Entiat, Washington
Entiat is a city in Chelan County, United States. It is part of the Wenatchee−East Wenatchee Metropolitan Statistical Area; the population was 1,112 at the 2010 census. The population was 1,140 at 2013 Estimate from Office of Financial Management. In 1877, the first white settler arrived in Lewis Detwiler; the first public school was established in Entiat in 1891. In 1895 the first Entiat Post Office was established. In 1903 the Chief of the Entiat Indian tribe, Shil-how-Saskt died; the Entiat Power Plant opened for business in 1908. The Keystone Fruit Company opened for business in the valley in 1910. E. P. Murphy began publishing the Entiat Times in 1913, railroad service began in Entiat in 1914. In 1915 a second fire threatened the "first" town of Entiat and only six businesses survived; the Entiat school opened in 1916 in its current location. In 1921 the "second" town of Entiat was secured, as the remaining buildings of town "one" burned down. In 1920, the tradition of Numeral Mountain began as High School seniors painted their graduation class number on the Mountainside across the Entiat River from the school.
Entiat was incorporated on April 25, 1944. In 1960, Rocky Reach Dam was constructed downriver from Entiat, much of the town had to be relocated to higher ground due to the rising waters behind the dam. Most of the original buildings were moved to a location north of the original town; the "third" town of Entiat was "officially" open for business in 1961. The new Entiat Park re-opened for camping on Friday, May 22, 2015 after being closed for over a year. Entiat is located at the confluence of the Columbia rivers; this section of the Columbia is known as Lake Entiat. This is the reservoir formed behind Rocky Reach Dam; the town is situated between the eastern foothills of the Cascade Mountain range, Lake Entiat and the Entiat River. Entiat is located at 47°40′40″N 120°12′47″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.74 square miles, of which, 2.11 square miles is land and 0.63 square miles is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,112 people, 421 households, 305 families residing in the city.
The population density was 527.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 495 housing units at an average density of 234.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81.5% White, 0.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 13.8% from other races, 3.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.7% of the population. There were 421 households of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.8% had a male householder with no wife present, 27.6% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.4% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 2.99. The median age in the city was 40.1 years. 25.3% of residents were under the age of 18. The gender makeup of the city was 51.5% male and 48.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 957 people, 342 households, 244 families residing in the city.
The population density was 700.6 people per square mile. There were 400 housing units at an average density of 292.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 79.31% White, 0.52% African American, 1.67% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 16.51% from other races, 1.78% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.57% of the population. There were 342 households out of which 38.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.9% were married couples living together, 7.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 28.4% were non-families. 21.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.27. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 32.5% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.9 males.
For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,450, the median income for a family was $37,083. Males had a median income of $33,487 versus $21,324 for females; the per capita income for the city was $13,529. About 9.1% of families and 14.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.4% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. City of Entiat, WA Entiat School District
Cle Elum, Washington
Cle Elum is a city in Kittitas County, United States. The population was 1,872 at the 2010 census. Only an hour and a half by car from Seattle, Cle Elum is a popular area for camping and outdoor activities; some assert. In the spring of 1886 the railroad engineers under Mr. Bogue and Mr. Huson were making their survey through the region with the intent of establishing a station. At the site of the future city, a Northern Pacific Railway station was named Clealum after the Kittitas name Tle-el-Lum, meaning "swift water", referring to the Cle Elum River. In 1908, Clealum was altered to Cle Elum; the name was given to the river, the city, Cle Elum Lake. Walter Reed entered into a partnership with Thomas Johnson of Ellensburg and laid out sixty-five acres as a site; this was dedicated on July 26, 1886. Mr. Johnson had owned a sawmill on Wilson Creek, in Grant County and he moved the mill to the new location in the vicinity of the new town; the partners and Johnson, established what was undoubtedly the largest mill up to that time in central or Eastern Washington, cutting 40,000 feet of board lumber per day.
At the same time, Frederick Leonhard, with his brother-in-law, Gerrit d'Ablaing, had been carrying on a mill on Cooke Creek and on the Naneum, moved to the vicinity of Cle Elum. They cut a large part of the lumber for the Stampede Tunnel. Cle Elum was incorporated on February 12, 1902. Tragedy struck the area when on July 16, 1908, two carloads of blasting powder being unloaded by the Northwest Improvement Company exploded, killing at least nine people including miners, NIC store employees and a family with children living in a tent near the building; the explosion, located about three-quarters of a mile from Cle Elum's downtown, scattered debris and human remains and shattered windows across town. Accounts from residents equated the explosion to an earthquake. In December 1910, loggers working for the Cascade Lumber Company near Cle Elum went on strike after the company reduced pay and began charging $5 per week for board. In 1913, steps were taken to improve automobile access across the Cascade Mountains via Snoqualmie Pass.
A $1,500,000 levy was approved in 1913 to expand the state's highways. The majority of the levy went to construction of the Sunset Highway between Seattle; this major cross-state highway would pass directly through Cle Elum's business district, as it was one of the first towns reached after traveling east across the pass, would benefit from its construction. That same year, reflecting on the prosperity of the coal mines, the city's second bank was chartered. By 1914, Cle Elum's population had risen to 3,000 from about 100 at the turn of the 20th century. Cle Elum's greatest disaster occurred on June 25, 1918, when a huge fire wiped out over seventy acres of the city causing over $500,000 in damages; the cause was determined to most to be a cigarette butt thrown into a pile of garbage behind a theater. Thirty businesses and 205 houses were destroyed. Following the incident, aid from across the state began pouring in; the Red Cross brought tents from Camp Lewis to house displaced citizens while soldiers were sent from Ellensburg to guard businesses.
Yakima and Portland sent aid to the city. No lives were lost in the incident. High insurance rates on Cle Elum's many wooden structures inhibited many people from purchasing them. One of the few buildings in downtown Cle Elum to survive the fire was the Cle Elum State Bank Building, built in 1906; the rest of downtown was rebuilt with brick and many of these buildings still stand. Cle Elum is located 71 miles ESE of Seattle, 45 miles NNW of Yakima, 35 miles WSW of Wenatchee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.83 square miles, of which 3.82 square miles is land and 0.01 square miles is water. It borders Roslyn. Cle Elum has Köppen subtype Dsb; the elevation is 1909 feet and temperatures are cooler than areas to the west. The coldest month is a trait common in the Pacific Northwest, but hot temperatures still occur, not just in summer: on March 18, 1968, the temperature soared to 95°F. The climate has warmed in tandem with surrounding areas; as of the census of 2010, there were 1,872 people, 857 households, 500 families residing in the city.
The population density was 490.1 inhabitants per square mile. There were 1,105 housing units at an average density of 289.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 92.1% White, 0.4% African American, 0.7% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.7% from other races, 4.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.8% of the population. There were 857 households of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.4% had a male householder with no wife present, 41.7% were non-families. 34.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone, 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.76. The median age in the city was 41 years. 22% of residents were under the age of 18.
San Juan Islands National Monument
San Juan Islands National Monument is a U. S. National Monument located in the Salish Sea in the state of Washington; the monument protects archaeological sites of the Coast Salish peoples and relics of early European American settlers in the Pacific Northwest, biodiversity of the island life in the region. The monument was created from existing federal land by President Barack Obama on March 25, 2013 under the Antiquities Act; the national monument consists of 75 separate sites totaling 1,000 acres in area. They are managed by the U. S. Bureau of Land Management as part of the National Landscape Conservation System. "NCA or National Monument? One will protect sooner", San Juan Islander, February 29, 2012 "San Juan Islands National Monument", United States Bureau of Land Management Spokane District Office/Wenatchee Field Office, 2013, retrieved 2013-04-15 BLM Lands of San Juan County, San Juan County Committee for National Conservation Area, September 4, 2010, archived from the original on March 4, 2016, retrieved 2013-04-18 Wilderness character inventory — San Juan archipelago, United States Bureau of Land Management Spokane District Office/Wenatchee Field Office, November 2011, retrieved 2013-04-19 San Juan Islander - daily news site BLM−Bureau of Land Management.gov: official San Juan Islands National Monument website BLM.gov: Factsheet of San Juan Islands National Monument — including map.
Islanders for the San Juan Islands National Monument Presidential Proclamation -- San Juan Islands National Monument, The White House, March 25, 2013
Wenatchee, Washington
Wenatchee is a city located in north-central Washington and is the largest city and county seat of Chelan County, United States. The population within the city limits in 2010 was 31,925. In 2014, the Office of Financial Management estimated the population at 33,070. Located at the confluence of the Columbia and Wenatchee rivers near the eastern foothills of the Cascade Range, Wenatchee lies on the western side of the Columbia River, across from the city of East Wenatchee; the Columbia River forms the boundary between Douglas County. Wenatchee is the principal city of the Wenatchee–East Wenatchee, Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area, which encompasses all of Chelan and Douglas counties. However, the "Wenatchee Valley Area" refers to the land between Rocky Reach and Rock Island Dam on both banks of the Columbia, which includes East Wenatchee, Rock Island, Malaga; the city was named for the nearby Wenatchi Indian tribe. The name is a Sahaptin word that means "river which comes from canyons" or "robe of the rainbow".
Awenatchela means "people at the source ". The city of Wenatchee shares its name with the Wenatchee River, Lake Wenatchee and the Wenatchee National Forest. Wenatchee is referred to as the "Apple Capital of the World" due to the valley's many orchards; the city is sometimes referred to as the "Buckle of the Power Belt of the Great Northwest". The "Power Belt of the Great Northwest" is a metaphor for the series of hydroelectric dams on the Columbia River. Rock Island Dam is located nearest to the middle of this "belt", so was labeled the "Buckle"; this saying is printed at the top of every issue of Wenatchee's newspaper, the Wenatchee World, but is no longer in common use elsewhere. Archeological digs in nearby East Wenatchee have uncovered Clovis stone and bone tools dating back more than 11,000 years, indicating that people migrating during the last Ice Age spent time in the Wenatchee area; the Columbia River and nearby mountains and sagebrush steppes provided an ample supply of food. Clovis points are on display at the Wenatchee Valley Museum & Cultural Center and research findings are available through the Wenatchee World.
Several indigenous villages existed in the area prior to and during Anglo American exploration. The village Nikwikwi'estku was a fishing and gathering camp located in present day downtown Wenatchee. In 1811, North West Company surveyor David Thompson encountered a group of Native American horsemen at Wenatchee and was invited into a village with huts, the largest measuring 209 feet long. Fur traders document friendly relations through the mid 19th century during the smallpox epidemic of 1817 and food shortages in 1841. During the Yakima War in 1856, US Army Colonel Wright intervened on a possible alliance between Yakama and Wenatchi tribes by removing the Wenatchi to Kittitas; the resulting march was estimated to extend five miles long. A contigent stayed behind to fish at Wenatchapam Fishery in preparation for winter. In 1863, Father Respari, a Catholic priest, began his missionary work with the Indians, he was followed some 20 years by Father De Grassi, who built a log cabin on the Wenatchee River near the present town of Cashmere.
Throughout the 19th century, other white settlers came to homestead the land. Wenatchee was platted in September 1888 and incorporated as a city on January 7, 1893; the 1900 U. S. Census counted 451 residents; the Great Northern Railway completed its railroad line between St. Paul and Seattle in 1893, its route through the Wenatchee Valley was significant to the development of this region. The railroad not only provided passenger travel to and from Wenatchee, but it provided for freight service for shipments of wheat and other products to out-of-state markets. By the early 20th century, the Wenatchee Commercial Club, now the Wenatchee Valley Chamber of Commerce, was advertising the region as the "Home of the World's Best Apples." The tree fruit industry provided the economic backbone for the region for a century and still is an important source of revenue. On May 22, 1910, the Wenatchee free speech fight occurred when members of the Industrial Workers of the World were arrested for speaking in the street in front of the local hall of the Socialist Party of America.
The town had freed imprisoned IWW members by June. Again, the men were all released; the Wenatchee Valley boasts one of only two aluminum smelters remaining in the Northwestern United States, at the Alcoa plant in Malaga. The plant announced in November 2015 that it would be shutting down operations on January 5, 2016. Other growing areas of the regional economy are information technology. On October 5, 1931, Clyde Pangborn and his copilot Hugh Herndon landed their airplane, named the Miss Veedol, in the hills of East Wenatchee, thus became the first aviators to fly nonstop across the Pacific Ocean; the 41-hour flight from Sabishiro Beach, Aomori Prefecture, won them the Harmon Trophy for the greatest achievement in flight of 1931. Miss Veedol's propeller is on display at the Wenatchee Valley Cultural Center. In 1936, with the completion of Rock Island Dam, Wenatchee was protected from the summer flooding of the Columbia River, the first of 14 hydroelectric projects on the Columbia began generating electric power.
The reservoirs thus generated made it possible to irrigate hundreds of thousands of acres of farmland in the Columbia Basin. In 1975, Stemilt Growers moved its headquarters from nearby Stemilt Hill to Wenatchee. T
Acre
The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial and US customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong, equal to 10 square chains, 1⁄640 of a square mile, or 43,560 square feet, 4,047 m2, or about 40% of a hectare. Based upon the International yard and pound agreement of 1959, an acre may be declared as 4,046.8564224 square metres. The acre is a statute measure in the United States and was one in the United Kingdom and all countries of the former British Empire, although informal use continues. In the United States both the international acre and the US survey acre are in use, but they differ by only two parts per million: see below; the most common use of the acre is to measure tracts of land. Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, an acre was defined as the area of land that could be ploughed in one day by a yoke of oxen. One acre equals 1⁄640 square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet or about 4,047 square metres. While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends on which yard it is based.
An acre was understood as a selion of land sized at forty perches long and four perches wide. A square enclosing one acre is 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape. In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the United States and five countries of the Commonwealth of Nations defined the international yard to be 0.9144 metres. By inference, an "international acre" may be declared as 4,046.8564224 square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement. Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain 1⁄640 of a square mile or 4,840 square yards, but alternative definitions of a yard are used, so the exact size of an acre depends upon which yard it is based; the US survey acre is about 4,046.872609874252 square metres. Surveyors in the United States use both international and survey feet, both varieties of acre. Since the difference between the US survey acre and international acre is only about a quarter of the size of an A4 sheet of paper, it is not important which one is being discussed.
Areas are measured with sufficient accuracy for the different definitions to be detectable. The acre is used in a number of current and former Commonwealth countries by custom, in a few it continues as a statutory measure for legal transactions; these include Antigua and Barbuda, American Samoa, The Bahamas, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Ghana, the Northern Mariana Islands, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, St. Helena, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines and Caicos, the United Kingdom, the United States and the US Virgin Islands. In India, residential plots are measured in square feet while agricultural land is measured in acres. In Sri Lanka, the division of an acre into 160 perches or 4 roods is common, its use as a primary unit for trade in the United Kingdom ceased to be permitted from 1 October 1995, due to the 1994 amendment of the Weights and Measures Act, where it was replaced by the hectare – though its use as a supplementary unit continues to be permitted indefinitely.
This was with exemption of Land registration, which records the sale and possession of land, in 2010 HM Land Registry ended its exemption. The measure is still used to communicate with the public, informally by the farming and property industries. 1 international acre is equal to the following metric units: 0.40468564224 hectare 4,046.8564224 square metres1 United States survey acre is equal to: 0.404687261 hectare 4,046.87261 square metres 1 acre is equal to the following customary units: 66 feet × 660 feet 10 square chains 1 acre is 208.71 feet × 208.71 feet 4,840 square yards 43,560 square feet 160 perches. A perch is equal to a square rod 4 roods A furlong by a chain 40 rods by 4 rods, 160 rods2 1⁄640 square mile Perhaps the easiest way for US residents to envision an acre is as a rectangle measuring 88 yards by 55 yards, about 9⁄10 the size of a standard American football field. To be more exact, one acre is 90.75% of a 100-yd-long by 53.33-yd-wide American football field. The full field, including the end zones, covers about 1.32 acres.
For residents of other countries, the acre might be envisioned as rather more than half of a 1.76 acres Association football pitch. It may be remembered as 1% short of 44,000 square feet; the word "acre" is derived from Old English æcer meaning "open field", cognate to west coast Norwegian ækre and Swedish åker, German Acker, Dutch akker, Latin ager, Sanskrit ajr, Greek αγρός (agro
Okanogan National Forest
The Okanogan National Forest is a U. S. National Forest located in Okanogan County in north-central Washington, United States; the 1,499,013-acre forest is bordered on the north by British Columbia, on the east by Colville National Forest, on the south by the divide between the Methow and the Stehekin–Lake Chelan valleys, on the west by North Cascades National Park. The closest significant communities are Okanogan. Managed by the United States Forest Service together with Wenatchee National Forest, its headquarters are in Wenatchee. There are local ranger district offices located in Winthrop, it is the second-largest national forest, contained within one county and largest of which in Washington. Most of the Pasayten Wilderness, the northeast portion of Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness are part of the forest, with the balance lying in the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest; the western part of the forest is wetter than the dry and less temperate east. The vegetation varies from the western boreal forest, to the eastern high-elevation steppe.
A 1993 Forest Service study estimated that the extent of old growth in the forest was 316,000 acres, a majority of, lodgepole pine forests. Wildfires are not uncommon in the Okanogan National Forest. Notable fires include the 2006 Tripod Complex, the 2014 Carlton Complex and the 2015 Okanogan Complex fires; the Okanogan National Forest was established on July 1, 1911, from a portion of the Chelan National Forest. On July 1, 1921, the entire forest was transferred back to the Chelan National Forest, but on March 23, 1955, the transfer was reverted; the Okanogan National Forest was administratively combined with the Wenatchee National Forest in 2000, although the boundaries for each forest remained unchanged, in 2007, it administratively became known as the Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest. The headquarters are in Washington. There are local ranger district offices located in Chelan, Cle Elum, Entiat and Naches; the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 gave the President the authority to establish forest reserves for the United States Department of the Interior.
After passage of the Transfer Act of 1905, forest reserves became part of the United States Department of Agriculture in the newly created United States Forest Service. The Chelan National Forest was established by the Forest Service on July 1, 1908, from 2,492,500 acres from a portion of the Washington National Forest, was named after the city of Chelan, where its headquarters were; the forest's initial area of 1,732,820 acres extended from the northern Okanogan River near the Canada–United States border to divide the Lake Chelan and Entiat watersheds to the southern Cascade Crest. On July 1, 1911, the forest transformed into Okanogan National Forest. However, Chelan National Forest was still existent only occupying the drainage basin of Lake Chelan and Entiat; the Conconully, Squaw Creek, Sweat Creek and Winthrop ranger districts were formed between 1911 and 1915. On July 1, 1921, the entire forest reunited back into the Chelan National Forest, the term Okanogan was discontinued. Subsequently, another ranger district was established, the Chelan Ranger District.
Portions of the Loomis Ranger District, along with the Sweat Creek Ranger District, absorbed to become the Loomis State Forest abandoned. The forest's ranger area underwent a number of smaller changes until the mid-1940s; the Squaw Creek Ranger District was absorbed by the Twisp Ranger District in the early 1930s, while the Forest Service Monument 83 lookout was constructed in neighboring British Columbia as an accident. The Pasayten Ranger District was created from a portion of the Winthrop Ranger District, the Conconully Ranger District became the Okanogan Ranger District; the western part of the Colville National Forest transferred into the Chelan National Forest in 1943. On March 23, 1955, Chelan National Forest again became the Okanogan National Forest headquartered in the city of Okanogan; as per the change, the rename of the Conconully Ranger District was reverted. In 1968, the Pasayten Wilderness was established; the United States Congress designated 65 percent of the forest's area as the Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness under the National Wilderness Preservation System around 1984, upon land occupied by the former Chelan Division of the Washington Forest Reserve.
The first forest supervisor of Wenatchee National Forest was Albert H. Sylvester, who named over a thousand natural features in the region. Jack Creek Fire Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest
Henry M. Jackson Wilderness
The Henry M. Jackson Wilderness is a 103,297-acre designated wilderness area in the state of Washington, United States; the area lies adjacent to the southwest corner of the Glacier Peak Wilderness, northwest of Stevens Pass on U. S. Highway 2 and northeast of the town of Skykomish, Washington. Wild Sky Wilderness is located southwest of the Henry M. Jackson Wilderness. While the wilderness straddles the Cascade Mountain Range, most of it is in the westside ecotype; the wilderness lies in parts of Snoqualmie, Mount Baker, Wenatchee national forests. The Henry M. Jackson Wilderness was created by the 1984 Washington Wilderness Act and named after former U. S. Senator Henry M. Jackson of Washington. Senator Jackson was instrumental in the designation of many of the state's wildernesses, this "forest" of fabled peaks recalls his efforts. Cross-Cascade Indian trails paralleled the Little Wenatchee River and provided routes for exploring parties such as the 1860 E. F. Cady party for whom Cady Pass and Cady Creek were named.
The area is rich in mining history with several acres of patented mining claims within its borders. The terrain is rugged, with steep slopes, finger ridges dissected by small intermittent or permanent drainages. Streams in the northern portion of this area drain into the Sauk River, while the southern portion drains into the Skykomish River. Main features of this area include Cady Creek Ridge and Cady Creek, as well as the Beckler River's tributary the Rapid River, the true source of the South Fork Skykomish River; the Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail traverses the southern portion of the wilderness. The Pacific Crest National Scenic Trail winds down the high heart of the area for about 32 miles. Other trails snake up from the east and west to join the PCT; the Blanca Lake Trail leads 3.5 miles to Blanca Lake, five short pathways approach the center of the northwest section and fade to bushwhacking terrain. The wilderness area contains 30 lakes which receive moderate fishing. One of the most popular of these lakes is Blanca Lake due to its beautiful turquoise green color.
A tall forest covers the lower elevations thins out and changes in species to open into broad meadows on many ridge tops. The vegetation includes western redcedar, Douglas fir, true firs, Engelmann spruce, western hemlock, mountain hemlock, sub-alpine meadows, at higher elevations, alpine meadows. Ecology of the North Cascades Wilderness This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the U. S. Forest Service. Henry M. Jackson Wilderness U. S. Forest Service Henry M. Jackson Wilderness U. S. Forest Service Henry M. Jackson Wilderness Wilderness.net
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