Water softening
Videos
Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and a small number of other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not
Limescale buildup in a PVC pipe
Ion exchange resins, in the form of beads, are a functional component of domestic water softening units
Reverse osmosis
Videos
Reverse osmosis is a water purification process that uses a semi-permeable membrane to separate water molecules from other substances. RO applies pressure to overcome osmotic pressure that favors even
Water softening
…fittings. Water softening is usually achieved using lime softening or ion-exchange resins, but is increasingly being accomplished using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membranes. The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium, principally as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates, in water causes a variety…
RO production train, North Cape Coral Reverse Osmosis Plant
The layers of a membrane
Cutaway of a 16" RO tube
Schematic of a RO desalination system using an energy recovery pump. 1: Sea water inflow (100%, 1 bar), 2: Sea water flow (100%, 50 bar), 3: Concentrate flow (60%, 48 bar), 4: Fresh water flow (40%, 1 bar), 5: Concentrate to drain (60%,1 bar), A: Pressure recovery pump, B: Osmosis unit with membrane