1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
3.
Regions of Italy
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The regions of Italy are the first-level administrative divisions of Italy, constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are 20 regions, of five are constitutionally given a broader amount of autonomy granted by special statutes. Each region, except for the Aosta Valley, is divided into provinces, regions are autonomous entities with powers defined in the Constitution. As the administrative districts of the state during the Kingdom of Italy. The original draft list comprised the Salento region, friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata was named Lucania. Abruzzo and Molise were identified as regions in the first draft. They were later merged into Abruzzo e Molise in the constitution of 1948. Implementation of regional autonomy was postponed until the first Regional Elections of 1970, the ruling Christian Democracy party did not want the opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in the regions, where it was historically rooted. Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a reform in 2001. In June 2006 the proposals, which had been associated with Lega Nord. The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55. 3% in favour in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria, number of regions controlled by each coalition since 1995, Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the European Union. These regions, whose statutes are approved by their councils, were created in 1970. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers, the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law. Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest, they just keep 20% of all levied taxes, Article 116 of the Italian Constitution grants to five regions home rule, acknowledging their powers in relation to legislation, administration and finance. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences, moreover, the government wanted to prevent their secession from Italy after the Second World War. Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol constitutes a special case, the region is nearly powerless, and the powers granted by the regions statute are mostly exercised by the two autonomous provinces within the region, Trentino and South Tyrol. In this case, the regional institution plays a coordinating role, the latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, where he is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives a majority of seats on the council
4.
Provinces of Italy
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In Italy, a province is an administrative division of intermediate level between a municipality and a region. There are currently 107 provinces in Italy, a further 4 such cities were added later. The reorganization of the Italian provinces became operative by January 2015, a province of the Italian Republic is composed of many municipalities. Usually several provinces together form a region, the region of Aosta Valley is the sole exception – it is not subdivided into provinces, the three main functions devolved to provinces are, local planning and zoning, provision of local police and fire services, transportation regulation. The number of provinces in Italy has been growing in recent years. Usually, the name is the same as that of its capital city. According to the 2014 reform, each province is headed by a President assisted by a body, the Provincial Council, and an executive body. President and members of Council are elected together by mayors and city councilors of each municipality of the province, the Executive is chaired by the President who appoint others members, called assessori. Since 2015 the President and others members of the Council will not receive a salary, in each province there is also a Prefect, a representative of the central government who heads an agency called prefettura-ufficio territoriale del governo. The Questor is the head of States Police in the province, there is also a provinces police force depending from local government, called provincial police. Sardinia - following the outcome of the referendums of 2012 it was decreed that such institutions should be reformed or abolished by March 2013. In January 2014 the Sardinian Regional Administrative Court declared unconstitutional the abolition of the Sardinian provinces, sicily - provinces were replaced by Free Communal Consortia in 2013. In 1861, at the birth of the Kingdom of Italy, however, at that time the national territory was smaller than the current one, regions of Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trentino Alto Adige and Lazio were not included in the kingdom. In 1866, following the Third Independence War, territories of Veneto, Friuli, there were therefore nine more provinces, Belluno, Mantua, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona, Vicenza and Udine, all previously part of the Austrian Empire. Eventually, in 1870, following the annexion of Rome and its province from the Papal States, after the First World War, new territories were annexed to Italy. The Province of Trento was created in 1920, Provinces of La Spezia, Trieste and Ionio in 1923. In 1924 the new provinces of Fiume, Pola, and Zara were created, in 1927, following a Royal charter, a general province rearrangement took place. 17 new provinces were created and the province of Caserta was suppressed, in the same year the institution of circondari, sub-provincial wards created before the unification, was abolished
5.
South Tyrol
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South Tyrol, also known by its alternative Italian name Alto Adige, is an autonomous province in northern Italy. It is one of the two provinces that make up the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The province has an area of 7,400 square kilometres and its capital is the city of Bolzano. As of 2011, South Tyrol is among the wealthiest regions in Italy, South Tyrol is the term most commonly used in English for the province, and its usage reflects that it was created from a portion of the southern part of the historic County of Tyrol. German and Ladin speakers usually refer to the area as Südtirol, Alto Adige, one of the Italian names for the province, is also used in English. The term had been the name of political subdivisions along the Adige River in the time of Napoleon Bonaparte and it was reused as the Italian name of the current province after its post-World War I creation, and was a symbol of the subsequent forced Italianization of South Tyrol. The official name of the today in German is Autonome Provinz Bozen — Südtirol. German speakers usually refer to it not as a Provinz, provincial institutions are referred to using the prefix Landes-, such as Landesregierung and Landeshauptmann. The official name in Italian is Provincia autonoma di Bolzano — Alto Adige, South Tyrol as an administrative entity originated during the First World War. The Allies promised the area to Italy in the Treaty of London of 1915 as an incentive to enter the war on their side, with the rise of Fascism, the new regime made efforts to bring forward the Italianization of South Tyrol. The German language was banished from public service, German teaching was officially forbidden, the regime also favored immigration from other Italian regions. The subsequent alliance between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared that South Tyrol would not follow the destiny of Austria, the region was de facto annexed to the German Reich until the end of the war. This status ended along with the Nazi regime, and Italian rule was restored in 1945, after the war the Allies decided that the province would remain a part of Italy, under the condition that the German-speaking population be granted a significant level of self-government. Italy and Austria negotiated an agreement in 1946, recognizing the rights of the German minority, alcide De Gasperi, Italys prime minister, a native of Trentino, wanted to extend the autonomy to his fellow citizens. This led to the creation of the region called Trentino-Alto Adige/Tiroler Etschland, German and Italian were both made official languages, and German-language education was permitted once more. Still Italians were the majority in the combined region, in a first phase, only public edifices and fascist monuments were targeted. The second phase was bloodier, costing 21 lives, the South Tyrolean question became an international issue. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, the issue was resolved in 1971, when a new Austro-Italian treaty was signed and ratified
6.
Demonym
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A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
7.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
8.
Central European Summer Time
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It corresponds to UTC + two hours. Other names which have been applied to Central European Summer Time are Middle European Summer Time, Central European Daylight Saving Time, and Bravo Time. Since 1996 European Summer Time has been observed between 1,00 UTC on the last Sunday of March and 1,00 on the last Sunday of October, the following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time. In addition, Libya used CEST during the years 1951–1959, 1982–1989, 1996–1997, European Summer Time Other countries and territories in UTC+2 time zone Other names of UTC+2 time zone
9.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
10.
Bolzano
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Bolzano is the capital city of the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy. With a population of 105,713, Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol, Bolzano is the seat of the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, where lectures and seminars are held in English, German and Italian. The city is home to the Italian Armys Alpini High Command and some of its combat. In 2014 version of the ranking of quality of life in Italian cities. Along with other Alpine towns in South Tyrol, Bolzano engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention, the Convention aims to promote and achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Consequently, Bolzano was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2009, the Romans built a settlement after the area had been conquered in 15 BC by General Nero Claudius Drusus. The military settlement, Pons Drusi, was named after this Roman General, during this time the area became part of the region Venetia et Histria of ancient Italy. In 1948, excavations of the current Cathedral led to the discovery of an ancient Christian basilica from the 4th century. Also discovered was a Roman cemetery, including the tomb of Secundus Regontius with Latin inscriptions dating to the 3rd century, making him the oldest known inhabitant of Bolzano. During the gradual decline of the Romans influence in the 7th century, Bavarian immigration took place, at that time, the Bavarians named the nearby villages around Bolzano Bauzanum or Bauzana. German populations have been present in the region of Tyrol since this time, in 1027 the area of Bolzano and the rest of the diocese was conferred, by the emperor Conrad II from the Salian dynasty, upon the bishops of Trent. In the late-12th century, the bishop founded a market town, the town therefore became an important trading post on the Transalpine Augsburg-Venice route over the Brenner Pass, elevation 1,371 metres above sea level, within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1277 Bolzano was conquered by Meinhard II, the Count of Tyrol, in 1363, the County of Tyrol fell under the influence of Habsburg Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. In 1381, Duke Leopold granted the citizens of Bolzano the privilege of a town council and this gradually eliminated the influence and power previously held by the bishops of Trent over the next few decades. In 1462, the bishops eventually resigned all their rights of jurisdiction over the town, from the 14th and 15th centuries onwards, a large market fair was organised four times per year to greet tradesmen and merchants en-route the Brenner Pass. The Mercantile Magistrate was therefore founded in 1635 by the Austrian duchess Claudia de Medici, during every market season, two Italian and two Germanic officers, who were appointed among the local tradesmen, worked in this magistrate office. The establishment of a trade organisation strengthened Bolzano as a cultural crossroad in the Alps. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Bolzano became briefly part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and was incorporated into the Dipartimento Alto Adige
11.
Prags
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Prags is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 60 kilometres northeast of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 657, Prags is located in the Prags valley in the northern Dolomites. The valley is split into two branches, the one ending at the Pragser Wildsee, a mountain lake, the eastern one at the Plätzwiese. Prags borders the municipalities, Cortina dAmpezzo, Toblach, Mareo, Welsberg-Taisten, Olang. The municipality of Prags contains the frazioni Außerprags, Innerprags, Schmieden, the emblem represents a stag on a mountain with three vert peaks, crossed by a wavy stream of argent. The emblem was granted in 1968, according to the 2011 census,99. 23% of the population speak German,0. 61% Italian and 0. 15% Ladin as first language. Media related to Prags at Wikimedia Commons Homepage of the municipality
12.
Rasen-Antholz
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Rasen-Antholz is a municipality in South Tyrol in northern Italy. The municipal area stretches along the Antholz valley, a side valley of the larger Puster Valley. In the northeast, the Staller Saddle mountain pass, at a height of 2,050 m leads into the Defereggen Valley in East Tyrol, Austria. The Antholz valley is confined by the mountains of the Rieserferner Group in the north and the Villgraten Mountains in the east, both part of the High Tauern range in the Central Eastern Alps. Notable peaks include the Hochgall, at 3,436 m, large parts of the northern and western mountain ranges belong to the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park established in 1988. The Antholzer Bach stream runs through the valley from Antholzer See down to its confluence with the Rienz river at Olang, Rasen-Antholz is located east of Bruneck, the administrative centre of the Puster Valley, and about 60 km northeast of the South Tyrolean capital Bolzano. It borders the municipalities, Bruneck, Gsies, Percha, Olang, Sand in Taufers, Welsberg-Taisten. The municipality of Rasen-Antholz contains six frazioni, Antholz Niedertal, Antholz Mittertal, Antholz Obertal, Neunhäusern, according to the 2011 census,98. 40% of the population speak German,1. 16% Italian and 0. 44% Ladin as first language. Archaeological findings of a Hallstatt cemetery near Niederrasen denote a settlement of the already in the Iron Age. In 15 BC, present-day Tyrol was conquered by the Roman Empire, about 590 AD, Bavarian tribes under their Duke Tassilo I entered the region. Rasen itself was first mentioned in a 1050 deed, the local Lords of Rasen served as ministeriales of the Counts of Tyrol from the 13th century onwards and they resided at Altrasen Castle which was first documented in 1210. Count Meinhard II of Tyrol ceded it to his consort Elisabeth of Bavaria in 1259, meanwhile the Lords of Rasen had Neurasen Castle erected, which fell to the Bishops of Brixen in 1342. Upon the extinction of the Meinhardiner counts in 1500, Tyrol as a became a crown land of the Habsburg Monarchy. The shield is gules a pile reversed on sable and argent and it is the sign of the Lords of Rasen, who ruled from 1353. The emblem was adopted on 10 August 1967. Rasen-Antholz is known for the Südtirol Arena biathlon track opened in 1971 and it hosted the Biathlon World Championships 1975,1976,1983,1995, and 2007. It is also a venue of the Biathlon World Cup season
13.
Olang
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Olang is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 60 kilometres northeast of the city of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 3,065, Olang borders the following municipalities, Bruneck, Mareo, Prags, Rasen-Antholz, and Welsberg-Taisten. The municipality of Olang contains the frazioni Geiselsberg, Mitterolang, Niederolang and Oberolang, the emblem is argent a bend vert on which are represented three cart’s wheels. The wheels symbolize the villages of Mitter, Ober and Nieder, the emblem was granted in 1968. According to the 2011 census,96. 47% of the population speak German,3. 18% Italian and 0. 34% Ladin as first language, media related to Olang at Wikimedia Commons Homepage of the municipality
14.
Gsies
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Gsies is a valley and comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 70 kilometres northeast of Bolzano, on the border with Austria. Gsies held the FIL World Luge Natural Track Championships 1994, as of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 2,256 and an area of 108.7 square kilometres. Gsies borders the municipalities, Toblach, Innervillgraten, Welsberg-Taisten, Rasen-Antholz, Sankt Jakob in Defereggen. The municipality of Gsies contains the frazioni Außerpichl, Innerpichl, St. Magdalena-Niedertal, St. Magdalena-Obertal, St. Martin-Niedertal, St. Martin-Obertal, the emblem represents two sable scrapers placed per fess on or. It is the arms of the Knights of Gsies known from 13th century, the emblem was granted in 1968. According to the 2011 census,98. 29% of the population speak German,1. 62% Italian and 0. 09% Ladin as first language, homepage of the municipality Media related to Gsies at Wikimedia Commons
15.
Niederdorf, South Tyrol
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Niederdorf is a municipality in South Tyrol in northern Italy, about 70 kilometres northeast of Bolzano. Niederdorf borders the municipalities, Prags, Toblach, Welsberg-Taisten. The emblem is per fess and the base per pale, the first show a sable eagle double-headed on or, in the second and third a half steinbock to face each other of or and sable. It’s the insignia of the Lords of Kurz von Thurn who ruled the village from 13th to 18th century, the emblem was granted in 1966. According to the 2011 census,92. 09% of the population speak German,7. 76% Italian and 0. 15% Ladin as first language, homepage of the municipality Media related to Niederdorf at Wikimedia Commons
16.
Puster Valley
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The Puster Valley is a valley in the Alps that runs in an east-west direction between Lienz in East Tyrol, Austria and Mühlbach near Brixen in South Tyrol, Italy. The municipalities of the Puster Valley constitute the Puster Valley district, East of Sillian, the Puster Valley leaves the Peradriatic Line and turns to the northeast towards Lienz. Half of the valley drains to the west to the Adriatic via the Adige river, the watershed lies in the shallow valley floor called Toblacher Feld. The Rienz river flows westwards through the Puster Valley and the Drau river flows eastwards into East Tyrol, the eastern part of the valley on the upper Drava is called Upper Puster Valley. The towns in the Puster Valley are located between 750 and 1,180 meters above sea level. The most important of these towns in the valley are Toblach, Welsberg-Taisten, Olang, and Bruneck, the most important in the eastern valley are Innichen, Sexten. The largest tributaries of the Rienz river form the Antholzer Bach, the Ahr, the Pragser Bach, the Gsieser Bach, the Gran Ega, the Pfunderer Bach, the Puster Valleys largest side valley is the Tauferer Ahrntal. The Draus largest eastern tributaries are the Sextner Bach and the Villgraten-Bach, the Puster Valley District was founded in 1969 with the merger of 26 municipalities. Its combined area is 2,071 km² and its population is over 73,000, according to the 2001 census,80. 96% of the population of the valley speak German,13. 40% Ladin, and 5. 64% Italian as their native language. The following municipalities are part of the Puster Valley District, Media related to Puster Valley at Wikimedia Commons Puster Valley District
17.
Bruneck
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Bruneck is the largest town in the Puster Valley in the Italian province of South Tyrol. Bruneck lies at the confluence of the Ahr with the Rienz, here the northern Tauferer Ahrntal side valley and the southern Gadertal of the Gran Ega creek join the broad Pustertal. The municipal area stretches from the slopes of the Zillertal Alps in the west to the Rieserferner Group of the High Tauern range in the east. The Bruneck town centre is located about 35 kilometres west of Brixen and 70 kilometres of the regional capital Bolzano on the road to the Brenner Pass, to the east, the town is 60 kilometres from Winnebach on the border with East Tyrol in Austria. According to the 2011 census,82. 47% of the population speak German,15. 24% Italian and 2. 29% Ladin as first language. The town was named after its founder, the Brixen prince-bishop Bruno von Kirchberg. At that time, the town consisted of two rows of houses forming a narrow lane, the castle was significantly enlarged under Prince-Bishop Albert von Enn, who also had the town walls and moat completed until 1336. Soon thereafter, further rows of houses were built outside the eastern gate and these led to the small Church of Our Lady. The first church inside the walls was built beneath the castle by the Brunecker burgher Niklas von Stuck. This church is today the Rainkirche, in 1358, Heinrich von Stuck, brother of Niklas, brother, funded the hospital/almshouse that was built in the following years. Soon the town received the right to hold a weekly market, a castle leader occupied the fortress as the bishops representative. In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was trade between Augsburg and Venice. Some of the goods were brought through the Puster Valley. This soon brought the prosperity and fame. In this time, the Puster Valley painting school was founded by the painter Hans von Bruneck, the great masters Michael and Friedrich Pacher studied at this school. In 1500, the Puster Valley was reunited with Tyrol because of a contract between the house of Habsburg and the counts of Görz-Tirol. The town of Bruneck remained an episcopal possession, in 1610, Bruneck, which had previously belonged to the parish of St. Lorenzen, became a parish in its own right. The first parish priest documented was Johann Herlin in 1613, in 1626, the Capuchin order came to Bruneck
18.
Division of the field
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In heraldry, the field of a shield can be divided into more than one area, or subdivision, of different tinctures, usually following the lines of one of the ordinaries and carrying its name. Shields may be divided this way for differencing or for purposes of marshalling, the lines that divide a shield may not always be straight, and there is a system of terminology for describing patterned lines, which is also shared with the heraldic ordinaries. French heraldry takes a different approach in cases from the one described in this article. g. in letters patent. A field cannot be divided per bordure, but a bordure can, a bordure can be divided or counter-changed. Neither can a field be divided per chief, for similar reasons, and a bordure per chief is shown in the arms of Roy, Canada. A chief is considered a charge in English heraldry and is considered layered atop the field, although it is alleged that per chevron enhanced is called mantled in English, this is a term of rare application. When the term rompu is applied to a division of the field, the arms of Lois Hole show Per chevron rompu Or and Vert, the centre section heightened of two points. A field pily, as in the arms of Baron Marks of Broughton, is similar to a field per fess dancetty, but Scottish heraldry does use tierced in pale A particular type of tiercing, resembling a Y in shape, is called per pall. g. Okakarara Technical Institute, Gules, chapé Azure, on the partition lines respectively a bend, shields may also be divided into three parts by a combination of two methods of division, such as party per fess, in chief per pale. Another example is in the arms of Clive Cheesman, per pale, a shield may also be party per chevron reversed, which is like party per chevron except upside down. With arched or bent lines it is called chaussé ployé, one common reason for dividing the field in heraldry is for purposes of combining two or more coats of arms to express alliance, inheritance, occupation of an office, etc. As this would sometimes yield confusing or misleading results, the practice was supplanted by impalement, according to Fox-Davies, the practice of dimidiation was short-lived and had already reached its peak in the early 14th century, while impalement remains in practice to modern times. Eventually quartering gained usage, and in the height of its popularity during the Victorian era, more usually, however, a quartered coat of arms consisted of four parts, as the name suggests. In the UK heraldries, complex systems of marshalling have developed, if the husband is a knight of any order, however, the ensigns of that order belong only to him and are not shared with his wife. A male peer impales the arms of his wife as described above, but including the supporters, coronet and helmet of the peer, if he is also a knight of any order, the two-shield method is used. It is also worth noting that one form in German-Nordic heraldry is quarterly with a heart. This may have stemmed from the practice of sovereigns placing their own hereditary arms inescutcheon over the arms of their dominions. The arms of Novohrad-Volynskyi, Ukraine, show a form of marshalling quarterly with a heart
19.
Argent
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In heraldry, argent /ˈɑːrdʒənt/ is the tincture of silver, and belongs to the class of light tinctures, called metals. It is very frequently depicted as white and usually considered interchangeable with it, in engravings and line drawings, regions to be tinctured argent are either left blank or indicated with the abbreviation ar. in them. The name derives from Latin argentum, translated as silver or white metal, the word argent had the same meaning in Old French blazon, from which it passed into the English language. In some historical depictions of coats of arms, a kind of leaf was applied to those parts of the device that were argent. Over time, the content of these depictions has tarnished and darkened. As a result, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish regions that were intended as argent from those that were sable. This leaves an impression that the rule of tincture has been violated in cases where. He bases this in part on the labels used to difference the arms of members of the British Royal Family. However, it has argued that these could be regarded as white labels proper. Sometimes, the different tinctures are said to be connected with special meanings or virtues, even if this is an idea mostly disregarded by serious heraldists throughout the centuries, it may be of anecdotal interest to see what they are, since the information is so often sought after. Many sources give different meanings, but argent is often said to represent the following, Of jewels, the pearl Of heavenly bodies, the Moon Of metals, silver
20.
Sable (heraldry)
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In heraldry, sable is the tincture black, and belongs to the class of dark tinctures, called colours. In engravings and line drawings, it is depicted as a region of crossed horizontal and vertical lines or else marked with sa. as an abbreviation. The name derives from the fur of the sable, a species of marten. Centuries ago, arms were often described poetically and the tinctures were connected to different gemstones, flowers, however, in the heraldry of Germany, Polish heraldry and other parts of central Europe, sable is not infrequently placed on colour fields. As a result, a cross may appear on a red shield, or a sable bird may appear on a blue or a red field. Polish examples abound as early as the fifteenth century, józef Szymański includes no fewer than seven examples of sable primary charges on either gules or azure fields out of the approximately 200 shields from this period whose blazons are known. In addition to the seven major examples, he describes occasional variants for the arms of some rody which also use sable charges on azure or gules fields, sable charges on gules fields also appear in the armory used in Lithuania. This is not surprising, since a significant fraction of Lithuanias personal coats of arms are of Polish origin, among these coats are those of Great Žemaitija, a black bear with an argent chain on its neck on a field gules
21.
Ladin language
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Ladin is a Romance language consisting of a group of dialects mainly spoken in the Dolomite Mountains in Northern Italy in South Tyrol, the Trentino and the province of Belluno by the Ladin people. It exhibits similarities to Swiss Romansh and Friulian, the precise extension of the Ladin language area is the subject of scholarly debates. Ladin should not be confused with Ladino, which, although also Romance, is derived from Old Spanish, Ladin is recognized as a minority language in 54 Italian municipalities belonging to the provinces of South Tyrol, Trentino and Belluno. In the 2011 census,20,548 inhabitants of South Tyrol declared Ladin as their native language, Ladin is an officially recognised language, taught in schools and used in public offices. The following municipalities of South Tyrol have a majority of Ladin speakers and they are spoken in 38 municipalities, but have no official status. Their more precise classification is uncertain, both dialects show a strong resemblance to Trentinian dialect and Eastern Lombard, and scholars debate whether they are Ladin dialects or not. About 23% of the inhabitants from Val di Non and 1. 5% from Val di Sole declared Ladin as their language at the 2011 census. The number of Ladin speakers in those valleys amounts to 8,730, in order to stress the difference between the dialects in Non and Fassa valleys, it has been proposed to distinguish between ladins dolomitiches and ladins nonejes at the next census. As there is no census in the province of Belluno. The provincial administration of Belluno has enacted to identify Ladin as a minority language in additional municipalities, ladinity in the province of Belluno is more ethnic than linguistic. The varieties spoken by Ladin municipalities are Venetian alpine dialects, grammatically no different to those spoken in municipalities that did not declare themselves as Ladin and their language is called Ladino Bellunese. All Ladin dialects spoken in the province of Belluno, including those in the former Tyrolean territories, the name derives from Latin, because Ladin is originally a Vulgar Latin language left over from the Romanized Alps. Ladin is often attributed to be a relic of Vulgar Latin dialects associated with Rhaeto-Romance languages, whether a proto-Romance language ever existed is controversially discussed amongst linguists and historians, a debate known as Questione Ladina. Starting in the 6th century, the Bavarii started moving in from the north, while from the south Gallo-Italic languages started pushing in, only in the more remote mountain valleys did Ladin survive among the isolated populations. Starting in the very early Middle Ages, the area was ruled by the County of Tyrol or the Bishopric of Brixen. The area of Cadore was under the rule of the Republic of Venice, during the period of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and, after 1804, the Austrian Empire, the Ladins underwent a process of Germanization. After the end of World War I in 1918, Italy annexed the part of Tyrol. The programme of Italianization, professed by fascists such as Ettore Tolomei and Benito Mussolini and this included changing Ladin place names into the Italian pronunciation according to Tolomeis Prontuario dei nomi locali dellAlto Adige
22.
National Institute of Statistics (Italy)
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The Italian National Institute of Statistics is the main producer of official statistics in Italy. Its activities include the census of population, economic censuses and a number of social, economic and environmental surveys, Istat is by far the largest producer of statistical information in Italy, and is an active member of the European Statistical System, coordinated by Eurostat. Its publications are released under creative commons Attribution license, Istat was created in 1926 as Central Institute of Statistics, to collect and organize essential data about the nation. It took its current denomination with the reform of 1989, since 4 August 2009, Enrico Giovannini, former Chief statistician of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, has been the President of the institute. In 2014, Istat was named the winner of that years Ig Nobel Prize for Economics after it began including estimates of illegal transactions in the size of the countrys economy. The center in Rome also offers data from Eurostat, the library collection includes 400,000 volumes and receives about 2800 periodical journals. There are also 1500 volumes printed prior to 1900
23.
Municipalities of South Tyrol
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The following is a list of municipalities of the autonomous province of South Tyrol in northern Italy. South Tyrol is divided into 116 administrative subdivisions, both German and Italian are official languages in this province. Some municipalities have a official language, Ladin. Prontuario dei nomi locali dellAlto Adige Municipalities of Trentino
24.
Ahrntal
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Ahrntal is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 70 kilometres northeast of the city of Bolzano, on the border with Austria. Ahrntal borders the municipalities, Mühlwald, Prettau, Sand in Taufers, Brandberg, Finkenberg. The municipality of Ahrntal contains the frazioni Luttach, Steinhaus, St. Jakob, St. Johann, St. Peter, Weißenbach is composed of picturesque alpine farmhouses, grouped around the foaming white glacial stream from which its name is derived. With a population of around 550, it sits at an elevation of 1,350 metres above sea level, to the north, west and southwest the municipality is surrounded by the Zillertal Alps. The main chain of these Alps at the head of the valley forms the border with Austria. Amongst the most important mountains in the municipality are the Turnerkamp, the Hornspitzen, the Schwarzenstein, the Großer Löffler, the Wollbachspitze, the ranges to the west and southwest, including the Speikboden massiv, separate the village of Ahrntal from Mühlwald in the Mühlwalder Tal. Large parts of the Durreck Group are protected as part of the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park, the pride of the village is the Church of St. Jacob, dating from the 16th century. The church houses a valuable winged altar from 1516, which was restored in 1884, also of note are both the modern extension to the church building and the newly arranged adjoining cemetery. A name for the valley was first recorded in sources in the 11th century. An Aurina vallis is mentioned in 1048, between 1070 and 1080 Ourin or Ouren appear in documents. The emblem is tierced of paly, in the first and third are four and half points of argent on azure, the emblem show the position of the municipality along the green valley with the river Ahr and the mountains all around. The emblem was granted in 1969, according to the 2011 census,98. 76% of the population speak German,0. 93% Italian and 0. 31% Ladin as first language. Tauferer Ahrntal Media related to Ahrntal at Wikimedia Commons Official website
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Aldein
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Aldein is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 15 kilometres south of the city of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 1,664, Aldein borders the following municipalities, Bronzolo, Carano, Daiano, Montan, Deutschnofen, Auer, Truden and Varena. The municipality of Aldein contains the frazione Radein, a settlement called Aldinum is mentioned for the first time in 1177, in 1185 the name appears as Alden. The coat of arms is divided party per fess, on the top are two quarter-circle, azure on argent background that represents the Weisshorn. The lower part shows the argent cross of Saint Andrew shortened that represent the four original hamelets on a background as the mountain of porphirite. The arms were adopted in 1969, according to the 2011 census,98. 07%of the population speak German,1. 74% Italian and 0. 19% Ladin as first language. Media related to Aldein at Wikimedia Commons Homepage of the municipality
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Algund
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Algund is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 25 kilometres northwest of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 4,837, Algund borders the following municipalities, Lana, Marling, Merano, Naturns, Partschins, Plaus and Tirol. The municipality of Algund contains the frazioni Aschbach, Forst, Mitterplars, Mühlbach, Oberplars, the name apud Algunde appears for the first time in 994. The emblem is a barrel of wine, overhanged by a vine-shoot of black grapes, on or bordered by an argent, the barrel and grapes symbolize the viticulture practiced in the area, the argent and gules indented frame represents the membership to the Tyrol. The emblem was adopted in 1970, according to the 2011 census,85. 17% of the population speak German,14. 58% Italian and 0. 25% Ladin as first language. Note, after 1921 the frazione Forst was switched from Marling to Algund, media related to Algund at Wikimedia Commons Homepage of the municipality
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Altrei
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Altrei is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy. Altrei is the only South Tyrolean municipality in the Fiemme Valley of the Southern Limestone Alps, the surrounding communities of Capriana, Carano, Castello-Molina di Fiemme, and Valfloriana in the north, south and east all belong to the Trentino province, except for Truden in the northwest. In the southeast, the Altrei municipal area stretches down to the Avisio valley, large parts belong to the Trudner Horn Nature Park. As of 30 November 2010, Altrei had a population of 384, the municipality of Altrei contains the frazioni Eben and Guggal. According to the 2011 census,87. 80% of the population speak German,12. 20% Italian as first language, antereu was first mentioned in a 1321 deed issued by Count Henry of Gorizia-Tyrol, who had the area settled by German peasants. It was part of Henrys successful attempts to encounter the feudal sovereignty of the prince-bishops of Trent in the Fiemme Valley, the remote area remained a Tyrolean possession until in 1779 the Habsburg empress Maria Theresa exchanged it for nearby Tramin in the Etschtal. After the 1803 secularisation, all Fiemme Valley estates were incorporated into the Austrian crown land of Tyrol, the emblem represents the ten farms built in 1321 that formed the core of Altrei. The shield is party per fess countchanged, each part is divided into five vertical, the emblem was adopted in 1968
28.
Auer, South Tyrol
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Auer is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 15 kilometres south of the city of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 3,539, Auer borders the following municipalities, Aldein, Bronzolo, Montan and Vadena. The shield is party per fess of argent and gules with a chief with a rampant lion. It is the emblem of the family Khuen who took possession of the site, from 1397 until 1690, on the azure chief two crossed or keys are represented as a remembrance of the insignia of St. Peter, to whom the parish church is dedicated. The emblem was adopted in 1969, according to the 2011 census,69. 74% of the population speak German,29. 59% Italian and 0. 67% Ladin as first language. Media related to Auer, South Tyrol at Wikimedia Commons Homepage of the municipality
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Badia, South Tyrol
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Badia is a comune in South Tyrol, northern Italy. It is one of the five Ladin-speaking communities of the Val Badia, the following communities neighbor Badia, Cortina dAmpezzo, Corvara, Mareo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana, San Martin de Tor, La Val and Sëlva. The municipality of Badia contains the frazioni La Ila, San Ciascian, the emblem is that of the Winkler Colz von zu Rubatsch family which, in the 16th and 17th century, had property and the castle at La Ila. The shield is party per fess, at the top is represented a sable steinbock, the lower part is divided into three, with vertex at the top, alternating gules and argent with a rose in the center, every rose has the central petal in or. The emblem was granted in 1967, according to the 2011 census,94. 07% of the population speak Ladin,4. 17% Italian and 1. 76% German as first language. Badia is part of the Puez-Geisler and the Fanes-Sennes-Prags Nature Park and it is also near the mountains of Lagazuoi, Conturines, La Varela, LCiaval and Gardenaccia. A pilgrimage church, the Church of the Holy Cross, is located near the birthplace of Saint Josef Freinademetz, micurà de Rü, born in Rü, San Cascian, Ladin linguist. Joseph Freinademetz, born in Oies, Catholic saint and missionary to China, as in other Ladin-speaking communities in South Tyrol, tourism is the most important contributor to Badias economy. Around 69% of the work in the service sector, around 21% work in production. Part of the lies in Alta Badia, a ski resort at the top end of the Val Badia valley. The start of the annual single-day seven mountain passes crossing Maratona dles Dolomites bicycle race is every year in La Ila, homepage of the municipality Media related to Badia, South Tyrol at Wikimedia Commons
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Barbian
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For the birthplace of condottiero Alberico da Barbiano, see Barbiano di Cotignola Barbian is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 15 kilometres northeast of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 1,601, Barbian borders the following municipalities, Kastelruth, Lajen, Waidbruck, Ritten, and Villanders. The municipality of Barbian contains the frazioni Kollmann, St. Gertraud, the city is mentioned for the first time in 994 as Parpian, the name deriving probably from the Latin personal name Barbius, a name also attested in Venetic inscriptions from the Roman era. The shield is tierced per fess in argent, vert and sable, in the second level are represented three churches, St. Nicholas, St. Gertrude and St. Magdalene, which are located in the mountains above the village. The sable bottom is crossed by a band of argent and gules. The arms were granted in 1970, according to the 2011 census,97. 53% of the population speak German,1. 87% Italian and 0. 60% Ladin as first language. Media related to Barbian at Wikimedia Commons Homepage of the municipality
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Brenner, South Tyrol
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Brenner is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 60 km north of Bolzano. Brenner lies about 60 km north of the city of Bolzano, the municipality is named after the Brenner Pass, whose summit marks the border between Italy and Austria. Brenner borders the municipalities, Pfitsch, Ratschings, Sterzing, Gries am Brenner, Gschnitz, Neustift im Stubaital. The municipality of Brenner contains the frazioni of Brennerbad, Gossensaß, Pflersch, Gossensaß is the main village of the municipality. It dates back 4000 years, reflecting its position as a place to prepare for the Brenner Pass, in the 15th and 16th century, Gossensaß prospered due to silver mining. Today Gossensaß benefits from the tourism, especially during the winter when the ski resort in Ladurns is open. The Breuni were a people who lived in the Eisacktal and in the Brenner region on both sides of the pass until the 9th century, the place, after the Roman Conquest in 15 BC, was called Vibidena, and the only road was a track. In about 1,000 A. D. a permanent village was settled with the name of Oberes Mittewald while Prenner is mentioned in 1288. The old carriage was enlarged and the tracing modified in 1740 in order to have a road, Goethe, on 8 September 1786. At Brenner Bad, few miles south of the village, a Grand Hotel, with a stop, was built. On 26 April 1915 the Treaty of London assigned to Italy the South Tyrol, from Trent to Brenner, the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 and just at Brenner the new boundary line was traced. The emblem was adopted in 1906, the new modern church was built between 1958 and 1962 on project of Luis Plattner. The altar piece is a creation by Max Spielmann and represent “Saint Mary of the road” to whom the church is dedicated, the font and the way of the Cross are by Maria Delago while the stained glass windows were created by Hans Prünster. The church is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception and was built in 1750 on the place of the old gothic church erected in 1471. The church was built on design of de, Franz de Paula Penz in baroque, the church was consecrated on July 4 and 5,1754 by bishop Leopold von Spaur. The front shows the portal of the old church and the three niches in which are placed the statues of the Immaculate Conception, Joachim and Saint Anne, the nave has a cross shape with two arms forming four lateral chapels. The high altar is rich in golden shades and at the centre of the throne is placed the statue of the Immaculate with the child was installed on April 23,1752 by Josepf Stapf. The four statues are, St. George, St. Stephen, St. Lawrence, to the left side, between the two lateral chapels, is the baroque pulpit of 1777 positioned in a central site
32.
Brixen
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Brixen is a town in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 40 kilometres north of Bolzano. First mentioned in 901, Brixen is the third largest city and oldest town in the province, and it is located at the confluence of the Eisack and Rienz rivers,40 kilometres north of Bolzano and 45 kilometres south of the Brenner Pass, on the Italy-Austrian border. It is flanked on the side by the Plose and Telegraph mountains. Brixen is especially known as a skiing resort. Other activities include hydroelectric power, orchards, and vineyards, the area of Brixen has been settled since the Upper Paleolithic. Other settlements from the late Stone Age have been found and in 15 BC, the area was conquered by the Romans and they held it until around 590, when it was occupied by Bavarians. The first mention of Brixen dates to 901 in a document issued by the King of Germany, Louis III the Child, in it a territory called Prihsna is assigned to Zacharias, as time passed, Prihsna turned into the current name of Brixen. The bishops moved here from Säben in 992, after the Cathedral had been finished, in 1039, the Bishop of Brixen, Poppo, was elevated to Pope by emperor Henry III. However his reign lasted for only 23 days, yet in the same century, Brixen became the seat of an independent ecclesiastical principate which, in the following years, struggled for existence against the neighbouring county of Tyrol. In 1115, a first line of walls encircling Brixen was completed, the bishopric was secularized in 1803 and annexed by the Austrian Empire. Between 1851 and 1855, the Czech journalist and writer Karel Havlíček Borovský was exiled by the Austrian government to Brixen, after the end of World War I, Brixen was annexed by Italy. The oldest coat of arms dates back to 1297 with the lamb, on 13 November 1928, a shield with the city walls and a gate on the lawn in the upper half and the lamb in the lower was adopted. The emblem is a turned argent lamb with an or halo on a gules background, the emblem was granted in 1966. The Cathedral, was rebuilt in the 13th century and again in 1745–54 along Baroque lines, the ceiling of the nave has a large fresco by Paul Troger portraying the Adoration of the Lamb. The Hofburg, a Renaissance Bishops Palace, one of the main residences in South Tyrol. The Diocesan Museum has several artworks, including a presepe with 5,000 figures created for Bishop Karl Franz Lodron, the round parish church of Saint Michael. The Gothic choir and the tower are from the 15th century while the nave is from the 16th. The main artwork is a wooden Cireneus from the 15th century, the Pharmacy Museum Pharmaziemuseum Brixen, located in a nearly 500-year-old townhouse, shows the development and changes of the City - Pharmacy
33.
Bronzolo
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Bronzolo is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 11 kilometres south of the city of Bolzano. It is one of only five mainly Italian speaking municipalities in South Tyrol, as of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 2,652 and an area of 7.4 square kilometres. Bronzolo borders the municipalities, Aldein, Laives, Deutschnofen, Auer. The arms is party per bend sinister of argent and vert, at the center is a sable cornet trimmed with a cord of or. The vert represents the Etsch mountain and the valleys, the cornet is a reference to a station that the village was for a long time. The emblem was adopted in 1968, according to the 2011 census,62. 01% of the population speak Italian,37. 34% German and 0. 65% Ladin as first language. Homepage of the municipality Media related to Bronzolo at Wikimedia Commons
34.
Burgstall, South Tyrol
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Burgstall is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 1,585, Burgstall borders the following municipalities, Gargazon, Lana, Meran, Mölten, and Vöran. The emblem shows an eurasian sparrowhawk, which is to fly up and it is the arms of the Knights of Burgstall, the emblem was granted in 1966. According to the 2011 census,76. 61% of the population speak German,22. 78% Italian and 0. 61% Ladin as first language, homepage of the municipality Media related to Burgstall, South Tyrol at Wikimedia Commons
35.
Corvara, South Tyrol
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Corvara is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 40 kilometres east of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 1,340, Corvara borders the following municipalities, Badia, Canazei, Livinallongo del Col di Lana, San Martin de Tor, and Sëlva. Corvara is the center of Alta Badia, a prestigious tourist area located at the top end of the Val Badia. Because of its position in the heart of the Dolomites. The municipality of Corvara contains the frazioni Calfosch and Pescosta, the emblem represents three vert mountains, dominated by three gules peaks with the inclined top on an argent background. The three peaks represent the Sassongher mountain overlooking the village, the emblem was granted in 1969. According to the 2011 census,89. 70% of the population speak Ladin,6. 84% Italian and 3. 46% German as first language, the finish of the annual single-day seven mountain passes crossing Maratona dles Dolomites bicycle race is in Corvara. Alta Badia Dolomites Alta Badia Touristic Information Media related to Corvara at Wikimedia Commons
36.
Deutschnofen
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Deutschnofen is a comune in the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 30 kilometres southeast of the city of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 3,898, Deutschnofen borders the following municipalities, Aldein, Bolzano, Bronzolo, Karneid, Laives, Welschnofen, and municipalities of Predazzo, Tesero and Varena in Trentino. Deutschnofen also holds the villages of Rauth and Obereggen, there is a church and several cafes and hotels. The A22 motorway is located 15 kilometres from the village, Deutschnofen shares 7 km of the frontier with Trentino. The municipality of Deutschnofen contains the frazioni Petersberg and Sankt Nikolaus/Eggen, Obereggen is a small tourist village belonging to the municipality of Deutschnofen. Located on the foot of the Latemar, Obereggen numbers 900 inhabitants, another nearby mountain is the Schmieder. There are at least three hotels in this borough, and a network of bike and footpaths on Latemar side. There also are numerous cable-ways and ski lifts, the very rural hamlet of Sankt Florian is between the hamlet of Zapf and the centre of Obereggen. There are no hotels or shops, but the hamlet does feature guesthouses, there is a chapel, and one paved road, as well as a number of unpaved paths. The coat of arms is party per fess of argent and gules crossed, from edge to edge, the color argent symbolizes the deposits of dolomite and the gules ones those of porphyry, the branch represents the woodiness of the municipality. The emblem was adopted in 1969, according to the 2011 census,97. 42% of the population speak German,2. 33% Italian and 0. 25% Ladin as first language. Media related to Deutschnofen at Wikimedia Commons Obereggen Official Website Official website
37.
Feldthurns
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Feldthurns is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy about 25 kilometres northeast of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 2,740, Feldthurns borders Brixen, Klausen, Villnöß and Vahrn. The municipality of Feldthurns contains the frazioni Garn, Schnauders, Schrambach, the emblem is party per fess, in the first part its represented two embattled towers of gules, the second is checky of gules. Its the canting arms used in 1607 in the castle by the Bishops of Brixen and symbolize the German name of the municipality, the emblem was granted in 1966. Ötzi the Iceman is attested to have spent his childhood here, according to the 2011 census,98. 33% of the population speak German,0. 91% Italian and 0. 76% Ladin as first language. Homepage of the municipality Media related to Feldthurns at Wikimedia Commons
38.
Franzensfeste
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Franzensfeste is a comune in South Tyrol in northern Italy. It is named after the large Franzensfeste Fortress erected from 1833 to 1838 and is known as an important railway hub. Franzensfeste is located in the southern Wipptal valley on the Eisack river, the valley is confined by the Zillertal Alps in the northeast and the Sarntal Alps in the southwest, rising up to the Tagewaldhorn peak at 2,708 m. The village dates from the 19th century when the construction of the fortifications was begun, to which the site is closely linked in name. The parish was originally Mittewald, still the land, with the two villages of Oberau and Unterau. Archeological findings have shown the area to be settled by 2500 B. C. as indicated by the finding of home pottery. In the 17th century, where the station is now placed, there were a few farms and it is still in operation today. Work began on June 17,1833, and the Franzensfeste Fortress was inaugurated by Franz successor Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria on August 18,1838. The construction of the fortress and later of the Brenner railway, helped thousands of workers who found accommodation in Franzensfeste contributing to the development and growth of the village. The Franzensfeste Fortress, however, lost its importance with the signing of the Triple Alliance military agreement by Germany, Austria-Hungary. The fortifications were transformed into an ammunition depot, which kept even when was transferred to Italy according to the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain. Franzensfeste in 1940 was elevated to municipality, became an important railway junction, until the 1990s Franzensfeste was an important customs goods-station for cattle, but with the entry of Austria in the European Community has lost importance. In the summer of 2008 the fortress of Franzenfeste was opened to the public for the first time as one of the locations of Manifesta 7, in 2009 the location hosted the so-called Landesausstellung, an event remembering the Bicentenaire of the Tyrolean riots in 1809. The emblem of Fortress consists of an argent inverted upsilon symbolizing the roads to the village, the gules area, on top left, symbolizes the rock, the azure, top right, the lake and the vert the meadows. The emblem was adopted in 1968, according to the 2011 census,59. 63% of the population speak German,38. 51% Italian and 1. 86% Ladin as first language. Franzensfeste, ein Monumentalwerk der Befestigungskunst des 19, munich, Deutscher Kunstverlag 1986, ISBN 978-3-422-00795-6 Media related to Franzensfeste at Wikimedia Commons Homepage of the municipality
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Freienfeld
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Freienfeld is a comune in the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy, located about 45 kilometres north of the city of Bolzano. As of 30 November 2010, it had a population of 2,668 and an area of 95.3 square kilometres. The municipality also includes the villages of Stilfes and Mauls, the first in the plain in front of Trens beyond the river, Freienfeld borders the following municipalities, Franzensfeste, Ratschings, Mühlbach, Sarntal, Pfitsch, and Sterzing. The municipality of Freienfeld contains the frazioni Egg, Elzenbaum, Flans, Mauls, Niederried, Pfulters, Ritzail, Sprechenstein, Stilfes, Trens, the town was already inhabited in prehistoric times, as shown by archaeological finds at the St. In 450 the territory was invaded by Bavarii during their migration southbound, in 1525, during the period of peasant struggles, the church of Stilfes was sacked several times. The reorganization of Commons, made in 1849, led to a reduction of these, on October 18,1928, by decree, the three municipalities were reunited in a single, the Municipality of Freienfeld. Nearby the village of Mauls, take one of the defence of the “Vallo Alpino Littorio in Alto Adige”, a set of bunkers wanted by Benito Mussolini. In the last period of the Second World War, the area was hit by bombing the railway bridge over the river and the ammunition storage at Stilfes. The Municipality of Freienfeld joined, in 1967, the Community of the Valleys of the Eisacktal until 1979 to establish, together with the other municipalities, the Wipptal District Community. The emblem of the Municipality of Freienfeld consists of argent equilateral triangle, with the sides curved inward, the three vert sectors means the three municipalities, Trens, Stilfes and Mauls, and the white part is the central Municipality of Freienfeld. The emblem was granted in 1968, according to a legend a farmer found a wood carved statue among the debris of a landslide and carried it to his house. The following day the statue was found in a chapel and the people began to venerate it. In a document dated September 10,1345, it is mentioned for the first time of a church in Trens, in 1407 the family Trauston appointed a weekly Mass to be celebrated on Tuesday in the church. The present church was built in 1498 in Late Gothic with two entrance, the priest of Stilves obtained a “littera indulgentiarum” from twelve cardinals in 1482 in order to ease the construction. The chaplain of the deanery of Trens received in 1648 the commission to say Mass every day in Trens and the pilgrimages to the church increased. The “Chapel of Our Lady” was inaugurated on March 29,1728, at the half of 18th century the church underwent to a restoration in Baroque on plan by Joseph Adam Ritter von Mölk. The miraculous image was crowned in 1928 and the church parish in 1939. The ancient ecclesiastical centre is Stilfes that is still the main church of the village, the church is dedicated to St. Peter and is mentioned for the first time in 827
Media related to Welsberg-Taisten at Wikimedia Commons
