1.
Wellington United
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Wellington United AFC is an association football club in Wellington, New Zealand competing in the Capital Premier League. Wellington Diamond United was the result of the merger of Diamond, Diamond was founded as a junior football club in 1893 by members of the Star Rugby Club, who wished to play football. It became a team in 1895. Zealandia was founded in 1954 by Dutch immigrants, changing its name to Wellington United in 1964, in 1968 the club played in the Central Regions Division One, finishing fourth out ten. The club made it to the National League for the 1973 season, Wellington Diamond United won the National League in 1976,1981 and 1985. Hungaria was formed in 1962 by Hungarian immigrants, the club played in the Central Region league before being invited to join the first New Zealand National Soccer League in 1970. The team finished out of eight that season, winning just three games. It was the only season in the National League as they forfeited their place to form a composite entry with Miramar Rangers, to be known as Wellington City. Miramar withdrew after the 1971 season, in 1973 the club went solo again, this time in Division Two of the Central League with Wellington City as an independent entity. The following season the club topped the table, winning promotion to Division One, the club remained there until the end of the 1977 season when they finished bottom of the ten-team division to be relegated back to Division Two. The club had two seasons in Division Two before merging with Wellington City permanently in 1979. Wellington Diamond United and Wellington City merged in 1986 to form Wellington City Diamond United, which soon shortened its name to Wellington United
2.
New Zealand urban areas
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Statistics New Zealand defines urban areas of New Zealand for statistical purposes. The urban areas comprise cities, towns and other conurbations of a people or more. In combination, the areas of the country constitute New Zealands urban population. At the 2001 census, the population made up 86% of New Zealands total population. There are three classes of area, Main urban areas, with a population of 30,000 or more. These 17 areas mostly correspond to the known by New Zealanders as cities. Secondary urban areas are the 14 urban areas with a population of 10,000 to 30,000, minor urban areas make up the remainder of the urban population of the country, towns with 1,000 to 10,000 people. There are 103 minor urban areas, Statistics New Zealand also defines rural centres with a population of 300 to 999 people. While these do not fit the standard definition of an urban population. The current placement of urban areas into the three classes is based on populations at the 2013 census, and does not reflect population changes since then, placements are revised after every census. The population figures shown are Statistics New Zealands resident population estimates at the June 2016, for rankings in various criteria see the ranked list of New Zealand urban areas. Four main urban areas are subdivided into urban zones, the following cities are listed by location from north to south. The following towns are listed by location north to south. Whakatane, From Coastlands to Ōhope Beach and south to Poroporo, Taupo, From Wairakei to Taupo Airport. Levin, From Waitarere Beach to Ohau, greymouth, From Runanga to Southbeach and Camerons. Rangiora, From the Ashley River to Flaxton Ashburton, From Fairton to Winslow, timaru, From Washdyke to Scarborough and west to Gleniti. Queenstown, From Fernhill and Kelvin Heights to Frankton Oamaru, From Pukeuri to Weston and Holmes Hill
3.
Wellington Region
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The Wellington Region is a local government region of New Zealand that occupies the southern end of the North Island. The region covers an area of 8,049 square kilometres, the region is named after Wellington, New Zealands capital city and regions seat. The region is administered by the Wellington Regional Council, which uses the promotional name Greater Wellington Regional Council, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. A proposal made in 2013 that nine territorial authorities amalgamate to form a single supercity met substantial opposition and was abandoned in June 2015. In its more restrictive sense the region refers to the cluster of built-up areas west of the Tararua ranges, the much more sparsely populated area to the east has its own name, Wairarapa, and a centre in Masterton. To a lesser extent, the Kapiti Coast is sometimes excluded from the region, Otaki in particular has strong connections to the Horowhenua District to the north. The Māori who originally settled the region knew it as Te Upoko o te Ika a Māui, legend recounts that Kupe discovered and explored the region in about the tenth century. The region was settled by Europeans in 1839 by the New Zealand Company, Wellington became the capital of Wellington Province upon the creation of the province in 1853, until the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 Nov 1876. Wellington became capital of New Zealand in 1865, the capital after Russell. The region occupies the tip of the North Island, bounded to the west, south. The region covers 7,860 square kilometres, and extends north to Otaki, physically and topologically the region has four areas running roughly parallel along a northeast–southwest axis, The Kapiti Coast, a narrow strip of coastal plain running north from Paekakariki. It contains numerous small towns, many of which gain at least a proportion of their wealth from tourism, rough hill country inland from the Kapiti Coast, formed along the same major geologic fault responsible for the Southern Alps in the South Island. Rough hill country, lower than the Tararua Range but far less economic than the land around the Ruamahanga River and this and the other hilly striation are still largely forested. Other main centres of population are on the Kapiti Coast and in the farming areas close to the upper Ruamahanga River in the Wairarapa. Along the Kapiti Coast, numerous small towns sit close together, from the north, these include Otaki, Waikanae, Paraparaumu, the twin settlements of Raumati Beach and Raumati South, Paekakariki and Pukerua Bay, the latter being a northern suburb of Porirua. Each of these settlements has a population of between 2,000 and 10,000, making this moderately heavily populated, in the Wairarapa the largest community by a considerable margin is Masterton, with a population of almost 20,000. Other towns include Featherston, Martinborough, Carterton and Greytown, the region is by a large margin the wealthiest in the country. The most up-to-date estimates for regional GDP prepared by the Ministry for Economic Development put it at $17, at the 2006 census the region had the largest percentages of people in the four highest income groupings and the lowest percentage of residents in the loss group
4.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
5.
Territorial authority
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Territorial authorities are the second tier of local government in New Zealand, below regional councils. There are 67 territorial authorities,12 city councils,53 district councils, Auckland Council, six territorial authorities also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are unitary authorities. A unitary authority may also have local boards, currently only Auckland Council has them, territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regions, and some of them fall within more than one region. Taupo District has the distinction of straddling the boundaries of four different regions, Regional council areas are based on water catchment areas, whereas territorial authorities are based on community of interest and road access. Some activities are delegated to council-controlled organisations, the boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so little distinction was made between the urban area and the local government area. Regional councils were reduced in number from 20 to 13, territorial authorities from 200 to 75, the new district and city councils were generally much larger and most covered substantial areas of both urban and rural land. Many places that once had a city council were now being administered by a district council, as a result, the term city began to take on two meanings. The word city came to be used in a formal sense to describe major urban areas independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. Gisborne is administered by a council, but its status as a city is not generally disputed. Under the current law the minimum population for a new city is 50,000, since the 1989 reorganisations, there have been few major reorganisations or status changes in local government. Incomplete list,1991, Invercargill re-proclaimed a city,1992, Nelson-Marlborough Regional Council abolished by a Local Government Amendment Act. Of its territorial authorities, Kaikoura District was transferred to the Canterbury Region,2004, Tauranga became a city again on 1 March. 2006, Banks Peninsula District merged into Christchurch City as a result of 2005 referendum,2010, Auckland Council, a unitary authority, replaced seven local councils and the regional council. Reports on completed reorganisation proposals since 1999 are available on the Local Government Commissions site, the split areas as well as the current North Shore City would form a Waitemata local council. Waitakere local council would consist of the current Waitakere City as well as the Avondale area, tamaki Makaurau would consist of the current Auckland City and Otahuhu Manukau local council would consist of the urban parts of the current Manukau City and of the Papakura District. Hunua local council would consist of the entire Franklin District, much of which is currently in the Waikato Region, along with areas of the current Papakura District. The entire Papakura District would be dissolved between urban and rural councils, the National-led Government responded within about a week
6.
List of cities in New Zealand
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The word city began to take on two meanings in New Zealand after the local government reforms of 1989. Before the reforms, a council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city. The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, in 1989, the structure of the local government in New Zealand was significantly reorganised. The new district councils and city councils were always much larger geographically. Many locations that once had had a city council are now governed by a district council, the word city is used in a general sense to describe the urban areas of New Zealand, independent of local body boundaries. This informal usage is jealously guarded, the district government of the town of Gisborne, for example, adamantly described itself as the first city in the world to see the new millennium. However, Gisborne is governed by a council, though its status as a city is not generally disputed in New Zealand. Today an urban area has to be at least 50,000 residents before it can be proclaimed as a city, the populations given in the table below are provisional New Zealand resident populations, June 2016s, and they refer to the entire urban area, unless otherwise stated. Notes, Kapiti Urban Area is the only Statistics New Zealand main urban area not listed and it spans the towns of Otaki, Paekakariki, Paraparaumu, Raumati and Waikanae, and is not considered to be a city. It is part of the Greater Wellington Regional Councils area – though listed separately by Statistics New Zealand, hundreds of people there commute daily to Wellington for work, and the suburban commuter rail network serves the Kapiti area. If Kapiti were added to Wellington the total population of the Wellington urban area would be approximately 450,000, the population for the Hamilton urban zone is 193,600, the Cambridge urban zone is 19,600 and the Te Awamutu urban zone is 16,750. The population figures for the Hastings urban zone is 68,900, still widely referred to by its older spelling of Wanganui. Blenheim is rarely referred to as a city, Timaru once had a city council, but is now administered by a district council. It is classified as an urban area by Statistics New Zealand. It is still considered a city and the centre of South Canterbury. Road signs state city centre rather than town centre, pukekohe, a town not far south of Auckland, has an estimated population of 29,800. Taupo is rarely referred to as a city, masterton, the main centre in the Wairarapa, is rarely referred to as a city. Levin, the centre in the Horowhenua district, is not considered to be a city
7.
Auckland
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Auckland is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the most populous area in the country. Auckland has a population of 1,495,000, which constitutes 32 percent of New Zealands population, a diverse and multicultural city, Auckland is home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has also been called Ākarana, the Māori pronunciation of Auckland, the Auckland urban area ranges to Waiwera in the north, Kumeu in the northwest, and Runciman in the south. It is not contiguous, the section from Waiwera to Whangaparāoa Peninsula is separate from its nearest neighbouring suburb of Long Bay, the surrounding hills are covered in rainforest and the landscape is dotted with dozens of dormant volcanic cones. The central part of the area occupies a narrow isthmus between the Manukau Harbour on the Tasman Sea and the Waitemata Harbour on the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the few cities in the world to have harbours on two major bodies of water. The isthmus on which Auckland resides was first settled around 1350 and was valued for its rich, Māori population in the area is estimated to have peaked at 20,000 before the arrival of Europeans. After a British colony was established in 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson and he named the area Auckland for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, British First Lord of the Admiralty. It was replaced as the capital in 1865, but immigration to the new city stayed strong, today, Aucklands Central Business District is the major financial centre of New Zealand. Auckland is classified as a Beta World City because of its importance in finance, commerce, media, entertainment, arts, education and tourism. Aucklands landmarks such as the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, the Harbour Bridge, the Sky Tower, the isthmus was settled by Māori around 1350, and was valued for its rich and fertile land. Many pā were created, mainly on the volcanic peaks, Māori population in the area is estimated to have been about 20,000 people before the arrival of Europeans. As a result, the region had relatively low numbers of Māori when European settlement of New Zealand began, there is, however, nothing to suggest that this was the result of a deliberate European policy. Auckland was officially declared New Zealands capital in 1841 and the transfer of the administration from Russell in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson was seen as a choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876. Each of the four settlements had about 800 settlers, the men being fully armed in case of emergency but spent nearly all their time breaking in the land and establishing roads
8.
Christchurch
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Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. The Christchurch urban area lies on the South Islands east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula and it is home to 389,700 residents, making it New Zealands third most-populous urban area behind Auckland and Wellington. The city was named by the Canterbury Association, which settled the province of Canterbury. The name of Christchurch was agreed on at the first meeting of the association on 27 March 1848 and it was suggested by John Robert Godley, who had attended Christ Church, Oxford. Some early writers called the town Christ Church, but it was recorded as Christchurch in the minutes of the management committee of the association, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Avon River flows through the centre of the city, with a park located along its banks. At the request of the Deans brothers, the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, the usual Māori name for Christchurch is Ōtautahi. This was originally the name of a site by the Avon River near present-day Kilmore Street. The site was a dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Potiki Tautahi. The Ōtautahi name was adopted in the 1930s, prior to that the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana, a transliteration of the English word Christian. The citys name is abbreviated by New Zealanders to Chch. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is the fingerspelled letter C signed twice, with the second to the right of the first. Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 CE. These first inhabitants were thought to have followed by the Waitaha tribe. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha were dispossessed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe and they were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu tribe, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by the Deans brothers in 1843 who stayed, the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, the Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, the name Christ Church was decided prior to the ships arrival, at the Associations first meeting, on 27 March 1848
9.
Wellington
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Wellington is the capital and second most populous urban area of New Zealand, with 405,000 residents. It is at the tip of the North Island, between Cook Strait and the Rimutaka Range. Wellington is the population centre of the southern North Island and is the administrative centre of the Wellington Region. It is the worlds windiest city, with a wind speed of over 26 km/h. Situated near the centre of the country, Wellington was well placed for trade. In 1839 it was chosen as the first major planned settlement for British immigrants coming to New Zealand, the settlement was named in honour of the Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo. As the nations capital since 1865, the New Zealand Government and Parliament, Supreme Court, despite being much smaller than Auckland, Wellington is also referred to as New Zealands cultural capital. The city is home to the National Archives, the National Library, architectural sights include the Government Building—one of the largest wooden buildings in the world—as well as the iconic Beehive. Wellington plays host to artistic and cultural organisations, including the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra. It has an urban culture, with many cafés, restaurants. One of the worlds most liveable cities, the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Wellington 12th in the world, Wellingtons economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, and government. It is the centre of New Zealands film and special effects industries, Wellington ranks as one of New Zealands chief seaports and serves both domestic and international shipping. The city is served by Wellington International Airport, the third busiest airport in the country, Wellingtons transport network includes train and bus lines which reach as far as the Kapiti Coast and Wairarapa, and ferries connect the city to the South Island. Wellington takes its name from Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington and victor of the Battle of Waterloo, his title comes from the town of Wellington in the English county of Somerset. One of the founders of the settlement, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, reported that the settlers took up the views of the directors with great cordiality, in Māori, Wellington has three names. In New Zealand Sign Language, the name is signed by raising the index, middle and ring fingers of one hand, palm forward, to form a W, and shaking it slightly from side to side twice. The citys location close to the mouth of the narrow Cook Strait leads to its vulnerability to strong gales, legends recount that Kupe discovered and explored the district in about the 10th century. The earliest date with hard evidence for Maori living in New Zealand is about 1280, European settlement began with the arrival of an advance party of the New Zealand Company on the ship Tory on 20 September 1839, followed by 150 settlers on the Aurora on 22 January 1840
10.
Makara, New Zealand
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Makara is a locality located at the western edge of Wellington, New Zealand, close to the shore of the Tasman Sea. With winding road access from Karori or Ohariu, Makara is an area with sparse development. In the nineteenth century there was an amount of gold-mining. Adjacent to Cape Terawhiti the Cook Strait cables come ashore, carrying power and telecommunications between the North and South Islands
11.
Ohariu, New Zealand
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Ohariu is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It is an area, located 5 kilometres from Khandallah. The name is a corruption of Owhariu, where, according to Māori mythology, the area is governed by the Makara / Ohariu Community Board. The name of the locality has given its name to two general electorates, Ōhāriu and Ohariu-Belmont, in the 19th century, Ohariu was divided into Country Sections by the New Zealand Company. Many were sold to owners, and there were only three resident settlers in 1854, James Smith, James Hallett and James Holder. Later settlers from the 1860s were James Bryant and his sons of Huia Farm, Thomas Bassett of Willow Bank, Charles Austin, George Best, initially farms ran sheep and beef cattle. Access was by tracks from Awarua Street, Khandallah and Johnsonville, from the 1860s by the Old Coach Road, from 1916 there was a dairying invasion which lasted fifty years, because of a better return than from sheep. It began when Frank Nossiter bought Alf Kirbys 100 acre sheep farm and he was joined by a dozen more dairy farmers. Ohariu Valley has an article from 1896 in The Cyclopedia of New Zealand
12.
Porirua
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Porirua is a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand, and one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area. It almost completely surrounds Porirua Harbour at the end of the Kapiti Coast. Pauatahanui Inlet, the inlet of the harbour, is notable for its world-class estuarine values. The population at the June 2016 was 55,200, the name Porirua has a Māori origin, it may represent a variant of pari-rua, a reference to the two arms of the Porirua Harbour. In the 19th century the name designated a district that stretched from Kaiwharawhara on the north-west shore of Wellington Harbour northwards to. The road climbing the hill from Kaiwharawhara towards Ngaio and Khandallah still bears the name Old Porirua Road, in the 19th century a small European settlement grew up, partly because of the need for a ferry across the harbour. At the time a small Māori settlement already existed, the Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company opened a railway line to Porirua in 1885, linking the city with Wellington. The railway reached Longburn in 1886 to connect with the Governments lines to Taranaki, with the acquisition of the company by the government in 1908, the line to Porirua formed part of the North Island Main Trunk railway. The railway contributed much to the growth of Plimmerton and Paremata by making day-trips to the beaches from Wellington relatively easy, the line through to Porirua was electrified in 1940 following the construction of the Tawa Flat deviation. The 1880s and 1890s saw the establishment of the Porirua Lunatic Asylum on the hill south-west of the village, following the Mental Defectives Act of 1911, the Asylum became Porirua Mental Hospital. In the late 1940s state planning envisaged Porirua becoming a city of Wellington with state housing. Since then Porirua has grown to a city population approaching 51,000, major territorial additions to the city occurred in 1973 and 1988 as part of the reduction and eventual abolition of Hutt County. Substantial industrial areas, generally west of the city centre, have evolved, during the 1960s Kodak, UEB Industries and many small businesses opened at Elsdon. During the following decade, Ashley Wallpapers developed the former UEB property and after negotiations with the government. On 7 June 1976, New Zealands first McDonalds restaurant opened in Porirua, on the corner of Cobham Court, the original restaurant closed on 24 April 2009, and the store relocated to Kenepuru Drive. The area is administered by Porirua City Council and Greater Wellington Regional Council, four years later the population was officially estimated at over the 20,000 threshold then necessary for Porirua to be declared a city. On 1 April 1973 large areas to the north-east were transferred to the city from Hutt County by popular vote, Mana Island was added to the city at the same time. In 1988 a further addition was the Horokiri riding of the county, containing most of the new Whitby suburb
13.
Lower Hutt
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Lower Hutt is a city in the Wellington Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is administered by the Hutt City Council and is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area and it is New Zealands seventh most populous city, with a population of 103,400. The city covers an area of 377 km2 around the half of the Hutt Valley. It is separated from Wellington proper by the harbour, and from Upper Hutt by the Taitā Gorge, though it is administered by the Hutt City Council, neither the New Zealand Geographic Board nor the Local Government Act recognise the name Hutt City. This name has led to confusion, as Upper Hutt is administered by a city council, the Upper Hutt City Council. Before European settlement, thick forest covered most of the Hutt Valley, Māori inhabited the shoreline, with a pa at each end of Petone beach. The local Māori welcomed the arrival of the New Zealand Company ship Tory in 1839, the first immigrant ship, the Aurora, arrived on 22 January 1840, still celebrated every year on the Monday closest as Wellingtons Anniversary Day. A settlement, Britannia, grew up close to the mouth of the Hutt River, the city takes its name from the river, named after the founding member, director and chairman of the New Zealand Company, Sir William Hutt. Within months of settlement the river flooded, and in March 1840 the majority of Britannia settlers decided to move to Thorndon, in the 1840s an area on the west bank of the Hutt River formed the village then known as Aglionby. In 1846 conflict arose between settlers and Māori, which led to skirmishes in the Hutt Valley Campaign, the 1855 Wairarapa earthquake raised part of the lower valley, allowing reclamation of land from swamp. The fault escarpment from the earthquake is still visible, notably at Hutt Central School, the railway line from central Wellington reached Lower Hutt station in April 1874, with the line travelling north up the west side of the river to Silverstream opening two years later. Before the Second World War, urban settlement in the lower Hutt Valley concentrated mainly on Petone, central Lower Hutt and Eastbourne, two years later the railway workshops moved from Petone to a new larger site off the new branch at Woburn. By the end of the 1950s, Lower Hutt had a population of 80,000, the Hutt City Council is made up of a mayor and 12 councillors. Ray Wallace was elected Lower Hutt mayor in 2010, succeeding David Ogden, the citys six electoral wards each elect two councillors. Neighbouring councils are Wellington City Council, Porirua City Council to the north, Upper Hutt City Council to the north-east, the boundaries of the Lower Hutt city local body have evolved from a series of amalgamations and boundary changes over the years. The Hutt County Council was established in 1877 and covered the region from Wellingtons south coast up to Waikanae, in 1941 Lower Hutt became a city. Lower Hutt is covered by two electorates, Hutt South and Rimutaka and two Māori electorates, Ikaroa-Rāwhiti and Te Tai Tonga. The city centres on the valley of the Hutt River
14.
City status
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A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
15.
Capital city
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A capital city is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government. In some jurisdictions, including countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. The word capital derives from the Latin caput, meaning head, in several English-speaking states, the terms county town, county seat, and borough seat are also used in lower subdivisions. In unitary states, subnational capitals are known as administrative centres. The capital is often, but not necessarily, the largest city of its constituent, historically, the major economic centre of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or federation. Examples are Ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, Ancient Athens, Rome, Constantinople, Changan, Ancient Cusco, Madrid, Paris, London, Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo, Vienna, and Berlin. Some of these cities are or were also religious centres, e. g. Constantinople, Rome, Jerusalem, Ancient Babylon, Moscow, Belgrade, Paris, and Peking. A capital city that is also the economic, cultural. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal, traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, e. g. Nanking by Shanghai, Quebec City by Montreal, and numerous US state capitals. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its city, as occurred at Babylon. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no legal designation as such, for example Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Paris, are located in or near them. In Canada, there is a capital, while the ten provinces. The states of such countries as Mexico, Brazil, and Australia all have capital cities, for example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney. In Australia, the capital cities is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin. Abu Dhabi is the city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent countries, such as the United Kingdom or the Kingdom of Denmark, the national capitals of Germany and Russia, the Stadtstaat of Berlin and the Federal City of Moscow, are also constituent states of both countries in their own right
16.
New Zealand Parliament
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The New Zealand Parliament is the legislative branch of New Zealand, consisting of the Queen of New Zealand and the New Zealand House of Representatives. Before 1951, there was a chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning parliaments in the world, the House of Representatives is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament. It usually consists of 120 MPs, though sometimes due to overhang seats. 70 MPs are elected directly in electorate seats and the remainder are filled by list MPs based on each partys share of the party vote, Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. New Zealand does not allow sentenced prisoners to vote, the Parliament is closely linked to the executive branch. The House of Representatives has met in the Parliament Buildings located in Wellington, Parliament funds the broadcast of its proceedings through Parliament TV, AM Network and Parliament Today. It was based on the Westminster model and had a house, called the House of Representatives. The members of the House of Representatives were elected under the first-past-the-post voting system, originally Councillors were appointed for life, but later their terms were fixed at seven years. In 1951, the Council was abolished altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral, under the Constitution Act, legislative power was also conferred on New Zealands provinces, each of which had its own elected Legislative Council. These provincial legislatures were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects, over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876. Four Māori electorates were created in 1867 during the term of the 4th Parliament, originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire. One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the country quota, from 1889 on, districts were weighted according to their urban/rural split. The country quota was in effect until it was abolished in 1945 by a mostly urban-elected Labour government, the New Zealand Parliament is sovereign with no institution able to over-ride its decisions. The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded, for example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, it is not superior law as codified constitutions are in some other countries. The only thing Parliament is limited in its power are on some entrenched issues relating to elections and these issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue. The Queen of New Zealand is one of the components of Parliament—formally called the Queen-in-Parliament and this results from the role of the monarch to sign into law the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives was established as a house and has been the Parliaments sole chamber since 1951
17.
Public works
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Public works are a broad category of infrastructure projects, financed and constructed by the government, for recreational, employment, and health and safety uses in the greater community. They include public buildings, transport infrastructure, public spaces, public services, though often interchangeable with public infrastructure and public capital, public works does not necessarily carry an economic component, thereby being a broader term. Public works is a concept in economics and politics, touching on multiple arenas including, recreation, aesthetics, economy, law. Essentially, it represents any constructed object that augments a nations physical infrastructure, municipal infrastructure, urban infrastructure, and rural development usually represent the same concept but imply either large cities or developing nations concerns respectively. The terms public infrastructure or critical infrastructure are at times used interchangeably, furthermore, the term public works has recently been expanded to include digital public infrastructure projects. The first nationwide digital public works project is an effort to create an open source platform for e-voting. This functions as a form of safety net. PWPs are activities which entail the payment of a wage by the state, one particular form of public works, that of offering a short-term period of employment, has come to dominate practice, particularly in regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa. Applied in the term, this is appropriate as a response to transient shocks. Investing in public projects in order to stimulate the general economy has been a popular policy measure since the economic crisis of the 1930s. More recent examples are the 2008-2009 Chinese economic stimulus program, the 2008 European Union stimulus plan, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Governments will invest in public works because of the benefit to society when there is a lack of private sector benefit or the risk is too great for a private company to accept on its own. According to research conducted at the Aalborg University, 86% of public works projects end up with cost overruns and this money is only spent during the course of the project if the construction managers judge that it is necessary, and typically the expenditure must be justified in writing. Public Works magazine - The voice of professionals serving Americas communities Planete TP - The world of public works Digging holes, how far do public works enhance livelihoods
18.
Celia Wade-Brown
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Celia Margaret Wade-Brown QSO was the 34th Mayor of Wellington City, the capital city of New Zealand. Wade-Brown was the female mayor of the city, replacing centre-right Kerry Prendergast. She defeated Prendergast by 176 votes in the 2010 single transferable vote mayoral election, Wade-Brown won a second term in 2013. She was the mayor of a major New Zealand city to have been a member of the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, after Dunedins Sukhi Turner. Wade-Brown did not contest the Wellington mayoralty in the 2016 local election for a third term, born in Paddington, West London, to a British military officer father Paul Wade-Brown, Wade-Brown grew up in a council flat. She attended The Holt School in Wokingham, Berkshire, England, after school, she took a gap year in Cape Coast, Ghana, then earned an honours degree in philosophy from the University of Nottingham. She started her life with IBM in the United Kingdom. As an adult, Wade-Brown discovered and connected with two half-sisters, one half-sister Gitta Rupp was an Austrian war child born to her father and an Austrian mother. Wade-Brown first stood for the Green Party as a list candidate under the Alliance banner in the 1996 election, in the 1999 election, she stood for the Green Party as a list candidate. In the 2002 election, she stood for the Green Party as a list candidate in the Rongotai electorate and she has not appeared on the Green Party list since the 2005 election. Wade-Brown served as a Wellington City Councillor for the Southern Ward in 1994–1998, in 2010 Wade-Brown decided to run to be the Mayor of Wellington, and not in the Southern Ward seat which she previously held. Wade-Brown beat the incumbent Mayor, Kerry Prendergast, by 176 votes—some media outlets reported that this was the closest margin seen in the Wellington Mayoral race, in total, Wade-Brown received 24,881 votes, compared to Prendergasts 24,705 votes. Paul Eagle replaced Wade-Brown as a Councillor for the Southern Ward, as of 2016, Eagle still holds this seat. Wade-Brown does not favour Wellingtons adopting a city type council like Auckland. Wade-Brown was re-elected as Mayor of Wellington in October 2013, beating her main rival John Morrison 27,171 to 24,691 after five rounds of vote allocation. A basic form of the wage was introduced in 2014—this meant an increase in salaries of over 500 staff and been extended to the zoo, museums trust, security contract. In August 2014 Wade-Brown became a leader of Mayors for Peace. Peace Action Wellington criticised Wellington Venues decision to host a War Conference sponsored by Lockheed Martin in June 2015 because of her role as the leader of Mayors for Peace
19.
Auckland Council
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The Auckland Council is the local government council for the Auckland Region in New Zealand. The governing body consists of a mayor and 20 councillors, elected from 13 wards, There are also 149 members of 21 local boards who make decisions on matters local to their communities. It is the largest council in Australasia, with a $3 billion annual budget, $29 billion of ratepayer equity, and 9,870 full time staff as of 30 June 2016. The council began operating on 1 November 2010, combining the functions of the regional council. The Council was established by a number of Acts of Parliament, both the means by which the Council was established and its structure came under repeated criticism from a broad spectrum during the establishment period. The initial Council elections in October 2010 returned a mostly centre-left council with Len Brown as mayor, Brown was re-elected in October 2013, again with a largely supportive council. The 2016 mayoral election was won by Labour MP Phil Goff, the Auckland Regional Council was formed in 1989, replacing the Auckland Regional Authority. Until 2010, the Auckland Region had seven City/District authorities, plus one Regional authority, in 2007, the government set up a Royal Commission on Auckland Governance to report on what restructuring should be done. Some recommendations of the Royal Commission which have not been adopted or implemented, 6B The Mayor of Aucklands annual State of the Region address should describe progress towards the attainment of the vision. 19C, Leadership support and development programmes for elected councillors should be strengthened, 21D, Auckland Council CCOs and their statements of intent should be subject to performance review by the proposed Auckland Services Performance Auditor. 21A 22A Two Māori members should be elected to the Auckland Council by voters who are on the parliamentary Māori Electoral Roll, 22B There should be a Mana Whenua Forum, the members of which will be appointed by mana whenua from the district of the Auckland Council. Where appropriate, current structures and/or memoranda of understanding should be transferred to local councils, 24F Auckland Council should consider creating an Urban Development Agency, to operate at the direction of the Auckland Council, with compulsory acquisition powers. The Auckland Council should determine the extent to which responsibilities for the delivery of services are shared between local councils and Watercare Services Limited. 26I Watercare Services Limited should be required by legislation to demand management. 26M Watercare Services Limited should be required to prepare an action plan. 27D The Auckland Council should prepare an e-government strategy as an part of its proposed unified service delivery. B) require Auckland Council CCOs providing council services to adopt the councils ICT infrastructure standards, the role of the Performance Auditor will include a) reviewing the adequacy and relevance of CCO performance targets. B) protecting the interests and advocating for them in respect of the reliability and affordability of council services
20.
Mayor of Wellington City
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The Mayor of Wellington City is the head of the municipal government of Wellington, New Zealand, and presides over the Wellington City Council. Adjacent local bodies – Lower Hutt, Upper Hutt, and Porirua – have their own mayors, the Mayor is directly elected using STV. The current Mayor is Justin Lester, elected in October 2016, the development of local government in Wellington was erratic. The first attempt to establish governmental institutions, the so-called Wellington Republic, was short lived and based on rules written by the New Zealand Company, colonel William Wakefield was to be the first President. The office of mayor was established, but there were two holders of this office under the Ordinance. George Hunter received the most votes in the election for 12 Burgesses to the new council on 3 October 1842 and was declared mayor and he died suddenly on 19 July 1843. William Guyton was then declared mayor, as runner-up in 1842, after a brief period of little local government, the Province of Wellington was established in 1852, and most of Wellingtons affairs were handled by the provincial government. Initially, the elected one of their own as mayor towards the end of the year. The role was awarded to the longest serving councillor. The system changed upon the introduction of The Municipal Corporations Acts Amendment Act,1875 and it legislated that mayors must be elected at large by eligible voters. The inaugural mayoral election was held in 1875 resulting in William Hutchison being the first mayor to be elected by voters, in 1863, a Town Board was established with three wards, but no Mayor. On 16 September 1870, Wellington was officially incorporated as a city, and a new mayoralty created, the establishment of the new council was primarily driven by John Plimmer, called by some the Father of Wellington. Since then the office of Mayor has been held by 34 people, five people have been Mayor on two separate occasions, and the longest-serving Mayor was Sir Frank Kitts, from 1956 to 1974
21.
New Zealand Labour Party
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The New Zealand Labour Party, or simply Labour, is a centre-left political party in New Zealand. With its historic rival, the New Zealand National Party, Labour has dominated New Zealand governments since the 1930s, Labour currently promotes a social-democratic platform. It is a participant of the international Progressive Alliance, the New Zealand Labour Party was formed in 1916 by various socialist parties and trade unions. It is thus the countrys oldest political party still in existence, there have been five Labour governments. The party was first in power from 1935 and 1949, when it established New Zealands welfare state and it governed most recently from 1999 to 2008 with Helen Clark as party leader and Prime Minister. Since the partys defeat in the 2008 general election, Labour has comprised the second-largest caucus represented in the New Zealand Parliament, on 18 November 2014 Andrew Little was confirmed outside of Parliament and in a press conference as the new Labour leader. Labours 1916 policy objectives called for the socialisation of the means of production, distribution and exchange, up to the 1980s Labour remained a party that believed in a strong role for governments in economic and social matters. However, it had transformed from a trade union-dominated, socialist-oriented movement to a moderate social-democratic party. The Labour Government of the 1980s deviated sharply from a social-democratic path, in a series of economic reforms dubbed Rogernomics, the Government removed a swathe of regulations and subsidies, privatised state assets and introduced corporate practices to state services. Equal access to all social, economic, cultural, political and legal spheres, co-operation as the main governing factor in economic relations, to ensure a just distribution of wealth. Universal rights to dignity, self-respect and the opportunity to work, the right to wealth and property, subject to the provisos of regarding people as always more important than property and the obligations of the state to ensure a just distribution of wealth. The Treaty of Waitangi as the document of New Zealand, and its honouring in the Party, government, society. The promotion of peace and social justice throughout the world by international co-operation, Equality in human rights regardless of race, sex, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, age, religious faith, political belief or disability. Its origins lie in the British working class movement, heavily influenced by Australian radicalism and it is the oldest surviving New Zealand political party. The New Zealand Labour Party was an amalgamation of a number of early groups, the process of unifying these diverse groups into a single party was difficult, with tensions between different factions running strong. At the turn of the century, the side of New Zealand working class politics was represented by the Socialist Party. The more moderate leftists were generally supporters of the Liberal Party and this established the basic dividing line in New Zealands left-wing politics – the Socialists tended to be revolutionary and militant, while the moderates focused instead on progressive reform. In 1910, the Independent Political Labour League was relaunched as a called the Labour Party
22.
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
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The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand is a left-wing political party in New Zealand. Like many Green parties around the world it has four pillars, ecology, social responsibility, grassroots democracy and it is a member of the Global Greens. The party has both a male and female co-leader, currently Metiria Turei and James Shaw, the male co-leader position was vacant following the November 2005 death of Rod Donald until the 2006 annual general meeting when Russel Norman was elected using the alternative vote system. Following former female co-leader Jeanette Fitzsimonss decision to step down in February 2009, Shaw was elected at the Partys 2015 AGM over fellow MPs Gareth Hughes and Kevin Hague, and Party member Vernon Tava. In the 2014 general election, the Green Partys share of the party vote fell slightly to 10. 70% from 11. 06% in 2011 and it is the third largest political party in the House of Representatives with 14 seats. In addition, the Green Party contests Auckland Council elections under the City Vision banner, in concert with the Labour Party, the Greens place particular emphasis on environmental issues. In recent times, they have expressed concerns about mining of national parks, fresh water, climate change, peak oil and they have also spoken out in support of human rights, and against the military operations conducted by the United States and other countries in Afghanistan and Iraq. In its economic policies, the Green Party stresses factors such as sustainability, taxing the indirect costs of pollution and it also states that measuring economic success should concentrate on measuring well-being rather than analysing economic indicators. The party has said if it forms a government in the 2017 election it will legalise cannabis. Under its proposal, people would be able to legally grow, the party would also urgently amend the law so sick people using medicinal marijuana were not penalised. This world is finite, therefore unlimited material growth is impossible, social responsibility, Unlimited material growth is impossible. Therefore the key to social responsibility is the just distribution of social and natural resources, appropriate decision-making, For the implementation of ecological wisdom and social responsibility, decisions will be made directly at the appropriate level by those affected. Non-violence, Non-violent conflict resolution is the process by which ecological wisdom, social responsibility and this principle applies at all levels. The Executive is the administrative body, responsible for the day to day overall administration of the party, instructed by and answerable to the membership, provinces. A province is a collection of branches which has sufficient sense of common identity defined by geographical boundaries. Branches are a collection of members with a geographical area of responsibility. There are a number of identity or interest-based networks across the party, the Values Party originated in 1972 at Victoria University of Wellington. While it gained a measure of support in several elections
23.
Blazon
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In heraldry and heraldic vexillology, a blazon is a formal description of a coat of arms, flag or similar emblem, from which the reader can reconstruct the appropriate image. The verb to blazon means to such a description. Blazon also refers to the language in which a blazon is written. This language has its own vocabulary, grammar and syntax, or rules governing word order, other objects — such as badges, banners, and seals — may also be described in blazon. The word blazon is not to be confused with the verb to emblazon, or the noun emblazonment, the word blazon is derived from French blason, shield. It was found in English by the end of the 14th century, formerly, experts in heraldry assumed that the word was related to the German verb blasen, to blow. Present-day lexicographers reject this theory as conjectural and disproved, the blazon of armorials follows a rigid formula, designed to eliminate ambiguity of interpretation, to be as concise as possible and to avoid repetition and extraneous punctuation. The nomenclature is equally significant, and its aim is to combine definitive exactness with a brevity that is indeed laconic. The rules of blazonry are as follows, Every blazon of a coat of arms begins by describing the field, with first letter as a capital, in a majority of cases this is a single tincture, e. g. Azure. If the field is complex, the variation is described, followed by the used, e. g. Chequy gules. The most common names are historically abbreviated. A Tincture is named only once in a given blazon, the principal charge are then named, with their tincture, e. g. a bend or. The principal charge is followed by any other charges placed around or on it, if a charge be a bird or beast, its attitude is described, followed by the animals tincture, followed by anything that may be differently coloured, e. g. An eagle displayed gules armed and wings charged with trefoils or, any accessories present — such as crown/coronet, helmet, torse, mantling, crest, motto, supporters and compartment — are then described in turn, using the same terminology and syntax. According to Boutell, It appears desirable always to print all heraldic blazon in italic, heraldry has its own vocabulary, word-order and punctuation, and showing it in italics thus indicates to the reader the presence of a quasi-foreign language. A quartered shield is blazoned one quarter at a time, proceeding by rows from chief to base, a divided shield is blazoned party per or parted per, though the word party or parted is almost always omitted. A tincture is sometimes replaced by of the first, of the second etc. to avoid repetition of tincture names, counterchanged means that a charge which straddles a line of division is tinctured of the same tinctures as the divided field, reversed. But as to the formulae of blazoning, John Brooke-Little, Norroy and Ulster King of Arms, wrote in 1985
24.
Lymphad
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A Lymphad or galley is a charge used primarily in Scottish heraldry. It is a single masted ship propelled by oars, in addition to the mast and oars, the Lymphad has three flags and a basket. The word comes from the Scottish Gaelic long fhada, meaning a long ship or birlinn and it usually indicates a title associated with islands, such as Lord of the Isles, specifically those on the west coast of Scotland, including the Hebrides. Also, it is not limited to Scottish arms, prominent examples including the coats of arms of New Zealand, although the drawing of the lymphad for heraldic design purposes naturally became standardized, there are minor differences. These usually involve the position of the sails and oars and the tincture of the flags, there are other variations as well, such as the tincture of the ship. Additionally, the basket may be afire and a crew may be depicted, the Captain of Clan Chattan field, Or, lymphad, Azure, sail furled, oars shown in saltire over the boat, flags Gules. Lordship of the Isles field, Or, lymphad, Sable, sail furled, oars in action, macAlister of the Loup The lymphad is shown on an eagles breast, Gules, lymphad Sable, sail furled, oars in action, flags Sable. Macdonald, Lord of the Isles field, Or, lymphad Sable, sail furled, oars in action, flags Gules, with an eagle displayed on the boat. MacDougall of MacDougall field, Or, lymphad Sable, sail furled, oars in action, flags Gules, mcBain of Kinchyle field, Or, lymphad Azure, sails furled, oars in saltire, Gules, flags Gules. Macfie of Colonsay field, Or, lymphad Sable, full sails Argent, no oars, macGillivray of Dunmaglass field, Azure, lymphad Or, sails furled, oars in action, flags Gules. MacIain of Ardnamurchan field, Or, lymphad Sable, sails furled, oars in action, Mackinnon of Mackinnon field, Or, lymphad Sable, sails furled, oars in saltire, flags Gules. The Mackintosh field, Or, lymphad Azure, sails furled, oars in saltire, Maclachlan of Maclachlan field, Or, lymphad Sable, sail furled, no oars, flags Gules. Maclaren of Maclaren field, Or, lymphad Sable, sail furled, oars in action, maclean of Duart field, Or, lymphad Sable, sails furled, oars in saltire, flags Gules. MacNeil of Barra field, Or, lymphad Sable, sails furled, oars in action, cluny Macpherson field, per fesse Or and Azure, lymphad Or on the Azure, Azure on the Or, sails furled, oars in action, flags Gules. The Captain of Clan Ranald field, Or, lymphad Sable, sail furled, oars in saltire, Shaw of Rothiemurchus field, Or, lymphad Azure, sail furled, oars in saltire, flags Gules. Despite the English surname, Shaw, the arms have a Highland, Gaelic appearance
25.
Saltire
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A saltire, also called Saint Andrews Cross, is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. The word comes from the Middle French sautoir, possibly owing to the shape of the areas in the design. It appears in flags, including those of Scotland and Jamaica. A variant, also appearing on many past and present flags, a warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also used to indicate the point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing. In Unicode, the cross is encoded at U+2613 ☓ saltire, see X mark#Unicode for similar symbols that might be more accessible. The saltire appears on vexilla that are represented consistently on coinage of Christian emperors of Rome, in the ninth and tenth century the saltire was revived in Constantinople as a symbol of Christian-imperial power. Anne Roes detected the symbol, which appears with balls in the quadrants formed by the arms of the chi-cross. She suggested that early Christians endorsed its solar symbolism as appropriate to Christ and she also wrote, although it cannot be proved. In the white saltire of St. Andrew we still have a reminiscence of the old standard of the Persepolitan kingdom, when two or more saltires appear, they are usually blazoned as cut off. A saltorel is a saltire, the term is usually defined as one-half the width of the saltire. A field per saltire is divided into four areas by a saltire-shaped cut, otherwise, each of the four divisions may be blazoned separately. Examples include, Suffolk County Council, England, The Corporation of the Municipality of Brighton, when five or more compact charges are in saltire, one is in the center and one or more lie on each arm of an invisible saltire. The Saint Andrews Cross was worn as a badge on hats in Scotland, the Cross of Burgundy, a form of the Saint Andrews Cross, is used in numerous flags across Europe and the Americas. It was first used in the 15th century as an emblem by the Valois Dukes of Burgundy, the Duchy of Burgundy, forming a large part of eastern France and the Low Countries, was inherited by the House of Habsburg on the extinction of the Valois ducal line. As a result, the Cross of Burgundy has appeared in a variety of flags connected with territories formerly part of the Burgundian or Habsburg inheritance. Examples of such diversity include the Spanish naval ensign, the flag of Carlism, the flag of the Dutch municipality of Eijsden, the naval ensign of the Imperial Russian and Russian navies is a blue saltire on a white field. Prior to the Union the Royal Scots Navy used a red ensign incorporating the St Andrews Cross, with its colours exchanged, the same design forms part of the arms and flag of Nova Scotia. The Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza also use a blue saltire on a white field, the flags of the Spanish island of Tenerife and the remote Colombian islands of San Andrés and Providencia also use a white saltire on a blue field
26.
Mural crown
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A mural crown is a crown or headpiece representing city walls or towers. In classical antiquity, it was an emblem of tutelary deities who watched over a city, later the mural crown developed into a symbol of European heraldry, mostly for cities and towns, and in the 19th and 20th centuries was used in some republican heraldry. In Hellenistic culture, a mural crown identified tutelary deities such as the goddess Tyche, the high cylindrical polos of Cybele too could be rendered as a mural crown in Hellenistic times, specifically designating the mother goddess as patron of a city. The mural crown became an ancient Roman military decoration, the Roman mural crown was made of gold, and decorated with turrets, as is the heraldic version. As it was among the highest order of military decorations, it was not awarded to a claimant until after a strict investigation. The rostrata mural crown, composed of the indicative of captured ships, was assigned as naval prize to the first in a boarding party. The Graeco-Roman goddess Romas attributes on Greek coinage usually include her mural crown, in recent times, mural crowns were used, rather than royal crowns, for medieval and modern Italian communes. A mural-crowned lady, Italia Turrita, personifies Italy, in Italy, communes and some provinces and military corps have a mural crown on their coat of arms, gold with five towers for cities, and silver with nine-towered for others. The coat of arms of the Second Spanish Republic had a mural crown, the Romanian municipal coats of arms contain a mural crown, with one or three towers for villages and communes, five and seven towers for towns and municipalities. Camp crown Naval crown Grass crown Civic crown Civic heraldry Emblem of Italy Laurel wreath Italia Turrita National personification The Stella d’Italia Mural Crown
27.
Mantling
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In heraldry, mantling or lambrequin is drapery tied to the helmet above the shield. It forms a backdrop for the shield, generally, mantling is blazoned mantled x, doubled y, the cloth has two sides, one of a heraldic colour and the other of a heraldic metal. The mantling of the Black Loyalist Heritage Society is an example in which the mantling is of two furs. The Coat of Arms of Canada is mantled white and red, or argent doubled gules, furthermore, the arms of sovereigns are a common exception. The arms of the United Kingdom and those of Emperor Akihito of Japan are both or, lined ermine, such a mantling often being held to be limited to sovereigns. In the early days of the development of the crest, before the torse, crest coronets and chapeaux were developed and it still holds true frequently in Germany. There are rare examples where the mantling is blazoned to complement the coat of arms. When charges occur, they are displayed as a semy
28.
Moa
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The moa were nine species of flightless birds endemic to New Zealand. The two largest species, Dinornis robustus and Dinornis novaezelandiae, reached about 3.6 m in height with neck outstretched, when Polynesians settled New Zealand around 1280 CE, the moa population was about 58,000. Moa belong to the order Dinornithiformes, traditionally placed in the ratite group, however, their closest relatives have been found by genetic studies to be the flighted South American tinamous, once considered to be a sister group to ratites. The nine species of moa were the only wingless birds lacking even the wings which all other ratites have. They were the dominant herbivores in New Zealands forest, shrubland and subalpine ecosystems for thousands of years, Moa extinction occurred around 1300 CE -1440 CE ±20 years, primarily due to overhunting by Māori. The spine was attached to the rear of the rather than the base. This would have allowed them to graze on low-elevation vegetation, while being able to lift their heads and this has resulted in a reconsideration of the height of larger moa. Although there is no surviving record of what sounds moa made, the trachea of moa were supported by many small rings of bone known as tracheal rings. These are the only known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups including swans, cranes. The feature is associated with deep, resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances, research published starting in 2010 has found that the moas closest cousins are small terrestrial South American birds called the tinamous which are able to fly. Previously, the kiwi, the Australian emu, and cassowary were thought to be most closely related to the moa, although dozens of species were described in the late 19th century and early 20th century, many were based on partial skeletons and turned out to be synonyms. Currently, eleven species are recognised, although recent studies using ancient DNA recovered from bones in museum collections suggest that distinct lineages exist within some of these. A2009 study showed that Euryapteryx curtus and Euryapteryx gravis were synonyms, a 2010 study explained size differences among them as sexual dimorphism. A2012 morphological study interpreted them as subspecies instead, ancient DNA analyses have determined that there were a number of cryptic evolutionary lineages in several moa genera. These may eventually be classified as species or subspecies, Megalapteryx benhami which is synonymised with M. didinus because the bones of both share all essential characters. Size differences can be explained by a north-south cline combined with temporal variation such that specimens were larger during the Otiran glacial period, similar temporal size variation is known for the North Island Pachyornis mappini. Some of the size variation for moa species can probably be explained by similar geographic. The earliest moa remains come from the Miocene Saint Bathans Fauna, known from multiple eggshells and hindlimb elements, these represent at least two species of already fairly large sized species
29.
Churton Park
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Churton Park is a suburb 1.5 km north of Johnsonville in Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. It was established in the 1970s, and as of 2009 had a population of 6,260, in the 2013 census, the population of Churton Park and the adjacent community of Glenside was 6528, with 2349 dwellings. The suburb includes over 2300 households, Churton Park Reserve which includes a sports field. The Churton Park Community Centre, which is managed and staffed by Wellington City Council, is located in the Village. Churton Park is one of the youngest suburbs in Wellington and was farmland until 1970, in the 1850s Thomas Drake was running 200 sheep in what is now Churton Park. The area of Churton Park near current Lakewood Avenue was originally a swamp and has recently developed into residential housing. Since being established, it is one of the fasted growing subdivisions in Wellington, the topography is quite hilly and has regenerating bush in some areas that has not been excavated for housing sub-divisions. Steep hills extend west over to Ohariu Valley, extensive cut and fill earthworks have been required in the construction of the subdivisions for housing. The micro-climate is only slightly different from that of Johnsonville, but is warmer and it rarely snows, but during winter 2011 snowfalls briefly shut down buses and closed roads, causing some students and workers to stay home for a few days. Churton Park is within the enrollment zones for Onslow College, Newlands College, St Orans College, Raroa Normal Intermediate Amesbury Skool, Churton Park has two state primary schools that cater for pupils up to Year 6. Churton Park School on Churton Drive is a school. To accommodate these increases, there were renovations to the buildings between 1997 and 2007. In 2006, to help manage roll growth, the School Board proposed an amendment to the zoning policy/area and this was heatedly debated in the community as the proposal would have removed several long-standing streets from the Zone. On 17 March 2009, Minister of Education Anne Tolley announced that a primary school would be built in the area instead. Amesbury School on Amesbury Drive opened at the start of 2012 and it has over 80 pupils and is growing. The Amesbury Hall at the school was opened in May by Wellington Mayor Celia Wade-Brown, the construction of the hall was funded in part by the proceeds from the sale of part of the school site by WCC to the Ministry of Education. The Amesbury Hall is available for community use, there is a little school on Melksham Drive off Westchester Drive and a kindergarten next to Churton Park School. There are historic gold mining shafts in the area, Tawa Flats All Luck Gold Mining Company shafts of 1881 included one now buried beneath Erlestoke Crescent
30.
Glenside, New Zealand
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Glenside is a suburb of Wellington, New Zealand. It is bounded by Tawa to the North, Churton Park to the West/South, Glenside was first settled in 1840. Ngāti Toa are the mana whenua, the area was known as The Halfway from 1840 until 1928. A competition was held to rename the suburb in 1928, to coincide with the opening of the Post Office, watts suggestion of Glenside was selected. She felt the area was reminiscent of a Scottish glen, a halfway house is a place for travellers to rest, usually halfway between two settlements. A Halfway house was built in 1841 by Anthony and Susannah Wall, the Halfway was the halfway resting-place for travelers journeying between Wellington and Porirua along a Maori trail. The route this trail traversed from Kaiwharawhara to Porirua was to be modified and enlarged, the development of the Porirua Road north of The Halfway halted at The Halfway due to tension between the Government Administrators and Ngāti Toa. The issues for Ngāti Toa were over questionable land deals after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and this resulted in outbreaks of war at Wairau and Nelson, at the Boulcott Farm in the Hutt Valley and the skirmish at Battle Hill. There are remains of a WW2 Tank trap, on land near Middleton Road. At the time of building this trap the road was known as Porirua Road and this road was the only road between Wellington and Porirua. Remnants of the traps were rediscovered by railway workers in 2008. A public works camp was built at Glenside to house building the Tawa Flat deviation of the North Island Main Trunk railway. The northern portal of the long No 2 tunnel is at Glenside, the remains of a rock crusher remain in Rowells Road, Glenside, and can be seen from Middleton Road. Crushed rock from the crusher was used for the foundations of the railway deviation, heritage Trail, Northern Suburbs - Following the Old Porirua Road, Wellington City Council
31.
Grenada North
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Grenada North is a small suburb in northern Wellington, New Zealand. It is 5 km south of Poriruas city centre, and 13 km north of Wellingtons city centre, as of 2006, it has 336 people in 105 occupied dwellings. Its western boundary is formed by State Highway 1 and Takapu Road, the suburb itself was named after Grenada in the Caribbean, and most streets are named after Caribbean islands. The Caribbean Avenue Reserve can be accessed from Caribbean Drive, the suburb was developed by Glendene Developments Ltd in the 1970s so was originally called Glendene, and was expected to join up soon with the suburb of Grenada further south. The 14.5 hectare site with sports fields in Jamaica Drive developed by the government was leased to the Wellington City Council for use as playing fields, the residential area south towards Grenada is only now being developed. Grenada North is 53% male, and has a population than Wellington as a whole. It has a percentage of minorities than Wellington as a whole, 28% Māori, 20% Pacific Islanders, 12% Asians. It is less well-educated than Wellington as a whole, with 34% of people age 15 or older having no formal qualifications, and 30% having a post-school qualification. It has a percentage of office jobs than Wellington as a whole, and a larger percentage of industrial workers such as technicians, trade workers, labourers. Median income is similar to Wellington as a whole, but more workers are paid in the $30, 000-50,000 range, one-family households are more common and one-person households are less common. All households own at least one vehicle, and about two-thirds own at least two
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Horokiwi
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Horokiwi is an outer Northern suburb of Wellington. The area is semi-rural and there are no schools, most children attend schools in nearby Newlands, the only feature other than houses and farms is Horokiwi Quarry. The only access to Horokiwi is via Horokiwi Road, a road that climbs up a hill, there are only five steets/roads, Horokiwi Road, Hillcroft Road, Lincolnshire Road, Woollaston Way and Van Der Velden Way. The former runs for approximately 6. 5km, and the final kilometer eventually reaches Belmont Regional Park and it also provides scenic views of Lower Hutt, Wellington Harbour, and other northern suburbs of Wellington such as Tawa and Grenada North. In 2010, Horokiwi Road closed for two months, causing long detours for residents. The Caribbean Avenue Reserve can be accessed from Horokiwi Road
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Johnsonville, New Zealand
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Johnsonville is a large suburb in northern Wellington, New Zealand. It is seven kilometres north of the city centre, at the top of the Ngauranga Gorge, the population of Jville was 10,239 at the 2013 census. Johnsonville is a large residential and commercial suburb. Johnsonville supports a large commuter population, housing is spread around the shopping hub in the centre and extends out to the base of Mt Kaukau to the west, and out across the hill towards the suburb of Newlands to the south-east. Johnsonville was originally the site of a Maori track from Wellington to Porirua, vegetation was dense native forest, dominated by totara, mixed podocarp trees, Rata and hinau. Johnsonville was settled in 1841 by, among others, Frank Johnson who had purchased a certificate of selection and had drawn the 100 acre Section 11 Kinapora District. Initially called Johnsons clearing, Frank Johnson built a house by the Johnsonville stream and he quickly denuded the entire Johnsonville area of virgin native forest, with timber sold to help build the nearby town of Wellington. He soon sold his land at a profit, and returned to England by 1858 leaving the environment massively changed. The Daisy Hill Farm House was built about 1860, and is still standing, over the 20th century, farmland slowly gave way to Suburbia, with the first tiny township of Johnsonville steadily growing to become populated principally by a mid-level socio-economic strata. Johnsonville was a town by 1896, Johnsonville was proclaimed a local board in 1874. From 1881 it was a dependent town district, renamed in 1887 the Johnsonville Town District, in 1908 the Town Board became independent. In 1909, John Rod, Chairman of the Town Board, presided over negotiations to have lighting and power, for public and private use. The board was active in the 1912-1922 period when gas lighting and drainage were installed, in 1912 a water reservoir was built for water supplied from Ohariu Valley, and a new reservoir built in 1922. Drainage installed in 1912 was to a tank in Ngauranga Gorge. The septic tank lasted to 1953, when Johnsonville amalgamated with the Wellington City Council in April, the town grew rapidly from 1938, when the area was linked to Wellington via a new electric train service and state housing expanded in the town. In the 1960s, the first shopping mall in the Wellington region was built in Johnsonville, Johnsonville has a modestly large commercial infrastructure and is self-sufficient in many ways, it has a shopping mall, two supermarkets and a library. Keith Spry pool is an indoor 25 meter heated pool with a pool, toddler pool, spa. The pool is run by Wellington City Council, on June 2013, work started on a $6 million revamp of the facilities which expanded the complex by 50 percent, adding a new learn to swim pool, replacing the roof and expanding the changing rooms
34.
Newlands, New Zealand
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Newlands is one of the northern suburbs of Wellington, New Zealand. It lies approximately 8 km north of the city centre and to the east of its nearest neighbour Johnsonville and it has a long history of early settlement and originally was farmed including being the early source of Wellingtons milk. Newlands is located in a valley and covers two ridgelines, the side of one of which overlooks Wellington Harbour and up to the Hutt Valley, the area that modern Newlands occupies was originally known as Papararangi which is Te Reo Māori for cluster of hills. A40 ha area was sold during the 1840-41 land ballots run by the New Zealand Company, there are two theories to the suburbs name. Thomas Newland was close friends of Walter Futter who owned land in Newlands, the second theory is that it was simply the New Land near Johnsonville. The area was used as a pig and dairy farm. Dairy farms were run by Bill Miles of Newlands Dairy Limited who purchased James Purchase’s farm in Glanmire Rd and ran 100 cows, also Pearce and Tristram. After the Second World War Miles subdivided for housing, initially in Wakely Road, then in Miles Crescent, Lyndfield Lane, Black Rock Road, ernest Hoskings grazed his dairy herd in Johnsonville, Newlands and Horokiwi. Newlands was the location of the 1923 Newlands Baby Farmers, where Daniel Cooper was found guilty and executed for murder, performing illegal abortions, Newlands has recently had a revamped shopping centre with a new supermarket, and a new community centre. It is close to services and a mall located in its near neighbour Johnsonville, the Newlands Community Centre was opened in 2009 and is home to a drop in centre, Newlands Toy Library and many community groups. Newlands Volunteer Fire Brigade was established in 1965 on Newlands Road and has 20 members and one appliance, Newlands has good access to Lower Hutt, the main motorway north to the Kapiti Coast, and to Wellingtons CBD. Newlands is within the enrollment zones for Newlands College, Newlands School, Newlands College is a state coeducational secondary school located on Bracken Road in Newlands. Newlands has three schools and one intermediate school, Newlands Intermediate is intermediate school located on Bracken road. It is a decile 9 school with a roll of 313 in 2014, Newlands School is a contributing primary school located on Newlands Road. It is a decile 8 school with a roll of 337 in 2014, Rewa Rewa School is a contributing primary school located on Padnell Crescent. It is a decile 9 school with a roll of 71 in 2014, bellevue School is a contributing primary school located on Bancroft Terrace. It is a decile 8 school with a roll of 266 in 2014, the Newlands baby farmers of 1923 Newlands Primary School Newlands Medical Centre
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Tawa, New Zealand
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Tawa is the northernmost suburb within the Wellington city boundary, located roughly 15 km north of Wellingtons CBD between Churton Park and Porirua in the North Island of New Zealand. It takes its name from the tree, which was once prolific throughout the area, although its most famous tree is the Bucket Tree. Tawa is also known for its number of churches, representing a wide range of Christian denominations. The suburb of Tawa occupies the Tawa Basin, within Tawa, there are a number of named areas, Lindenvale, Westhaven, Redwood and Southgate to the west and Linden, Greenacres and Sundale to the east of the central Tawa area. Tawa is located in a roughly north/south valley which opens up on the north into the Porirua Basin, the valley is about 4.5 km in length and 2.5 km wide. The Belmont range, to the east, separates the Tawa valley from the Hutt Valley, the northern entrance to Tawa is where Kenepuru Drive becomes Main Road, and its southern entrance the Tawa exit of State Highway 1. The Porirua Stream flows along the valley, fed by a number of tributaries, loosely following the path of the Porirua Stream through the valley is the North Island Main Trunk Line, which is the Kapiti Line of the Wellington suburban railway, operated by Tranz Metro. Slightly to the east, the Johnsonville-Porirua Motorway, a section of State Highway 1. Both have played an important role in the development and in providing access. The literally named Main Road runs down the centre of the suburb, Main Road and Kenepuru Drive were part of State Highway 1 before the motorway was built in the 1950s. As a result, trains are a significant component of Tawas public transport, despite these bus and train services, a substantial area on Tawas fringes remain over 400 metres from public transport, particularly in Redwood, Greenacres and Linden. In 2009 the Wellington City Council commenced work on a pedestrian cycle trail through Tawa to Porirua City Centre. The trail is a combination of new paths following the Porirua Stream and rail corridor, the Wellington City section of the trail, between Takapu Road railway station in the south and Kenepuru railway station in the north, was completed in 2013. The Porirua City section of the trail was built on an existing unsealed trail, as others living in the area gave their address as Porirua Road it is possible that John Woodman was the originator of the name. The Tawa area became a part of the Hutt County, formed in 1877, as the population of local areas grew, a number of local boroughs were split off from the Hutt County. In 1908, a smaller Makara County with offices in Porirua was formed from the part of the Hutt County. In 1939, residents seeking to give a name to the northern part of the Tawa district met. They chose Linden, from Linden Vale, the name of the home of Mr Stuart Duncan, but originally named by Mr Charles Duncan, the name Linden was adopted in 1940 and Lindens first Railway station was opened on 30 April 1941
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Karori
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The name Karori means ‘the rope of bird snares’ in Te Reo Māori. The area was uninhabited by Māori when the first European settlers came to Karori in the 1840s, the first settler in Karori was John Yule of Glasgow, who cleared 20 acres of forest on his section with his younger brother Moses and advertised its sale in December 1841. By 1845, ten 100-acre sections were being taken up and sub-divided, a small fortified post was constructed in 1845 by a group of armed police from Wellington that became known as “The Stockade” in response to fears of attacks from nearby Māori insurgents. While there were no attacks, the stockade was used for a service and was used to grind grain. The first mental hospital in Wellington was built in 1854, by 1871 it had 23 inmates and was run by untrained staff which resulted in the first matron and her husband being dismissed in 1872 because of cruelty. In 1873 the asylum was moved from Karori to the site of present-day Government House, the asylum site was taken over by Karori school in 1875. Karori in the 1850s was described by Frederick Mackie in his book Traveller under concern, the road is cut out of the sides of steep hills covered with forest. Karori experienced a rush when the valley of the Upper Kaiwharawhara Stream was subject to intensive gold mining activity between 1869 and 1873. This activity eventually led to the building of the lower Karori Dam in 1873, at the height of the rush, there were about 200 men working the claims, and shafts and drives up to 500 feet in length were driven into the hills. A counter petition was lodged with 41 signatories. Zealandia is a restoration project focusing on the flora and fauna that inhabited the valley before human settlement. Karori Park, on Karori Road features a football and cricket ground, all-weather track, changing rooms. Ben Burn Park, on Campbell Street features a football and cricket ground, changing rooms, athletics, play area. Wrights Hill Reserve in southern Karori features mountain bike and walking tracks, Karori pool is a modern indoor swimming complex with a 25 meter heating pool, learners pool, toddlers pool, spa pool and a 30 meter hydro-slide. The pool was originally an outdoor facility first opened in 1936, the pool was converted to an indoor pool in 2001 and additional work in 2010 added the hydro-slide. The pool is home to the Karori Pirates swimming club, the centre of Karori contains a shopping mall, café, and other amenities. Karori Library first opened in the 1840s, operating out of the community hall at the site of the present day library on Karori Road, in November 2005, the current two level library and cafe was opened. Karori Cemetery is the second largest and second oldest cemetery in New Zealand, opened in 1891, it replaced the cemetery at Bolton Street as the main burial ground for the inhabitants of Wellington
37.
Northland, Wellington
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Northland, a small suburb in western Wellington, New Zealand. The suburb is served by two primary schools, Northland School and Cardinal McKeefry Catholic Primary School. The suburb is named in honour of Thomas Uchter Caulfield, Viscount Northland who was the son of Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly, Governor of New Zealand from 1897 to 1904. The suburb, formerly known as Creswick, lies to the west of Kelburn, to the east of Karori, to the south of Wadestown and it sits high on the south western slopes of Tinakori Hill. The suburb is adjacent to the Wellington Botanic Garden, the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary, Northland contains a cluster of shops at the top of Garden Road, known as the Creswick Shops. Due to Northlands proximity to the university and to it being on the university bus route, many students, prime Ministers Michael Joseph Savage and after him Peter Fraser lived in 64-66 Harbour View Road, a house purchased for the purpose, between 1939 and 1949. Following the general election of 1949 Sidney Holland chose to live nearer parliament at 41 Pipitea Street, Thorndon
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Crofton Downs
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Crofton Downs is an inner suburb of Wellington, the capital city of New Zealand. It is situated between Ngaio and Wadestown, above where the northern and southern branches of the Kaiwharawhara Stream join to flow down the Ngaio Gorge into the harbour. Crofton Downs belonged to Ngaio and takes its name from a built in the 1860s by then Premier. The house was named after his wifes birthplace. The street names in the suburb are a tribute to the life of former British prime minister Sir Winston Churchill, Crofton Downs contains a supermarket, pharmacy, petrol station, hardware store, veterinary clinic and the private Bowen Hospital. Bowen Hospital is located on Churchill Drive on the end of Crofton Downs. The hospital was situated in Bowen St opposite parliament in 1912. The old hospital was closed in 1965 and the location of the hospital was chosen. The hospital is owned and run by listed company Acurity Health Group Limited, Crofton Downs is within the enrollment zones for Wellington Girls College, Onslow College, St Orans College and Raroa Normal Intermediate. Crofton Downs Primary school is a decile 10 coeducational contributing state school catering to years 1 -6, formerly called Chartwell School, the school was opened in 1970. Its name was changed to Crofton Downs Primary school in 2008 as the area was more commonly referred to as Crofton Downs rather than Chartwell. The school has a roll of 178 children in 2014 and was one of the first joint venture school between the New Zealand and Japanese government, Ngaio Playcentre is parent led preschool based in Huntleigh Park, Crofton Downs, which caters for children aged 0 to 6 years old. Originally based in Ngaio town hall it moved in to Huntleigh Park in the mid 1970s, the suburb is served by the Johnsonville Branch commuter railway which connects it to the central city. Since its inception in 2014, the community model has inspired other communities throughout New Zealand to start their own predator free groups, Crofton Downs History Crofton Downs Primary school Ngaio Playcentre ウェリントン補習授業校 Japan-New Zealand Joint Venture School
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