by architect Günther Behnisch, included the Olympic swimming hall, the Olympics Hall and the Olympic Stadium, and an Olympic village very close to the park. The design of the stadium was considered revolutionary, with sweeping canopies of acrylic glass stabilized by metal ropes, Munich won its Olympic bid on April 26,1966, at the 64th IOC Session at Rome, Italy, over bids presented by Detroit, Madrid, and Montréal. Montreal would eventually host the following Olympic games in 1976, the Games were largely overshadowed by what has come to be known as the Munich massacre. Two of the hostages who resisted were killed in the first moments of the break-in, the German authorities planned to ambush them there, but underestimated the numbers of their opposition and were thus undermanned. During a botched attempt, all of the Israeli hostages were killed. Four of them were shot, then incinerated when one of the terrorists detonated a grenade inside the helicopter in which the hostages were sitting, the five remaining hostages were then machine-gunned to death. All but three of the terrorists were killed as well, although arrested and imprisoned pending trial, they were released by the West German government on October 29,1972, in exchange for a hijacked Lufthansa jet. Two of those three were supposedly hunted down and assassinated later by the Mossad, jamal Al-Gashey, who is believed to be the sole survivor, is still living today in hiding in an unspecified African country with his wife and two children. A memorial ceremony was held in the Olympic stadium. The attack prompted heightened security at subsequent Olympics beginning with the 1976 Winter Olympics, security at Olympics was heightened further beginning with the 2002 Winter Olympics, as they were the first to take place since September 11,2001. The massacre led the German federal government to re-examine its anti-terrorism policies and this led to the creation of the elite counter-terrorist unit GSG9, similar to the British SAS. It also led Israel to launch a campaign known as Operation Wrath of God, in which those suspected of involvement were systematically tracked down, the events of the Munich massacre were chronicled in the Oscar-winning documentary, One Day in September. An account of the aftermath is also dramatized in three films, the 1976 made-for-TV movie 21 Hours at Munich, the 1986 made-for-TV movie Sword of Gideon and Steven Spielbergs 2005 film Munich
42.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
