1.
American Kennel Club
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The American Kennel Club is a registry of purebred dog pedigrees in the United States. Unlike most other countries kennels clubs, the AKC is not part of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, the origins of the AKC lay in the National Greyhound Association, which was the first organization to encourage breeders to produce dogs with a goal in mind. In this case, the goal was not beauty but racing speed, in 1882, the National Coursing League, a British organization, began to require that all racing dogs be registered in their studbooks before they were eligible to race. The National Greyhound Association followed suit soon after, in the early 1800s, the English became concerned with the beauty of dogs rather than their function. This fad spread to North America, and in 1877, the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show began, soon after, the need for a regulating body became obvious. The National American Kennel Club, which had founded in 1876, began to publish. In 1884, a group of 13 breed clubs,10 American clubs and 3 Canadian clubs and these 13 clubs pledged to do everything to advance the study, breeding, exhibiting, running and maintenance of purity of thoroughbred dogs. The AKC differed from The Kennel Club in that individuals could not directly join the Kennel Club, they became members of smaller, individual breed clubs, which were themselves members of the AKC. Soon after the AKC, CKC, and KC produced agreements that made any dog eligible to be registered with the club in its home country, in 1909, the group moved to New York and became incorporated. On July 1,2012, the AKC began to recognize certain titles issued by the North American Flyball Association and these titles are Flyball Champion, Flyball Master, and the ONYX title. The AKC is the largest registry of purebred dogs in the U. S. and is the only not-for profit registry, as well as the most well-known, and the most influential. For a purebred dog to be registered with the AKC, the parents must be registered with the AKC as the same breed. Once a determination of eligibility is met, either by application or registry research. As of November 2016, the AKC recognizes 202 breeds, the AKC divides dog breeds into seven groups, one class, and the Foundation Stock Service, consisting of the following, Sporting Group,30 breeds, developed as bird dogs. Includes Pointers, Retrievers, Setters, and Spaniels, hound Group,29 breeds, developed to hunt using sight or scent. Working Group,30 breeds, developed for a variety of jobs, including guarding property, guarding livestock, terrier Group,30 breeds, developed to hunt vermin and to dig them from their burrows or lairs. Toy Group,21 breeds, developed as companion dogs, herding Group,29 breeds, developed to herd livestock. Non-Sporting Group,20 breeds, assorted breeds who do not fit any of the above groups
2.
Canadian Kennel Club
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The Canadian Kennel Club is the primary registry body for purebred dog pedigrees in Canada. The Canadian Kennel Club is a national, member-based, non-profit organization, founded in 1888, it provides registry services for all the 175 dog breeds which it currently recognizes, and provides governance for all CKC approved shows, trial and events. CKC provides news and information to its membership through its association with Dogs in Canada monthly magazine. Once these criteria are met, the dog is eligible to be registered as purebred by the CKC CKC is not the only Canadian registry of purebred dogs, but it is the one most Canadians are familiar with. CKC members may only breed CKC recognized breeds and are required to sign a pledge not to engage in the buying, selling or breeding of dogs not purebred. As with almost all breed registries, the registration specifies only that the dog is purely of one recognized breed—it does not guarantee that the dog comes from healthy or show-quality bloodlines, neither is it a reflection on the quality of the breeder or how the puppy was raised. Registration basically provides tracking for known canine ancestry as stated by the breeder of each dog registered, purebred pedigrees can often be followed back for as much as a century and for perhaps thirty or more generations of registered ancestry. Registration is necessary for dogs who will participate in purebred conformation shows or who will be used for purebred breeding, breeders that are CKC members are required to register all of their puppies, even if they are not of show quality. List of dog recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club Official website A new direction for kennel club regulations
3.
The Kennel Club
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The Kennel Club is the official kennel club of the United Kingdom. It is the oldest recognised kennel club in the world and its role is to act as governing body for various canine activities including dog shows, dog agility and working trials. It also operates the national register of pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom and its headquarters are located on Clarges Street in Mayfair, London, with business offices in Aylesbury. The Kennel Club registration system divides dogs into seven breed groups, the Kennel Club Groups are, Hound, Working, Terrier, Gundog, Pastoral, Utility and Toy. As of 2011, the Kennel Club recognised 210 breeds of dog and this was increased to 211 breeds with the addition of the Turkish Kangal dog in 2013. The Kennel Club licenses dog shows throughout the UK but the dog show actually run by the KC is the Crufts conformation show. The show has held since 1928 and attracts competitors from all over the world. Crufts is held every March at the NEC, Birmingham, the Kennel Club also holds the dog event Discover Dogs in London every November, featuring the Scruffts dog show for crossbreed and mixed breed dogs. The Kennel club was founded in 1873 after Sewallis E Shirley became frustrated by trying to dog shows without a consistent set of rules to work with. Since the first dog show held in 1859, shows had become popular during the Victorian era. Shirley is listed as an exhibitor of Fox Terriers at the Birmingham Dog Show Society show in 1865, together with a group of other gentlemen he organised the First Grand Exhibition of Sporting and Other Dogs held at Crystal Palace in June 1870. The show was not a success and the gentlemen of the committee had to make up the loss. This seems to have been the trigger for Shirley calling a meeting with others who had deep seated interests in judging and exhibiting pedigree dogs. The Meeting was held at 2 Albert Mansions, Victoria Street, London, all business was conducted from there until a move to Pall Mall in May 1877. It was decided they would be responsible for publishing a Stud Book, the Kennel Club saw particular change under the chairmanship of John MacDougall during the period 1981 to 1996. It was also under his stewardship that the system became computerised. The Kennel Club acquired Crufts dog show after the widow of Charles Cruft was unable to devote the time to running such a large undertaking, no shows were held during the Second World War. The first Crufts show held by the Kennel Club was in 1948 at Olympia, the show was first televised by the BBC in 1950
4.
Dog
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In the simple case of grayscale images, the blurred images are obtained by convolving the original grayscale images with Gaussian kernels having differing standard deviations. Blurring an image using a Gaussian kernel suppresses only high-frequency spatial information, subtracting one image from the other preserves spatial information that lies between the range of frequencies that are preserved in the two blurred images. Thus, the difference of Gaussians is a filter that discards all. In one dimension, Γ is defined as, Γ σ1, σ2 = I ∗1 σ12 π e − / − I ∗1 σ22 π e − /. The relation between the difference of Gaussians operator and the Laplacian of the Gaussian operator is explained in appendix A in Lindeberg, as a feature enhancement algorithm, the difference of Gaussians can be utilized to increase the visibility of edges and other detail present in a digital image. A major drawback to application of the algorithm is an inherent reduction in overall image contrast produced by the operation, when utilized for image enhancement, the difference of Gaussians algorithm is typically applied when the size ratio of kernel to kernel is 4,1 or 5,1. In the example images to the right, the sizes of the Gaussian kernels employed to smooth the image were 10 pixels and 5 pixels. The algorithm can also be used to obtain an approximation of the Laplacian of Gaussian when the ratio of size 2 to size 1 is roughly equal to 1.6. The Laplacian of Gaussian is useful for detecting edges that appear at various image scales or degrees of image focus. The exact values of sizes of the two kernels that are used to approximate the Laplacian of Gaussian will determine the scale of the difference image, differences of Gaussians have also been used for blob detection in the scale-invariant feature transform. In fact, the DoG as the difference of two Multivariate normal distribution has always a total null sum and convolving it with a uniform signal generates no response. It approximates well a second derivate of Gaussian with K~1.6 and it may easily be used in recursive schemes and is used as an operator in real-time algorithms for blob detection and automatic scale selection. In its operation, the difference of Gaussians algorithm is believed to mimic how neural processing in the retina of the eye extracts details from images destined for transmission to the brain, marr–Hildreth algorithm Treatment of the difference of Gaussians approach in blob detection. Blob detection Scale space Scale-invariant feature transform Notes by Bryan S. Morse on Edge Detection and Gaussian related mathematics from the University of Edinburgh
5.
Dog breed
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The Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes over 400 pure dog breeds. Other uses of the breed when referring to dogs may include pure breeds, cross-breeds, mixed breeds. Mastiff-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred, by Roman times, most of the breed-types known today were well-defined and their qualities and functions recorded. Dog breeds proliferated in Europe during the Middle Ages 700 years ago, for early depictions of dogs in art, see early history. Ancient breed of dogs was a term used for a group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club. These breeds were referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to modern breeds, in 2004, a study looked at the microsatellites of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. These 9 breeds had been referred to as ancient breeds, as opposed to the modern breeds, see further, Dog type The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era. In 2010, a study looked at 48,000 Single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave a genome-wide coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds, the study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to phenotype or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, there were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. Results also indicated that the Basenji had recent admixture with Middle Eastern wolves, the study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs. The three groups were an Asian group that showed past admixture with Chinese wolves, a Middle Eastern group, and a northern group. The study referred to these 16 as Basal breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence, the study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. Of the basal breeds, the American Eskimo Dog and Eurasier were the recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past, if those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, other temperaments may be due to the legacies of ancient ancestry. Groups of owners that have dogs of the breed and have an interest in dog breeding can form national Kennel clubs. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record pedigrees in a breed registry and they often serve as registries, which are lists of adult purebred dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents. A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations, dogs of same breed have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics
6.
Hunting
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Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping animals, or pursuing or tracking them with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to predators that are dangerous to humans or domestic animals. Lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals, Hunting can also be a means of pest control. However, hunting has also contributed to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals. The pursuit, capture and release, or capture for food of fish is called fishing, the practice of foraging or gathering materials from plants and mushrooms is also considered separate from hunting. The word hunt serves as both a noun and a verb, the noun has been dated to the early 12th century, act of chasing game, from the verb hunt. The meaning of a body of persons associated for the purpose of hunting with a pack of hounds is first recorded in the 1570s, meaning the act of searching for someone or something is from about 1600. The verb, Old English huntian to chase game, perhaps developed from hunta hunter, is related to hentan to seize, from Proto-Germanic huntojan, the general sense of search diligently is first recorded c. Hunting has a history and may well pre-date the rise of the species Homo sapiens. Evidence from western Kenya suggests that hunting has been occurring for more two million years. Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have one of the multiple environmental factors leading to the Holocene extinction of megafauna. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, however, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation. The closest surviving relatives of the species are the two species of Pan, the common chimpanzee and bonobos. Common chimpanzees have a diet that includes troop hunting behaviour based on beta males being led by an alpha male. Bonobos have also observed to occasionally engage in group hunting. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as such as dance. Hunting was a component of hunter-gatherer societies before the domestication of livestock
7.
Royal family
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A royal family is the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family. However, in common parlance members of any family which reigns by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or royals and it is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed monarch and his or her descendants as a royal family. A dynasty is referred to as the House of. As of July 2013, there are 26 active sovereign monarchies in the world who rule or reign over 43 countries in all, in some cases, royal family membership may extend to great grandchildren and more distant descendants of a monarch. In certain monarchies where voluntary abdication is the norm, such as the Netherlands, there is often a distinction between persons of the blood royal and those that marry into the royal family. In certain instances, such as in Canada, the family is defined by who holds the styles Majesty. Under most systems, only persons in the first category are dynasts and this is not always observed, some monarchies have operated by the principle of jure uxoris. In addition, certain relatives of the monarch possess special privileges and are subject to certain statutes, conventions, the precise functions of a royal family vary depending on whether the polity in question is an absolute monarchy, a constitutional monarchy, or somewhere in between. The specific composition of royal families varies from country to country, as do the titles and royal, the composition of the royal family may be regulated by statute enacted by the legislature, the sovereigns prerogative and common law tradition, or a private house law. Public statutes, constitutional provisions, or conventions may also regulate the marriages, names, the members of a royal family may or may not have a surname or dynastic name. Some countries have abolished royalty altogether, as in post-revolutionary France, whilst mediatization occurred in other countries such as France, Italy and Russia, only the certain houses within the former Holy Roman Empire are collectively called the Mediatized Houses
8.
Boar
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Intended to provide a standoff nuclear capability for carrier-based aircraft, the rocket entered operational service in 1956, remaining in service until 1963. Following a specification developed during 1951, the development of the BOAR rocket was started in 1952 at the Naval Ordnance Test Station, located at China Lake, California. The rocket that emerged from the development process used a single, solid-fueled rocket motor mated to the W7 nuclear weapon and this provided a stand-off range of 7. Entering flight trials in 1953, BOAR proved satisfactory, twenty test firings during the course of 1955 were conducted without a single failure, and in 1956 the rocket entered operational service. A variety of aircraft carried BOAR operationally but it was used by the AD Skyraider. BOAR was intended to be a weapon, a more advanced development, Hopi. Hopi, however, failed to enter production, and BOAR remained the only standoff nuclear air-to-surface missile fielded by the Navy,225 examples of the BOAR rocket were produced by NOTS. In service, the rocket proved unpopular with the pilots of the assigned to carry it. By 1963, maintenance issues with the rocket motor were proving acute. Notes Bibliography BOAR at China Lake Museum AIAA, China Lake Test Station
9.
Bear
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Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. Bears are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans, although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of North America, South America, Europe, common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails. While the polar bear is mostly carnivorous, and the giant panda feeds almost entirely on bamboo, with the exception of courting individuals and mothers with their young, bears are typically solitary animals. They may be diurnal or nocturnal and have an excellent sense of smell, despite their heavy build and awkward gait, they are adept runners, climbers, and swimmers. Bears use shelters, such as caves and logs, as their dens, most species occupy their dens during the winter for a period of hibernation. Bears have been hunted since prehistoric times for their meat and fur, they have used for bear-baiting and other forms of entertainment. With their powerful physical presence, they play a prominent role in the arts, mythology, in modern times, bears have come under pressure through encroachment on their habitats and illegal trade in bear parts, including the Asian bile bear market. The IUCN lists six species as vulnerable or endangered, and even least concern species. The poaching and international trade of these most threatened populations are prohibited, Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and Ursus come from Latin Ursus/Ursa, he-bear/she-bear. The female first name Ursula, originally derived from a Christian saints name, in Switzerland, the male first name Urs is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from Bär, German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard means bear-brave, bear-hardy, or bold bear, the Old English name Beowulf is a kenning, bee-wolf, for bear, in turn meaning a brave warrior. The family Ursidae is one of nine families in the suborder Caniformia, or doglike carnivorans, Bears closest living relatives are the pinnipeds, canids, and musteloids. Modern bears comprise eight species in three subfamilies, Ailuropodinae, Tremarctinae, and Ursinae, the earliest members of Ursidae belong to the extinct subfamily Amphicynodontinae, including Parictis and the slightly younger Allocyon, both from North America. These animals looked very different from bears, being small and raccoon-like in overall appearance. Parictis does not appear in Eurasia and Africa until the Miocene, european genera morphologically are very similar to Allocyon, and to the much younger American Kolponomos, are known from the Oligocene, including Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon. The raccoon-sized, dog-like Cephalogale is the member of the subfamily Hemicyoninae. The subfamily includes the younger genera Phoberocyon, and Plithocyon, a Cephalogale-like species gave rise to the genus Ursavus during the early Oligocene, this genus proliferated into many species in Asia and is ancestral to all living bears
10.
Deer
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Deer are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae. The two main groups are the Cervinae, including the muntjac, the deer and the chital, and the Capreolinae, including the elk, reindeer, the Western roe deer. Female reindeer, and male deer of all species, grow, in this they differ from permanently horned antelope, which are in the same order, Artiodactyla. The musk deer of Asia and water chevrotain of tropical African and Asian forests are not usually regarded as true deer and form their own families, Moschidae and Tragulidae, respectively. Deer appear in art from Palaeolithic cave paintings onwards, and they have played a role in mythology, religion and their economic importance includes the use of their meat as venison, their skins as soft, strong buckskin, and their antlers as handles for knives. Deer hunting has been a sport since at least the Middle Ages. Deer live in a variety of biomes, ranging from tundra to the tropical rainforest, while often associated with forests, many deer are ecotone species that live in transitional areas between forests and thickets and prairie and savanna. The majority of deer species inhabit temperate mixed deciduous forest, mountain mixed coniferous forest, tropical seasonal/dry forest. Clearing open areas within forests to some extent may actually benefit deer populations by exposing the understory and allowing the types of grasses, weeds, additionally, access to adjacent croplands may also benefit deer. However, adequate forest or brush cover must still be provided for populations to grow, however, fallow deer have been introduced to South Africa. There are also species of deer that are highly specialized, and live almost exclusively in mountains, grasslands, swamps. Some deer have a distribution in both North America and Eurasia. Examples include the caribou that live in Arctic tundra and taiga and moose that inhabit taiga, huemul deer of South Americas Andes fill the ecological niches of the ibex and wild goat, with the fawns behaving more like goat kids. Mountain slope habitats vary from moist coniferous/mixed forested habitats to dry forests with alpine meadows higher up. The foothills and river valleys between the mountain provide a mosaic of cropland and deciduous parklands. The rare woodland caribou have the most restricted range living at altitudes in the subalpine meadows. Elk and mule deer both migrate between the alpine meadows and lower coniferous forests and tend to be most common in this region, elk also inhabit river valley bottomlands, which they share with White-tailed deer. They also live in the aspen parklands north of Calgary and Edmonton, the adjacent Great Plains grassland habitats are left to herds of elk, American bison, and pronghorn antelope
11.
Fowl
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Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl and the waterfowl. Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close relatives, together, they form the fowl clade which is scientifically known as Galloanserae. This clade is supported by morphological and DNA sequence data as well as retrotransposon presence/absence data. In colloquial speech, however, the term fowl is often used near-synonymously with poultry, nonetheless, the fact that the Galliformes and Anseriformes most likely form a monophyletic group makes a distinction between fowl and poultry warranted. The historic difference is due to the Germanic/Latin split word pairs characteristic of Middle English, while they are quite diverse ecologically and consequently, in an adaptation to their different lifestyles, also morphologically and ethologically, some features still unite water- and landfowl. Many of these, however, are plesiomorphic for Neornithes as a whole, Galloanserae are very prolific, they regularly produce clutches of more than five or even more than 10 eggs, which is a lot for such sizeable birds. By comparison, birds of prey and pigeons rarely lay more than two eggs, while most living birds are monogamous, at least for a breeding season, many Galloanserae are notoriously polygynous or polygamous. To ornithologists, this is well known in dabbling ducks. The general public is probably most familiar with the habits of domestic chickens. Hybridization is extremely frequent in the Galloanserae, and genera, not usually known to produce hybrids in birds. Guineafowl have successfully produced hybrids with domestic fowl and Indian peafowl and this is an important factor complicating mtDNA sequence-based research on their relationships. The mallards of North America, for example, are mostly derived from some males which arrived from Siberia, settled down. Fossils such as Vegavis indicate that essentially modern waterfowl, albeit belonging to an extinct lineage, were contemporaries of the nonavian dinosaurs. As opposed to the fairly conservative Galliformes, the Anseriformes have adapted to filter-feeding and are characterized by a large number of autapomorphies related to this lifestyle. However, as support for the Galloanserae has emerged in subsequent studies. Benson, D. Presbyornis isoni and other late Paleocene birds from North Dakota, smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 69, 253-266. New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds, the utility of ZENK. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30, 140-151 Feduccia, A, the Origin and Evolution of Birds, Second Edition
12.
Rabbit
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Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are eight different genera in the classified as rabbits, including the European rabbit, cottontail rabbits. There are many species of rabbit, and these, along with pikas and hares. The male is called a buck and the female is a doe, Rabbit habitats include meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands. Rabbits live in groups, and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in underground burrows, a group of burrows is called a warren. More than half the worlds rabbit population resides in North America and they are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present, rabbits first entered South America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, the European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the world. Male rabbits are called bucks, females are called does, an older term for an adult rabbit is coney, while rabbit once referred only to the young animals. Another term for a rabbit is bunny, though this term is often applied informally to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the kit or kitten has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a leveret, this term is sometimes applied to a young rabbit as well. A group of rabbits is known as a colony, or nest, a group of young rabbits with the same parentage is referred to as a litter, and a group of domestic rabbits is sometimes called a herd. Because the rabbits epiglottis is engaged over the soft palate except when swallowing, rabbits have two sets of incisor teeth, one behind the other. This way they can be distinguished from rodents, with which they are often confused, the rabbits long ears, which can be more than 10 cm long, are probably an adaptation for detecting predators. They have large, powerful hind legs, the two front paws have 5 toes, the extra called the dewclaw. The hind feet have 4 toes and they are plantigrade animals while at rest, however, they move around on their toes while running, assuming a more digitigrade form. Unlike some other paw structures of quadruped mammals, especially those of domesticated pets and their nails are strong and are used for digging, along with their teeth, they are also used for defense
13.
Fox
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Foxes are small-to-medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. Foxes are slightly smaller than a domestic dog, with a flattened skull, upright triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout. Twelve species belong to the group of Vulpes genus of true foxes. Foxes live on every continent except Antarctica, by far the most common and widespread species of fox is the red fox with about 47 recognized subspecies. The global distribution of foxes, together with their reputation for cunning, has contributed to their prominence in popular culture and folklore in many societies around the world. The hunting of foxes with packs of hounds, long an established pursuit in Europe, the word fox comes from Old English, which derived from Proto-Germanic *fuhsaz. This in turn derives from Proto-Indo-European *puḱ-, meaning ’thick-haired, tail’. Male foxes are known as dogs, tods or reynards, females as vixens, a group of foxes is referred to as a skulk, leash, or earth. Foxes are generally smaller than members of the family Canidae such as wolves, jackals. For example, in the largest species, the red fox, males weigh on average between 4.1 and 8.7 kg, while the smallest species, the fennec fox, weighs just 0.7 to 1.6 kg. Fox-like features typically include a face, pointed ears, an elongated rostrum. Foxes are digitigrade, and thus, walk on their toes, unlike their dog relatives, foxes have partially retractable claws. Fox vibrissae, or whiskers, are black, the whiskers on the muzzle, mystaciae vibrissae, average 100-110mm long, while the whiskers everywhere else on the head average to be shorter in length. Whiskers are also on the forelimbs and average 40mm long, pointing downward and backward, other physical characteristics vary according to habitat and adaptive significance. Fox species differ in fur color, length, and density, coat colors range from pearly white to black and white to black flecked with white or grey on the underside. Fennec foxes, for example, have ears and short fur to aid in keeping the body cool. Arctic foxes, on the hand, have tiny ears and short limbs as well as thick, insulating fur. Red foxes, by contrast, have a typical auburn pelt, a foxs coat color and texture may vary due to the change in seasons, fox pelts are richer and denser in the colder months and lighter in the warmer months
14.
Gun dog
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Gun dogs, or bird dogs, are types of hunting dogs developed to assist hunters in finding and retrieving game, usually birds. Gun dogs are divided into three types, retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. Some kennel clubs define a Gundog Group for gun dogs, while other clubs include them in the Sporting Group. Gun dogs, or bird dogs, are types of hunting dogs developed to assist hunters in finding and retrieving game, there are several types of gundogs, each type consisting of multiple breeds. Gun dogs are divided into three types, retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. Although classified according to method of work, gun dogs often have skills which extend beyond the tasks outlined for their classification, depending upon how they are trained, dogs may be useful in a variety of hunting situations. The methods described here are analogous to human-canine hunting going back tens of thousands of years, obviously, firearms were not the distance-weapon at that time, but a boomerang or other thrown weapon achieves the same result, with exactly the same canid behaviors. Upon reaching the field, the handler often will cast or direct the dog in a wide circle, experienced dogs will search the edges of the field knowing that birds are usually found there. This wide run helps to burn off the initial exuberance and may help the dog establish its bearings. The dog then begins working back and forth, starting near the hunter, the dog repeats this process as the hunters move through the field. How far a handler allows the dog to range is a matter of personal preference, when a pair of dogs work as a team, one works close in while the other ranges out in larger circles. If either dog becomes birdy, the other dog works its way over to assist, good bird dogs are alert to their handlers and to the disposition of other dogs in the field. They should readily comply if the handler casts them to an area of particular interest, when game is detected, a dog freezes, either pointing or crouching. If other dogs are present, they freeze, honoring the first dogs point. The pointing dog remains motionless until the hunters are in position, handlers give the command whoa, instructing the dog to remain still. What happens next depends on the dogs training, some trainers train the dog to stay motionless while the hunter steps forward and flushes the game. Other trainers direct the dog to flush the game with a such as get it. Pointing dogs excel on covey type birds such as bobwhite, quail, if a bird is downed, the dogs are instructed to search for and retrieve it with the command dead bird, or simply dead
15.
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was created as a duchy in 1809 by the merger of the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach. It was raised to a Grand duchy in 1815 by resolution of the Vienna Congress, in 1903, it officially changed its name to the Grand Duchy of Saxony, but this name was rarely used. The Grand Duchy came to an end in the German Revolution of 1918–19 with the monarchies of the German Empire. It was succeeded by the Free State of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, which was merged into the new state of Thuringia two years later. The full grand ducal style was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meissen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt, the Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach branch is the most genealogically senior extant branch of the House of Wettin. The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach consisted of three areas, each of which formed a Kreis administratively, plus several exclaves. Neighboring countries were Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Hesse-Kassel, the northern part of the Weimar district was flat and part of the Thuringian Basin, the southern and eastern parts were situated on the Ilm-Saale Plateau and in the Saale valley. The district Neustadt was located in hills with altitudes between 200 and 400 meters, acting Prime Minister Goethe once described Weimar as Athens on the Ilm. The highest elevation in the duchy were the Kickelhahn near Ilmenau, the Ellenbogen in the Rhön. In 1895, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach was administratively divided into three districts Kreise, Furthermore, the districts of Weimar and Eisenach were each subdivided into two Bezirke. In the case of Weimar, these were, Weimar and Apolda, in all, there were 31 cities and 594 municipalities in the Grand Duchy. The Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach granted city status to three localities in the state, namely Berka/Werra, Ruhla and Münchenbernsdorf, in 1840, there were 13 cities with over 2,000 inhabitants. In the 70 years to 1910, the Grand Duchy industrialized heavily, the population of Stadtlengsfeld shrank dramatically after the Jewish emancipation, when most of the citys Jewish citizens migrated to larger cities. In 1910, several towns had grown past the 2,000 inhabitants mark, Ruhla, Blankenhain, Bad Sulza, Auma, Triptis, Tiefenort, Bad Berka, Oberweimar, Oldisleben. The first Duke of the union was Ernest Augustus I. His son Ernest Augustus II reigned for three years, and died at the age of 20 years. At the age of 18, he married the Brunswick Princess Anna Amalia, one year his junior, a year later she gave birth to her son, Charles Augustus and after another year, when she was already a widow, to her son Constantine. As Dowager Duchess Anna Amalia actively took up the regency, with the approval of the Empress Maria Theresa, as educator for her sons, she employed the poet Christoph Martin Wieland, who was a professor at the university of Erfurt
16.
Carl August of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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He is noted for the intellectual brilliance of his court. Born in Weimar, he was the eldest son of Ernst August II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach and his father died when he was only nine months old, and the boy was brought up under the regency and supervision of his mother. His governor was the Count Johann Eustach von Görtz and in 1771, at Frankfurt, Knebel introduced Karl August to the young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In Karlsruhe on 3 October 1775, after he returned to Weimar and assumed the government of his duchy, Karl August married Luise Auguste, daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. One of the first acts of the duke was to summon Goethe to Weimar. “People of discernment, ” the duke said, “congratulate me on possessing this man and his intellect, his genius is known. ”The Weimaraner, a breed of gun dog is said to have been developed by August and his court for hunting. Karl August was also interested in literature, in art, in science, funding Goethe, critics praised his judgment in painting, biologists found in him an expert in anatomy. To this end Herder was summoned to Weimar to reform the educational system, Weimar became the intellectual centre of Germany. Meanwhile, in the affairs of Germany and of Europe the character of Karl August gave him an out of all proportion to his position as a sovereign prince. He had early faced the problem presented by the decay of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1788 Karl August took service in the Prussian army as major-general in active command of a regiment. As such he was present, with Goethe, at the Battle of Valmy in 1792, and in 1794 at the Siege of Mainz and the Battle of Pirmasenz and Kaiserslautern. After this, dissatisfied with the attitude of the powers, he resigned, the disastrous campaign of Jena followed. On 14 October, the day after the battle, Weimar was sacked, from this time till after the Moscow campaign of 1812 his contingent fought on the French side in all Napoleons wars. In 1813, however, he joined the Sixth Coalition, the grand duke was compelled to yield to the remonstrances of Prussia, Austria and Russia. Karl August died at Graditz, near Torgau, in 1828 and he was inspired by the noblest good-will, the purest humanity, and with his whole soul desired only what was best. There was in him something of the divine and he would gladly have wrought the happiness of all mankind. And finally, he was greater than his surroundings, everywhere he himself saw and judged, and in all circumstances his surest foundation was in himself. ”Karl Augusts correspondence with Goethe was published in 2 vols. at Weimar in 1863. Bernhards son, William Augustus Edward, known as Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, entered the British army, Karl August and Luise Auguste had seven children, Luise Auguste Amalie
17.
Weimar
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Weimar is a city in the federal state of Thuringia, Germany. It is located between Erfurt in the west and Jena in the east, approximately 80 kilometres southwest of Leipzig,170 kilometres north of Nuremberg and 170 kilometres west of Dresden. Together with the neighbour-cities Erfurt and Jena it forms the metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants. Weimar is well known because of its cultural heritage and its importance in German history. The city was a point of the German Enlightenment and home of the leading characters of the literary genre of Weimar Classicism. Until 1948, Weimar was the capital of Thuringia, today, many places in the city centre have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage sites and tourism is one of the leading economic sectors of Weimar. Relevant institutions in Weimar are the Bauhaus University, the Liszt School of Music, in 1999, Weimar was the European Capital of Culture. Archaeological finds dating back to the Thuringii epoch show that the Weimar part of the Ilm valley was settled early, the oldest records regarding Weimar date to 899. Its name changed over the centuries from Wimares through Wimari to Wimar and finally Weimar, it is derived from Old High German wīh-, another theory derives the first element from OHG win. The place was the seat of the County of Weimar, first mentioned in 949, in 1062 it was united with the County of Orlamünde to the new County of Weimar-Orlamünde, which existed until the Thuringian Counts War in 1346 and fell to the Wettins afterwards. The Weimar settlement emerged around the wooden castle and two small churches dedicated to St Peter, and to St James. In 1240, the count founded the monastery in Oberweimar. Soon after, the counts of Weimar founded the town, which was an independent parish since 1249, from 1262 the citizens used their own seal. Nevertheless, the influence of the Weimar counts was declining as the influence of the Wettins in Thuringia increased. Hence, the new town was relatively marginal in a regional context. The settlement around St James Church developed into a suburb during the 13th century, after becoming part of the Wettins territory in 1346, urban development improved. The Wettins fostered Weimar by abolishing socage and granting privileges to the citizens, now Weimar became equal to other Wettinian cities like Weißensee and grew during the 15th century, with the establishment of a town hall and the current main church. Weimar acquired woad trade privileges in 1438, the castle and the walls were finished in the 16th century, making Weimar into a full city
18.
Thuringia
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The Free State of Thuringia is a federal state in central Germany. It has an area of 16,171 square kilometres and 2.29 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area, most of Thuringia is within the watershed of the Saale, a left tributary of the Elbe. Thuringia has been known as the heart of Germany from the late 19th century. It is home to the Rennsteig, Germanys most well-known hiking trail, half of Germanys 136 Winter Olympic gold medals have been won by Thuringian athletes. Johann Sebastian Bach spent the first part of his life and important further stages of his career in Thuringia, goethe and Schiller lived in Weimar and both worked at the University of Jena, which today hosts Thuringias most important science centre. Other Universities in this state are the Ilmenau University of Technology, the University of Erfurt. The name Thuringia or Thüringen derives from the Germanic tribe Thuringii, an older theory claims that they were successors of the Hermunduri, but later research rejected the idea. Other historians argue that the Thuringians were allies of the Huns, came to central Europe together with them, publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus first mentioned the Thuringii around 400, during that period, the Thuringii were famous for their excellent horses. The Thuringian Realm existed until after 531, the Landgraviate of Thuringia was the largest state in the region, after the Treaty of Leipzig, Thuringia had its own dynasty again, the Ernestine Wettins. Their various lands formed the Free State of Thuringia, founded in 1920, the Prussian territories around Erfurt, Mühlhausen and Nordhausen joined Thuringia in 1945. The coat of arms of Thuringia shows the lion of the Ludowingian Landgraves of 12th-century origin, the eight stars around it represent the eight former states which formed Thuringia. The flag of Thuringia is a bicolor, derived from the white. The coat of arms and flag of Hesse are quite similar to the Thuringian ones, symbols of Thuringia in popular culture are the Bratwurst and the Forest, because a large amount of the territory is forested. Named after the Thuringii tribe who occupied it around AD300, Thuringia became a landgraviate in 1130 AD. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margraviate of Meissen, in Mühlhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Müntzer, a leader of some groups of this sect, was active in this city. Some reordering of the Thuringian states occurred during the German Mediatisation from 1795 to 1814, in 1920, after World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia, only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia, the coat of arms of this new state was simpler than those of its predecessors
19.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
20.
Chien-gris
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Gris de Saint-Louis was a breed of dog, now extinct, which originated in Medieval times. Like the Chien de Saint-Hubert it was a scenthound, and formed part of the packs of France. Old writers on hunting liked to ascribe an ancient and remote origin to their hounds, and these were claimed to be originally from Tartary. They were large, and, even though they did not have such good noses, were preferred by the Kings to the St Huberts, which were said to be only of medium size. Jaques du Fouilloux, in the 16th century, says they were common and they were rough haired, and were ancestors of the modern French rough-coated Griffon breeds. However the rough coats were not mentioned by Charles IX or du Fouilloux and they were headstrong, wide casting hounds, inclined to change or overshoot, but determined in their pursuit of a quarry to the death. However, by the century, like the St Hubert, they had become virtually impossible to find, because of mixed breeding. George Turberville translated du Fouilloux’ book on hunting into English, and we may presume he did not translate it literally as ‘grey-hound’ to avoid confusion. However, Turberville did not make it clear that his book was a translation. Early references to the dun-hound may simply come from people relying, like Nicolas Cox, on Turberville, and it is quite possible that the dun hound was never a significant animal in British hunting
21.
Louis IX of France
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Louis IX, commonly known as Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII the Lion, although his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom until he reached maturity. During Louiss childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals, as an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of the most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England tried to restore his continental possessions and his reign saw the annexation of several provinces, notably Normandy, Maine and Provence. Louis IX was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king is the judge to whom anyone is able to appeal to seek the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to prevent the private wars that were plaguing the country, to enforce the correct application of this new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs. According to his vow made after an illness, and confirmed after a miraculous cure. He was succeeded by his son Philip III, Louiss actions were inspired by Christian values and Catholic devotion. He decided to punish blasphemy, gambling, interest-bearing loans and prostitution and he also expanded the scope of the Inquisition and ordered the burning of Talmuds. He is the only canonized king of France, and there are many places named after him. Much of what is known of Louiss life comes from Jean de Joinvilles famous Life of Saint Louis, two other important biographies were written by the kings confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and his chaplain, William of Chartres. The fourth important source of information is William of Saint-Parthus biography, while several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the kings death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king. Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy, near Paris, the son of Prince Louis the Lion and Princess Blanche, and baptised in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his fathers side was Philip II, king of France, while his grandfather on his mothers side was Alfonso VIII, tutors of Blanches choosing taught him most of what a king must know—Latin, public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He was 9 years old when his grandfather Philip II died, a member of the House of Capet, Louis was twelve years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king within the month at Reims cathedral, because of Louiss youth, his mother ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis mother trained him to be a leader and a good Christian. She used to say, I love you, my son, as much as a mother can love her child
22.
Bloodhound
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The Bloodhound is a large scent hound, originally bred for hunting deer, wild boar, and since the Middle Ages for tracking people. Believed to be descended from hounds once kept at the Abbey of Saint-Hubert, Belgium and this breed is famed for its ability to discern human scent over great distances, even days later. Bloodhounds weigh from 36 to 72 kg. They are 58 to 69 cm tall at the withers, according to the AKC standard for the breed, larger dogs are preferred by conformation judges. Acceptable colors for bloodhounds are black, liver, tan, Bloodhounds possess an unusually large skeletal structure with most of their weight concentrated in their bones, which are very thick for their length. The coat typical for a scenthound is hard and composed of fur alone and this breed is gentle, and is tireless when following a scent. Because of its strong tracking instinct, it can be willful and somewhat difficult to obedience train, Bloodhounds have an affectionate and even-tempered nature with humans, making excellent family pets. However, like any pet, they require supervision when around small children, up to at least the seventeenth century bloodhounds were of all colours, but in modern times the colour range has become more restricted. The colours are listed as black and tan, liver and tan. White is not uncommon on the chest, and sometimes appears on the feet, genetically, the main types are determined by the action of two genes, found in many species. One produces an alternation between black and brown, if a hound inherits the black allele from either parent, it has a black nose, eye rims and paw-pads, and if it has a saddle, it is black. The other allele suppresses black pigment and is recessive, so it must be inherited from both parents and it produces liver noses, eye rims, paw-pads, and saddles. The second gene determines coat pattern and it can produce animals with no saddle, ones with saddle-marking, or ones largely covered with darker pigment, except for tan lips, eyebrows, forechest and lower legs. These last are sometimes referred to as ‘blanket’ or ‘full-coat’ types, however, more modern study attributes the variation to 3 different alleles of the Agouti gene. Ay produces the non saddle-marked red hound, As produces saddle-marking, of these Ay is dominant, and at is recessive to the others. The interaction of these variants of the two produces the six basic types shown below. It is likely that a third gene determines whether or not there is a melanistic mask, em, the allele for a mask, is dominant over E, the allele for no mask. Compared to other purebred dogs, Bloodhounds suffer a high rate of gastrointestinal ailments. The breed also suffers a high incidence of eye, skin
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Vizsla
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The Vizsla is a dog breed originating in Hungary, which belongs under the FCI group 7. The Hungarian or Magyar Vizsla are sporting dogs and loyal companions, the Vizsla is a natural hunter endowed with an excellent nose and an outstanding trainability. Although they are lively, gentle-mannered, demonstrably affectionate and sensitive, they are also fearless, the Vizsla is a medium-sized short-coated hunting dog of distinguished appearance and bearing. Robust but rather lightly built, they are dogs, have defined muscles. Various breeds are often mistaken for Vizslas, and Vizslas are often mistaken for other breeds, Redbone Coonhounds, Weimaraners and Rhodesian Ridgebacks are some of the most commonly confused breeds. The body structure of a Vizsla is very similar in appearance to a Weimaraner, Weimaraners and Rhodesian Ridgebacks are larger than Vizslas. The nose of the Vizsla will always have a color that blends with the coat color. Black, brown, light pink, or another color nose is an indication of another breed, a Vizslas eye and nail color should also blend with the coat color. The standard coat is a solid golden-rust color in different shadings, the coat could also be described as a copper/brown color, russet gold and dark sandy gold. Solid dark mahogany red and pale yellow are considered faults and a disqualification, small areas of white on the fore-chest and on the neck, tail are permissible but not preferred. Some variations in the Vizsla coat color along their back is typical, the American Kennel Club breed standard for the Vizsla states that the coat should be short, smooth, dense and close-lying, without woolly undercoat. The Vizsla is totally unsuited to being kept outside, since unlike most other breeds and they are self-cleaning dogs and infrequently need to be bathed, if ever, and have little noticeable dog smell detectable by humans. After several forays into lakes and streams they will develop an aroma that is a version of the wet dog smell. A quick bath and this odor will vanish, breed standards in countries where docking is banned, such as the UK, do not require this. The Vizsla holds its tail horizontal to the ground and wags it vigorously while charging through rough scrub, the docked tail of the Vizsla is significantly longer than that of other dogs with traditionally docked tails such as the Weimaraner, Doberman, Boxer, and Australian Shepherd. Since the tail is docked when the puppy is less than three days old, this longer dock can result in variation in tail length among Vizsla dogs from different breeding programs. Vizslas are very high energy, gentle-mannered, loyal, caring and they quickly form close bonds with their owners, children and even strangers. Often they are referred to as velcro dogs because of their loyalty, Vizslas will cry or whine when they feel neglected or are otherwise unhappy
24.
Pointer (dog breed)
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The Pointer, often called the English Pointer, is a medium to large-sized breed of dog developed in England as a gun dog. It is one of several pointing breeds, the coat of a Pointer is short, dense, smooth with a sheen. They are generally white with either liver, lemon, orange or black markings, although pointers may have solid coloring in any of these hues, most Pointers are primarily white with some body markings. Lemon and white dogs have flesh-colored noses, while Pointers with orange, most countries breed standards prefer symmetry and balance to perfect size, and most will allow an amount of variation if a dogs size does not encumber it in the field. The approximate measurements in the United States, from the Pointer standard, are as follows, However, Pointers are even-tempered, congenial dogs, and despite their large size, make good house pets so long as they get sufficient exercise due to their extremely high energy levels. Pointers are intelligent, affectionate, clean and intensely loyal and their aggression level is very low to non-existent and they normally happily coexist with other dogs and cats. They are not typically territorial and can be reserved with strangers and they are very good with children and fit in well with family life generally. Pups can be boisterous and their long legs as they grow. They will bark at suspicious noises, but are not a great watchdog breed, while Pointers were bred to be hunting dogs, they are perfectly content to be given adequate exercise by other means. Since they are a breed, regular exercise is important for them. A good-sized, securely fenced yard is a must to keep a Pointer safe, Pointers are habitual couch potatoes who enjoy relaxing on the familys chairs or sofas. This is a part of their desire to feel part of the pack. The Pointer has a lifespan of 12.4 years in a UK Kennel Club survey. Pointers are fairly genetically sound as a breed, some problems that can occur in the breed include hip dysplasia, cherry eye, epilepsy, and allergies. The Acral mutilation syndrome is a hereditary sensory neuropathy with progressive mutilation of the distal extremities, the pointer is employed to find upland game. In performing its task as an aid, these skills may be expected from Pointers when hunting, Point – The dog finds. Honor – The dog stops immediately or within a few steps, usually in a pointing stance, retrieve – Pointers are not expected to be natural retrievers, but are often trained and expected to find dead or wounded game. The history of the Pointer, like many breeds, is a debatable topic
25.
Docking (dog)
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Docking is the removal of portions of an animals tail. While docking and bobbing are more used to refer to removal of the tail. Tail docking occurs in one of two ways, the first involves constricting the blood supply to the tail with a rubber ligature for a few days until the tail falls off. The second involves the severance of the tail with surgical scissors or a scalpel, the length to which tails are docked varies by breed, and is often specified in the breed standard. At least 170 dog breeds have naturally occurring bob tail lines and these appear similar to docked dogs but are a distinct naturally occurring phenotype. Historically, tail docking was thought to prevent rabies, strengthen the back, increase the speed, and prevent injuries when ratting, fighting. In early Georgian times in the United Kingdom a tax was levied upon working dogs with tails, the tax was repealed in 1796 but that did not stop the practice from persisting. Tail docking is done in modern times either for prophylactic, therapeutic, docking of puppies younger than 10 to 14 days old is routinely carried out by both breeders and veterinarians without anesthesia. Opponents of these state that most tail dockings are done for aesthetic reasons rather than health concerns and are unnecessarily painful for the dog. They point out that even non-working show or pet dogs are routinely docked, as a result, tail defects that docking proponents claim makes docking necessary in the first place are perpetuated in the breeds. They point to the breeds of working dogs with long tails that are not traditionally docked, including English Pointers, Setters, Herding dogs. Robert Wansborough argued in a 1996 paper that docking tails puts dogs at a disadvantage in several ways. First, dogs use their tails to communicate with dogs, a dog without a tail might be significantly handicapped in conveying fear, caution, aggression, playfulness. Certain breeds use their tails as rudders when swimming, and possibly for balance when running, in 2007, Stephen Leaver, a graduate student at the University of Victoria, published a paper on tail docking which found that tail length was important in the transmission of social cues. The study found that dogs with shorter tails would be approached with caution, the study goes on to suggest that dogs with docked tails may grow up to be more aggressive. Wansborough also investigated seven years of records from a veterinary practice to demonstrate that undocked tails result in less harm than docked tails. Critics point out that kennel clubs breed standards that do not make allowance for uncropped or undocked dogs put pressure on owners and breeders to continue the practice. The American breed standard for boxers, for example, recommends that an undocked tail be severely penalized, today, many countries ban cropping and docking because they consider the practices unnecessary, painful, cruel or mutilation
26.
Taupe
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Taupe, otherwise known as beige-brown, is a dark tan color in-between brown and gray. The word derives from the French noun taupe meaning mole, the name originally referred only to the average color of the French mole, but beginning in the 1940s, its usage expanded to encompass a wider range of shades. Taupe is a color term which may refer to almost any grayish-brown or brownish-gray. Taupe is a word that is used to any of a variety of colors. The colors it denotes fall into a range from tan to grayish brown or brownish gray. The word derives from the French noun taupe, which in turn is from the Latin talpa, the name originally referred only to the average color of the French mole, but, beginning in the 1940s, its usage expanded to encompass a wider range of shades. Taupe is a color term which may be used to refer to almost any grayish-brown, brownish-gray. It often overlaps with tan and even people who use color professionally frequently disagree as to what taupe means, Taupe itself, however, is not directly correlated with such colors as purple or pink. There is no single, generally recognized authority for such terms, however, the word taupe may often be used to refer to lighter shades of taupe today, and therefore another name for this color is dark taupe. The first recorded use of mouse as a name in English was in 1606. Light taupe is the tone of taupe that is the color called taupe in Crayola colored pencils. At right is displayed the color mauve taupe, the first recorded use of mauve taupe as a color name in English was in 1925. These boards were used by chess master George Koltanowski in his chess tournaments in which he played blindfolded against dozens of people at a time, the color displayed at right is rose taupe. The first recorded use of taupe as a color name in English was in 1924. At right is displayed the color sandy taupe and this color is also called taupe sand. Displayed at right is the color taupe gray, the color deep taupe is displayed at right. The source of color is the Pantone Textile Paper eXtended color list. The color taupe brown is a dark shade of tan that almost appears brown and is displayed at right
27.
Withers
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The withers is the ridge between the shoulder blades of an animal, typically a quadruped. In many species it is the tallest point of the body, the withers in horses are formed by the dorsal spinal processes of roughly the 3rd through 11th thoracic vertebrae, which are unusually long in this area. The processes at the withers can be more than 12 inches long, since they do not move relative to the ground, the withers are used as the measuring point for the height of a horse. Horses are commonly measured in hands – one hand is 4 inches, horse heights are extremely variable, from small pony breeds to large draft breeds. The height at the withers of an average Thoroughbred is 16 hands, the withers of the horse are considered in evaluating conformation. Generally, a horse should have well-defined withers, as they are considered an important attachment point for the muscles of the torso, more importantly, the dorsal spinal processes provide an attachment for the muscles that support the shoulder and neck. Horses do not have a clavicle, so the shoulder can freely rotate backwards, if the vertebrae of the withers are long, the shoulder is more free to move backwards. This allows for an increase of stride length, therefore, the withers have a direct impact on one of the most important points of conformation, the shoulder. In dogs, the height of the withers is often used to determine the dogs jump height in various dog sports and it is also often a determining factor in whether the dog conforms to the show-quality standards for its breed. Zebras have very low withers, making it far more difficult for a saddle to stay in place, inflammation of the bursae in this region is called fistulous withers
28.
Hunting dog
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A hunting dog refers to a canine that hunts with or for humans. There are several types of hunting dogs developed for various tasks, the major categories of hunting dogs include hounds, terriers, dachshunds, cur type dogs, and gun dogs. Among these categories further divisions can be based upon the dogs skill sets. For a list of breeds of each type, see the articles for each category. Spaniels are the oldest class of gundog in existence, going back at least to the late Renaissance, flushing spaniels combine hunting, flushing, and retrieving skills. The larger two chiefly are used for retrieveing and flushing game in thick grass or mild underbrush, with the Brittany having working habits closest to later developed pointers and they fall into the water spaniel category. Like spaniels, hounds generally fall into two types, Sighthounds and scenthounds, the scenthounds are the younger of the two classes. Typical examples of the family include the Beagle, Bloodhound, members of the Coonhound family. Coonhounds were originally bred in the American South, Sighthounds are different from scenthounds in their methods and adaptations. In many cases this class is older than the group, the greyhound, the Scottish Deerhound. They are independent in nature, and are worked singly or in a brace of two or three dogs, Sighthounds are generally quiet and placid dogs compared to other hunting breeds, but are capable of explosive speed. Rhodesian Ridgebacks are one of the few breeds with both capabilities, and, though they are not the fastest runners, they are notable for having exceptionable endurance. Water dogs fall into two categories, the retrievers and multi-purpose, Retrievers are excellent swimmers with characteristic webbed feet, and many derive from either Canadian, American, or British stock. Retrievers typically have oily coats that help repel icy water, and are noted for having high intelligence, standard Poodles fall into the water dog category because they originally were used by wealthy Germans to hunt ducks, they predate most types of water dogs. They are excellent swimmers whose coat requires a bath after a swim. Some weighed only 20 pounds and were easy to keep in small apartments and it became very profitable for working-class men to have a profession where they trained small dogs to sniff out and kill as many rats as they could as fast as they could. They required dogs that had very fast reflexes, had a high tolerance for pain, and a ruthless never say die attitude. In fox hunting, they are paired with hounds should prey go to ground, since most breeds of terrier will pull the fox out of its hole
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Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
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He is noted for the intellectual brilliance of his court. Born in Weimar, he was the eldest son of Ernst August II, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach and his father died when he was only nine months old, and the boy was brought up under the regency and supervision of his mother. His governor was the Count Johann Eustach von Görtz and in 1771, at Frankfurt, Knebel introduced Karl August to the young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. In Karlsruhe on 3 October 1775, after he returned to Weimar and assumed the government of his duchy, Karl August married Luise Auguste, daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. One of the first acts of the duke was to summon Goethe to Weimar. “People of discernment, ” the duke said, “congratulate me on possessing this man and his intellect, his genius is known. ”The Weimaraner, a breed of gun dog is said to have been developed by August and his court for hunting. Karl August was also interested in literature, in art, in science, funding Goethe, critics praised his judgment in painting, biologists found in him an expert in anatomy. To this end Herder was summoned to Weimar to reform the educational system, Weimar became the intellectual centre of Germany. Meanwhile, in the affairs of Germany and of Europe the character of Karl August gave him an out of all proportion to his position as a sovereign prince. He had early faced the problem presented by the decay of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1788 Karl August took service in the Prussian army as major-general in active command of a regiment. As such he was present, with Goethe, at the Battle of Valmy in 1792, and in 1794 at the Siege of Mainz and the Battle of Pirmasenz and Kaiserslautern. After this, dissatisfied with the attitude of the powers, he resigned, the disastrous campaign of Jena followed. On 14 October, the day after the battle, Weimar was sacked, from this time till after the Moscow campaign of 1812 his contingent fought on the French side in all Napoleons wars. In 1813, however, he joined the Sixth Coalition, the grand duke was compelled to yield to the remonstrances of Prussia, Austria and Russia. Karl August died at Graditz, near Torgau, in 1828 and he was inspired by the noblest good-will, the purest humanity, and with his whole soul desired only what was best. There was in him something of the divine and he would gladly have wrought the happiness of all mankind. And finally, he was greater than his surroundings, everywhere he himself saw and judged, and in all circumstances his surest foundation was in himself. ”Karl Augusts correspondence with Goethe was published in 2 vols. at Weimar in 1863. Bernhards son, William Augustus Edward, known as Prince Edward of Saxe-Weimar, entered the British army, Karl August and Luise Auguste had seven children, Luise Auguste Amalie
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Hip dysplasia (canine)
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In dogs, hip dysplasia is an abnormal formation of the hip socket that, in its more severe form, can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints. It is a trait that is affected by environmental factors. It can be found in animals and in humans, but is most commonly associated with dogs. Hip dysplasia is one of the most studied veterinary conditions in dogs, in the normal anatomy of the hip joint, the root is connected to the pelvis at the hip joint. The almost spherical end of the femur head fits into the acetabulum, the bony surfaces of the femur head and of the acetabulum are covered by cartilage. While bones provide the necessary to support body weight, cartilage ensures a smooth fit. Normal hip function can be affected by conditions such as dysplasia, discussed in this article, trauma. In a hip the dog could have major contractions or seizures from dysplasias, the caput is not deeply and tightly held by the acetabulum. Instead of being a fit, it is a loose fit. Secondly, the caput or acetabulum are not smooth and round, the body reacts to this in several ways. First, the joint itself is continually repairing itself and laying down new cartilage, the joint becomes inflamed and a cycle of cartilage damage, inflammation and pain commences. This is a process, in that the more the joint becomes damaged. The bones of the joint may also develop osteoarthritis, visible on an X-ray as small outcrops of bone, osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease marked by the breakdown of cartilage between joints resulting in painful bone-to-bone contact. The underlying deformity of the joint may get worse over time, a dog may have good X-rays and yet be in pain, or may have very poor X-rays and have no apparent pain issues. The hip condition is one factor to determine the extent to which dysplasia is causing pain or affecting the quality of life. In mild to moderate dysplasia it is often the secondary effects of wear and tear or arthritis, rather than dysplasia itself. In canines, it can be caused by a femur that does not fit correctly into the pelvic socket, large and giant breeds are most susceptible to hip dysplasia, though, many other breeds can suffer from it. For a list of top 100 breeds affected, by percentage, visit the OFFA Here, http, cats are also known to have this condition, especially Siamese
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Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
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The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals is a not-for-profit organization based in Columbia, Missouri that aims to research and prevent orthopedic and hereditary diseases in companion animals. As a private foundation, the OFA has funded nearly $3 million in research aimed at reducing the incidence and prevalence of inherited companion animal disease. The OFA funds projects through the AKC Canine Health Foundation, the Morris Animal Foundation, the OFA has achieved Ruby Donor status with MAF, and Millennium Founder status with the AKC CHF. OFA supported research is not limited to orthopedic disease, and has included cancers, heart disease, some research has been breed specific, some for all breeds, some for multiple species, and has been done at many of our leading universities and research institutions. And, with the recent completion of the mapping of the canine genome, the OFA was founded by John M. Olin in 1966, after several of his dogs became affected by hip dysplasia. The methodology of the evaluation is considered a subjective method, the OFA has the largest fully searchable online canine health database in the world, with over 1,000,000 records. Each dog who has ever had an OFA certification issued can be searched by name, part of name, results automatically include all OFA certifications for that dog, plus sire, dam, siblings, half-siblings, and offspring
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Gastric torsion
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Gastric dilatation volvulus, also known as twisted stomach or gastric torsion, is a medical condition in which the stomach becomes overstretched and rotated by excessive gas content. The word bloat is often used as a term to mean gas distension without stomach torsion. GDV is a condition in dogs that requires prompt treatment. It is common in certain dog breeds, deep-chested breeds are especially at risk, mortality rates in dogs range from 10 to 60 percent, even with treatment. With surgery, the mortality rate is 15 to 33 percent, studies have indicated that the risk of bloat in dogs perceived as happy by their owners is decreased, and increased in dogs perceived as fearful. This may be due to the effects of the dogs personality on the function. Alternatively, the dogs may become unhappy/uncomfortable as a consequence of the conditions that lead up to exhibiting bloat, dogs with inflammatory bowel disease may be at an increased risk for bloat. One common recommendation in the past has been to raise the food bowl of the dog when it eats, however, studies have shown that this may actually increase the risk of gastric dilatation volvulus. Eating only once daily and eating food consisting of less than 30 mm in size also may increase the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. As a general rule, gastric dilatation-volvulus is of greatest risk to deep-chested dogs, the five breeds at greatest risk are Great Danes, Weimaraners, St. Bernards, Gordon Setters, and Irish Setters. In fact, the risk for a Great Dane to develop gastric dilatation-volvulus has been estimated to be close to 37 percent. Standard Poodles are also at risk for this problem, as are Irish Wolfhound, Doberman Pinschers, Rottweilers, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Shepherds. Basset Hounds and Dachshunds have the greatest risk for dogs less than 23 kg/50 lbs, the stomach twists around the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract, also known as volvulus. Gas distension may occur prior to or after the stomach twists, the most common direction for rotation is clockwise, viewing the animal from behind. The stomach can rotate up to 360° in this direction and 90° counterclockwise, if the volvulus is greater than 180°, the esophagus is closed off, thereby preventing the animal from relieving the condition by belching or vomiting. The results of this distortion of normal anatomy and gas distension include hypotension, decreased return of blood to the heart, ischemia of the stomach, and shock. Pressure on the portal vein decreases blood flow to liver and decreases the ability of that organ to remove toxins, at the other end of the stomach, the spleen may be damaged if the twisting interrupts its blood supply. If not quickly treated, bloat can lead to poisoning, peritonitis
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Elbow dysplasia
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This article pertains to elbow dysplasia in the dog. Elbow dysplasia is a condition involving multiple developmental abnormalities of the elbow-joint in the dog and these abnormalities, known as primary lesions, give rise to osteoarthritic processes. Elbow dysplasia is a condition of certain breeds of dogs. Most primary lesions are related to osteochondrosis, which is a disease of the joint cartilage and specifically Osteochondritis dissecans, other common causes of elbow dysplasia included ununited anconeal process and fragmented or ununited medial coronoid process. Osteochondritis dissecans is difficult to diagnose clinically as the animal may exhibit an unusual gait. Consequently, OCD may be masked by, or misdiagnosed as, other skeletal, the problem develops in puppyhood although often subclinically, and there may be pain or stiffness, discomfort on extension, or other compensating characteristics. Diagnosis generally depends on X-rays, arthroscopy, or MRI scans, while cases of OCD of the stifle go undetected and heal spontaneously, others are exhibited in acute lameness. Surgery is recommended once the animal has been deemed lame, before then non-surgical control is usually used, Elbow Dysplasia is a significant genetically determined problem in many breeds of dog, often manifesting from puppyhood and continuing for life. In elbow dysplasia, the elbow joint suffers from a structural defect. This initial condition, known as a lesion, causes an abnormal level of wear and tear and gradual degradation of the joint. Secondary processes such as inflammation and osteoarthritis can arise from this damage which increase the problem, other common causes of elbow dysplasia included ununited anconeal process and fractured or ununited medial coronoid process. In OCD, the change of cartilage to bone in the development of the joint fails or is delayed. The cartilage continues to grow and may split or become necrotic, the cause is uncertain, but possibly includes genetics, trauma, and nutrition. OCD lesions are found in the elbow at the medial epicondyle of the humerus, specific conditions related to OCD include fragmentation of the medial coronoid process of the ulna and an ununited anconeal process of the ulna. All types of OCD of the elbow are most typically found in large breed dogs, males are affected twice as often as females. The disease often affects both elbows, and symptoms include intermittent lameness, joint swelling, and external rotation and abduction of the paw, osteoarthritis will develop later in most cases. UAP is caused by a separation from the ulna of the center of the anconeal process. FMCP is caused by a failure of the process to unite with the ulna
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Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
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Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy is a bone disease that occurs in fast-growing large and giant breed dogs. The disorder is sometimes referred to as metaphyseal osteopathy, and typically first presents between the ages of 2 and 7 months, HOD is characterized by decreased blood flow to the metaphysis leading to a failure of ossification and necrosis and inflammation of cancellous bone. The disease is bilateral in the limb bones, especially the distal radius, ulna. For example, familial clustering of the disease has been documented in the Weimaraner, the disease in the Weimaraner and Irish Setter can be particularly severe, with significant mortality observed in untreated dogs. The classical age of onset is typically 8 to 16 weeks of age, causes have been speculated to include decreased Vitamin C uptake, increased vitamin and mineral uptake, and infection with canine distemper virus. Decreased Vitamin C uptake has been dismissed as a cause, there is no evidence over-feeding is a significant cause. The cause of canine HOD largely remains unknown, however, because of the familial clustering, HOD in the Weimaraner is suspected to have a genetic, or partly genetic, origin. A primary characteristics of the condition is lameness and this is generally due to the swelling of the metaphysis of the long bones that is observed. Other bones may be affected, particularly the ribs, the bones, the mandible. Lameness may present as mild limping or more severely as a reluctance or inability to stand. In some breeds and/or individuals, the stance of an HOD puppy as observed from behind has sometimes been described as “cow-hocked. ”Shaking of limbs, sometimes the puppy will exhibit a characteristic “roaching” or arching of the spine when standing. Lameness is accompanied by pain upon palpation of affected bones, warmth in the limb as felt by the inside of the clinician’s wrist, depression, limb involvement is usually bilateral, typically involves the distal radius and ulna, and may be episodic. There is evidence to suggest that most dogs recover after one episode, dogs suffering systemic manifestations of the disorder often have poorer prognoses. Systemic manifestations include fever, multiple body organ inflammation, nasal and ocular discharge, Diarrhea, hyperkeratosis of the pads, pneumonia. Because early diagnosis must be based on signs, to the extent possible. Diagnosis relies on clinical signs and characteristic changes in images of the metaphyses. Bone changes can be observed on radiograph, and the disorder may progress to actual angular limb deformity, early stage radiographic changes have sometimes been described as having a moth-eaten appearance. As the disease progresses, the radiolucent line may disappear and radiodensity may increase in the area as the body attempts to repair damage
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PubMed Identifier
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PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval, from 1971 to 1997, MEDLINE online access to the MEDLARS Online computerized database primarily had been through institutional facilities, such as university libraries. PubMed, first released in January 1996, ushered in the era of private, free, home-, the PubMed system was offered free to the public in June 1997, when MEDLINE searches via the Web were demonstrated, in a ceremony, by Vice President Al Gore. Information about the journals indexed in MEDLINE, and available through PubMed, is found in the NLM Catalog. As of 5 January 2017, PubMed has more than 26.8 million records going back to 1966, selectively to the year 1865, and very selectively to 1809, about 500,000 new records are added each year. As of the date,13.1 million of PubMeds records are listed with their abstracts. In 2016, NLM changed the system so that publishers will be able to directly correct typos. Simple searches on PubMed can be carried out by entering key aspects of a subject into PubMeds search window, when a journal article is indexed, numerous article parameters are extracted and stored as structured information. Such parameters are, Article Type, Secondary identifiers, Language, publication type parameter enables many special features. As these clinical girish can generate small sets of robust studies with considerable precision, since July 2005, the MEDLINE article indexing process extracts important identifiers from the article abstract and puts those in a field called Secondary Identifier. The secondary identifier field is to store numbers to various databases of molecular sequence data, gene expression or chemical compounds. For clinical trials, PubMed extracts trial IDs for the two largest trial registries, ClinicalTrials. gov and the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number Register, a reference which is judged particularly relevant can be marked and related articles can be identified. If relevant, several studies can be selected and related articles to all of them can be generated using the Find related data option, the related articles are then listed in order of relatedness. To create these lists of related articles, PubMed compares words from the title and abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm. The related articles function has been judged to be so precise that some researchers suggest it can be used instead of a full search, a strong feature of PubMed is its ability to automatically link to MeSH terms and subheadings. Examples would be, bad breath links to halitosis, heart attack to myocardial infarction, where appropriate, these MeSH terms are automatically expanded, that is, include more specific terms. Terms like nursing are automatically linked to Nursing or Nursing and this important feature makes PubMed searches automatically more sensitive and avoids false-negative hits by compensating for the diversity of medical terminology. The My NCBI area can be accessed from any computer with web-access, an earlier version of My NCBI was called PubMed Cubby
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