1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
City of Cardiff Council
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The County Council of the City and County of Cardiff is the governing body for Cardiff, one of the Principal Areas of Wales. The council consists of 75 councillors, representing 29 electoral wards, the authority is properly styled as The County Council of the City and County of Cardiff or in common use Cardiff Council. No other style is sanctioned for use on Council Documents although it does occasionally appear wrongly as Cardiff County Council on documents, the City & County itself is usually simply referred to as Cardiff. After the 2004 election, which changed the control of the Council from Labour to No Overall Control, the Liberal Democrats remained the largest party following the 2008 local election, and formed an administration with Plaid Cymru. In 2012, the Labour Party took overall control of Cardiff council, elections to Cardiff Council take place every four years. The last election was 3 May 2012, the council was run by a Labour majority administration between 1995 and 2004. The Liberal Democrats ran a minority administration from 2004-2008, in 2012 Labour regained control of the council. Following the 2008 local elections in Cardiff there was no party with an overall majority. The Lib Dems increased their number of councillors to 35, forming an administration with Plaid Cymru. The Conservatives replaced Labour as the official opposition, Labour suffered badly, losing 14 councillors. Three independent councillors were elected, two former Conservatives who had left the group in 2006 being joined by an additional member, municipal life in Cardiff dates back to the 12th century, when Cardiff was granted borough status by the Earls of Gloucester. The offices of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common Councillors developed during the Middle Ages, in 1905, Cardiff became a City, and the Borough Council became a City Council. The City of Cardiff is the county town of Glamorgan, however, prior to 1974, Cardiff was a County Borough in its own right and not subject to Glamorgan County Council. Council reorganisation in 1974 paired Cardiff and the Vale of Glamorgan together as district councils subject to the new county of South Glamorgan, further local government restructuring in 1996 resulted in Cardiff Citys district council becoming once again a unitary authority - the present Cardiff Council. The first Mayor of Cardiff is listed by the County Borough Records as Ralph Prepositus de Kardi who took up office in 1126, in 1835, Thomas Revel Guest became the first elected Mayor of Cardiff when the first council elections were held. When Cardiff was granted city status in 1905 Cardiffs First Citizen became Lord Mayor, robert Hughes, the Mayor in 1904, was re-elected to become Cardiffs first Lord Mayor in the following year. The Lord Mayor was granted the right to the style The Right Honourable, the Lord Mayor now bears the style The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of Cardiff. In 1999 a new system was introduced whereby the Leader of the Council could also serve as mayor for the duration of the Council without re-election and this led to Russell Goodway serving as both council leader and mayor from 1999 to 2003
3.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
4.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
5.
Cardiff city centre
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Cardiff city centre is the city centre and central business district of Cardiff, Wales. The area is bound by the River Taff to the west. Cardiff became a city in 1905, compared to nearby cities, the new St Davids Centre has more retail space than the whole of Newport or Swansea. In 2008–9, the footfall of shoppers was 55 million. Cardiff is the sixth most successful shopping destination in the United Kingdom – behind London, Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Cardiff was granted city status by Edward VII in 1905. In the 1960s, planners described Cardiff city centre as worn out, inconvenient, drab, the centre had escaped the extensive wartime bomb damage inflicted on other cities, so little redevelopment took place in the 1950s and 1960s. The Buchanan Plan of 1964 envisaged a highly ambitious extended city centre, by the time the legal agreement to implement Centreplan 70 was signed, the 1973 property crash had made it unviable. Development in the 1970s and 80s was more piecemeal than envisaged in Centreplan, the latter became, according to official publicists, one of the icons of Cardiffs new image. Development of the began in February 2010 and is expected to be completed by July 2011. Cardiff Council says that work to create the Castle Quarter as a friendly environment for High Street. Castle Street follows on from Cowbridge Road East from Canton and begins after Cardiff Bridge and it becomes Duke Street after the junction with High Street before turning north and becoming Kingsway, leading to Cardiff Civic Centre. From west to east, streets that begin from the side of this stretch are Westgate Street, Womanby Street, High Street, St Johns Street, Queen Street. Cardiff Castle and Bute Park dominate the northern side of the street, on the southern side are pubs, bars, retail and hotel units. Castle Arcade and Duke Street Arcades begin from this stretch, St. Mary Street and High Street. The former street is named after the 11th century church of St. Mary, today the stretch of road is the home of a number of bars, night clubs and restaurants, as well as branches of many major banks. Also fronting onto the street is Howells department store, which stretches from just after Cardiff Central Market to the corner of Wharton Street, from August 2007 the street was closed to private vehicles, leaving only buses, cycles and taxis allowed to access the whole street. The street is closed to all traffic every Friday and Saturday night to allow the efflux from night clubs and pubs located in that part of the street to clear. It is also closed when major events take place such as at the Millennium Stadium, the Prince Of Wales is a prominent J D Wetherspoon establishment at the junction with Wood Street, which leads to Central Station
6.
Ninian Comper
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Sir Ninian Comper was a Scottish-born architect. He was one of the last of the great Gothic Revival architects, noted for his churches and he is well known for his stained glass, his use of colour and his subtle integration of Classical and Gothic elements which he described as unity by inclusion. Comper was born in Aberdeen, the eldest of five children of Ellen Taylor of Hull and he was educated at Glenalmond School in Perthshire and attended a year at the Ruskin School of Art in Oxford. On moving to London, he was articled to Charles Eamer Kempe and his fellow-Scot William Bucknall took him into partnership in London in 1888 and Ninian was married to Grace Bucknall in 1890. Bucknall and Comper remained in partnership until 1905, John the Evangelist in Oxford and St Cyprians, Clarence Gate, London, the Lady Chapel at St Matthews, Westminster, Lady Chapel and gilded paintings in the chancel of All Saints, Margaret Street. He also designed the building for infants for St Mary & St John School on Hertford Street in Oxford which is now called the Comper Foundation Stage School. Comper is noted for re-introducing the English altar, a surrounded by riddel posts. Comper designed a number of altar screens, inspired by medieval originals. Wymondham Abbey, Norfolk, has one of the finest examples, only one major ecclesiastical work of Compers is in the United States, the Leslie Lindsey Chapel of Bostons Emmanuel Episcopal Church. The work is a product of and testimony to Compers design capability. Comper designed its altar, altar screen, pulpit, lectern, dozens of statues, all its furnishings and appointments, and most notably the stained glass windows. The chapel commemorates Leslie Lindsey and Stewart Mason, her husband of ten days, from 1912 Ninian and Grace lived in London at The Priory, Beulah Hill, a house designed by Decimus Burton, where he entertained friends such as John Betjeman. He had a studio nearby at Knights Hill, close to the worlds first Gothic Cemetery at West Norwood. After the studio was destroyed in World War II it was relocated to a building in his garden, Comper was knighted by King George VI in 1950. On 22 December 1960 he died in The Hostel of God in Clapham and his body was brought back to Norwood for cremation at West Norwood Cemetery. His ashes were interred beneath the windows he designed in Westminster Abbey. Lindsey Chapel, Its History & Architecture, Boston, MA, Emmanuel Church in the City of Boston. Basic Biographical Details, John Ninian Comper, basic Biographical Details, Bucknall & Comper
7.
In hoc signo vinces
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In hoc signo vinces is a Latin phrase meaning In this sign you will conquer, often also rendered in early modern English as In this sign thou shalt conquer. It is a translation, or rendering, of the Greek phrase ἐν τούτῳ νίκα en toútōi níka, literally meaning in this and his work De Mortibus Persecutorum has an apologetic character, but has been treated as a work of history by Christian writers. Here Lactantius preserves the story of Constantines vision of the Chi Rho before his conversion to Christianity, the full text is found in only one manuscript, which bears the title, Lucii Caecilii liber ad Donatum Confessorem de Mortibus Persecutorum. Eusebius then continues to describe the Labarum, the standard used by Constantine in his later wars against Licinius. They would thence turn right into the atrium of St. Peters Basilica, the Kingdom of Portugal have used this motto, since the 1143, according with the legend in Lusíadas. Coat of Arms of the Russian Government,1919, see White movement Inscribed on the Colours of the Irish Brigade. The motto of the Mauritius National Coast Guard The motto of U. S, public motto of the Sigma Chi international fraternity. Is the motto on the Coat of arms of the Vlaamse Verdedigings Liga, public motto of the English Defence League. Used as the title of the manifesto of George Lincoln Rockwell. Is the motto on the coat of arms of the city of Plzeň, the phrase is in the coat of arms of the city of Birkirkara, the largest city on the island of Malta, and the city of Bayamon, Puerto Rico. Is the motto on the Coat of Arms of ODonnell Appears in one of the paintings of the Polish artist Zdzisław Beksiński and it has been used in some versions of logo for the brand of cigarettes, Pall Mall. Eusebius - Constantine and the sign of the cross, Lucii Caecilii liber ad Donatum Confessorem de Mortibus Persecutorum
8.
Cathays Park
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It includes Edwardian buildings such as the Temple of Peace, City Hall, the National Museum and Gallery of Wales and several buildings belonging to the Cardiff University campus. It also includes Cardiff Crown Court, the headquarters of the Welsh Government. The Pevsner architectural guide to the county of Glamorgan judges Cathays Park to be the finest civic centre in the British Isles. The area falls within the Cathays electoral ward, the present day character of the area owes much to successive holders of the title the Marquess of Bute, and especially the 3rd Marquess of Bute, an extremely successful and wealthy businessman. They acquired much of the lands in Cathays through investment and by inheritance through a marriage to Charlotte Windsor in 1766, in 1898, the local council bought 59 acres of land from the 3rd Marquess of Bute in order to erect a new town hall. As part of the sale, the 3rd Marquis of Bute placed strict conditions on how the land was to be developed, the area was to be used for civic, cultural and educational purposes, and the avenues were to be preserved. In 1897 a competition was held for a complex comprising Law Courts, the winners were the firm of Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards, who would later go on to design the Methodist Central Hall in Westminster. These were the first two buildings of the ensemble, and have an almost uniform façade treatment, the east and west pavilions of both façades are identical in design, except for the attic storeys, which are decorated with allegorical sculptural groups. The third site in this complex went empty until 1910, when the competition for a National Museum of Wales was won by the architects Smith and Brewer. The Museum site was not bounded to the north by an avenue so there were scarcely any limits on the depth of the building, the First World War, however, ensured that progress on the building was very slow. By 1927 part of the East range, with the lecture theatre funded by William Reardon Smith, was complete, further extensions came only in the 1960s and 90s, these remained faithful to the original design on the exterior but are of a neutral character on the inside. In addition to the lawn in front of the City Hall. All of the spaces are within conservation areas and many of the buildings are listed. The open spaces are important to the image of the city. Several important buildings overlook these well kept spaces, each of the three gardens has its own very different character and each retains its original layout. Given their location, large numbers of people visit and pass through, Alexandra Gardens Named after Alexandra of Denmark, the Queen consort of Edward VII, Alexandra Gardens is located at the heart of the civic centre. It consists of 2.5 hectares of beautifully maintained flower beds and grass, Gorsedd Gardens Situated in front of the National Museum, this garden has as its centrepiece a stone circle constructed in 1899, when the National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff. The gardens name refers to the Gorsedd of Welsh Bards, the order that governs the Eisteddfod
9.
Cardiff
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Cardiff is the capital and largest city in Wales and the eleventh-largest city in the United Kingdom. The city is the chief commercial centre, the base for most national cultural and sporting institutions, the Welsh national media. The unitary authority areas mid-2011 population was estimated to be 346,100, the Cardiff metropolitan area makes up over a third of the total population of Wales, with a mid-2011 population estimate of about 1,100,000 people. Cardiff is a significant tourist centre and the most popular destination in Wales with 18.3 million visitors in 2010. In 2011, Cardiff was ranked sixth in the world in National Geographics alternative tourist destinations, the city of Cardiff is the county town of the historic county of Glamorgan. Cardiff is part of the Eurocities network of the largest European cities, the Cardiff Urban Area covers a slightly larger area outside the county boundary, and includes the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth. A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for the transport of coal following the arrival of industry in the region contributed to its rise as a major city. Cardiff was made a city in 1905, and proclaimed the capital of Wales in 1955, since the 1980s, Cardiff has seen significant development. A new waterfront area at Cardiff Bay contains the Senedd building, home to the Welsh Assembly, sporting venues in the city include the Millennium Stadium, SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff City Stadium, Cardiff International Sports Stadium and Cardiff Arms Park. The city was awarded the title of European City of Sport twice, due to its role in hosting major sporting events, first in 2009. The Millennium Stadium hosted 11 football matches as part of the 2012 Summer Olympics, including the opening event. Caerdydd derives from the earlier Welsh form Caerdyf, the change from -dyf to -dydd shows the colloquial alteration of Welsh f and dd, and was perhaps also driven by folk etymology. This sound change had probably first occurred in the Middle Ages, Caerdyf has its origins in post-Roman Brythonic words meaning the fort of the Taff. The fort probably refers to that established by the Romans, the anglicised form Cardiff is derived from Caerdyf, with the Welsh f borrowed as ff /f/, as also happens in Taff and Llandaff. As English does not have the vowel the final vowel has been borrowed as /ɪ/, although some sources repeat this theory, it has been rejected on linguistic grounds by modern scholars such as Professor Gwynedd Pierce. A group of five Bronze Age tumuli is at the summit of The Garth, four Iron Age hill fort and enclosure sites have been identified within Cardiffs present-day county boundaries, including Caerau Hillfort, an enclosed area of 5.1 hectares. The fort was one of a series of military outposts associated with Isca Augusta that acted as border defences, the fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued. However, by this time a settlement, or vicus, was established
10.
Edward VIII
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Edward VIII was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year. Edward was the eldest son of George V and Mary of Teck and he was named Prince of Wales on his sixteenth birthday, nine weeks after his father succeeded as king. As a young man, he served in the British Army during the First World War, Edward became king on his fathers death in early 1936. However, he showed impatience with court protocol, and caused concern among politicians by his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Only months into his reign, he caused a crisis by proposing marriage to Wallis Simpson. When it became apparent that he could not marry Wallis and remain on the throne and he was succeeded by his younger brother, George VI. With a reign of 326 days, Edward was one of the monarchs in British history. After his abdication, he was created Duke of Windsor and he married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final. Later that year, the couple toured Germany, after the war, Edward spent the rest of his life in retirement in France. Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park and he was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York. His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and his mother was the eldest daughter of Francis and Mary Adelaide, Duke and Duchess of Teck. At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne and he was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury. The names were chosen in honour of Edwards late uncle, who was known to his family as Eddy or Edward and he was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David. As was common practice with children of the time, Edward. One of Edwards early nannies often abused him by pinching him before he was due to be presented to his parents and his subsequent crying and wailing would lead the Duke and Duchess to send him and the nanny away. The nanny was discharged after her mistreatment of the children was discovered, Edwards father, though a harsh disciplinarian, was demonstrably affectionate, and his mother displayed a frolicsome side with her children that belied her austere public image. She was amused by the children making tadpoles on toast for their French master, initially Edward was tutored at home by Helen Bricka. Upon his parents return, Edward was placed under the care of two men, Frederick Finch and Henry Hansell, who brought up Edward and his brothers
11.
Commemorative plaque
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A monumental plaque or tablet commemorating a deceased person or persons, can be a simple form of church monument. A plaquette is a plaque, but in English, unlike many European languages. The Benin Empire, which flourished in present-day Nigeria between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, had a rich sculptural tradition. One of the kingdom’s chief sites of production was the elaborate ceremonial court of the Oba at the palace in Benin. Among the wide range of artistic forms produced at the court were rectangular brass or bronze plaques, surviving in great numbers, they were manufactured from sheet brass or latten, very occasionally coloured with enamels, and tend to depict highly conventional figures with brief inscriptions. In England, the London blue plaques scheme, which is administered by English Heritage, has been running for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world, Plaques are attached to buildings to commemorate their association with important occupants or events. A range of other commemorative plaque schemes, which are run by local councils and charitable bodies. These tend to use their own criteria for determining the eligibility to put up a plaque, a list of schemes currently operating in England is available on the English Heritage website. After the First World War, the families of British and British Empire service men and women killed during the conflict were presented with bronze Memorial Plaques, the plaques, of about 125 millimetres in diameter, were designed by the eminent sculptor and medallist, Edward Carter Preston. In the United States, various governments have commemorative plaque schemes usually using the name historical markers. The National Trust for Historic Preservation or the U. S. Government, through the National Register of Historic Places, state programmes, such as the California Register of Historical Resources allows designated sites to place their own markers. As the price of metal has increased plaques have been the target of metal thieves wishing to resell the metal for cash. Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, are given as awards instead of trophies or ribbons. Such plaques usually bear text describing the reason for the award and, often, blue plaque Hartog Plate Parting stone Stolperstein
12.
Western Mail (Wales)
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The Western Mail is a daily newspaper published by Media Wales Ltd in Cardiff, Wales owned by the UKs largest newspaper company, Trinity Mirror. The Sunday edition of the newspaper is published under the title Wales on Sunday and it describes itself as the national newspaper of Wales, although it has a very limited circulation in North Wales. The paper was published in broadsheet format until 2004, when it became a compact, as of 2015 it has an average circulation of 16,754. The Western Mail was founded in Cardiff in 1869 by John Crichton-Stuart, henry Lascelles Carr, editor since 1869, bought the paper with Daniel Owen in 1877. Under Carr, and later William Davies, the paper became influential in Wales, historically in South Wales the Western Mail has always been associated with its original owners, the coal and iron industrialists. Often this led to the paper being regarded with a degree of enmity. This association between newspaper and its owner was so there is still a degree of distrust of the paper in South Wales. In contrast, and particularly following devolution, the newspaper has adopted a populist, localist, pro-Wales stance, the newspaper has also stressed the community issues such as the closure of Welsh schools. The newspaper devotes a great deal of its coverage to Welsh rugby, the paper has varied the amount of space given over to Welsh language coverage, but currently at least two full pages of Welsh are provided in the Saturday supplement. Gareth Jones List of newspapers in Wales Website of the Western Mail and South Wales Echo
13.
Listed building
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A listed building or listed structure, in the United Kingdom, is one that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. The statutory bodies maintaining the list are Historic England in England, Cadw in Wales, Historic Scotland in Scotland, however, the preferred term in Ireland is protected structure. In England and Wales, an amenity society must be notified of any work to a listed building which involves any element of demolition. Owners of listed buildings are, in circumstances, compelled to repair and maintain them. When alterations are permitted, or when listed buildings are repaired or maintained, slightly different systems operate in each area of the United Kingdom, though the basic principles of the listing remain the same. It was the damage to caused by German bombing during World War II that prompted the first listing of buildings that were deemed to be of particular architectural merit. The listings were used as a means of determining whether a building should be rebuilt if it was damaged by bombing. Listing was first introduced into Northern Ireland under the Planning Order 1972, the listing process has since developed slightly differently in each part of the UK. In the UK, the process of protecting the historic environment is called ‘designation’. A heritage asset is a part of the environment that is valued because of its historic. Only some of these are judged to be important enough to have legal protection through designation. However, buildings that are not formally listed but still judged as being of heritage interest are still regarded as being a consideration in the planning process. Almost anything can be listed – it does not have to be a building, Buildings and structures of special historic interest come in a wide variety of forms and types, ranging from telephone boxes and road signs, to castles. Historic England has created twenty broad categories of structures, and published selection guides for each one to aid with assessing buildings and these include historical overviews and describe the special considerations for listing each category. Both Historic Scotland and Cadw produce guidance for owners, in England, to have a building considered for listing or delisting, the process is to apply to the secretary of state, this can be done by submitting an application form online to Historic England. The applicant does not need to be the owner of the building to apply for it to be listed, full information including application form guidance notes are on the Historic England website. Historic England assesses buildings put forward for listing or delisting and provides advice to the Secretary of State on the architectural, the Secretary of State, who may seek additional advice from others, then decides whether or not to list or delist the building. In England and Wales the authority for listing is granted to the Secretary of State by the Planning Act 1990, Listed buildings in danger of decay are listed on the Historic England Heritage at Risk Register
14.
Henry Alfred Pegram
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Henry Alfred Pegram RA was a British sculptor and exponent of the New Sculpture movement. Pegram was born in London and received his first artistic education at the West London School of Art, already in 1881 and in 1883 he won prizes at the National Art Competitions. In 1881, he entered the Royal Academy schools, where he won prizes in 1882,1884. In 1887 he left the school and worked until 1891 as assistant to Hamo Thornycroft and he became a member of the Art Workers Guild in 1890, an Associate of the Royal Academy in 1904 and finally a Royal Academician in 1922. From 1890, Pegram was commissioned for numerous building decorations and statues, in 1913, he was one of the ten sculptors selected to work on the city hall of Cardiff, for which he sculpted the figure of Llewelyn the Last. His daughter, Doris Joan Pegram, married the artist and illustrator H. M. Brock, henry Alfred Pegram died in 1937 in his home in Hampstead, London. Bronze candelabra in St. Pauls, London, monument to Ninon Michaelis at Kensal Green Cemetery. Reliefs at St Pauls Girls School, Brook Green, the Bather friezes at Buckingham Gate no. Statue of Thomas Browne in Norwich, gifted to Golders Green Crematorium by the Royal Society of Arts in 1937 By the Waters of Babylon. Statue of Sir Logan Campbell in Auckland, stone frieze at the Aston Webb building of the Birmingham University. Statue of Cecil Rhodes in Cape Town, figure of Llewelyn the Last at Cardiff City Hall. Victory on the War memorial at Cunard building, Liverpool, hylas, installed in 1933 in the Rose garden, Regents Park, London. Preston Cenotaph in Market Square, Preston, Lancashire, statue of Sir Robert Hart in Shanghai. Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
15.
Royal Institute of British Architects
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After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and it was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887,1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Councils approval. The design of the Institutes Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson and it was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History has a section on the Statutory registration of architects with an extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. This led to proposals for reconstituting ARCUK, eventually, in the 1990s, before proceeding, the government issued a consultation paper Reform of Architects Registration. RIBA Visiting Boards continue to assess courses for exemption from the RIBAs examinations in architecture, under arrangements made in 2011 the validation criteria are jointly held by the RIBA and the Architects Registration Board, but unlike the ARB, the RIBA also validates courses outside the UK. The RIBA is an organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name, formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer, those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA. Members gain access to all the services and receive its monthly magazine. The RIBA has been recognised as a business Superbrand since 2008, RIBA is based at 66 Portland Place, London—a 1930s Grade II* listed building designed by architect George Grey Wornum with sculptures by Edward Bainbridge Copnall and James Woodford. Parts of the London building are open to the public, including the Library and it has a large architectural bookshop, a café, restaurant and lecture theatres. Rooms are hired out for events, the Institute also maintains a dozen regional offices around the United Kingdom, it opened its first regional office for the East of England at Cambridge in 1966. It employs over 250 staff, approximately 180 of whom are based in Newcastle and its services include RIBA Insight, RIBA Appointments, and RIBA Publishing. It publishes the RIBA Product Selector and RIBA Journal, in Newcastle is the NBS, the National Building Specification, which has 130 staff and deals with the building regulations and the Construction Information Service. RIBA Bookshops, which operates online and at 66 Portland Place, is part of RIBA Enterprises. The British Architectural Library, sometimes referred to as the RIBA Library, was established in 1834 upon the founding of the institute with donations from members
16.
Goscombe John
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Sir William Goscombe John RA was a Welsh sculptor. He was born in Canton, Cardiff and as a youth assisted his father, Thomas John and he initially studied in his home town, attending the Cardiff School of Art. In 1890–91 he studied in Paris and their daughter Muriel married the son of artist Sir Luke Fildes. As a young man he adopted the first name Goscombe, taken from the name of a village in Gloucestershire near his mothers home. In 1921 he designed the memorial at Port Sunlight to the employees of Lever Brothers Ltd who had died in World War I, he sculpted portraits of Lord. He received a medal in Paris in 1901, was made a Royal Academician in 1909, was knighted in 1911. He settled in Greville Road, Kilburn, London, and is buried in Hampstead Cemetery, Johns output also included, Sculptures on Electra House in Moorgate, City of London, these dating from 1900 to 1903 and representing Egypt, Japan, India and China. Equestrian Statue of Edward VII on Pier Head, Liverpool, the Arthur Sullivan Memorial on the Embankment in London. Statue of Judge Gwilym Williams in Cathays Park, Cardiff, the work Grief dating to 1890. Statue on the facade of the Victoria & Albert Museum, carved figures on a reredos in St John the Baptist Church, St John Street, Cardiff. Statue of David Lloyd George in Caernarfon, Gwynedd, evan James and James James Statues in Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taf. Evan James, bardic name Ieuan ap Iago was a weaver and poet and James James, bardic name Iago ap Ieuan was a harpist and they wrote the tune and the lyrics of Hen Wlad fy Nhadau, the national anthem of Wales. This Goscombe John work dates to 1930 and is located in Ynysangharad Park, Statue of Daniel Owen in Mold, Flintshire. Goscombe John also executed the monument to the Marquis of Salisbury, in Westminster Abbey, the National Museum of Wales holds many works by Goscombe John. New Sculpture This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Gilman. Thurston, H. T. Colby, F. M. eds. article name needed, John, Sir William Goscombe Article on Goscombe Johns work with images from The National Archives. Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
17.
Hamo Thornycroft
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Sir William Hamo Thornycroft RA was an English sculptor, responsible for some of London’s best known statues. He was a student of classical sculpture and became one of the youngest members of the Royal Academy. Hamo Thornycroft belonged to the Thornycroft family of sculptors and his father, Thomas, mother Mary, and grandfather John Francis were all distinguished sculptors. Hamos early training was with his parents and he developed a passionate and he subsequently studied at the Royal Academy of Arts, where his primary influence was the painter-sculptor Frederic Leighton. Hamo won the Gold Medal of the Royal Academy in 1876 and he was the leading figure in the movement known as the New Sculpture. His close personal friend, the critic Edmund Gosse, coined the term The New Sculpture in 1894, Thornycroft created a series of statues in the ideal genre in the late 1870s and early 1880s that sought to reanimate the format of the classical statue. These included Lots Wife, Artemis and her Hound, the Homeric bowman Teucer, after 1884, Thornycrofts reputation was secure and he received commissions for a number of major monuments, most notably the innovative General Gordon. Thornycroft continued to be a member of the sculptural establishment. He became increasingly resistant to new developments in sculpture, although his work of the early 1880s helped to catalyze sculpture in the United Kingdom towards those new directions. In sum, he provided an important transition between the neoclassical and academic styles of the 19th century and its fin-de-siècle and modernist departures, a blue plaque commemorates Thornycroft at 2b Melbury Road, Kensington, his studio designed by lifelong friend John Belcher, c.1892. New Haven, Yale University Press,1983, the Alliance of Sculpture and Architecture. Body Doubles, Sculpture in Britain, 1877–1905, New Haven and London, Yale University Press,2004. Our Living Artists, Hamo Thornycroft, A. R. A, magazine of Art,1881, pp. 328–32. Marble and Bronze, The Art and Life of Hamo Thornycroft, New Haven, Yale University Press,1982. Hamo Thornycroft and the Martyr General, lecture to the Sculpture Students of the Royal Academy of Art,1885 reprinted in the Journal of the Walpole Society, vol. Portraits of Hamo Thornycroft at the National Portrait Gallery, London
18.
Tunisia
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Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia is the northernmost country in Africa, covering 165,000 square kilometres. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent and it is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisias population was estimated to be just under 11 million in 2014, Tunisias name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on Tunisias northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the end of the Atlas Mountains. Much of the rest of the land is fertile soil. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic and it is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a human development index. In addition, Tunisia is also a state of the United Nations. Close relations with Europe – in particular with France and with Italy – have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation, in ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC, these immigrants founded Carthage, a major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the eight hundred years, introduced Christianity. After several attempts starting in 647, the Arabs conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, the Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881, Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014. The word Tunisia is derived from Tunis, an urban hub. The present form of the name, with its Latinate suffix -ia, the French derivative Tunisie was adopted in some European languages with slight modifications, introducing a distinctive name to designate the country. Other languages remained untouched, such as the Russian Туни́с and Spanish Túnez, in this case, the same name is used for both country and city, as with the Arabic تونس, and only by context can one tell the difference. The name Tunis can be attributed to different origins and it is generally associated with the Berber root ⵜⵏⵙ, transcribed tns, which means to lay down or encampment
19.
Hadrian
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Hadrian was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He is known for building Hadrians Wall, which marked the limit of Britannia. He also rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus, philhellene in most of his tastes, he is considered by some to have been a humanist, and he is regarded as the third of the Five Good Emperors. Hadrian was born Publius Aelius Hadrianus into a Hispano-Roman family, although Italica near Santiponce is often considered his birthplace, his actual place of birth remains uncertain. It is generally accepted that he came from a family with roots in Hispania. His predecessor, Trajan, was a cousin of Hadrians father. Trajan did not designate an heir officially, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajans wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them. During his reign, Hadrian travelled to every province of the Empire. An ardent admirer of Greece, he sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the Empire and he used his relationship with his Greek lover Antinous to underline his philhellenism, and this led to the establishment of one of the most popular cults of ancient times. Hadrian spent a deal of time with the military, he usually wore military attire and even dined. He ordered rigorous military training and drilling and made use of reports of attacks to keep the army on alert. On his accession to the throne, Hadrian withdrew from Trajans conquests in Mesopotamia, Assyria and Armenia, late in his reign he suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina. In 138 Hadrian adopted Antoninus Pius on the condition that he adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as his own heirs and they would eventually succeed Antoninus as co-emperors. Hadrian died the year at Baiae. In Hadrians time, there was already an established convention that one could not write a contemporary Roman imperial history for fear of competing with the emperors themselves. Information on the history of Hadrians reign comes mostly from later. A general account of his reign is Book 69 of the early 3rd century Roman History by Cassius Dio and his original Greek text of this book is lost, what survives is a brief, much later, Byzantine-era abridgment by the 11th century monk Xiphilinius. He selected from Dios account of Hadrians reign based on his religious interests
20.
Scottish National War Memorial
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The monument was formally opened in 1927. It is housed in a barrack block in Crown Square, at the heart of the castle. Proposals for a Scottish National War Memorial were put forward in 1917, during the First World War, by John Stewart-Murray, 8th Duke of Atholl, and Capt George Swinton of Kimmerghame. A more modest scheme to remodel the North Barrack Block was finally agreed in 1923, after the Second World War 50,000 names were added to the rolls of honour. Names continue to be added from successive conflicts, however the memorial itself has been left unchanged, the stained-glass windows are by Douglas Strachan. After the Second World War the limiting dates were modified, with another 50,000 names inscribed on the Rolls of Honour within the Hall, the memorial is maintained by a charitable trust known as the Scottish National War Memorial. McWilliam, Colin, Gifford, John, Walker, David, media related to Scottish National War Memorial at Wikimedia Commons Scottish National War Memorial website
21.
Cross of Sacrifice
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The Cross of Sacrifice is a Commonwealth war memorial designed in 1918 by Sir Reginald Blomfield for the Imperial War Graves Commission. It is present in Commonwealth war cemeteries containing 40 or more graves and its shape is an elongated Latin cross with proportions more typical of the Celtic cross, with the shaft and crossarm octagonal in section. It ranges in height from 18 to 24 feet, a bronze longsword, blade down, is affixed to the front of the cross. It is usually mounted on an octagonal base and it may be freestanding or incorporated into other cemetery features. The Cross of Sacrifice is widely praised, widely imitated, and it is the most imitated of Commonwealth war memorials, and duplicates and imitations have been used around the world. The First World War introduced killing on such a scale that few nations were prepared to cope with it. Millions of bodies were never recovered, or were recovered long after any identification could be made, hundreds of thousands of bodies were buried on the battlefield where they lay. It was often impossible to dig trenches without unearthing remains, and artillery barrages often uncovered bodies, many bodies were buried in French municipal cemeteries, but these rapidly filled to capacity. Due to the costs and sheer number of remains involved, Australia, Canada, India, Newfoundland, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United Kingdom barred repatriation of remains. Fabian Ware, a director of the Rio Tinto mining company, Ware petititoned the British government to establish an official agency to oversee the locating, recording, and marking of British war dead, and to acquire land for cemeteries. The Imperial War Office agreed, and created the Graves Registration Commission in March 1915, during its short existence, the Graves Registration Commission consolidated many British war dead cemeteries. Over the next few months, the Graves Registration Commission closed British war dead cemeteries with fewer than 50 bodies, disinterred the bodies, the Graves Registration Commission became the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries in February 1916. As the war continued, there was an awareness in the British Army that a more permanent body needed be organized to care for British war graves after the war. In January 1916, the prime minister H. H. Asquith appointed a National Committee for the Care of Soldiers Graves to take over this task, Edward, Prince of Wales agreed to serve as the committees president. The committees membership reflected all members of the British Commonwealth, the idea was broached at the first Imperial War Conference in March 1917, and on 21 May 1917 the Imperial War Graves Commission was chartered. Lord Derby was named its chair, and the Prince of Wales its president, prior to the First World War, the British tradition was to bury officers who died on the battlefield in individual graves and common soldiers in mass graves. Subsequently, as the war continued, there was an expectation among the people of the United Kingdom that foot soldiers as well as officers should not only be buried singly. Many British families had already tried to visit the graves of loved ones, numerous letters appeared in newspapers decrying the problem, and Ware realized the British war effort was heading toward a public relations disaster
22.
Imperial War Graves Commission
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The Commission is also responsible for commemorating Commonwealth civilians who died as a result of enemy action during World War II. The Commission was founded by Fabian Ware and constituted through Royal Charter in 1917 named the Imperial War Graves Commission, the change to the present name took place in 1960. The Commission, as part of its mandate, is responsible for commemorating all Commonwealth war dead individually and equally, to this end, the war dead are commemorated by name on a headstone, at an identified site of a burial, or on a memorial. War dead are commemorated uniformly and equally, irrespective of military or civil rank, the Commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1.7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries. Since its inception, the Commission has constructed approximately 2,500 war cemeteries, the Commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23,000 separate burial sites and the maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide. The Commission operates through the financial support of the member states, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India. The current President of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is Prince Edward, at the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Fabian Ware, a director of the Rio Tinto Company, found that he was too old, at age 45, to join the British Army. He used the influence of Rio Tinto chairman, Viscount Milner, the new Graves Registration Commission had over 31,000 graves of British and Imperial soldiers registered by October 1915 and 50,000 registered by May 1916. When municipal graveyards began to overfill Ware began negotiations with local authorities to acquire land for further cemeteries. Ware began with an agreement with France to build joint British, similar negotiations began with the Belgian government. As reports of the grave registration work became public, the Commission began to receive letters of enquiry, by 1917,17,000 photographs had been dispatched to relatives. In March 1915, the Commission, with the support of the Red Cross, began to dispatch photographic prints, the directorates work was also extended beyond the Western Front and into other theatres of war, with units deployed in Greece, Egypt and Mesopotamia. As the war continued, Ware and others concerned about the fate of the graves in the post-war period. The National Committee for the Care of Soldiers Graves was created with the intention of taking over the work of the Directorate of Graves Registration, the government felt that it was more appropriate to entrust the work to a specially appointed body rather than to any existing government department. By early 1917, a number of members of the committee believed a formal imperial organisation would be needed to care for the graves. With the help of Edward, Prince of Wales, Ware submitted a memorandum to the Imperial War Conference in 1917 suggesting that an imperial organisation be constituted, the Commissions undertakings began in earnest at the end of the First World War. Once land for cemeteries and memorials had been guaranteed, the task of recording the details of the dead could begin. By 1918, some 587,000 graves had been identified, the scale, and associated high number of casualties, of the war produced an entirely new attitude towards the commemoration of war dead
23.
Union Jack Club
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Located near Waterloo station, the club has over 290 rooms for accommodation, a restaurant, bar, small library and function rooms. The clubs main entrance is now in Sandell Street off Waterloo Road, there are views of London from the upper floors, where many of the accommodation rooms are located. The idea in creating the club came from Ethel McCaul, a Royal Red Cross nurse who was served in hospitals during the South African War at the start of the 20th century. The idea of a club was endorsed by such notables as Major-General Laurence Oliphant, the initial sum of £60,000 was raised at various galas and functions. Any donor giving £100 could name a room, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle took the opportunity to endow the Lady Conan Doyle Room with his contribution. The original Edwardian building was located at 91 Waterloo Road and was completed at the end of 1904, during World War II, the club gained a reputation as a refuge for homosexual servicemen to socialise and find intimacy. Over the course of the war, the area around Waterloo station was heavily bombed, in 1970, it was decided to demolish the original building and to construct a completely new one. Demolition began in 1971 and building started in 1972, the clubs new premises opened on 16 October 1975. It was formally opened by the Patron-in-Chief, Queen Elizabeth II, Union Jack Union Jack Club website The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh help celebrate the centenary of the Union Jack Club,3 December 2004 London SE1 — Queen visits Union Jack Club,3 December 2004
24.
Raoul Wallenberg
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Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg was a Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat and humanitarian. He is widely celebrated for saving tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi-occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from German Nazis, while serving as Swedens special envoy in Budapest between July and December 1944, Wallenberg issued protective passports and sheltered Jews in buildings designated as Swedish territory. On 17 January 1945, during the Siege of Budapest by the Red Army, Wallenberg was detained by SMERSH on suspicion of espionage and subsequently disappeared. He was later reported to have died on 17 July 1947 while imprisoned by the KGB secret police in the Lubyanka, due to his courageous actions on behalf of the Hungarian Jews, Raoul Wallenberg has been the subject of numerous humanitarian honors in the decades following his presumed death. Congressman Tom Lantos, himself one of those saved by Wallenberg and he was the second person ever to receive this honor, after Winston Churchill. Wallenberg is also a citizen of Canada, Hungary, Australia. Israel has also designated Wallenberg one of the Righteous Among the Nations, monuments have been dedicated to him, and streets have been named after him throughout the world. A Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States was created in 1981 to perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and it gives the Raoul Wallenberg Award annually to recognize persons who carry out those goals. Postage stamps have been issued in his honour by Argentina, Australia, Canada, Dominica, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Sweden, on 26 July 2012, he was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress in recognition of his achievements and heroic actions during the Holocaust. In October 2016,71 years after his disappearance, Wallenberg was formally declared dead by the Swedish Tax Agency. Wallenberg was born in 1912 in Lidingö, near Stockholm, where his grandparents, professor Per Johan Wising. His paternal grandfather, Gustaf Wallenberg, was a diplomat and envoy to Tokyo, Istanbul and his parents, who married in 1911, were Raoul Oscar Wallenberg, a Swedish naval officer, and Maria Maj Sofia Wising. His father died of cancer three months before he was born, and his grandfather died of pneumonia three months after his birth. His mother and grandmother, now both suddenly widows, raised him together, in 1918, his mother married Fredrik von Dardel, they had a son, Guy von Dardel, and a daughter, Nina Lagergren. After high school and his eight months in the Swedish military. He spent one year there, and then, in 1931, although the Wallenberg family was rich, he worked at odd jobs in his free time and joined other young male students as a passenger rickshaw handler at Chicagos Century of Progress. He used his vacations to explore the United States, with hitchhiking being his preferred method of travel, about his experiences, he wrote to his grandfather saying, When you travel like a hobo, everything’s different. You have to be on the alert the whole time, you’re in close contact with new people every day
25.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
26.
Ambassador
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The word is also often used more liberally for persons who are known, without national appointment, to represent certain professions, activities and fields of endeavor such as sales. An ambassador is the government representative stationed in a foreign capital. The host country typically allows the control of specific territory called an embassy, whose territory, staff. Under the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, an ambassador has the highest diplomatic rank, countries may choose to maintain diplomatic relations at a lower level by appointing a chargé daffaires in place of an ambassador. The equivalent to an Ambassador exchanged among members of the Commonwealth of Nations are known as High Commissioners, the ambassadors of the Holy See are known as Papal or Apostolic Nuncios. The first known usage of the term is known to be in the 14th century, the foreign government to which an ambassador is assigned must first approve the person. In some cases, the government might reverse its approval by declaring the diplomat a persona non grata. This kind of declaration usually results in recalling the ambassador to his/her home nation, due to the advent of modern travel, todays world is a much smaller place in relative terms. As an officer of the service, an ambassador is expected to protect the citizens of his home country in the host country. Another result of the increase in travel is the growth of trade between nations. For most countries, the economy is now part of the global economy. This means increased opportunities to sell and trade with other nations, one of the cornerstones of foreign diplomatic missions is to work for peace. This task can grow into a fight against international terrorism, the trade, international bribery. Ambassadors help stop these acts, helping people across the globe and these activities are important and sensitive and are usually carried out in coordination with the Defense Ministry of the state and the head of the nation. The rise of the diplomatic system was a product of the Italian Renaissance. The use of ambassadors became a strategy in Italy during the 17th century. The political changes in Italy altered the role of ambassadors in diplomatic affairs, because many of the states in Italy were small in size, they were particularly vulnerable to larger states. The ambassador system was used to disperse information and to protect the vulnerable states
27.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
28.
Passport
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A passport is a travel document, usually issued by a countrys government, that certifies the identity and nationality of its holder for the purpose of international travel. Standard passports may contain information such as the name, place and date of birth, photograph, signature. Passports are moving towards including biometric information in a microchip embedded in the document, making them machine-readable, as of 5 April 2017,96 countries emit biometric passports. A passport holder is entitled to enter the country that issued the passport. Some passports attest to status as a diplomat or other official, entitled to rights, many countries normally allow entry to holders of passports of other countries, sometimes requiring a visa also to be held, but this is not an automatic right. Many other additional conditions, such as not being likely to become a charge for financial or other reasons. Some countries and international organisations issue travel documents which are not standard passports, one of the earliest known references to paperwork that served in a role similar to that of a passport is found in the Hebrew Bible. In the medieval Islamic Caliphate, a form of passport was the baraa, only people who paid their zakah or jizya taxes were permitted to travel to different regions of the Caliphate, thus, the baraa receipt was a travelers basic passport. Etymological sources show that the passport is from a medieval document that was required in order to pass through the gate of a city wall or to pass through a territory. In medieval Europe, such documents were issued to travelers by local authorities, on the whole, documents were not required for travel to sea ports, which were considered open trading points, but documents were required to travel inland from sea ports. King Henry V of England is credited with having invented what some consider the first true passport, the earliest reference to these documents is found in a 1414 Act of Parliament. In 1540, granting travel documents in England became a role of the Privy Council of England, in 1794, issuing British passports became the job of the Office of the Secretary of State. The 1548 Imperial Diet of Augsburg required the public to hold imperial documents for travel, the speed of trains, as well as the number of passengers that crossed multiple borders, made enforcement of passport laws difficult. The general reaction was the relaxation of passport requirements, consequently, comparatively few people held passports. During World War I, European governments introduced border passport requirements for security reasons and these controls remained in place after the war, becoming a standard, though controversial, procedure. British tourists of the 1920s complained, especially about attached photographs and physical descriptions, in 1920, the League of Nations held a conference on passports, the Paris Conference on Passports & Customs Formalities and Through Tickets. Passport guidelines and a general booklet design resulted from the conference, while the United Nations held a travel conference in 1963, no passport guidelines resulted from it. Passport standardization came about in 1980, under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO standards include those for machine-readable passports
29.
Falklands War
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It began on Friday,2 April 1982, when Argentina invaded and occupied the Falkland Islands in an attempt to establish the sovereignty it had claimed over them. On 5 April, the British government dispatched a naval force to engage the Argentine Navy. The conflict lasted 74 days and ended with the Argentine surrender on 14 June 1982, in total,649 Argentine military personnel,255 British military personnel, and three Falkland Islanders died during the hostilities. The conflict was an episode in the protracted confrontation over the territories sovereignty. Argentina asserted that the islands are Argentine territory, and the Argentine government thus characterised its military action as the reclamation of its own territory, the British government regarded the action as an invasion of a territory that had been a Crown colony since 1841. Falkland Islanders, who have inhabited the islands since the early 19th century, are descendants of British settlers. The conflict has had an effect in both countries and has been the subject of various books, articles, films, and songs. Patriotic sentiment ran high in Argentina, but the outcome prompted large protests against the military government. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative Party government, bolstered by the outcome, was re-elected the following year. The cultural and political weight of the conflict has had less effect in Britain than in Argentina, diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina were restored in 1989 following a meeting in Madrid, Spain, at which the two governments issued a joint statement. No change in either countrys position regarding the sovereignty of the Falkland Islands was made explicit, in 1994, Argentinas claim to the territories was added to its constitution. In December 1981 there was a change in the Argentine military regime, bringing to office a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri, Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo. Anaya was the architect and supporter of a military solution for the long-standing claim over the islands. Such action would also bolster its dwindling legitimacy, the newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step-by-step plan beginning with cutting off supplies to the islands, ending in direct actions late in 1982, if the UN talks were fruitless. The Royal Navy ice patrol vessel HMS Endurance was dispatched from Stanley to South Georgia in response, the Argentine military junta, suspecting that the UK would reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 2 April. Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker, on 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings off the Falkland Islands. The invasion was met with a defence organised by the Falkland Islands Governor Sir Rex Hunt. Word of the invasion first reached Britain from Argentine sources, a Ministry of Defence operative in London had a short telex conversation with Governor Hunts telex operator, who confirmed that Argentines were on the island and in control
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Spanish Civil War
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Ultimately, the Nationalists won, and Franco then ruled Spain for the next 36 years, from April 1939 until his death in November 1975. Sanjurjo was killed in an accident while attempting to return from exile in Portugal. The coup was supported by units in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, Pamplona, Burgos, Zaragoza, Valladolid, Cádiz, Córdoba. However, rebelling units in some important cities—such as Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, and Málaga—did not gain control, Spain was thus left militarily and politically divided. The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country, the Nationalist forces received munitions and soldiers from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, while the Republican side received support from the Communist Soviet Union and leftist populist Mexico. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom and France, operated a policy of non-intervention. The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west and they also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. Those associated with the losing Republicans were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists, with the establishment of a dictatorship led by General Franco in the aftermath of the war, all right-wing parties were fused into the structure of the Franco regime. The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired, organized purges occurred in territory captured by Francos forces to consolidate the future regime. A significant number of killings took place in areas controlled by the Republicans, the extent to which Republican authorities took part in killings in Republican territory varied. The 19th century was a turbulent time for Spain and those in favour of reforming Spains government vied for political power with conservatives, who tried to prevent reforms from taking place. Some liberals, in a tradition that had started with the Spanish Constitution of 1812, sought to limit the power of the monarchy of Spain, the reforms of 1812 did not last after King Ferdinand VII dissolved the Constitution and ended the Trienio Liberal government. Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874, until the 1850s, the economy of Spain was primarily based on agriculture. There was little development of an industrial or commercial class. The land-based oligarchy remained powerful, a number of people held large estates called latifundia as well as all the important government positions. In 1868 popular uprisings led to the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of Bourbon, two distinct factors led to the uprisings, a series of urban riots and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military concerned with the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy. In 1873 Isabellas replacement, King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy, abdicated owing to increasing pressure. After the restoration of the Bourbons in December 1874, Carlists and Anarchists emerged in opposition to the monarchy, alejandro Lerroux, Spanish politician and leader of the Radical Republican Party, helped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia, where poverty was particularly acute
31.
Public Monuments and Sculpture Association
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The primary aim of the PMSA is to heighten public awareness of Britains monumental heritage— past, present, and future—through activities, publications and dialogue. It campaigns for the listing, preservation, protection and restoration of monuments and sculpture. As well as campaigning for historic monuments and public sculpture, the PMSA has been active in promoting the commissioning of new public monuments and sculpture. From the beginning, the PMSA was actively encouraged by the writer and sculpture scholar Benedict Read, subscriptions were opened in May 1991 and membership has now stabilised at around 250. It has set up events, conferences and publications in collaboration with English Heritage, the PMSA operates an advisory service and distributes newsletters and newssheets to its members. The latest projects include collaboration with other organisations and individuals to oversee production of the Custodians Handbook, published in 2005, another project is creating a digital database of public sculptures and monuments. The Association is a company which is run by a board comprising its Director. Ad hoc sub-committees are established to organise events, projects or campaigns, the President of the PMSA is His Royal Highness the Duke of Gloucester, KG, GCVO. The current chairman is Peter Brown and it is based at 70 Cowcross Street, London. Public Monument and Sculpture Association National Recording Project
32.
Imperial War Museum
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Imperial War Museums is a British national museum organisation with branches at five locations in England, three of which are in London. Founded as the Imperial War Museum in 1917, the museum was intended to record the civil and military war effort and sacrifice of Britain, the museums remit has since expanded to include all conflicts in which British or Commonwealth forces have been involved since 1914. As of 2012, the aims to provide for, and to encourage. Originally housed in the Crystal Palace at Sydenham Hill, the museum opened to the public in 1920. The outbreak of the Second World War saw the museum expand both its collections and its terms of reference, but in the period, the museum entered a period of decline. The 1960s saw the museum redevelop its Southwark building, now referred to as Imperial War Museum London, during the 1970s, the museum began to expand onto other sites. The first, in 1976, was an airfield in Cambridgeshire now referred to as IWM Duxford. In 1978, the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Belfast became a branch of the museum, in 1984, the Cabinet War Rooms, an underground wartime command centre, was opened to the public. From the 1980s onwards, the museums Bethlem building underwent a series of multimillion-pound redevelopments, finally,2002 saw the opening of IWM North in Trafford, Greater Manchester, the fifth branch of the museum and the first in the north of England. In 2011, the museum rebranded itself as IWM, standing for Imperial War Museums, the museum is funded by government grants, charitable donations, and revenue generation through commercial activity such as retailing, licensing, and publishing. General admission is free to IWM London and IWM North, the museum is an exempt charity under the Charities Act 1993 and a non-departmental public body under the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. As of January 2012, the Chairman of the Trustees is Sir Francis Richards, since October 2008, the museums Director General has been Diane Lees. On 27 February 1917 Sir Alfred Mond, a Liberal MP and First Commissioner of Works and this proposal was accepted by the War Cabinet on 5 March 1917 and the decision announced in The Times on 26 March. A committee was established, chaired by Mond, to oversee the collection of material to be exhibited in the new museum, there was an early appreciation of the need for exhibits to reflect personal experience in order to prevent the collections becoming dead relics. Sir Martin Conway, the Museums first Director General, said that exhibits must be vitalised by contributions expressive of the action, the experiences, the valour and the endurance of individuals. The museums first curator and secretary was Charles ffoulkes, who had previously been curator of the Royal Armouries at the Tower of London, in July 1917 Mond made a visit to the Western Front in order to study how best to organise the museums growing collection. While in France he met French government ministers, and Field Marshal Haig, in December 1917 the name was changed to the Imperial War Museum after a resolution from the India and Dominions Committee of the museum. The museum was opened by The King at the Crystal Palace on 9 June 1920, shortly afterwards the Imperial War Museum Act 1920 was passed and established a Board of Trustees to oversee the governance of the museum
33.
Capital Tower, Cardiff
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Capital Tower located in Cardiff, Wales was the tallest structure in Wales, until 12 September 2008 when Meridian Quay in Swansea was topped out. The foundations were built on the ruins of a 12th-century friary and these were completely cleared for the tower to be constructed, although it is probable that under modern planning laws this would not have been allowed. Completed in 1967 and providing 190,000 sq ft of floor space, at this time the building received its current name, Capital Tower. The tower presently houses several key clients, including, Admiral Insurance & Recruit121, government offices including those of the Secretary of State for Wales, Hilton Hotel, Tiger Tiger. On 25 November 2002, the tower was sold for £17.4 million by Aberdeen Property Investors to the Raven Group, in August 2012, DTZ secured the £12.35 million sale of Capital Tower and Friary House to the Topland Group. List of tallest buildings in Cardiff
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Stadium House, Cardiff
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Stadium House in Park Street, Cardiff, Wales, is the second tallest building in Cardiff, Wales, which stands next to the Millennium Stadium. The 255ft tall building is owned by BT Group, and underwent a £7.1 million refurbishment programme in 2002, work started on the building in March 1974 and was completed in 1976. The building is now clad in white and blue, while the roof is topped with a 131ft stainless steel spire, the addition of this spire qualifies the building as the tallest in Cardiff and Wales, at 120 metres, if the spire is included. List of tallest buildings in Cardiff www. skyscrapernews. com - BT Stadium House
35.
Llanishen
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Llanishen is a district and community in the north of Cardiff, the capital city of Wales. The Cardiff ward population taken at the 2011 census was 17,149, Llanishen is well known as the home of the Tax Offices, the tallest buildings in north Cardiff and a landmark for miles around. The office complex overlooks the Crystal and Fishguard estates, Parc Ty Glas industrial estate, old village, leafy suburban roads and various parkland that constitute the district. Originally wooded farm land, in A. D.535 two monks came eastwards from the religious settlement of Llandaff, aiming to establish new settlements, or llans. With fresh water from the Nant Fawr stream, one of the monks Isan founded his llan on the site of the modern day Oval Park, in 1089 in the Battle of the Heath, the Normans fought the Welsh Celts north of the settlement. The victorious Normans expanded Llanishen, starting work on a church to the north which was completed in the 12th century, in 1887, the two new reservoirs of Llanishen were built to allow distribution of water collected in the Brecon Beacons to the city. In 1922, after expansion north by the city and south by the village, Llanishen Golf Club was established in 1905. Development of the village since has been redevelopment of the former farming and military land into commercial usage. The First World War, like in many locations, brought death to the men of the village. With the development of ROF Bridgend, a Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Cardiff was opened in 1940 to take the explosives from Bridgend and produce tank, anti-tank and field guns. Air defences against paratroopers were placed in fields, but this was strengthened in 1941 when the Royal Air Force established both a RAF Regiment base and a glider training facility. In 1943 the United States Army began using the facilities to hold troops, the Americans left in June 1944 as the Allies prepared for D-Day. In 1987 ROF Cardiff became an Atomic Weapons Establishment and it closed down in February 1997. The site will also host a new open space, the final element to be constructed, to include childrens play area, sports pitch. The George Wimpey development has been named Watkins Square and the Barratt development Tasker Square – after Wales famous Victoria Cross winner Sir Tasker Watkins, Parc Tŷ Glas is home to the offices of S4C and the National Eisteddfod of Wales. HM Revenue and Customs occupies a 16-storey tower block plus some of the 11-storey Gleider House in a complex of HM Government offices, employing more than 2,700 staff on site in late 2007. In 2003, a complex of six stores was built. Cardiff Sailing Centre is one of Wales foremost sailing schools teaching sailing, windsurfing and powerboating, the centre currently operates all its courses in Cardiff Bay due to the drain down, however still has buildings at the former reservoir should they be able to return
36.
Altolusso
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Altolusso is a residential skyscraper in Cardiff, Wales. The building is 72 metres high and has 23 floors, the tower was the tallest residential building in Wales upon its completion in 2005, and remains one of the tallest buildings in Cardiff and in Wales. The Y-shaped building contains 292 luxury one to three bedroom apartments with views across the city, a three storey car park allocated to the property. Altolusso is located close to The Hayes area of Cardiff city centre, near Cardiff International Arena, historically, the site had been used for the production and storage of coal gas since 1837, when the Cardiff Gas Light and Coke Co established their facilities in Bute Terrace. The façade is not listed, but was retained at the request of Cardiff Council during the planning application and it had fallen into a poor state of repair by 2003, and modifications had been made over the years. Extensive renovation and reconstruction of the façade was carried out using stone blocks from some of the buildings that were demolished. The façade forms part of the main foyer with a glass atrium roof. The design of the forms a three-leaf clover with three sweeping curvaceous wings emerging from a central service and access core. Its 3-4m high Victorian masonry and brick retaining wall defines the boundary of the site while the dock feeder. Altolusso has been used during filming for the science fiction TV series Torchwood, filming took place on 8 June 2006, and shows the main character, Jack Harkness, standing on top of the building overlooking Cardiff. List of tallest buildings in Cardiff Media related to Altolusso at Wikimedia Commons Images of Altolusso at skyscrapernews. com Laing ORourke Project Profile of Altolusso
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Meridian Gate, Cardiff
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Meridian Gate is a hotel and residential skyscraper complex in Cardiff, Wales. Meridian Gate comprises two buildings, the taller of which is 63 metres high, has 21 floors and contains the largest hotel in Cardiff and it is the joint-fifth tallest building in Cardiff. The smaller building, called Meridian Plaza is 33 metres high, has 11 floors, Meridian Gate is a result of the trend for city living that is driving a construction boom in many major British centres. The building was proposed in early 2004, obtaining planning consent shortly afterwards, a full application was submitted in 2006 after a change of developer. The site was bought by Radisson Blu, an international hotel group requiring a prime site in central Cardiff for an upmarket hotel. The building topped out in mid-2008, the public open space is a mix of hard and soft landscaping, and the courtyards at podium level are for residents only. The Barcelona lights were retained but moved, and a statue of Jim Driscoll was placed on a stone plinth. The hotel tower has a curtain walling with solar reflective glass. The intention was to follow the finishes and colours on Callaghan Square. The gull wing or butterfly roof feature on top of the tower were added to give it more distinction, Cardiff Council welcomed the slimness of the tower and the increased glazing which creates a strong focal point in the cityscape. They wanted to see a distinctive feature to add to the landmark nature of the building. The quality of the design was critical for the scheme’s success. High quality materials were required, and the precast concrete panelling was therefore of some concern, a concern of the review panel of Design Commission for Wales was that the building needed to respect the height of the neighbouring Altolusso building, another of Cardiffs tallest buildings. Consequently, an improvement in the spacing between the westernmost wing of the Altolusso and the new residential tower was made. The hotel offers 215 rooms on 21 floors, rooms include 60 Business Class rooms,12 Junior suites and 11 accessible rooms. The hotel has two bars and a restaurant, as well as a health spa featuring a sauna, steam room, relaxation room, six meeting rooms are provided by the hotel as well as The Azzurro Ballroom with a capacity of 350. The pre-conference area has a capacity of 150, the building is located on Bute Terrace. List of tallest buildings in Cardiff Radisson Blu Cardiff Skyscraper News | Meridian Gate Hotel Tower Skyscraper News | Meridian Gate Residential Tower
38.
Holland House, Cardiff
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Holland House, formerly called Julian Hodge House, is a high-rise hotel on Newport Road near the centre of Cardiff, Wales. Originally an office block, the 60. 3-metre-high building has 15 floors and is the seventh tallest building in Cardiff, the building was constructed in 1968 by the Welsh financier Julian Hodge and was named Julian Hodge House. It was later called the Julian S. Hodge Building, the building was refurbished in 2003/4 for hotel use. It underwent an alteration and refurbishment project on the concrete framed structure. The two-storey extension was 30 by 15 metres and was built on top of a basement car park area. The building was built as a block and was used as offices by Lloyds TSB Bank. In 2004 it became the Macdonald Holland House Hotel, the hotel was run by Macdonald Hotels until 2007 when it was sold to AccorHotels to operate under the Mercure brand. In 2006, the exterior of the building was used as a hospital for the BBC television sci-fi drama series Torchwood, Mercure Holland House and Spa is a 4-star hotel with 165 rooms. The hotel has a first floor restaurant and a lounge bar, list of tallest buildings in Cardiff
39.
Llandaff Cathedral
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Llandaff Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales. It is the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff, head of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff and it is dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and three Welsh saints, Dubricius, Teilo and Oudoceus. It is one of two cathedrals in Cardiff, the other being the Roman Catholic Cardiff Cathedral in the city centre, the current building was constructed in the 12th century over the site of an earlier church. Severe damage was done to the church in 1400 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, during the English Civil War when it was overrun by Parliamentarian troops, by 1717, the damage to the cathedral was so extensive that the church seriously considered removal of the see. Following further storms in the early 1720s, construction of a new cathedral began in 1734, designed by John Wood, the Elder. During the Cardiff Blitz of the Second World War in January 1941, the stonework which remains from the medieval period is primarily Somerset Dundry stone, though local blue lias constitutes most of the stonework done in the post-Reformation period. The work done on the church since World War II is primarily concrete and Pennant sandstone, in February 2007, the organ was damaged during a severe lightning strike, prompting a fundraiser of £1.5 million to raise money for an entirely new organ. Llandaff Cathedral was built on the site of an existing church, according to tradition, the community was established by Saint Dubricius at a ford on the River Taff and the first church was founded by Dubricius successor, Saint Teilo. These two are regarded as the patron saints, along with their successor Oudoceus. The original church is no longer extant, but a standing Celtic cross testifies to the presence of Christian worship at the site in pre-Norman times, the Normans occupied Glamorgan early in the Norman conquest, appointing Urban their first bishop in 1107. He began construction of the cathedral in 1120 and had the remains of Saint Dyfrig transferred from Bardsey, after the death of Urban, it is believed the work was completed some time in the last years of Bishop Nicholas ap Gwrgant, who died in 1183. The cathedral was dedicated to St Peter and St Paul, St Dubricius, St Teilo, Bishop Henry de Abergavenny organised the Llandaff Cathedral chapter circa 1214. He appointed fourteen prebends, eight priests, four deacons and two sub-deacons, de Abergavenny also made changes to Llandaffs episcopal seal, giving more detail to the figure of the bishop depicted on it and adding the phrase by the grace of God to its inscription. The west front dates from 1220 and contains a statue of St Teilo, by 1266, the structure that Urban began had been altered, the cathedral was dedicated again in 1266. The Lady Chapel was built by William de Braose, bishop from 1266 to 1287 and it was built at the rear of the church constructed by Urban and the old choir area was removed in order to build the chapel. From this time on, it seemed as if the cathedral was in a constant state of repair or alterations at a slow pace, after the Lady Chapel had been completed, the two bays of the north choir aisle were rebuilt. Severe damage was done to the church in 1400 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr, the damage was extensive enough to cause Bishop Blethyn to notify his fellow clergymen in 1575 that he believed the cathedral to possibly be damaged beyond repair. Most of the damage was repaired, most notably by Bishop Marshall
40.
City Hall, Cardiff
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City Hall is a civic building in Cathays Park, Cardiff, Wales, serving as Cardiffs centre of local government since it opened in October 1906. Built of Portland stone, it is an important early example of the Edwardian Baroque style, the complex replaced Cardiffs fourth town hall, built by architect Horace Jones c. The competition to design Cardiffs fifth town hall and adjacent law courts was won in 1897 by the firm of Lanchester, Stewart, construction was carried out by local builders E. Turner and Sons. Turned and Sons used the worlds first all-electrically operated building site, the total building cost was £129,708. As Cardiff received its city charter in 1905 while construction was underway, the distinctive clock tower is 59 m in height has a 3.7 m-diameter gilded dial on each of its four faces. The clock mechanism includes a bell and four quarter bells which are each inscribed with mottoes in English or Welsh. In front of the portico is a rectangular pool with fountains. They were created in July 1969 to mark the investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales, the memorial on the left is dedicated to Polish soldiers, airmen and sailors who gave their lives during the Second World War 1939-1945. The one on the right is dedicated to victims of the war, the first floor landing of City Hall is decorated with statues in Pentelicon marble of famous figures from Welsh history. These were funded by a gift from David Alfred Thomas, 1st Viscount Rhondda, the Marble Hall was unveiled by David Lloyd George, then Secretary of State for War, on October 27,1916. It is used for ceremonies, conferences and events during the year. It is decorated with mouldings picked out in leaf, of mermaids. Three large bronze chandeliers are contemporary to the architects design. This is located above the entrance portico and directly below the main dome of the building. The chamber was designed to host Cardiffs Council meetings, the dome of City Hall is supported by four massive pillars of Italian marble. The chamber is panelled throughout in oak, the cover of the Catatonia single Mulder and Scully has a UFO above the building similar to the movie poster for Independence Day. Grade I listed buildings in Cardiff List of tallest buildings in Cardiff Official website The history of the Marble Hall
41.
Helmont House
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Helmont House is a high-rise hotel and office tower in Cardiff, Wales. Completed in 1984, the 58-metre-high building has 12 floors and is the tenth-tallest building in Cardiff, the building was renovated in 2009 into a 200-room Premier Inn hotel. The building was occupied by British Gas and was one of the largest office buildings in Cardiff. When British Gas was privatised in 1986, fewer than 600 people were employed in the Cardiff office, in 1998 the Cardiff regional headquarters became the National Sales Centre for Britain. Prior to relocation,2,400 people were employed at Helmont House, in 2009 the buildings occupier, British Gas, relocated its Wales headquarters to a new 70, 000-square-foot office site at the nearby Callaghan Square, in the south of Cardiff city centre. Helmont House was acquired by Rightacres at a worth more than £10m. The building was renovated in 2009 into a 200-room Premier Inn hotel on a 25-year lease after a range search by the company for a location in central Cardiff. In terms of beds, the hotel is the largest in the capital, sixty thousand square feet of Helmont House remains dedicated to office space,45,000 sq ft of which is let to law firm NewLaw Legal Ltd T/A NewLaw Solicitors. The building featured in episodes of Doctor Who and Torchwood in 2007, both series are filmed and produced in Cardiff. The angular look of Helmont House was inspired by the Cubism art movement which was dominated by artists Pablo Picasso, following the complete refurbishment of the building, the hotel has air-conditioned guest rooms with en-suite bathrooms. The restaurant serves traditional and contemporary dishes and there is a branch of Costa Coffee on the premises, Helmont House is in close proximity to the main shopping areas including Queen Street and St Davids. Cardiff Queen Street railway station is within a walk, as are the Cardiff Central Bus. The building is one of the closest hotels to the Cardiff International Arena
42.
Alliance (sculpture)
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Alliance is a 25-metre-high sculpture in the centre of Cardiff, Wales, created by Paris installation artist Jean-Bernard Métais, from a concept by art critic Hervé-Armand Béchy. It consists of a large, partly enamelled, stainless steel arrow, and it was financed by the St David’s shopping centre as part of a £1. 5m public art scheme in the city centre, and was unveiled on 3 December 2009. Alliances arrow and hoop seem to balance in the air, the hoop, filled with a phosphorescent liquid, is partially submerged below the pavement, with a mechanism programmed to make it rise and fall with the Bristol Channel tides. Métais describes the piece as a clock which connects the place with the people. Words in both English and Welsh, written by Cardiff-based poet Peter Finch, are projected onto the pavement at night by equipment installed within the arrow, according to the developers, the text is a play on the word Cardiff, reflecting its history and the present day. The sculpture was commissioned following a competition to find the right piece of artwork that would fit well within the city. A total of 120 responses were received from artists across the globe, with just five shortlisted - Englands Tony Cragg, Lulu Quinn and John Kennedy, New York Citys Roxy Paine, and Métais. Métais had created artworks for cities around the world, including Allotted-Time Eclipse, work to erect the sculpture began on 16 November 2009 and was completed within a fortnight. The sculpture was brought into the city centre on three articulated lorries and lifted into place by crane, Alliance touches the ground in three places, and its foundations are three metres deep. Describing the letters etched beneath the sculpture, poet Mab Jones described Alliance as impressive, walesOnline - New £1. 5m French designed sculpture sees the light of day in Cardiff city centre
43.
Animal Wall
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The Animal Wall is a sculptured wall depicting 15 animals in the Castle Quarter of the city centre of Cardiff, Wales. It is a Grade I listed structure, the Animal Wall was designed by William Burges in 1866, but it was not built until 1890, after Burgess death in 1881. The work of the restoration of Cardiff Castle and the building of the Animal Wall for the Marquess of Bute, was continued by his former assistant William Frame. The original nine animal figures were sculptured by Thomas Nicholls, they were the hyena, wolf, apes, seal, bear, lioness, lynx and they were painted in naturalistic colours, although since then the paint work on the sculptures has been removed. The wall was moved about 50 metres from outside Cardiff Castle to its present location outside Bute Park in 1922, due to road widening in front of the castle in Duke Street and Castle Street. In 1931 a further six animals were added, the pelican, ant-eater, raccoons, leopard, beaver and they were all sculptured by Alexander Carrick. The original nine, sculpted by Thomas Nicholls, had eyes and were painted in naturalistic colours to make them seem even more lifelike. But the paint peeled after a couple of years and was never replaced, penned by Dorothy Howard Rowlands characters included William the seal, Priscilla the pelican, Martha and Oscar the monkeys, Larry the lynx and Romulus and Remus the two lions. The inside of the castle also features carved in stone, including many lions. In the 1970s Council planners had wanted to demolish the Animal Wall to widen the Castle Street again, as part of a £5.6 million refurbishment of Bute Park, restoration of the animals began in July 2010. During the repair, the nose, which has been missing since the late 90s, was replaced as well as the missing glass eyes in the nine original animals. This work was completed in October 2010, Grade I listed buildings in Cardiff
44.
Cardiff Central Library
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Cardiff Central Library, is the main library in the city centre of Cardiff, Wales. Four buildings have been named as such, with the newest building opening on 14 March 2009, the first Cardiff library was opened in 1861 as the Cardiff Free Library, later expanded and known as the Cardiff Free Library, Museum and Schools for Science and Art. In 1861, a library was set up by voluntary subscription above the St Mary Street entrance to the Royal Arcade in Cardiff. By 1862, the Public Libraries Act of 1855 allowed local councils with 5,000 inhabitants or more to raise a rate of one penny in the pound to provide a public library, Cardiff was the first town in Wales to establish a public library. Two years later in 1864, the library had moved to premises in the now demolished YMCA building in St Mary Street. A School of Science and Art and a museum was also added. The Old Library is located at the end of The Hayes. A competition was held to choose a design for the Cardiff Free Library, Museum and Schools for Science, the winning design was by architects James, Seward and Thomas, erected for just over £9,000. The Schools of Science and Art were housed in the building until 1890 when it moved to buildings that were part of the University College, the entrance to the building featured a corridor lined with ornamental wall tiles, designed to depict the four seasons and night and morning. These tiles were impressed with coloured clay to give the impression of a mosaic and this together with the stained glass installed throughout the building saw it become a Grade II* listed building. The Old Library still exists and is in used by the Cardiff Story, the Central Library was moved to a new building located on St David’s Link, opposite what was then the multi-storey car park. The building was opened on 3 December 1988, and occupied the upper storeys of the commercial complex. The first floor contained the fiction and childrens sections and reading library, the second floor contained the non-fiction section and the third floor housed the local history section. The building was demolished in late 2006 together with the retail units to make way for the extension to St. Davids Centre. During the construction of the new building, library services were moved to facilities on John Street which were officially opened on 1 September 2006. The present day Central Library building is located on The Hayes and it occupies part of the car park previously used by the adjacent Marriott Hotel, and it was this site which gave rise to the buildings triangular footprint. Cardiff Council commissioned architects BDP to create a landmark buildings which symbolised the values of knowledge, learning, the building cost £13.5 million to build and construction took 98 weeks involving nearly 1,200 workers. 2000m² of glass form part of the exterior walls, the length of shelving for the books totals 3 kilometres
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Cardiff Central railway station
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Cardiff Central railway station is a major railway station on the South Wales Main Line in Cardiff, United Kingdom and one of two hubs of the citys urban rail network. Cardiff Central is a Grade II listed building managed by Arriva Trains Wales and it is an interchange between the rest of South and West Wales, and other major British cities. Arriva Trains Wales operate services to West Wales, Holyhead, Crewe and Manchester, in the early 1840s the South Wales Railway was trying to find a suitable site for a railway station, but the area that is now Cardiff Central railway station was prone to flooding. It was Isambard Kingdom Brunels solution to divert the River Taff to the west, the initial part of the South Wales Railway between Chepstow and Swansea through Cardiff was opened on 18 June 1850, with all trains operated by the Great Western Railway under a lease agreement. The Great Western Railway has its full name carved onto the façade, as a result of representations by the GWR, a nearby working-class district, Temperance Town, was cleared during the late 1930s in order to improve the outlook of the rebuilt station. The formerly separate Cardiff Riverside suburban station of 1893 was integrated into the station in 1940. Initially named Cardiff, the station was renamed Cardiff General in July 1924, the station, its entrances and platforms, are Grade II listed. There are two entrances to the station, the northern main entrance leads to the main concourse and is on Central Square, the plaza that accommodates Cardiff Central bus station, a multi-storey car park and two main city centre taxi ranks. Three main city centre landmarks are visible here, the Millennium Stadium, Stadium House. The southern entrance is at the rear of the station on Tresillian Way, accessed from St. Mary Street, the railway lines are above the stations concourses. A valid ticket is required to pass through a barrier and gain access to the platforms, the station has the only First Class waiting room in Wales. Outside, an NCP pay-and-display car park provides 248 spaces, British Transport Police maintains a presence at Cardiff Central. In December 2009, the force announced a pilot scheme to arm officers at the station, as well as in London and Manchester. Cardiff Central has eight platforms, numbered 0,1,2, there is no longer, despite signage, a Platform 5, this was a west-facing bay platform situated between Platforms 3 and 4. Platforms 3 and 4 are divided into A and B sections and are capable of holding two local trains or a single HST train, other platforms can be used by more than one train, but are not sectioned. Platform 6 is used by Valley Lines trains to the north and east of Cardiff, every train from Platform 6 calls at Cardiff Queen Street. Valley Line trains from Cardiff Queen Street call at Platform 7 and 8 and continue to north-west Cardiff, some of these trains were operated by Class 67 and Class 57 locomotives with four Mk2 coaches for a time. Platform 4a/4b Arriva Trains Wales, Fishguard Harbour, Swansea via Bridgend, Port Talbot Parkway and Neath Maesteg via Pontyclun and Bridgend, usually Class 158 or Class 150 Sprinter units from Cheltenham Spa
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Cardiff City Stadium
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The Cardiff City Stadium is a football stadium in the Leckwith area of Cardiff, Wales. It is the home of Cardiff City Football Club and the Wales national football team. Following expansion of the Ninian Stand in July 2014, the now officially holds 33,280 supporters - meaning that it is the 24th largest stadium in the United Kingdom in terms of capacity. The stadium replaced Ninian Park as Cardiff Citys home ground in 2009 and it also hosted the home matches of the Cardiff Blues rugby union team until the 2011–12 season, although originally the Blues had a lease until 2029. After the Millennium Stadium, it is the second largest stadium in Cardiff, the stadium is part of the Leckwith development, which also includes the Cardiff International Sports Stadium. A branded sponsor name will be assigned as and when the rights are sold. The stadium was opened on 22 July 2009, with Cardiff City playing a friendly match against Celtic. The stadium was built on the site of the former Cardiff Athletics Stadium, in November 2002 the club and Cardiff Council signed an outline agreement for the development, subject to later agreement for outline planning permission. This was increased in light of Cardiff Citys promotion to the Championship in May 2003 with local fears over traffic, on 9 September 2003 the Welsh Assembly gave approval to the plan. In April 2004, Cardiff Council gave the first phase covering the stadium with a capacity of 30,000 seats, on 1 March 2005 the club delayed the development until at least July 2005. After a 1–0 home loss to Sheffield United and a mobbing by fans, on 6 March 2005 Hammam apologised to fans, on 31 January 2006 the developers secured Asda as the lead retailer of the new development, which enabled the final funding of the stadium to start. This allowed the council timetable to extend by four months to September 2006, on 24 October 2006 Laing ORouke won the contract to develop the 30,000 seat stadium, which Ridsdale stated would be ready for December 2008. In March 2007, the plans were altered to allow construction to begin as soon as possible. The former chairman of Cardiff City, Steve Borley, said in March 2008 that We are working to raise the capacity, the task is to raise that even further, and we believe it could be almost 28,000 when the stadium opens. When work finally commenced Peter Ridsdale stated that he expected the stadium to be ready by Christmas 2008, although some believe this slight delay was caused by Cardiff Citys ongoing legal action with Langston, it was actually caused by unexpectedly poor weather during the summer of 2007. Land clearance started on 21 February 2007, while on 9 May, final finances were put in place for Laing ORourke to bring equipment on site and start construction. Developers and contractors The lead developer was PMG Developments, a Cardiff-based property developer led by Cardiff City director Paul Guy, cowlin was picked as the preferred contractor for the new athletic stadium. Required analysis of soil and water for the site was performed by TES Bretby, schedule Leckwith Road was widened to a dual carriageway over 18 months, with the scheme allowing for an extra access lane to become available on matchdays
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