1.
Wellesley College (New Zealand)
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For other articles under the same title, visit the disambiguation page. Wellesley College is an independent primary school in Days Bay, Eastbourne. Wellesley provides classes for boys from Year 0 to Year 8, the schools roll is currently managed to a level of around 340 boys providing an average class size of 23. While core Christian values are maintained representatives of other beliefs have always been a part of Croydon, team and athletic sports are provided for and there is a full complement of the necessary facilities. The sheltered waters of Days Bay and its bush-clad backdrop give opportunities for less structured activities, the curriculum includes the performing arts and visual arts. On school-days more boys, then as now, came by ferry or bussed from Wellington, the schools acquisition of the fine grounds and the first accommodation came about through a commercial failure. Days Bay House was built in 1903 for ship-owner, J H Williams, turned ferry service and his Wellington Steam Ferry Company Limited made the heart of Days Bay a destination resort and sports complex. The remaining property was bought by the Wellington City Council and is named Williams Park. With little or no change Days Bay House became Croydon Preparatory School for Boys, the old croquet-lawn became the sports field and in the 1920s the hotels bowling-green became the boys tennis courts. The rugby field remained at the side of the driveway but was not part of school grounds. The Pavilion and its amusements like the ferries and their wharf became part of school life, upstairs on the northern side two pairs of bedrooms became dorms 1 and 2 and the upstairs guest sitting-room became dorm 3. Ultimately the enclosed upstairs central verandah became a dormitory for the bigger boys, a comparatively well built first-floor room was added on high posts at the north-east corner to form a sick-bay. The main sitting-room was used by the principal but otherwise all accommodation, Boys were not permitted to use the main staircase. The stairs to the floor were dramatically steep. Infant classes remained in the rooms of the main building by the gymnasium. Miss Sommerville returned to Thorndon to direct the school from her house in Hill Street, the school flagpole was the mast of the Cobar. The Cobar was the yacht of the General Manager of The Great Cobar Copper Mining Company Limited in NSW Australia. The mining company struck temporary financial difficulties, Cobar was less than four years old and the Wellington Ferry Company snapped it up, sailed it over from Sydney and made the NSW coastal vessel a Days Bay ferry
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
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Liberal arts colleges in the United States
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Liberal arts colleges in the United States are certain undergraduate institutions of higher education in the United States. These schools are American institutions of education which have traditionally emphasized interactive instruction at the undergraduate level. These colleges also encourage a high level of interaction at the center of which are classes taught by full-time faculty rather than graduate student TAs. In addition, some colleges offer experimental curricula, Liberal arts colleges are also often associated with larger bodies or consortia. The largest association of liberal arts colleges in the United States is the Council of Independent Colleges, with more than 630 small. The Council of Public Liberal Arts Colleges is a consortium of liberal arts colleges. Many liberal arts colleges belong to the Annapolis Group, Oberlin Group, Womens College Coalition, a number of liberal arts colleges are involved in Project Pericles or the Eco League. Other well-known consortia in the Eastern United States include the Little Three, Colby-Bates Bowdoin Consortium, the Seven Sisters Colleges, similar consortia include the Claremont College Consortium in Southern California and the Associated Colleges of the Midwest in the Midwestern United States. Additional midwestern groups include the Five Colleges of Ohio, Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities, the Associated Colleges of the Midwest, groups in the Southern United States include the Associated Colleges of the South, and the Seven Sisters of the South. There are no passive ears, students and faculty work so closely together, teaching is an act of love. There is not only a relationship in class but professors become hiking companions, intramural teammates, dinner companions. Learning is collaborative rather than competitive, values are central, there is a sense of community. They are places of great synergy, where the whole becomes greater than the sum of the parts, aspirations are raised, young people are empowered. College and university rankings guides offer annual issues that rank liberal arts colleges separately from research universities, the Washington Monthly and U. S. News & World Report provide rankings specifically of liberal arts colleges. As a result, a majority of the approximately 80 presidents at the said that they did not intend to participate in the U. S. News reputational rankings in the future. Plus, the reputation of a school can help get that all-important first job, the peer survey is by nature subjective, but the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice. The results from the survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges. S. News has been supplying this exact college information for years already
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Women's colleges in the United States
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Womens colleges in the United States are single-sex U. S. institutions of higher education that only admit female students. They are often liberal arts colleges, there were approximately 39 active womens colleges in the United States in the fall of 2016. These seminaries or academies were usually small and often ephemeral, usually established founded by a woman or small group of women. However, to have been a seminary at an early date is not the same thing as to have been a womens college at that date. Institutions of higher education for women, however, were founded during the early 19th century. Republican education prepared girls for their role as wives and mothers and taught religion, singing, dancing, literature. Academic education prepared girls for their role as community leaders and social benefactors and had elements of the education offered boys. Seminaries educated women for the socially acceptable occupation, teaching. Only unmarried women could be teachers, many early womens colleges began as female seminaries and were responsible for producing an important corps of educators. Early proponents of education for women were Sarah Pierce, Catharine Beecher, Zilpah P. Grant Banister, Lyon was involved in the development of both Hartford Female Seminary and Ipswich Female Seminary. She was also involved in the creation of Wheaton Female Seminary in 1834, in 1837, Lyon founded Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, it was chartered as a college in 1888. Harwarth, Maline, and DeBra note that, Mount Holyoke’s significance is that it became a model for a multitude of other colleges throughout the country. Both Vassar College and Wellesley College were patterned after Mount Holyoke, wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia was the first college chartered for women, receiving its charter in 1836. Mount Holyoke College was the first of the Seven Sisters to be chartered as a college in 1837, brooks, a noted classics scholar, however failed to survive. It began to grant undergraduate degrees in 1863 and became the Moravian Seminary, in 1954, it combined with the boys school, Moravian College and Theological Seminary and became coeducational. The Moravians of Salem, North Carolina began what is now Salem College in 1772 in Winston-Salem, while there were a few coeducational colleges, almost all colleges and universities at that time were exclusively for men. The model was quickly duplicated at other prestigious universities, notable 19th-century coordinate colleges included Barnard, Pembroke, and Radcliffe College. Twentieth-century examples include William Smith College and Kirkland College associated with Hamilton College, while the majority of womens colleges are private institutions, there were a few public colleges
6.
Financial endowment
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A financial endowment is a donation of money or property to a nonprofit organization for the ongoing support of that organization. An endowment may come with stipulations regarding its usage, the total value of an institutions investments is often referred to as the institutions endowment and is typically organized as a public charity, private foundation, or trust. Among the institutions that commonly manage endowments are academic institutions, cultural institutions, service organizations, the earliest endowed chairs were those established by the Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher Marcus Aurelius in Athens in AD176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the schools of philosophy, Platonism, Aristotelianism, Stoicism. Later, similar endowments were set up in other major cities of the Empire. Today, the University of Glasgow has fifteen Regius Professorships, private individuals soon adopted the practice of endowing professorships. Isaac Newton held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge beginning in 1669, unrestricted endowment can be used in any way the recipient chooses to carry out its mission. Term endowment funds stipulate that all or part of the principal may be expended only after the expiration of a period of time or occurrence of a specified event. Quasi endowment funds must retain the purpose and intent as specified by the donor or source of the original funds, Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a subject are common. Ignoring the restriction is called invading the endowment, but change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donors intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called cy-près meaning to find an alternative as near as possible to the donors intent, the restricted/unrestricted distinction focuses on the use of the funds, see quasi-endowment below for a distinction about whether principal can be spent. Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will control a endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to an endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships, and endowed scholarships or fellowships, in the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment, the endowment funding culture is strong in the United States and Canada but less pronounced overseas, with the exceptions of Cambridge and Oxford universities. Endowment funds have also created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States. An endowed professorship is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund set up for that purpose
7.
Wellesley, Massachusetts
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Wellesley /ˈwɛlzliː/ is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of Greater Boston, the population was 27,982 at the time of the 2010 census. It has one of the highest median household and family incomes in Massachusetts and it is best known as the home of Wellesley College, Babson College, and a campus of Massachusetts Bay Community College. Wellesley was settled in the 1630s as part of Dedham, Massachusetts and it was subsequently a part of Needham, Massachusetts called West Needham, Massachusetts. On October 23,1880, West Needham residents voted to secede from Needham, the town was named after the estate of local benefactor Horatio Hollis Hunnewell. Wellesleys population grew by over 80 percent during the 1920s, the town designated Cottage Street and its nearby alleys as the historic district in its zoning plan. Most houses in this district were built around the 1860s and qualify as protected buildings certified by the historic commission. Wellesley is located in eastern Massachusetts and it is bordered on the east by Newton, on the north by Weston, on the south by Needham and Dover and on the west by Natick. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 10.49 square miles. The towns historic 19th century inn was demolished to make way for condominiums, the Wellesley Country Club clubhouse, which is the building where the town was founded, was demolished in 2008, and a new clubhouse was built. The towns pre-World War II high school building was torn down & replaced, the Census Bureau has also defined the town as a census-designated place with an area exactly equivalent to the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 26,613 people,8,594 households, the population density was 2,614.1 people per square mile. There were 8,861 housing units at a density of 870.4 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 4% of the population,20. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the family size was 3.14. In the town, the population was out with 25. 1% under the age of 18,13. 9% from 18 to 24,22. 9% from 25 to 44,24. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 77.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 71.1 males, the median income for a household was $159,167, and the median income for a family was $186,518
8.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
9.
Rural area
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In general, a rural area or countryside is a geographic area that is located outside towns and cities. Whatever is not urban is considered rural, typical rural areas have a low population density and small settlements. Agricultural areas are rural, though so are others such as forests. Different countries have varying definitions of rural for statistical and administrative purposes, in Canada, the census division has been used to represent regions and census consolidated sub-divisions have been used to represent communities. Intermediate regions have 15 to 49 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly urban regions have less than 15 percent of their living in a rural community. Predominantly rural regions are classified as rural metro-adjacent, rural non-metro-adjacent and rural northern, following Ehrensaft, as well, rural northern regions encompass all of the Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Statistics Canada defines rural for their population counts and this definition has changed over time. Typically, it has referred to the population living outside settlements of 1,000 or less inhabitants, the current definition states that census rural is the population outside settlements with fewer than 1,000 inhabitants and a population density below 400 people per square kilometre. 84% of the United States inhabitants live in suburban and urban areas, Rural areas occupy the remaining 90 percent. The U. S. Census Bureau, the USDAs Economic Research Service, an urbanized area consists of a central surrounding areas whose population is greater than 50,000. USDA The USDAs Office of Rural Development may define rural by various population thresholds, for example, a metropolitan county is one that contains an urbanized area, or one that has a twenty-five percent commuter rate to an urbanized area regardless of population. In 2014, the USDA updated their rural / non-rural area definitions based on the 2010 Census counts, Rural health definitions can be different for establishing under-served areas or health care accessibility in rural areas of the United States. This became the Goldsmith Modification definition of rural, health care delivery in rural areas of the United States can be challenging. From 2005-2011, the rate of potentially preventable hospitalizations for acute conditions was highest in rural areas, in Brazil, theres different notions of rural area and countryside. Rural areas are any place outside an urban development and its carried by informal usage. Otherwise, countryside are officially defined as all municipalities outside the capitals metropolitan region. Some states as Mato Grosso do Sul doesnt have any metropolitan region, thus all of the state, Rio de Janeiro is singular in Brazil and its de facto a metropolitan state, as circa 70% of its population are located in Greater Rio
10.
National Collegiate Athletic Association
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The National Collegiate Athletic Association is a non-profit association which regulates athletes of 1,281 institutions, conferences, organizations, and individuals. It also organizes the programs of many colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. The organization is headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 2014, the NCAA generated almost a billion dollars in revenue. 80 to 90% of this revenue was due to the Division I Mens Basketball Tournament and this revenue is then distributed back into various organizations and institutions across the United States. In August 1973, the current three-division setup of Division I, Division II, under NCAA rules, Division I and Division II schools can offer scholarships to athletes for playing a sport. Division III schools may not offer any athletic scholarships, generally, larger schools compete in Division I and smaller schools in II and III. Division I football was divided into I-A and I-AA in 1978. Subsequently, the term Division I-AAA was briefly added to delineate Division I schools which do not field a football program at all, in 2006, Divisions I-A and I-AA were respectively renamed the Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision. Inter-collegiate sports began in the US in 1852 when crews from Harvard University, as other sports emerged, notably football and basketball, many of these same concepts and standards were adopted. Football, in particular, began to emerge as a marquee sport, the IAAUS was officially established on March 31,1906, and took its present name, the NCAA, in 1910. For several years, the NCAA was a group and rules-making body, but in 1921, the first NCAA national championship was conducted. Gradually, more rules committees were formed and more championships were created, a series of crises brought the NCAA to a crossroads after World War II. The Sanity Code – adopted to establish guidelines for recruiting and financial aid – failed to curb abuses, postseason football games were multiplying with little control, and member schools were increasingly concerned about how the new medium of television would affect football attendance. The complexity of problems and the growth in membership and championships demonstrated the need for full-time professional leadership. Walter Byers, previously an executive assistant, was named executive director in 1951. Byers wasted no time placing his stamp on the Association, as college athletics grew, the scope of the nations athletics programs diverged, forcing the NCAA to create a structure that recognized varying levels of emphasis. In 1973, the Associations membership was divided into three legislative and competitive divisions – I, II, and III, five years later in 1978, Division I members voted to create subdivisions I-A and I-AA in football. Until the 1980s, the association did not offer womens athletics, instead, the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women, with nearly 1000 member schools, governed womens collegiate sports in the United States
11.
NCAA Division III
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Sports Division III is a division of the National Collegiate Athletic Association of the United States. The division consists of colleges and universities that choose not to offer athletically related financial aid to their student-athletes, as explained in more detail in the article about NCAA Division II, the NCAAs first split was into two divisions. The former College Division formed because many NCAA member schools wanted an alternative to the nature of what is now Division I. Division III formed in 1973, in a split of the College Division, the former College Division members that chose to offer athletic scholarships or to remain in a division with those who did became Division II, while members that did not became Division III. Division III is the NCAA’s largest division with 438 active member institutions, of the member institutions, 81% are private, while only 19% are public. Division III schools range in size from an undergraduate enrollment of 348 to a maximum of 21,247. Division III institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women, there are minimum contest and participant minimums for each sport. Division III athletic programs are non-revenue-generating, extracurricular programs that are staffed and funded like any other university department, hence, they feature student-athletes who receive no financial aid related to their athletic ability. Student athletes also cannot redshirt as freshmen, and schools may not use endowments or funds whose primary purpose is to benefit athletic programs, Division III schools shall not award financial aid to any student on the basis of athletics leadership, ability, participation or performance. The ban on scholarships is strictly enforced. S, an all-sports conference is defined here as one that sponsors both mens and womens basketball. A conference name followed by * denotes a conference also sponsors football. Six of them are grandfathered schools that have competed at the highest level of a particular mens sport prior to the institution of the Division classifications in 1971. Presumably due to Title IX considerations, grandfathered schools are allowed to field one womens sport in Division I. These schools are allowed to offer scholarships in their Division I mens and womens sports to remain competitive with their opponents. The State University of New York at Oneonta, which had been grandfathered in mens soccer, rutgers University–Newark, which had been grandfathered in mens volleyball, did the same in 2014. Academic-based and need-based financial aid is available, as is the case for Division III. Franklin and Marshall College Hobart College Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT also fields mens rowing, lawrence continues to field a fencing team, but that team is now considered Division III. Football and basketball may not be grandfathered Division I programs because their potential would give them an unfair advantage over other Division III schools
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New England Women's and Men's Athletic Conference
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The New England Womens and Mens Athletic Conference is an intercollegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA’s Division III. Member institutions are located in the northeastern United States in the states of Connecticut, the NEWMAC was established in 1998, when the former New England Womens 8 Conference voted to begin sponsoring conference play and championships for men. At this time, the conference expanded its membership to include Springfield College, the NEW8 began play in 1985-86 as the New England Womens 6 Conference. Charter members were Babson College, Brandeis University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Smith College, Wellesley College, mount Holyoke College and Worcester Polytechnic Institute joined in 1988 and the name was changed to the NEW8 Conference. In March of 2012, the NEWMAC announced the addition of Emerson College as the 11th full member of the league starting in the 2013-14 academic year, with the addition of Emerson the NEWMAC began re-sponsoring the sport of mens lacrosse, adding an affiliate member, Massachusetts Maritime Academy. In July of 2012, the conference welcomed Simmons College as a member to compete in the sport of rowing. In September 29,2015, the announced the addition of The Catholic University of America as another associate member in football effective July 1,2017
13.
Seven Sisters (colleges)
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The Seven Sisters is a loose association of seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically womens colleges. They are Barnard College, Bryn Mawr College, Mount Holyoke College, Radcliffe College, Smith College, Vassar College, all were founded between 1837 and 1889. Four are in Massachusetts, two are in New York, and one is in Pennsylvania, Radcliffe and Vassar are no longer womens colleges. The colleges also offered broader opportunities in academia to women, hiring many female faculty members and administrators, early proponents of education for women were Sarah Pierce, Catharine Beecher, Zilpah P. Grant Banister, and Mary Lyon. Lyon was involved in the development of both Hartford Female Seminary and Ipswich Female Seminary and she was also involved in the creation of Wheaton Female Seminary in 1834. In 1837, Lyon founded Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, Mount Holyoke received its collegiate charter in 1888 and became Mount Holyoke Seminary and College. It became Mount Holyoke College in 1893, Vassar, however, was the first of the Seven Sisters to be chartered as a college in 1861. Wellesley College was chartered in 1870 as the Wellesley Female Seminary and it opened its doors to students in 1875. Radcliffe College was originally created in 1879 as The Society for Collegiate Instruction of Women and it was chartered as Radcliffe College by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1894. Barnard College has been affiliated with Columbia University since its founding in 1888, Smith College was chartered in 1871 and opened its doors in 1875. Mount Holyoke College and Smith College are also members of Pioneer Valleys Five Colleges consortium, Bryn Mawr College is a part of the Tri-College Consortium in suburban Philadelphia, with its sister schools, Haverford College and Swarthmore College. The schools are referred to as the Daisy Chain or The Heavenly Seven. The name Seven Sisters is a reference to the Greek myth of The Pleiades, the seven daughters of the Titan Atlas, the daughters were collectively referred to as The Seven Sisters. In the field of astronomy, a cluster of stars in the constellation Taurus is also referred to as The Pleiades or the Seven Sisters, the seven colleges explored the issue of coeducation in a variety of ways. Two, Radcliffe College and Vassar College, are no longer womens colleges, Radcliffe has merged with Harvard College and is now a research institute and no longer an undergraduate institution. Historically, Radcliffe students received Radcliffe degrees but, beginning in 1963, they started to receive Harvard diplomas signed by the presidents of Radcliffe, joint Radcliffe-Harvard commencement exercises began in 1970. The same year, several Harvard and Radcliffe dormitories began swapping students experimentally, the departments of athletics of both schools merged shortly thereafter. In 1999 Radcliffe College was dissolved and Harvard University assumed full responsibility over the affairs of female undergraduates, Radcliffe is now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University
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Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing
16.
Brandeis University
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Brandeis University /ˈbrændaɪs/ is an American private research university in Waltham, Massachusetts,9 miles west of Boston. Founded in 1948 as a non-sectarian, coeducational institution sponsored by the Jewish community, the university is named after Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish Justice of the U. S Supreme Court. In 2015, it had an enrollment of 5,532 students on its suburban campus spanning over 235 acres. The institution offers more than 43 majors and 46 minors, the university has a strong liberal arts focus and a quarter of its students come from outside the United States. Brandeis was tied for 34th among national universities in the United States in the U. S. News & World Report rankings, Forbes listed Brandeis as 36th nationally for research and 37th for entrepreneurship. Times ranks it 185th globally while USA Today ranks it among the top 10 in the country for economics, the university is also home to the Heller School, ranked as one of the top 10 policy schools in the United States. Middlesex University was a school located in Waltham, Massachusetts. The founder, Dr. John Hall Smith, died in 1944, Smiths will stipulated that the school should go to any group willing to use it to establish a non-sectarian university. Within two years, Middlesex University was on the brink of financial collapse, ruggles Smith, was desperate for a way to save something of Middlesex University. He learned of a New York committee headed by Dr. Israel Goldstein that was seeking a campus to establish a Jewish-sponsored secular university. Goldstein agreed to accept Smiths offer, proceeding to recruit George Alpert, Alpert had worked his way through Boston University School of Law and co-founded the firm of Alpert and Alpert. Alperts firm had an association with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad. He was influential in Bostons Jewish community and his Judaism tended to be social rather than spiritual. He was involved in assisting children displaced from Germany, Alpert was to be chairman of Brandeis from 1946 to 1954, and a trustee from 1946 until his death. By February 5,1946, Goldstein had recruited Albert Einstein, Einstein believed the university would attract the best young people in all fields, satisfying a real need. In March 1946, Goldstein said the foundation had raised ten-million dollars that it would use to open the school by the following year, the foundation purchased Middlesex Universitys land and buildings for two-million dollars. The charter of this operation was transferred to the Foundation along with the campus, the founding organization was announced in August and named The Albert Einstein Foundation for Higher Learning, Inc. The new school would be a Jewish-sponsored secular university open to students and faculty of all races and religions
17.
Babson College
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Babson College is a private business school in Wellesley, Massachusetts, established in 1919. Babsons central focus on education has made it the most prestigious entrepreneurship college in the United States. It was founded by Roger W. Babson as a business institute. Now co-ed, Babson College offers bachelors degrees in business administration, through Babsons F. W. Olin Graduate School of Business, the college also offers masters degrees in business administration, finance, accounting, entrepreneurial leadership, and management. Often referred to as the Entrepreneurs College, Babson is renowned for immersing its students in the entrepreneurial lifestyle, Babson currently offers undergraduates nearly 55 entrepreneurship-related courses. These courses are taught in tandem with traditional liberal arts courses, every entrepreneurship course at Babson is taught by professors who have started, sold, bought, or run successful businesses. Babson currently has an acceptance rate of 26%. Babson College has consistently appeared on the U. S. News & World Report rankings as the one college in entrepreneurship education for nearly three decades. In 2014, CNNs Money Magazine named Babson the number one college in the country for value, and in 2015, the Economist ranked Babson second on its 2015 list of best colleges and universities in outperforming earnings expectations. Babsons MBA program has also ranked number one in entrepreneurship for over twenty years by U. S. News & World Report. On September 3,1919, with an enrollment of twenty-seven students, Roger Babson, the founder of the school, set out to distinguish the Babson Institute from colleges offering mainly instruction in business. The Institute provided intensive training in the fundamentals of production, finance, the curriculum was divided into four subject areas, practical economics, financial management, business psychology, and personal efficiency. The programs pace assumed that students would learn arts and sciences content elsewhere, mr. Babson favored a combination of class work and actual business training. Seasoned businessmen made up the majority of the faculty, to better prepare students for the realities of the business world, the Institutes curriculum focused more on practical experience and less on lectures. The institute also maintained a business environment as part of the everyday life. The students, required to wear professional attire, kept regular business hours and were monitored by punching in and they were also assigned an office desk equipped with a telephone, typewriter, adding machine, and Dictaphone. Personal secretaries typed the students assignments and correspondence in an effort to reflect the business world. Roger Babson aimed to prepare his students to enter their chosen careers as executives, Babson is involved in a Three College Collaboration with Olin College and Wellesley College
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Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering
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Olin College of Engineering is a private undergraduate engineering college in Needham, Massachusetts, adjacent to Babson College. Olin College is noted in the community for its youth, small size, project-based curriculum. The college covers half of each admitted students tuition through the Olin Scholarship, Olin College was founded by the F. W. Olin Foundation in 1997. The trustees were concerned about perpetuating Franklin W. Olins donor intent indefinitely, so the president, Lawrence W. Milas. “We always had a bias toward supporting science and engineering schools because Mr. Olin was an engineer, “I was concerned with whether or not this would be consistent with what Mr. Olin had ever considered. I went back and read minutes of board meetings. And sure enough, in the late 1940s, at two or three board meetings shortly before his death, he expressed the idea of starting a new institution. ”By 2005, Richard Miller was inaugurated as the colleges first president on May 3,2003. Miller was also the first employee of Olin College, and had been working as its president for several years before he was officially inaugurated. In a program known as Invention 2000, Olin College hired its first faculty members and invited 30 students, known as Olin Partners, Olin admitted its first full class of 75 students in 2002. This class included the Olin Partners, a group of deferred students known as the Virtual Olin Partners, after admitting three more classes, the college reached its full size of approximately 300 students in fall 2005. It currently has an average of 350 students each year, Olins campus was designed by the architecture firm Perry Dean Rogers in the postmodern style. The first phase, comprising four buildings, was completed in 2002, the construction of a second dormitory, East Hall, was finished in fall 2005. Future plans include a building that would contain additional machine shops. Olin shares many services, including health, public safety. Much of Olin Colleges curriculum is built around hands-on engineering and design projects and this project-based teaching begins in a students first year and culminates in two senior capstone projects. In the engineering capstone, student teams are hired by corporations, non-profit organizations, in the arts, humanities, and social sciences capstone or the entrepreneurship capstone, students work on self-designed projects. All accepted students receive the Olin Scholarship, which pays for half of tuition and covers cross-registration with Babson College, Wellesley College, Olin also shares clubs and intramural sports with the aforementioned colleges. In addition to the Olin Scholarship, the college provides need-based grants, there have been no official statements on whether full scholarships will be restored if the endowment recovers
19.
U.S. News & World Report
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U. S. News & World Report is an American media company that publishes news, opinion, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis. Founded as a magazine in 1933, U. S. News transitioned to primarily web-based publishing in 2010. The rankings are popular in North America but have drawn criticism from colleges, administrations, and students for their dubious, disparate. The ranking system by U. S. News is usually contrasted with the Washington Monthly, United States News was founded in 1933 by David Lawrence, who also started World Report in 1946. The two magazines covered national and international news separately, but Lawrence merged them into U. S. News & World Report in 1948 and subsequently sold the magazine to his employees. Historically, the magazine tended to be more conservative than its two primary competitors, Time and Newsweek, and focused more on economic, health. It also eschewed sports, entertainment, and celebrity news, important milestones in the early history of the magazine include the introduction of the Washington Whispers column in 1934 and the News You Can Use column in 1952. In 1958, the magazines circulation passed one million and reached two million by 1973. Since 1983, it has become known primarily for its influential ranking and annual reports of colleges and graduate schools, spanning across most fields and its print edition was consistently included in national bestseller lists, augmented by online subscriptions. Additional rankings published by U. S. News & World Report include hospitals, in October 1984, publisher and real estate developer Mortimer B. Zuckerman purchased U. S. News & World Report. Zuckerman is also the owner of the New York Daily News, in 1993, U. S. News & World Report entered the digital world by providing content to CompuServe and in 1995, the website usnews. com was launched. In 2001, the won the National Magazine Award for General Excellence Online. In 2007, U. S. News & World Report published its first list of the nations best high schools and its ranking methodology includes state test scores and the success of poor and minority students on these exams, and schools performance in Advanced Placement exams. Starting in June 2008, the magazine reduced its frequency in three steps. It switched in June 2008 from weekly to biweekly, in November 2008 it decreased to monthly. In November 2010, it was reported that U. S, moving forward, the publication expressed its plans to focus mainly on research and the provision of relevant information to students pursuing higher education. Its rankings and university guide books are available in print at the majority of bookstores and magazine vendors in the United States, selling millions of copies on an annual basis. In June 2008, citing the overall magazine circulation and advertising, U. S. News & World Report announced that it would become a biweekly publication
20.
The Princeton Review
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The Princeton Review is a college admission services company offering test preparation services, tutoring and admissions resources, online courses, and books published by Random House. The company has more than 4,000 teachers and tutors in the United States and Canada, the company is headquartered in Natick, Massachusetts, and is privately held. It is not associated with Princeton University, the Princeton Review was founded in 1981 by John Katzman, who—shortly after leaving college—taught SAT preparation to 15 students in New York City. He served as CEO until 2007, and was replaced by Michael Perik, in March 2010, Perik resigned and was replaced by John M. Connolly. In 2012, the company was acquired by Charlesbank Capital, an equity fund. On August 1,2014, the Princeton Review brand name and operations were bought for a sum by Tutor. com, an IAC company. The company is no longer affiliated with its parent, Education Holdings 1. The Princeton Review offers preparation courses for various tests at the Princeton Review website, The company offers courses worldwide through company-owned, test preparation providers have been criticized in the past on the grounds that their courses claim larger score increases than they deliver. College rankings, including those published by the Princeton Review, have criticized for failing to be accurate or comprehensive by assigning objective rankings formed from subjective opinions. Princeton Review officials counter that their rankings are unique in that they rely on student opinion, in 2002 an American Medical Association affiliated program, A Matter of Degree, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, criticized the Princeton Review list of Best Party Schools. The editorial commended The Princeton Review for reporting the list, calling it a service for student applicants. Rankings for LGBT-related lists have also criticized as inaccurate due to outdated methodologies. The Princeton Review also publishes The Gay & Lesbian Guide to College Life, do parents know that when their underage kids enroll for exam prep or tutoring, personal information may be shared with hookup sites that could then target their kids to become customers. Asked one critic, who concluded that the company makes no guarantee that data sharing among its entities will not include those whose sole aim is to improve their grades
21.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
22.
Hillary Clinton
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Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton is an American politician who was the 67th United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013, U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, First Lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001, and the Democratic Partys nominee for President of the United States in the 2016 election. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Clinton graduated from Wellesley College in 1969, after serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married Bill Clinton in 1975. In 1977, she co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families and she was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Rose Law Firm the following year. As First Lady of Arkansas, she led a force whose recommendations helped reform Arkansass public schools. As First Lady of the United States, Clinton fought for gender equality, because her marriage survived the Lewinsky scandal, her role as first lady drew a polarized response from the public. Clinton was elected in 2000 as the first female senator from New York and she was re-elected to the Senate in 2006. Running for president in 2008, she won far more delegates than any previous female candidate, as Secretary of State in the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013, Clinton responded to the Arab Spring, during which she advocated the U. S. military intervention in Libya. Leaving office after Obamas first term, she wrote her book and undertook speaking engagements. Clinton made a presidential run in 2016. She became the first female candidate to be nominated for president by a major U. S. political party, despite winning a plurality of the national popular vote, Clinton lost the Electoral College and the presidency to her Republican rival Donald Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26,1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. In 1995, Clinton claimed that her mother had named her after Sir Edmund Hillary, co-first mountaineer to scale Mount Everest, however, the Everest climb did not take place until 1953, more than five years after Clinton was born. Clinton was raised in a United Methodist family, living first in Chicago and her father, Hugh Ellsworth Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business. Her mother, Dorothy Emma Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian, Scottish, Clinton has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a student of her teachers at the public schools that she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in such as swimming and baseball, and earned numerous badges as a Brownie. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council, the school newspaper, and was selected for the National Honor Society
23.
Madeleine Albright
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Madeleine Jana Korbel Albright is an American politician and diplomat. She is the first woman to have become the United States Secretary of State and she was nominated by U. S. President Bill Clinton on December 5,1996, and was unanimously confirmed by a U. S. Senate vote of 99–0. She was sworn in on January 23,1997, Albright currently serves as chair of Albright Stonebridge Group and as a professor of International Relations at Georgetown Universitys School of Foreign Service. She holds a PhD from Columbia University and numerous honorary degrees, in May 2012, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by U. S. President Barack Obama. Secretary Albright also serves as a director on the board of the Council on Foreign Relations, Marie Jana Korbelová was born in 1937 in the Smíchov district of Prague, Czechoslovakia, the daughter of Anna and Czech diplomat Josef Korbel. At the time of her birth, Czechoslovakia had been independent for less than 20 years, Josef was a supporter of the early Czech democrats Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. Madeleine grew up with a sister named Katherine and a younger brother named John. At the time of her birth, Josef was serving as press-attaché at the Czechoslovak Embassy in Belgrade. However, the signing of the Munich Agreement in September 1938, in 1941, Josef and Anna had converted from Judaism to Catholicism. Albright spent the war years in Britain, while her father worked for Beneš’s Czechoslovak government-in-exile. They first lived on Kensington Park Road in Notting Hill, London, where they endured the worst of the Blitz and she later reminisced about the constant presence of a large metal table in the house, to protect the family from the recurring threat of Nazi bomb attacks. While in England, a young Albright appeared as a child in a film designed to promote sympathy for all war refugees in London. Albright was raised Catholic, but converted to Episcopalianism at the time of her marriage in 1959 and she did not learn until adulthood that her parents were originally Jewish and that many of her Jewish relatives in Czechoslovakia had perished in the Holocaust, including three of her grandparents. Korbel was named Czechoslovakian Ambassador to the Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia, and she learned to speak French while in Switzerland and changed her name from Marie Jana to Madeleine. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia took over the government in 1948, with support from the Soviet Union, and as an opponent of communism, Korbel was forced to resign from his position. The family emigrated from the United Kingdom on the SS America, departing Southampton on November 5,1948, the family initially settled in Great Neck on Long Island. Korbel applied for asylum, arguing that as an opponent of communism. She attended Wellesley College, in Wellesley, Massachusetts, on a scholarship, majoring in political science
24.
Katharine Lee Bates
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Katharine Lee Bates was an American songwriter. She is remembered as the author of the words to the anthem America the Beautiful and she graduated from Needham High School in 1872, from Newton High School in 1875, and from Wellesley College with a B. A. in 1880. She taught at Natick High School during 1880–81 and at Dana Hall School from 1885 until 1889 and she returned to Wellesley as an instructor, then an associate professor 1891–93 when she was awarded an M. A. and became full professor of English literature. She studied at Oxford University during 1890–91, while teaching at Wellesley, she was elected a member of the newly formed Pi Gamma Mu honor society for the social sciences because of her interest in history and politics. Bates was an author of many volumes of poetry, travel books. She popularized Mrs. Claus in her poem Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride from the collection Sunshine and other Verses for Children. She said, Though born and bred in the Republican camp, I cannot bear their betrayal of Mr. Wilson and their rejection of the League of Nations, our one hope of peace on earth. In 1910, when a colleague described free-flying spinsters as fringe on the garment of life, Bates answered, I dont think I mind not being woven in. Bates died in Wellesley, Massachusetts, on September 28,1929, the historic home and birthplace of Bates in Falmouth, was sold to Ruth P. Clark in November 2013 for $1,200,000. Bates lived in Wellesley with Katharine Coman, who was a history, the pair lived together for twenty-five years until Comans death in 1915. Others contest the use of the term lesbian to describe such a Boston marriage, writes one, We cannot say with certainty what sexual connotations these relationships conveyed. We do know that these relationships were deeply intellectual, they fostered verbal and physical expressions of love. The first draft of America the Beautiful was hastily jotted down in a notebook during the summer of 1893, later she remembered, One day some of the other teachers and I decided to go on a trip to 14, 000-foot Pikes Peak. Near the top we had to leave the wagon and go the rest of the way on mules, but when I saw the view, I felt great joy. All the wonder of America seemed displayed there, with the sea-like expanse, the words to her only famous poem first appeared in print in The Congregationalist, a weekly journal, for Independence Day,1895. The poem reached an audience when her revised version was printed in the Boston Evening Transcript on November 19,1904. Her final expanded version was written in 1913, the hymn has been sung to several tunes, but the familiar one is by Samuel A. Ward, written for his hymn Materna. The Bates family home on Falmouths Main Street is preserved by the Falmouth Historical Society, there is also a street named in her honor, Katharine Lee Bates Road in Falmouth
25.
Cokie Roberts
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Mary Martha Corinne Morrison Claiborne Roberts, best known as Cokie Roberts, is an American journalist and author. She is a reporter on contract to National Public Radio as well as a regular roundtable analyst for the current This Week With George Stephanopoulos, Roberts also works as a commentator for ABC News, serving as an on-air analyst for the network. Roberts, along with her husband, Steven V. Roberts and she serves on the boards of several non-profit organizations such as the Kaiser Family Foundation and was appointed by President George W. Bush to his Council on Service and Civic Participation. Mary Martha Corinne Morrison Claiborne Boggs was born on December 27,1943 in New Orleans and she received the sobriquet Cokie from her brother Tommy who, as a child, could not pronounce her given name, Corinne. Cokie Roberts is the child and youngest daughter of ambassador and long-time Democratic Congresswoman from Louisiana Lindy Boggs and of Hale Boggs. He was Majority Leader of the House of Representatives and a member of the Warren Commission and he was lost on a plane which disappeared over Alaska on October 16,1972. Her late sister, Barbara Boggs Sigmund, was mayor of Princeton, New Jersey and her late brother Tommy Boggs was a prominent Washington, D. C. attorney and lobbyist. Roberts attended the Academy of the Sacred Heart, a school in New Orleans, before graduating from the Stone Ridge School. She graduated from Wellesley College in 1964, where she received a BA in Political Science and she has been married to Steven V. Roberts, a professor and fellow journalist, since 1966. They met in the summer of 1962, when she was 18 and they currently reside in Bethesda, Maryland. She and her husband have two children and six grandchildren and their daughter Rebecca Roberts is also a journalist and was one of the hosts of POTUS08 on XM Radio. Roberts serves as a news analyst and commentator for NPR. She is usually heard on Morning Edition, appearing on Mondays to discuss the week in politics, in addition to her work for NPR, Roberts is a political commentator for ABC News, serving as an on-air analyst for the network. Roberts was the co-anchor of the ABC News Sunday morning broadcast, This Week with Sam Donaldson & Cokie Roberts from 1996 to 2002 and she covered politics, Congress and public policy, reporting for World News Tonight and other ABC News broadcasts. Before joining ABC News in 1988, Roberts was a contributor to PBS in the television news program The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. Her coverage of the Iran-Contra Affair for that program won her the Edward Weintal Prize for Diplomatic Reporting in 1988, from 1981 to 1984, in addition to her work at NPR, she also co-hosted The Lawmakers, a weekly public television program on Congress. Prior to joining NPR, Roberts was a reporter for CBS News in Athens and she also produced and hosted a public affairs program on WRC-TV in Washington, D. C. Roberts is also a former president of the Radio and Television Correspondents Association. Roberts has won awards, such as the Edward R. Murrow Award, the Everett McKinley Dirksen Award for coverage of Congress
26.
Diane Sawyer
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Lila Diane Sawyer is an American television journalist. Previously, Sawyer has been the anchor of ABC Newss nightly flagship program ABC World News, Early in her career, she was a member of U. S. President Richard Nixons White House staff and closely associated with the president himself. Sawyer was born in Glasgow, Kentucky, to Jean W. an elementary teacher, and Erbon Powers Tom Sawyer. Her ancestry includes English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and German, soon after her birth, her family moved to Louisville, where her father rose to local prominence as a Republican politician and community leader. He was Kentuckys Jefferson County Judge/Executive when he was killed in a car accident on Louisvilles Interstate 64 in 1969, E. P. Tom Sawyer State Park, in the Freys Hill area of Louisville, is named in his honor. Sawyer attended Seneca High School in the Buechel area of Louisville and she served as an editor-in-chief for her school newspaper, The Arrow, and participated in many artistic activities. She always felt, however, that she was in the shadow of her older sister, in her senior year of high school, in 1963, she won first place in the annual national Americas Junior Miss scholarship pageant as a representative from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. She won by her strength of poise in the interview and her essay comparing the music of the North. From 1962 to 1965, Sawyer was Americas Junior Miss, touring the country to promote the Coca-Cola Pavilion at the 1964–1965 New York Worlds Fair. At first, she thought that travelling around the country as Americas Junior Miss would be a terrifying experience, in 1967, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English from Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. She was a member of the Wellesley College Blue Notes, an a cappella-singing group and she attended one semester of law school at the University of Louisville before turning to journalism. Immediately after her graduation, Sawyer returned to Kentucky and was employed as weather forecaster for WLKY-TV in Louisville, in Sawyers opinion, the weather was boring, so she would occasionally add quotes to keep it interesting. Finally, Sawyer was promoted to a general-assignment post, but this did not sustain her interest for long, in 1970, Sawyer moved to Washington, D. C. and, unable to find work as a broadcast journalist, she interviewed for positions in government offices. She eventually became an assistant to Jerry Warren, the White House deputy press secretary, initially, Sawyer wrote press releases and quickly graduated to other tasks like drafting some of President Richard Nixons public statements. Within a few months, she became an assistant to White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler. Speakes later claimed that he had come to the conclusion that Dean had not lied, and that he informed Sawyer and she also helped prepare Nixon for his famous set of television interviews with journalist David Frost in 1977. Years later, Sawyer would be suspected of being Deep Throat, Sawyer laughed it off and became one of six people to request and receive a public denial from Woodward. When Sawyer came back to Washington, D. C. in 1978 and she was promoted to political correspondent in February 1980 and featured on the weekday broadcasts of Morning with Charles Kuralt
27.
Nora Ephron
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Nora Ephron was an American journalist, essayist, playwright, screenwriter, novelist, producer, director, and blogger. Ephron is best known for her comedies and was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Writing, for Silkwood, When Harry Met Sally. She won a BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay for When Harry Met Sally and she sometimes wrote with her sister Delia Ephron. Her last film was Julie & Julia and she also co-authored the Drama Desk Award–winning theatrical production Love, Loss, and What I Wore. In 2013, Ephron received a posthumous Tony Award nomination for Best Play for her play Lucky Guy, Ephron was born in New York City to a Jewish family, the eldest of four daughters, and grew up in Beverly Hills. Her parents, Henry Ephron and Phoebe Wolkind Ephron, were both East Coast-born and were noted playwrights and screenwriters, noras younger sisters, Delia and Amy, are also screenwriters. Her sister Hallie Ephron is a journalist, book reviewer, ephrons parents based the ingenue character in the play and film version of Take Her, Shes Mine on the 22-year-old Nora and her letters from college. Both her parents became alcoholics during their declining years, Ephron graduated from Beverly Hills High School in 1958, and from Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, in 1962 with a degree in political science. Her first marriage, to writer Dan Greenburg, ended in divorce nine years. In 1976, she married journalist Carl Bernstein of Watergate fame, in 1979, Ephron had a toddler son, Jacob, and was pregnant with her second son Max when she discovered Bernsteins affair with their mutual friend, married British politician Margaret Jay. Ephron was inspired by this to write the 1983 novel Heartburn, in the book, Ephron wrote of a husband named Mark, who was capable of having sex with a Venetian blind. She also wrote that the character Thelma looked like a giraffe with big feet, Bernstein threatened to sue over the book and film, but he never did. Ephron was married for more than 20 years to screenwriter Nicholas Pileggi until her death, the couple lived in New York City. Although Jewish by birth, Ephron was not religious and you can never have too much butter – that is my belief. If I have a religion, thats it, she quipped in an NPR interview about her 2009 movie, Julie & Julia and her son, Jacob Bernstein, directed an HBO movie on her life called Everything Is Copy. After graduating from Wellesley College in 1962, Ephron worked briefly as an intern in the White House of President John F. Kennedy and she also applied to be a writer at Newsweek. After she was told they didn’t hire women writers, she accepted a position as a mail girl, after a satire she wrote lampooning the New York Post caught the editors eye, Ephron landed a job at the Post, where she stayed as a reporter for five years. In 1966, she broke the news in the Post that Bob Dylan had married Sara Lownds in a private ceremony three-and-a-half months before, upon becoming a successful writer, she wrote a column on womens issues for Esquire
28.
Pamela Melroy
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Pamela Anne Melroy is a retired United States Air Force officer and a former NASA astronaut. She served as pilot on Space Shuttle missions STS-92 and STS-112, in 2013, she left the FAA and joined DARPA as Deputy Director of the Tactical Technology Office. She left the agency in February,2017, Melroy was born in Palo Alto, California and graduated from Bishop Kearney High School in 1979. She received a degree in physics and astronomy from Wellesley College in 1983. She then earned a degree in earth and planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1984. On May 18,2008 Melroy received a degree from Iona College in New Rochelle. Melroy was commissioned through the Air Force ROTC program in 1983, after completing a masters degree, she attended Undergraduate Pilot Training at Reese Air Force Base in Lubbock, Texas and was graduated in 1985. She flew the KC-10 for six years at Barksdale Air Force Base in Bossier City, Louisiana, as a copilot, aircraft commander, Melroy is a veteran of Operation Just Cause and Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, with over 200 combat and combat support hours. In June 1991, she attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, upon her graduation, she was assigned to the C-17 Combined Test Force, where she served as a test pilot until her selection for the astronaut program. She has logged over 5,000 hours of time in over 50 different aircraft. Melroy retired from the Air Force in February 2007, selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in December 1994, Melroy reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995. She completed a year of training and evaluation and was qualified for assignment as a shuttle pilot. Initially assigned to support duties for launch and landing, she also worked Advanced Projects for the Astronaut Office. She also performed CAPCOM duties in mission control, Melroy served on the Columbia Reconstruction Team as the lead for the crew module and served as deputy project manager for the Columbia crew survival investigation team. In her final position, she served as chief for the Orion branch of the Astronaut Office. Melroy served as pilot on two flights, and was the commander on STS-120 in 2007, making her the second woman to command a space shuttle mission. The STS-120 crew visited the station during Expedition 16, commanded by Peggy Whitson, Whitson was the first female ISS commander, making the STS-120 mission the first time that two female mission commanders were in orbit at the same time. She has logged over 924 hours in space, STS-92 Discovery was launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California
29.
Marjory Stoneman Douglas
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Moving to Miami as a young woman to work for The Miami Herald, Douglas became a freelance writer, producing over a hundred short stories that were published in popular magazines. Her books, stories, and journalism career brought her influence in Miami, even as a young woman Douglas was outspoken and politically conscious of many issues that included womens suffrage and civil rights. She was called upon to take a role in the protection of the Everglades when she was 79 years old. For the remaining 29 years of her life she was a relentless reporter, numerous awards were given to her, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and she was inducted into several halls of fame. Douglas lived until age 108, working until nearly the end of her life for Everglades restoration, upon her death, an obituary in The Independent in London stated, In the history of the American environmental movement, there have been few more remarkable figures than Marjory Stoneman Douglas. Marjory Stoneman was born on April 7,1890, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the child of Frank Bryant Stoneman and Lillian Trefethen. She was an early and voracious reader and her first book was Alices Adventures in Wonderland, which she kept well into adulthood until some fiend in human form must have borrowed it and not brought it back. She visited Florida when she was four years old, and her most vivid memory of the trip was picking an orange from a tree at the Tampa Bay Hotel, from there she and her parents embarked on a cruise from Tampa to Havana. When she was six years old, Marjorys parents separated and her father endured a series of failed entrepreneurial ventures and the instability caused her mother to move them abruptly to the Trefethen family house in Taunton, Massachusetts. She lived there with her mother, aunt, and grandparents who did not get well and consistently spoke ill of her father. Her mother, whom Marjory characterized as high strung, was committed to a sanitarium in Providence several times. Her parents separation and the life with her mothers family caused her to suffer from night terrors. She credited her tenuous upbringing with making her a skeptic and a dissenter for the rest of her life, as a youth, Marjory found solace in reading, and eventually she began to write. In 1907, she was awarded a prize from the Boston Herald for a story titled An Early Morning Paddle, about a boy who watches a sunrise from a canoe. However, as her mothers health deteriorated, Marjory took on more responsibilities, eventually managing some of the family finances. Marjory left for college in 1908, despite having grave misgivings about her mothers mental state and her aunt and grandmother shared her concerns, but recognized that she needed to leave in order to begin her own life. She was a student without having to study too much. She attended Wellesley College, graduating with a BA in English in 1912 and she found particular gifts in a class on elocution, and joined the first suffrage club with six of her classmates
30.
Soong Mei-ling
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Soong played a prominent role in the politics of the Republic of China and was the sister-in-law of Sun Yat-sen, the founder and the leader of the Republic of China. She was active in the life of her country and held many honorary and active positions. During the Second Sino-Japanese War she rallied her people against the Japanese invasion and she was also the youngest and the last surviving of the three Soong sisters, and the only first lady during World War II who lived into the 21st century. Her life extended into three centuries and she was born in Hongkou District, Shanghai, China, on March 5,1898, though some biographies give the year as 1897, since Chinese tradition considers one to be a year old at birth. She was the fourth of six children of Charlie Soong, a businessman and former Methodist missionary from Hainan. Their father, who had studied in the United States, arranged to have them continue their education in the US in 1907, May-ling and Ching-ling attended a private school in Summit, New Jersey. In 1908, Ching-ling was accepted by her sister Ai-lings alma mater, Wesleyan College, at age 15, however, she could not get permission to stay on campus as a family member nor could she be a student because she was too young. May-ling spent the year in Demorest, Georgia, with Ai-lings Wesleyan friend, Blanche Moss, in 1909, Wesleyans newly appointed president, William Newman Ainsworth, gave her permission to stay at Wesleyan and assigned her tutors. She briefly attended Fairmount College in Monteagle, Tennessee in 1910, May-ling was officially registered as a freshman at Wesleyan in 1912 at the age of 15. She then transferred to Wellesley College a year later to be closer to her brother, T. V. who. By then, both her sisters had graduated and returned to Shanghai and she graduated from Wellesley as one of the 33 Durant Scholars on June 19,1917, with a major in English literature and minor in philosophy. She was also a member of Tau Zeta Epsilon, Wellesleys Arts, as a result of being educated in English all her life, she spoke excellent English, with a pronounced Georgia accent which helped her connect with American audiences. Soong Mei-ling met Chiang Kai-shek in 1920, Chiang told his future mother-in-law that he could not convert immediately, because religion needed to be gradually absorbed, not swallowed like a pill. They married in Shanghai on December 1,1927, while biographers regard the marriage with varying appraisals of partnership, love, politics and competition, it lasted 48 years. In 1928, she was made a member of the Committee of Yuans by Chiang and they renewed their wedding vows on May 24,1944 at St. Bartholomews Church in New York City. Polly Smith sang the Lords Prayer at the ceremony, Madame Chiang initiated the New Life Movement and became actively engaged in Chinese politics. She was a member of the Legislative Yuan from 1930 to 1932, in 1945 she became a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. As her husband rose to become Generalissimo and leader of the Kuomintang, Madame Chiang acted as his English translator, secretary and she was his muse, his eyes, his ears, and his most loyal champion
31.
Bing Xin
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Xie Wanying, better known by her pen name Bing Xin or Xie Bing Xin, was one of the most prolific Chinese writers of the 20th Century. Many of her works were written for young readers and she was the chairperson of the China Federation of Literary and Art Circles. Her pen name Bing Xin carries the meaning of a pure heart. Bing Xin was born in Fuzhou, Fujian, but moved to Shanghai with her family when she was seven months old, and later moved yet again to the port city of Yantai, Shandong. Such a move had a influence on Bing Xins personality and philosophy of love and beauty, as the vastness and beauty of the sea greatly expanded and refined young Bing Xins mind. It was also in Yantai Bing Xin first began to read the classics of Chinese literature, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin, in 1913, Bing Xin moved to Beijing. Bing Xin graduated from Yanjing University in 1923 with a bachelors degree and she then returned to Yanjing University to teach until 1936. In 1929, she married Wu Wenzao, an anthropologist and her friend when they were studying in the United States. Together, Bing Xin and her husband visited different intellectual circles around the world, in 1940, Bing Xin was elected a member of the National Senate. Later in her life, Bing Xin taught in Japan for a short period, in literature, Bing Xin founded the Bing Xin Style as a new literary style. She contributed a lot to childrens literature in China, and also undertook various translation tasks, Bing Xins literary career was a really prolific and productive one, and she wrote a wide range of works—prose, poetry, novels, reflections, etc. Her career spanned more than seven decades in length, from 1919 to the 1990s, there is a Bing Xin Literature Museum in Changle in Fujian Province. The Bing Xin Children’s Literature Award is named in her honour and her daughter Wu Qing continues to be involved with the award. Jimo Chaoren Fanxing Chunshui Liu yi jie Ji xiao duzhe Nangui Bing Xin Quanji Yinghua zan Wo men zheli meiyou dongtian Wo de guxiang Guanyu nuren The Photograph, Beijing, Chinese Literature Press Spring Waters. Peking, The Little Orange Lamp, translated by Gong Shifen, Renditions, Autumn 1989, in and Out of Home, Bing Xin Recontextualized. Asian Literary Voices, From Marginal to Mainstream, Bing Xin at China Culture. org Bing Xin at Renditions. org 冰心网
32.
William Claflin
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William Claflin was an American politician, industrialist and philanthropist from Massachusetts. He served as the 27th Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts from 1869–1872 and he also served as chairman of the Republican National Committee from 1868–1872, serving as a moderating force between the Radical and moderate wings of the Republican Party. His name is given to Claflin University in South Carolina, a black college founded with funding from him. Claflin was educated at Brown University, and worked in his fathers manufacturing business before becoming a partner in it. An opponent of slavery, he helped establish the states Free Soil Party before dominating the states Republican Party establishment in the 1860s. He supported a number of reforms, including increased property and voting rights for women. He supported many causes, and promoted the development of the village Newtonville. William Claflin was born on March 6,1818 in Milford, Massachusetts, to Lee, Lee Claflin was a self-made proprietor of a tannery and shoe factory in Milford, and a politically active abolitionist. William was educated first in the schools and then at Milford Academy. His mother died in 1834 and his health was poor, so he left school, after three years, with his health not improving, he traveled to St. Louis, Missouri, where from 1838 to 1844 he worked in the wholesale leather goods business. He then returned to Massachusetts after his health improved, where he rejoined the family business, Claflins father had begun his shoe manufacturing in partnership with Nathan Parker Coburn, and William joined their partnership, forming a business that lasted into the 1890s. They expanded the business Lee Claflin founded, eventually building one of New Englands largest boot factories in South Framingham in 1882, the company assets, including plants in Framingham, Hopkinton, and Milford, were then taken over by younger partners. Claflin followed his father in politics and his methodist religion, opposing the expansion of slavery and promoting other social reforms. He was a member of the Bird Club, an organization formed by businessman Francis W. Bird. Its members were wealthy businessmen who favored abolition and engaged in philanthropic social reforms. In 1848 Claflin helped found the Free Soil Party in Massachusetts and he served from 1849 to 1853, when the Know Nothings swept away the old parties. He became active in 1854 and 1855 in the founding of the state Republican Party and he was elected to the state senate in 1859 as a Republican, and became Senate President in 1861. In 1865 Claflin was elected Lieutenant Governor under Governor Alexander Hamilton Bullock and he was elected governor in 1868, and served three terms in that office, defeating John Quincy Adams II each time
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