1.
Navigability
–
A body of water, such as a river, canal or lake, is navigable if it is deep, wide and slow enough for a vessel to pass or walk. Preferably there are few such as rocks or trees to avoid. High water speed may make a channel unnavigable, waters may be unnavigable because of ice, particularly in winter. Navigability depends on context, A small river may be navigable by craft, such as a motor boat or a kayak. Shallow rivers may be navigable by the installation of locks that increase and regulate water depth. Inland Water Transport Systems have been used for centuries in countries including India, China, Egypt, the Netherlands, the United States, Germany, China, and Bangladesh. In the Netherlands, IWT handles 46% of the nations inland freight, 32% in Bangladesh, 14% in the United States, what constitutes navigable waters can not be separated from the context in which the question is asked. Numerous federal agencies define jurisdiction based on navigable waters, including admiralty jurisdiction, pollution control, to the licensing of dams, the numerous definitions and jurisdictional statutes have created an array of case law specific to which context the question of navigability arises. Some of the most commonly discussed definitions are listed here, section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, approved 3 March 1899, prohibits the unauthorized obstruction of a navigable water of the U. S. For the purpose of establishing which river is public and therefore state-owned, if a river was considered navigable at the time of statehood, the land below the navigable water was conveyed to the state as part of the transportation network in order to facilitate commerce. Most states retained title to these rivers in trust for the public. Some states divested themselves of title to the land below navigable rivers, title to the lands submerged by smaller streams are considered part of the property through which the water flows and there is no public right to use private property. The scope of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission authority was granted under the Federal Power Act,1941, such authority is based on congressional authority to regulate commerce, it is not based exclusively on title to the riverbed or even navigability. Therefore, FERCs permitting authority extends to the flow from non-navigable tributaries in order to protect commerce downstream, also, the Clean Water Act has introduced the terms traditional navigable waters, and waters of the United States to define the scope of Federal jurisdiction under the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Act expands a more limited jurisdiction beyond navigable waters sometimes extending limited federal jurisdiction under the Act over private property. S, Supreme Court decisions, Carabell v. United States and Rapanos v. United States. Finally, a water-body is presumed non-navigable with the burden of proof on the party claiming it is navigable, the U. S. Forest Service considers a waterbody not navigable until is adjudicated otherwise. See Whitewater v. Tidwell 770 F. 3d 1108, therefore, and public rights associated with navigability cannot be presumed to exist without a finding of navigability. Navigability is a term of art, which can lead to considerable confusion
Navigability
–
Navigation markers, entrance of
Fremantle harbour and the
Swan River, Western Australia
Navigability
–
Sunset on the
Intracoastal Waterway
Navigability
–
Port of Bratislava (Slovakia) at night.
2.
Body of water
–
Body of Water is a musical conceived by Tony Kienitz and Tanna Herr with music by Jim Walker. It entails the life of fourteen teens left behind in a war crisis. The show was the production of A Theatre Near U. The show was adapted from music written by Jim Walker, the music for the show was nominated for Best Original Music by the San Francisco Bay Area Critics Circle Excellence in Theatre Awards. The album is available on iTunes here, the overall reception of Body of Water was positive. He also praised the music by Jim Walker as wonderfully raw, cryptic, richard Conema of Talkin Broadway and member of the Bay Area Theatre Critics Circle agreed with Jarrett on the music and choreography. He also said that the actors of the show are the adult performers of the future. These young people are doing work and many aspire to be professional actors. He also commended producing theatre company A Theatre Near U, saying that A Theatre Near U may have just fired the first shot in a revolution to determine the future of Youth Theatre
Body of water
–
The original poster for Body of Water, the Musical.
Body of water
3.
Channel (geography)
–
In physical geography, a channel is a type of landform consisting of the outline of a path of relatively shallow and narrow body of fluid, most commonly the confine of a river, river delta or strait. The word is cognate to canal, and sometimes shows in this form, most examples of this are fjords in the Pacific Northwest, a notable exception is the Casiquiare canal. All likely share borrowing from Spanish, Portuguese or French, channels can be either natural or human-made. A channel is typically outlined in terms of its bed and banks, Channel initiation refers to the site on a mountain slope where water begins to flow between identifiable banks. This site is referred to as the head and it marks an important boundary between hillslope processes and fluvial processes. The channel head is the most upslope part of a network and is defined by flowing water between defined identifiable banks. A channel head forms as overland flow and/or subsurface flow accumulate to a point where shear stress can overcome resistance of the ground surface. Channel heads are associated with colluvium, hollows and landslides. Overland flow is a factor in channel initiation where saturation overland flow deepens to increase shear stress. Overland flows converge in topographical depressions where channel initiation begins, soil composition, vegetation, precipitation, and topography dictate the amount and rate of overland flow. The composition of a soil determines how quickly saturation occurs and cohesive strength retards the entrainment of material from overland flows, vegetation slows infiltration rates during precipitation events and plant roots anchor soil on hillslopes. Subsurface flow destabilizes soil and resurfaces on hillslopes where channel heads are often formed and this often results in abrupt channel heads and landslides. Natural channels are formed by fluvial process and are found across the Earth and these are mostly formed by flowing water from the hydrological cycle, though can also be formed by other fluids such as flowing lava. Channels also describe the course through a reef, sand bar, bay. One example is the Columbia River, a located in the US states of Washington and Oregon. A stream channel is the confine of a stream consisting of a bed. Stream channels exist in a variety of geometries, Stream channel development is controlled by both water and sediment movement. There is a difference between low gradient streams and high gradient streams, a wide variety of stream channel types can be distinguished
Channel (geography)
–
Vivari Channel in Albania links Lake Butrint with the Straits of
Corfu.
Channel (geography)
–
Wooden pilings mark the navigable channel for vessels entering
Lake George from the
St. Johns River in
Florida.
Channel (geography)
4.
Ship canal
–
Ship canals may be specially constructed from the start to accommodate ships, or less frequently they may be enlarged barge canals, or canalized or channelized rivers. There are no specific dimensions for ship canals, with the size being largely dictated by the size of ships in use nearby at the time of construction or enlargement. Ship canals may be constructed for a number of reasons, including, To create a shortcut, to create a navigable shipping link between two land-locked seas or lakes. To provide inland cities with a shipping link to the sea
Ship canal
–
The
Panama Canal.
5.
International waters
–
International waters have no sovereignty, ergo is Terra nullius as no state controls it. All states have the freedom of, fishing, navigation, overflight, laying cables and pipelines, oceans, seas, and waters outside of national jurisdiction are also referred to as the high seas or, in Latin, mare liberum. International waters can be contrasted with internal waters, territorial waters, several international treaties have established freedom of navigation on semi-enclosed seas. The Copenhagen Convention of 1857 opened access to the Baltic by abolishing the Sound Dues and making the Danish Straits an international waterway free to all commercial, several conventions have opened the Bosphorus and Dardanelles to shipping. The latest, the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Turkish Straits, Other international treaties have opened up rivers, which are not traditionally international waterways. The Danube River is a waterway so that landlocked Austria, Hungary, Moldova, Serbia. The Southern Ocean, Australia claims an economic zone around its Antarctic territorial claim. Since this claim is recognised by four other countries, the EEZ claim is also disputed. Area around Okinotorishima, Japan claim Okinotorishima is an islet and thus they should have an EEZ around it, South China Sea, See Territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Some countries consider the South China Sea as international waters, in addition to formal disputes, the government of Somalia exercises little control de facto over Somali territorial waters. Consequently, much piracy, illegal dumping of waste and fishing without permit has occurred, although water is often seen as a source of conflict, recent research suggests that water management can be a source for cooperation between countries. Such cooperation will benefit participating countries by being the catalyst for larger socio-economic development, the Yearbook of International Cooperation on Environment and Development profiles agreements regarding the Marine Environment, Marine Living Resources and Freshwater Resources. 1972 London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes,1973 London International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,1973 MARPOL1982 United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea. 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses - not ratified, transboundary Groundwater Treaty, Bellagio Draft - proposed, but not signed. Other global conventions and treaties with implications for International Waters,1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
International waters
–
Komárno in
Slovakia is an
inland port on the
Danube River which is an important international
waterway.
International waters
–
Areas outside of exclusive economic zones in dark blue.
International waters
–
Atlantic Ocean - the main zone of sea transport in 15th-20th centuries.
6.
Ship
–
Historically, a ship was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, Ships have been important contributors to human migration and commerce. They have supported the spread of colonization and the trade, but have also served scientific, cultural. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from, Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore, the top 50 navies had a median fleet of 88 surface vessels each, according to various sources. There is no definition of what distinguishes a ship from a boat. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ability to operate independently for extended periods. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea, a common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not vice versa. American and British 19th Century maritime law distinguished vessels from other craft, ships and boats fall in one legal category, a number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Other types of vessel which are traditionally called boats are Great Lakes freighters, riverboats. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, in most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. The first known vessels date back about 10,000 years ago, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat and this allowed men to explore widely, allowing for the settlement of Oceania for example. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull and they used woven straps to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Sneferus ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name, the ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their skills was the Khufu ship. Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece, a panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft
Ship
–
Italian full-rigged ship Amerigo Vespucci in
New York Harbor, 1976
Ship
–
A
raft is among the simplest boat designs.
Ship
–
Roman
trireme mosaic from Carthage,
Bardo Museum,
Tunis.
Ship
–
A Japanese
atakebune from the 16th century
7.
Draft (hull)
–
Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The draft can also be used to determine the weight of the cargo on board by calculating the displacement of water. A table made by the shows the water displacement for each draft. The density of the water and the content of the bunkers has to be taken into account. The closely related term trim is defined as the difference between the forward and aft drafts, the draft aft is measured in the perpendicular of the stern. The draft forward is measured in the perpendicular of the bow, the scale may use traditional English units or metric units. If the English system is used, the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet, in metric marking schemes, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high. Larger ships try to maintain a water draft when they are light, in order to make a better sea crossing. In order to achieve this they use sailing ballasts to stabilize the ship, the water draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends solely on the respective positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. It is also however, that a light ship has quite high stability which can lead to implying too much rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship can have either a strong or weak stability, the draft of ships can be increased when the ship is in motion in shallow water, a phenomenon known as squat. Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels, of course this includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes. Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal—do have a limit but are usually limited by beam, or sometimes length overall. However, in the much wider Suez Canal, the factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship has the deepest draft able to transit the very busy, there are only a few ships of this size. A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water and this makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to beach the boat. A large draft ensures a level of stability in strong wind
Draft (hull)
–
Draft marks on a ship's bow
Draft (hull)
–
English system used on the stern of the
Cutty Sark
8.
Beam (nautical)
–
The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point as measured at the ships nominal waterline. The beam is a bearing projected at right-angles from the fore and aft line, Beam may also be used to define the maximum width of a ships hull, or maximum width plus superstructure overhangs. Typical length-to-beam ratios for small sailboats are from 2,1 to 5,1, large ships have widely varying beam ratios, some as large as 20,1. Rowing shells designed for racing may have length to beam ratios as high as 30,1. The beam of many vessels can be calculated using the following formula. Some examples, For a standard 27 ft yacht, the root of 27 is 3,3 squared is 9 plus 1 =10. The beam of many 27 ft monohulls is 10 ft, for a Volvo Open 70 yacht,70.5 to the power of 2/3 =17 plus 1 =18. The beam is often around 18 ft, for a 741 ft long ship, the cube root is 9, and 9 squared is 81, plus 1. The beam will usually be around 82 ft, e. g. Seawaymax, as catamarans have more than one hull, there is a different beam calculation for this kind of vessel. BOC stands for Beam On Centerline and this term in typically used in conjunction with LOA. The ratio of LOA/BOC is used to estimate the stability of multihull vessels, the lower the ratio the greater the boats stability. The BOC for vessels is measured as follows, For a catamaran, carlin – similar to a beam, except running in a fore and aft direction. Keever, John M. American Merchant Seamans Manual, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A
Beam (nautical)
–
Graphical representation of the dimensions used to describe a ship. Dimension " b " is the beam.
9.
Waterfall
–
A waterfall is a place where water flows over a vertical drop or a series of drops in the course of a stream or river. Waterfalls also occur where meltwater drops over the edge of an iceberg or ice shelf. Waterfalls are commonly formed in the course of a river. At these times the channel is narrow and deep. When the river courses over resistant bedrock, erosion happens slowly, as the watercourse increases its velocity at the edge of the waterfall, it plucks material from the riverbed. Whirlpools created in the turbulence as well as sand and stones carried by the increase the erosion capacity. This causes the waterfall to carve deeper into the bed and to recede upstream, often over time, the waterfall will recede back to form a canyon or gorge downstream as it recedes upstream, and it will carve deeper into the ridge above it. The rate of retreat for a waterfall can be as high as one, eventually, the outcropping, more resistant cap rock will collapse under pressure to add blocks of rock to the base of the waterfall. Waterfalls normally form in an area due to erosion. After a long period of being formed, the water falling off the ledge will retreat. Eventually, as the pit grows deeper, the waterfall collapses to be replaced by a steeply sloping stretch of river bed, a river sometimes flows over a large step in the rocks that may have been formed by a fault line. Waterfalls can occur along the edge of a trough, where a stream or river flowing into a glacier continues to flow into a valley after the glacier has receded or melted. The large waterfalls in Yosemite Valley are examples of this phenomenon, another reason hanging valleys may form is where two rivers join and one is flowing faster than the other. Waterfalls can be grouped into ten classes based on the average volume of water present on the fall using a logarithmic scale. Class 10 waterfalls include Niagara Falls, Paulo Afonso Falls and Khone Falls, young Wrote Waterfalls, form and process this work made waterfalls a much more serious topic for research for modern Geoscientists. Ledge waterfall, Water descends vertically over a cliff, maintaining partial contact with the bedrock. Block/Sheet. Classical, Ledge waterfalls where fall height is equal to stream width. Curtain, Ledge waterfalls which descend over a larger than the width of falling water stream
Waterfall
–
Angel Falls in
Venezuela is the world's tallest at 979 m (3,212 ft).
Waterfall
–
Aerial view of
Victoria Falls on the
Zambezi River in southern Africa
Waterfall
–
Aerial view of
Iguazu Falls on the Iguazu River between Brazil and Argentina
Waterfall
–
Aerial view of
Niagara Falls in the state of
New York,
US, and province of
Ontario,
Canada
10.
Rapids
–
The Real-Time Automated Personnel Identification System is a United States Department of Defense system used to issue the definitive credential within DoD. RAPIDS uses information stored in the DoD Defense Enrollment and Eligibility Reporting System when providing these credentials, used together, these two systems are commonly referred to as a DEERS/RAPIDS system or DEERS/RAPIDS infrastructure. These include, but are not limited to, Photographs Fingerprints The information is stored solely in the DEERS System, other redundant systems or repositories shall not be utilized without compelling justification for their need. RAPIDS provides distinct identification that is used as proof of identity and it may be used as a Geneva Convention Card in accordance with DoD Instruction 1000.13. It may also act as a card for Uniformed Services benefits. Ex, usage of the commissary on military installations or application for insurance discounts for veterans, DD FORM 1172-2, FEB2011, Application for Uniformed Services Identification Card/DEERS EnrollmentDoD Directive 1000.25 - DoD Personnel Identity Protection Program
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
Rapids
11.
Canal lock
–
A lock is a device used for raising and lowering boats, ships and other watercraft between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. Locks are used to make a more easily navigable, or to allow a canal to cross land that is not level. Later canals used more and larger locks to allow a direct route to be taken. Since 2016 the largest lock worldwide is the Kieldrecht Lock in the Port of Antwerp, a pound lock is a type of lock that is used almost exclusively nowadays on canals and rivers. A pound lock has a chamber with gates at both ends that control the level of water in the pound, in contrast, an earlier design with a single gate was known as a flash lock. Pound locks were first used in medieval China during the Song Dynasty, having been pioneered by the government official and engineer Qiao Weiyue in 984. The gates were hanging gates, when they were closed the water accumulated like a tide until the level was reached. The water level could differ by 4 feet or 5 feet at each lock, in medieval Europe a sort of pound lock was built in 1373 at Vreeswijk, Netherlands. This pound lock serviced many ships at once in a large basin, yet the first true pound lock was built in 1396 at Damme near Bruges, Belgium. A famous civil engineer of pound locks in Europe was the Italian Bertola da Novate, who constructed 18 of them on the Naviglio di Bereguardo between the years 1452 and 1458. When a stretch of river is navigable, a lock is sometimes required to bypass an obstruction such as a rapid, dam. In large scale river navigation improvements, weirs and locks are used together, a river improved by these means is often called a Waterway or River Navigation. Sometimes a river is made entirely non-tidal by constructing a sea lock directly into the estuary, in more advanced river navigations, more locks are required. Where a longer cut bypasses a stretch of river, the upstream end of the cut will often be protected by a flood lock. The longer the cut, the greater the difference in level between start and end of the cut, so that a very long cut will need additional locks along its length. At this point, the cut is, in effect, a canal, Early completely artificial canals, across fairly flat countryside, would get round a small hill or depression by simply detouring around it. However, locks continued to be built to supplement these solutions, all pound locks have three elements, A watertight chamber connecting the upper and lower canals, and large enough to enclose one or more boats. The position of the chamber is fixed, but its level can vary
Canal lock
–
Canal lock and lock-keeper's cottage on the Aylesbury Arm of the
Grand Union Canal at
Marsworth in Hertfordshire, England
Canal lock
–
Lock on the River
Neckar at
Heidelberg in
Germany
Canal lock
–
Three gorges dam lock near
Yichang on
Yangtze river,
China
Canal lock
–
A pound lock on the Keitele-
Päijänne Canal at
Äänekoski in
Central Finland
12.
Boat lift
–
A boat lift, ship lift, or lift lock is a machine for transporting boats between water at two different elevations, and is an alternative to the canal lock and the canal inclined plane. The first known boat lift was a 2.5 ton tub boat lift on the Churprinz mining canal in Halsbrücke near Dresden and it lifted boats 7 metres without the use of caissons. The lift operated between 1789 and 1868, for a period of time after the opening of the Churprinz lift boat lifts were of an experimental nature with the engineer James Green reporting that 5 had been built between 1796 and 1830. He credited the invention to Dr James Anderson of Edinburgh, lifts on the tub boat section of the Grand Western Canal entered into operation in 1835 becoming the first non experimental boat lifts in Britain. 1904 the Peterborough Lift Lock designed by Richard Birdsall Rogers opened in Canada, the lift system is operated by gravity alone, with the upper bay of the two bay system loaded with an additional 30 cm of water as to give it greater weight. Before the construction of the Three Gorges Dam Ship Lift, the highest boat lift, with a 73.15 metre height difference and European Class IV capacity, was the Strépy-Thieu boat lift in Belgium. The ship lift at the Three Gorges Dam, completed in January 2016, is 113 meters high, the boat lift at Longtan is reported to be even higher in total with a maximum vertical lift of 179m in two stages when completed. List of boat lifts Lock Balance lock Canal inclined plane – another technique for lifting boats, caisson lock, a submerged boat lift. Canal lifts and inclines of the world, the lift-locks on the Canal du Centre, at Houdeng and Strépy-Thieu, Belgium
Boat lift
–
Strépy-Thieu boat lift (
Belgium,
Wallonia)
Boat lift
–
The
Falkirk Wheel (
Scotland)
Boat lift
–
Peterborough Lift Lock (
Canada)
13.
Animal
–
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia. The animal kingdom emerged as a clade within Apoikozoa as the group to the choanoflagellates. Animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives and their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs, they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance, most known animal phyla appeared in the fossil record as marine species during the Cambrian explosion, about 542 million years ago. Animals can be divided broadly into vertebrates and invertebrates, vertebrates have a backbone or spine, and amount to less than five percent of all described animal species. They include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, the remaining animals are the invertebrates, which lack a backbone. These include molluscs, arthropods, annelids, nematodes, flatworms, cnidarians, ctenophores, the study of animals is called zoology. The word animal comes from the Latin animalis, meaning having breath, the biological definition of the word refers to all members of the kingdom Animalia, encompassing creatures as diverse as sponges, jellyfish, insects, and humans. Aristotle divided the world between animals and plants, and this was followed by Carl Linnaeus, in the first hierarchical classification. In Linnaeuss original scheme, the animals were one of three kingdoms, divided into the classes of Vermes, Insecta, Pisces, Amphibia, Aves, and Mammalia. Since then the last four have all been subsumed into a single phylum, in 1874, Ernst Haeckel divided the animal kingdom into two subkingdoms, Metazoa and Protozoa. The protozoa were later moved to the kingdom Protista, leaving only the metazoa, thus Metazoa is now considered a synonym of Animalia. Animals have several characteristics that set apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular, which separates them from bacteria and they are heterotrophic, generally digesting food in an internal chamber, which separates them from plants and algae. They are also distinguished from plants, algae, and fungi by lacking cell walls. All animals are motile, if only at life stages. In most animals, embryos pass through a stage, which is a characteristic exclusive to animals. With a few exceptions, most notably the sponges and Placozoa and these include muscles, which are able to contract and control locomotion, and nerve tissues, which send and process signals
Animal
–
Carl Linnaeus, known as the father of modern
taxonomy
Animal
–
Had'n
Animal
–
The use of
love darts by the land snail
Monachoides vicinus is a form of
sexual selection
Animal
–
A
newt lung cell stained with
fluorescent dyes undergoing the early
anaphase stage of
mitosis
14.
Barge
–
A barge is a flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river and canal transport of heavy goods. Some barges are not self-propelled and must be towed or pushed by towboats, Barge is attested from 1300, from Old French barge, from Vulgar Latin barga. The word originally could refer to any small boat, the modern meaning arose around 1480, bark small ship is attested from 1420, from Old French barque, from Vulgar Latin barca. The more precise meaning three-masted ship arose in the 17th century, both are probably derived from the Latin barica, from Greek, βάρις, translit. Egyptian boat, from Coptic, ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ bāri small boat, hieroglyphic Egyptian, by extension, the term embark literally means to board the kind of boat called a barque. The long pole used to maneuver or propel a barge has given rise to the saying I wouldnt touch that with a barge pole. On the British canal system, the barge is used to describe a boat wider than a narrowboat. In the United States, deckhands perform the labor and are supervised by a leadman or the mate, the captain and pilot steer the towboat, which pushes one or more barges held together with rigging, collectively called the tow. The crew live aboard the towboat as it travels along the river system or the intracoastal waterways. These towboats travel between ports and are also called line-haul boats, poles are used on barges to fend off the barge as it nears other vessels or a wharf. These are often called pike poles, barges are used today for low-value bulk items, as the cost of hauling goods by barge is very low. Barges are also used for heavy or bulky items, a typical American barge measures 195 by 35 feet. The most common European barge measures 76.5 by 11.4 metres, as an example, on June 26,2006, a 565-short-ton catalytic cracking unit reactor was shipped by barge from the Tulsa Port of Catoosa in Oklahoma to a refinery in Pascagoula, Mississippi. Extremely large objects are normally shipped in sections and assembled onsite, of the reactors 700-mile journey, only about 40 miles were traveled overland, from the final port to the refinery. Canal barges are made for the particular canal in which they will operate. Many barges, primarily Dutch barges, which were designed for carrying cargo along the canals of Europe, are no longer large enough to compete in this industry with larger newer vessels. Many of these barges have been renovated and are now used as hotel barges carrying holidaymakers along the same canals on which they once carried grain or coal. This holds true today, for areas of the world
Barge
–
Barges towed by a tugboat on the
River Thames in
London,
England,
United Kingdom
Barge
–
A barge carrying recycling material on Deûle channel in
Lambersart,
France
Barge
–
A towboat pushing a barge on the
Chicago River
Barge
–
Multiple barges pushed around a tight bend on the
Cumberland River.
15.
Tanker (ship)
–
A tanker is a merchant vessel designed to transport liquids or gases in bulk. Major types of tankship include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, in the United States Navy and Military Sealift Command, any type of tanker used to refuel other ships is called an oiler. Tankers can range in size of capacity from several hundred tons, besides ocean- or seagoing tankers there are also specialized inland-waterway tankers which operate on rivers and canals with an average cargo capacity up to some thousand tons. Before this, technology had not supported the idea of carrying bulk liquids. The market was not geared towards transporting or selling cargo in bulk, therefore most ships carried a wide range of different products in different holds. Liquids were usually loaded in casks—hence the term tonnage, which refers to the volume of the holds in terms of how many tuns or casks of wine could be carried, even potable water, vital for the survival of the crew, was stowed in casks. Carrying bulk liquids in earlier ships posed several problems, The holds, on ships the holds were not sufficiently water. The development of iron and steel hulls solved this problem, loading and discharging, Bulk liquids must be pumped - the development of efficient pumps and piping systems was vital to the development of the tanker. Steam engines were developed as prime-movers for early pumping systems, dedicated cargo handling facilities were now required ashore too - as was a market for receiving a product in that quantity. Casks could be unloaded using ordinary cranes, and the nature of the casks meant that the volume of liquid was always relatively small - therefore keeping the market more stable. The effect was negligible in casks, but could cause capsizing if the tank extended the width of the ship, tankers were first used by the oil industry to transfer refined fuel in bulk from refineries to customers. This would then be stored in tanks ashore, and subdivided for delivery to individual locations. The use of tankers caught on other liquids were also cheaper to transport in bulk, store in dedicated terminals. Even the Guinness brewery used tankers to transport the stout across the Irish Sea, among oil tankers, supertankers are designed for transporting oil around the Horn of Africa from the Middle East. The supertanker Seawise Giant, scrapped in 2010, was 458 meters in length and 69 meters wide, supertankers are one of the three preferred methods for transporting large quantities of oil, along with pipeline transport and rail. Despite being highly regulated, tankers have been involved in environmental disasters resulting from oil spills, see Amoco Cadiz, Braer, Erika, Exxon Valdez, Prestige oil spill and Torrey Canyon for examples of coastal accidents. Many modern tankers are designed for a cargo and a specific route. Draft is typically limited by the depth of water in loading and unloading harbors, cargoes with high vapor pressure at ambient temperatures may require pressurized tanks or vapor recovery systems
Tanker (ship)
–
Commercial crude oil
supertanker AbQaiq.
Tanker (ship)
–
The
Thomas W. Lawson (1902), converted in 1906 into the world's first sailing tanker.
Tanker (ship)
–
A
US Navy T2 tanker in 1943.
Tanker (ship)
–
The small coastal tanker Pegasus on the
River Weser.
16.
Ocean liner
–
An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes, cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners. The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in trading, nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself. Nor does it include tramp steamers, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers, some shipping companies refer to themselves as lines and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as liners. Ocean liners are usually built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas. Additionally, they are designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships. Once the dominant form of travel between continents, ocean liners were rendered obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after World War II. Advances in automobile and railway also played a role. As of 2015, RMS Queen Mary 2 was the ship still in service as an ocean liner. Ocean liners were the mode of intercontinental travel for over a century. In addition to passengers, liners carried mail and cargo, ships contracted to carry British Royal Mail used the designation RMS. Liners were also the way to move gold and other high-value cargoes. The busiest route for liners was on the North Atlantic with ships travelling between Europe and North America and it was on this route that the fastest, largest and most advanced liners travelled. Shipping lines are companies engaged in shipping passengers and cargo, often on established routes and schedules, regular scheduled voyages on a set route are called line voyages and vessels trading on these routes to a timetable are called liners. The alternative to liner trade is tramping whereby vessels are notified on a basis as to the availability of a cargo to be transported. The term ocean liner has come to be used interchangeably with passenger liner, beginning at the advent of the Jet Age, where transoceanic ship service declined, a gradual transition from passenger ships as mean of transportation to nowadays cruise ships started. In order for ocean liners to remain profitable, cruise lines have modified some of them to operate on routes, such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. The Italian Lines SS Michelangelo and SS Raffaello, the last ocean liners to be primarily for crossing the North Atlantic
Ocean liner
–
RMS Queen Mary, pictured during her service days, is now a floating museum in Long Beach, California – and one of the last surviving Atlantic liners.
Ocean liner
–
RMS Lusitania arriving in New York in 1907. As the primary means of trans-oceanic voyages for over a century, ocean liners were essential to the transportation needs of national governments, business firms, and the general public.
Ocean liner
–
RMS Queen Elizabeth (1940), one of the most famous ocean liners.
Ocean liner
–
The first voyage of
SS Great Western (1838)
17.
Cruise ship
–
Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
Cruise ship
–
Majesty of the Seas
Cruise ship
–
Cruise ships in
Tallinn Passenger Port of
Tallinn,
Estonia - a popular tourist destination
Cruise ship
–
SS Strathaird, a P&O cruise ship of the early 20th century. The company began offering luxury cruise services in 1844.
Cruise ship
–
Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the first ship purpose-built as a cruise ship.
18.
Blueway
–
Water trails are marked routes on navigable waterway such as rivers, lakes, canals and coastlines for recreational use. They allow access to waterways for non-motorized boats and sometimes motorized vessels, innertubes, water trails not only require suitable access points and take-outs for exit but also provide places ashore to camp and picnic, and other facilities for boaters. Water trails may be in public or private waters, in the United States, many water trails are monitored by the National Park Service. Local statutes may apply to landowners who steward water trails and the boaters who use them, much of the Trans Canada Trail will be a network of water trails open to canoes and other small vessels. Recreational use of trails is a form of ecotourism sometimes called paddle tourism
Blueway
–
Blueway - early morning
Blueway
–
Tennessee River Blueway
Blueway
–
Camp on the blueway
Blueway
–
Osprey carrying a fish
19.
Flume
–
A flume is a human-made channel for water in the form of an open declined gravity chute whose walls are raised above the surrounding terrain, in contrast to a trench or ditch. Flumes are not to be confused with aqueducts, which are built to water, rather than transporting materials using flowing water as a flume does. Flumes route water from a dam or weir to a desired materiel collection location. Many flumes took the form of wooden troughs elevated on trestles, originating as a part of a mill race, they were later used in the transportation of logs in the logging industry, known as a log flume. They were also used in hydraulic mining and working placer deposits for gold, tin. The term flume comes from the Old French word flum, from the Latin flumen and it was formerly used for a stream, and particularly for the tail of a mill race. A diversionary flume is used to water from one body to another. Log flumes use the flow of water to cut logs and timber downhill, sometimes many miles. Some varieties of flumes are used in measuring water flow of a larger channel, acceleration is accomplished through a convergence of the sidewalls, a change in floor elevation, or a combination of the two. Flow measurement flumes typically consist of a section, a throat section. Not all sections, however, need to be present, in the case of the Cutthroat flume, the converging section directly joins the diverging section, resulting in a throat section of no length. Other flumes omit the diverging section, Flow measurement flumes can be installed in earthen channels, concrete canals, below ground chambers, or factory integrated into Packaged Metering Manholes. In some 19th-century canals, a flume diverted water around a lift lock from the level above to the level below the lock. In competitive swimming, specialized flumes with transparent sides are often employed by coaches to analyze a swimmers technique, the speed of the flow is variable to accommodate the full spectrum of swimming styles and ability. Water Measurement with Flumes and Weirs, Weirs and Flumes for Flow Measurement
Flume
–
Log flume in
Sweden, August 2010
Flume
–
Bull Run Hydroelectric Project diversion flume, carrying water from one reservoir to another.
Flume
–
Working to replace parts on operational irrigation flume in the East Kootenay, British Columbia Canada. This flume runs 8km to provide water to a few dozen farms. Built in 1912.
Flume
–
Measuring flume in the UK
20.
Great Lakes Waterway
–
The Great Lakes Waterway is a system of natural channels and canals which enable navigation between the North American Great Lakes. Though all of the lakes are connected as a chain. Its principal civil engineering works are the Welland Canal between Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the huge Soo Locks between Huron and Superior. Dredged channels were constructed in the St. Marys River, the Detroit River, Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River between Huron and Erie. Usually, one or more U. S. Coast Guard icebreakers help keep the water passage open for part of the fall and early winter, the Great Lakes Waterway is co-administered by the governments of Canada and the United States of America. The waterway allows passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the port of Duluth on Lake Superior. Together with the Saint Lawrence Seaway, the Waterway allows both ocean-going vessels and the ore and coal-bearing lake freighters to travel from the systems saltwater outlet to its far interior, shipping channels separate upbound traffic from downbound traffic. The upbound direction is away from the St. Lawrence River, channels are marked with navigation buoys in constricted areas and pilots are required on foreign boats. Recreational boats can use or cross the channels, but the large boats. Straits of Mackinac The Great Waterway, South Ontario tourism site
Great Lakes Waterway
–
The shippping channels pass on opposite sides of
Neebish Island
Great Lakes Waterway
–
The
Soo Locks between
Lake Superior and the
St. Marys River
Great Lakes Waterway
–
Main lakes
21.
Inland waterways of the United States
–
The inland waterways of the United States include more than 25,000 mi of navigable waters. Much of the commercially important waterways of the United States consist of the Mississippi River System—the Mississippi River, the Columbia River is the only river on the West Coast that is navigable for a significant length. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, the Snake River, the steep grades and variable flows of most other West Coast rivers make them unsuitable for large boat travel. Also, most large rivers there are dammed, often in places, to supply water for hydroelectricity production. Mountainous terrain, and a shortage of water, make canals in the West unfeasible as well, most navigable rivers and canals in the United States are in the eastern half of the country, where the terrain is flatter and the climate is wetter. Louis, Chicago, St. Paul, Cincinnati, and Pittsburgh, the Mississippi River System is connected to the Illinois Waterway, which continues to the Great Lakes Waterway and then to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Many other eastern rivers are navigable as well, including the Potomac, the Hudson, and the Atchafalaya Rivers, a principal value of the inland waterways is their ability to efficiently convey large volumes of bulk commodities moving long distances. Towboats push barges lashed together to form a tow, a tow may consist of 4 or 6 barges on smaller waterways and up to over 40 barges on the mighty Mississippi River below its confluence with the Ohio River. A 15-barge tow is common on the rivers with locks, such as the Ohio, Upper Mississippi, Illinois. Such tows are an efficient mode of transportation, moving about 22,500 tons of cargo as a single unit. A single 15-barge tow is equivalent to about 225 railroad cars or 870 tractor-trailer trucks. If the cargo transported on the inland waterways each year had to be moved by another mode, the ability to move more cargo per shipment makes barge transport both fuel efficient and environmentally advantageous. On average, a gallon of fuel allows one ton of cargo to be shipped 180–240 mi by truck (e. g. @ 6–8 mpg‑US30 ton load,450 mi by railway, and 514 mi by barge. Carbon dioxide emissions from water transportation were 10 million metric tons less in 1997 than if rail transportation had been used, barges are well suited for the movement of large quantities of bulk commodities and raw materials at relatively low cost. The inland and intracoastal waterway system handles about 630 million tons of cargo annually and these are raw materials or primary manufactured products that are typically stored for further processing or consumption, or transshipped for overseas markets. Coal is the largest commodity by volume moving on the inland waterways, the countrys electric utility industry depends on the inland waterways for more than 20 percent of the coal they consume to produce electricity. Petroleum is the next largest group, including oil, gasoline, Diesel fuel, jet fuel, heavy fuel oils. Another large group includes grain and other products, most of which moves by waterway to ports on the Lower Mississippi River or Columbia River for export overseas
Inland waterways of the United States
–
The inland and intracoastal waterways of the eastern United States
22.
List of canals in France
–
This is a list of navigable canals that are at least partially located in France. The canals are listed in order of the Sort name column when originally presented, the Map column should be used in conjunction with the map to the right in order to locate approximate location of the canal within France. Below the table are See also, References, and Notes, transport in France List of rivers of France List of waterways#France Sort Name A The first key word of the title
List of canals in France
–
Map to be used with last column.
23.
Mill race
–
A mill race, millrace or millrun is the current of water that turns a water wheel, or the channel conducting water to or from a water wheel. Compared to the waters of a mill pond, the narrow current is swift. The race leading to the wheel on a wide stream or mill pond is called the head race. A mill race has many specific names, such as leat, lade, flume, goit. These words all have more precise definitions and meanings will differ elsewhere, the original undershot waterwheel, described by Vitruvius was a run of the river wheel placed so a fast flowing stream would press against and turn the bottom of a bucketed wheel. In the first meaning of the term, the millrace was the stream, in the sense of the word, there was no channel, as technology advanced, the stream was dammed forming a weir. This increased the head of water, behind the weir was the millpond, or lodge. The water was channelled to the waterwheel by a sluice or millrace- this was the head race, from the waterwheel, the water was channelled back to the stream by a sluice known as the tail race. When the tail race from one mill led to another mill where it acted as the race this was known as the mid race. The level of water in the millrace could be controlled by a series of sluice gates
Mill race
–
Mill Race, Redbournbury Mill,
River Ver, near
St Albans.
Mill race
–
A head race
Mill race
–
Storckensohn water head race, or flume.
Mill race
–
Tail race rejoining River Meon.
24.
Saint Lawrence Seaway
–
The Seaway is named for the Saint Lawrence River, which flows from Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean. Legally, the Seaway extends from Montreal, Quebec, to Lake Erie, Lawrence River to bypass several rapids and dams along the way. The section of the downstream of Montreal, which is fully within Canadian jurisdiction, is regulated by the offices of Transport Canada in the Port of Quebec. The Saint Lawrence Seaway was preceded by a number of other canals, in 1871, locks on the Saint Lawrence allowed transit of vessels 186 ft long,44 ft 6 in wide, and 9 ft deep. The First Welland Canal, constructed from 1824–1829, had a minimum size of 110 ft long,22 ft wide, and 8 ft deep. The Welland Canals minimum lock size was increased to 150 ft long,26, the first proposals for a bi-national comprehensive deep waterway along the St. Lawrence were made in the 1890s. United States proposals for development up to and including the First World War met with little interest from the Canadian federal government, but the two national governments submitted St. Lawrence plans to a group for study. By the early 1920s, both The Wooten-Bowden Report and the International Joint Commission recommended the project and this treaty was submitted to the United States Senate in November 1932 and hearings continued until a vote was taken on March 14,1934. The majority voted in favor of the treaty, but it failed to gain the necessary two-thirds vote for ratification, subsequent attempts between the governments in the 1930s to forge an agreement came to naught due to opposition by the Ontario government of Mitchell Hepburn, and that of Quebec. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to get his support of the Seaway concept, Beukema and St. Lawrence Seaway proponents were convinced that such a nautical link would lead to development of the communities and economies of the Great Lakes region by enabling ocean-going ships. In this period, grain exports to Europe were highly important to the national economy, the negotiations on the treaty resumed in 1938 and by January 1940, substantial agreement was reached between Canada and the United States. By 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Mackenzie King made an agreement to build the joint hydro and navigation works. The railroads carried freight and goods between the ports and the Great Lakes cities. After 1945, proposals to introduce tolls to the Seaway were not sufficient to support by the U. S. Congress for the project. Growing impatient, and with Ontario desperate for the power to be generated by hydro-electricity and this seized the imagination of Canadians, engendering a groundswell of St. Lawrence nationalism. Fueled by this support, St. Laurents administration decided over the course of 1951 and 1952 to construct the waterway alone, the International Joint Commission issued an order of approval for joint construction of the dam in October 1952. U. S. Senate debate on the bill began on January 12,1953, and it received approval by the Senate and the House by May 1954. The need for cheap haulage of Quebec - Labrador iron ore was one of the arguments that finally swung the balance in favor of the seaway, ground-breaking ceremonies took place in Massena, New York, on August 10,1954
Saint Lawrence Seaway
–
The Eisenhower Locks in
Massena, NY.
Saint Lawrence Seaway
–
Iroquois Locks
Saint Lawrence Seaway
–
Main lakes
25.
Salish Sea
–
Its major bodies of water are the Strait of Georgia, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and Puget Sound. It reaches from Desolation Sound at the end of the Strait of Georgia to Oakland Bay at the head of Hammersley Inlet at the south end of Puget Sound. The inland waterways of the Salish Sea are partially separated from the open Pacific Ocean by Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula, major port cities on the Salish Sea include Vancouver, Seattle, Tacoma, Bellingham, Port Angeles and Victoria. Much of the coast is part of a megalopolis stretching from West Vancouver, British Columbia to Olympia, State of Washington and the Gulf Islands in British Columbia, Canada. The western boundary is the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the southern boundary is the southern end of Puget Sound. These boundaries were based on the 2002 Georgia Basin–Puget Sound Ecosystem Indicators Report, the total extent of the Salish Sea is about 18,000 square kilometres. The adoption of the term, he said, would raise consciousness about taking care of the regions waters, webbers efforts are credited with the official recognition of the term in Canada and the U. S. The Coast Salish are the peoples who live in southwest British Columbia and northwest Washington along the Salish Sea and share a common linguistic. The Coast Salish are seen as one of the main cultural, five divisions of the Salish language family are recognized, with Coast Salish and Interior Salish being the primary two. The Salish family consists of 23 separate languages, european and American explorers first encountered Salishan people along the Pacific Northwest coast in the late 18th century. The first detailed information was obtained by the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-1806, the term Salish was originally applied only to the Interior Salish Flathead tribe living in the region of Flathead Lake, Montana. By the mid-20th century, it had extended to cover all people speaking a similar language. The Flathead Nation continues to refer to their language and culture as Salish, a variant name for Flathead Lake is Selish Lake. The name Salish Sea was coined only in the late 20th century, no overarching title exists for this area or even a commonly shared name for any of the waterbodies in any of the Coast Salish languages. The waterways of the Salish Sea were important trade routes for the Coast Salish, the basin includes territory of not only Coast Salish peoples, but also the Northern Wakashan Kwakwakawakw and Southern Wakashan peoples and, formerly, that of the Chimakum. Making the name Salish Sea official required an application to the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The name was endorsed by the Washington State Board on Geographic Names in late October,2009 and it was approved by the United States Board on Geographic Names on November 12,2009, and by the British Columbia Geographical Names Office in February 2010. The French name Mer de Salish is also official in Canada, opponents to the Salish Sea designation assert that it is really a series of interconnected straits, sounds and inlets
Salish Sea
–
The Salish Sea, showing the
Strait of Georgia near centre, the
Strait of Juan de Fuca below,
Puget Sound at the lower right,
Johnstone Strait at the extreme upper left, and the
Pacific Ocean at lower left. Sediment from the
Fraser River is visible as a greenish plume in the Strait of Georgia.
26.
Strait of Magellan
–
The Strait of Magellan, also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is the most important natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the Strait of Magellan was called the Dragons Tail, and there were also the Cape of Good Hope and the coast of Africa. Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer and navigator in the service of Charles I of Spain, the fleet would become known as the Armada de las Molucas or Fleet of the Moluccas. The expeditionary fleet of five ships set sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 20,1519, before the passage of the Strait, Álvaro de Mesquita became captain of the San Antonio, and Duarte Barbosa of Victoria. Later, Serrão became captain of Concepcion, San Antonio, charged to explore Magdalen Sound, failed to return to the fleet, instead sailing back to Spain under Estêvão Gomes who imprisoned the captain Mesquita. Magellans ships entered the strait on November 1,1520, All Saints Day, magellans chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, called it the Patagonian Strait, and others Victoria Strait, commemorating the first ship entering it. Within seven years it was being called Estrecho de Magallanes in honor of Magellan, the Spanish Empire and the Captaincy General of Chile used it as the southern boundary of their territory. The first Spanish colony was established in 1584 by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa and these towns suffered severe food shortages, and when the English navigator Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement. He renamed the place Port Famine, other early explorers included Francis Drake. In February 1696 the first French expedition, under the command of M. de Gennes reached the Strait of Magellan, the expedition is described by the young French explorer, engineer and hydrographer François Froger in his A Relation of a Voyage. A report on the survey was presented at two meetings of the Geographical Society of London in 1831, Chile took possession of the Strait of Magellan on May 23,1843. President Bulnes of Chile ordered this expedition after consulting the Chilean libertador Bernardo OHiggins, the first Chilean settlement was Fuerte Bulnes, situated in a forested zone on the north side of the strait. Fuerte Bulnes was later abandoned, and in 1848 the city of Punta Arenas was founded farther north where the Magellanic forests meets the Patagonian plains. In Tierra del Fuego, across the strait from Punta Arenas, Argentina effectively recognized Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan in the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina. Argentina had previously claimed all of the strait, or at least the third of it. In 1840 the Pacific Steam Navigation Company was the first to use steamships for commercial traffic in the strait, until the Panama Canal opened in 1914, the Strait of Magellan was the main route for steamships traveling from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. Sailing ships, however, partly because of winds and currents in the strait, generally preferred the Drake Passage. The strait is approximately 570 kilometres long and about 2 kilometres wide at its narrowest point, the northwestern portion of the strait is connected with other sheltered waterways via the Smyth Channel
Strait of Magellan
–
A replica of the
Victoria, one of Magellan's ships, in the
Museo Nao Victoria,
Punta Arenas.
Strait of Magellan
–
Strait of Magellan, in
South America 's southern tip.
Strait of Magellan
–
Map showing the extent of the
Patagonian Ice Sheet in the Strait of Magellan area during the
last glacial period. Selected modern settlements are shown with yellow dots.
Strait of Magellan
–
The
County of Peebles and Cavenga are used as a
breakwater for the harbour at
Punta Arenas.
27.
Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
–
GND screenshot
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
Media related to Waterways at Wikimedia Commons
