1.
Jan Meyssens
–
Joannes, Jan Meyssens or Jean Meyssens, was a Flemish Baroque painter, engraver, and printer. He was born in Brussels, but moved to Antwerp at an early age, joannes Meyssens son Cornelis became also an engraver. M. DC. XLIX, published in 1649. In 1694 an English version was published in London with the title The True Effigies Of the most Eminent Painters, the descriptions in French that Meyssens added under each engraving were used as biographical notes by later art historians such as Filippo Baldinucci, Joachim von Sandrart and Arnold Houbraken. Facsimile of the Image de divers hommes desprit sublime Filippo Baldinuccis Artists in biographies by Filippo Baldinucci, 1610–1670, p.377 Google books
Jan Meyssens
–
Joannes Meyssens, engraving by his son Cornelis after a self-portrait.
2.
Prague
–
Prague is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic. It is the 14th largest city in the European Union and it is also the historical capital of Bohemia. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city has a temperate climate, with warm summers and chilly winters. Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its history and it was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire. Prague is home to a number of cultural attractions, many of which survived the violence. Main attractions include the Prague Castle, the Charles Bridge, Old Town Square with the Prague astronomical clock, since 1992, the extensive historic centre of Prague has been included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. The city has more than ten major museums, along with theatres, galleries, cinemas. An extensive modern public transportation system connects the city, also, it is home to a wide range of public and private schools, including Charles University in Prague, the oldest university in Central Europe. Prague is classified as an Alpha- global city according to GaWC studies, Prague ranked sixth in the Tripadvisor world list of best destinations in 2016. Its rich history makes it a popular tourist destination, and the city more than 6.4 million international visitors annually. Prague is the fifth most visited European city after London, Paris, Istanbul, the region was settled as early as the Paleolithic age. In the last century BC, the Celts were slowly driven away by Germanic tribes, around the area where present-day Prague stands, the 2nd century map of Ptolemaios mentioned a Germanic city called Casurgis. In the following century, the Czech tribes built several fortified settlements in the area, most notably in Levý Hradec, Butovice and in the Šárka valley. The construction of what came to be known as the Prague Castle began near the end of the 9th century, the first masonry under Prague Castle dates from the year 885 at the latest. The other prominent Prague fort, the Přemyslid fort Vyšehrad, was founded in the 10th century, Prague Castle is dominated by the cathedral, which was founded in 1344, but completed in the 20th century. The legendary origins of Prague attribute its foundation to the 8th century Czech duchess and prophetess Libuše and her husband, Přemysl, legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied, I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars. She ordered a castle and a town called Praha to be built on the site, a 17th century Jewish chronicler David Solomon Ganz, citing Cyriacus Spangenberg, claimed that the city was founded as Boihaem in c.1306 BC by an ancient king, Boyya. The region became the seat of the dukes, and later kings of Bohemia, under Roman Emperor Otto II the area became a bishopric in 973
Prague
–
Montage of Prague, clockwise from top: Panorama of
Prague Castle and
Charles Bridge,
Dancing House,
Star Villa,
Old Town Square,
Wenceslas Square,
Wallenstein Palace, Royal Garden at Prague Castle,
St. Vitus Cathedral and
Municipal House.
Prague
–
The mythological princess
Libuše prophesies the glory of Prague.
Prague
–
The
Prague astronomical clock was first installed in 1410, making it the third-oldest astronomical clock in the world and the oldest one still working.
Prague
–
A view of one of the bridge towers of the Charles Bridge
3.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
4.
Etching
–
Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material, as a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology. In traditional pure etching, a plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with an etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece. The échoppe, a tool with an oval section, is also used for swelling lines. The plate is dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the mordant or etchant. The acid bites into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate, the remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, the plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times, typically several hundred impressions could be printed before the shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can also be added to by repeating the whole process, Etching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving or aquatint. The process as applied to printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer of Augsburg, Hopfer was a craftsman who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking, using iron plates. Apart from his prints, there are two examples of his work on armour, a shield from 1536 now in the Real Armeria of Madrid. The switch to copper plates was made in Italy. On the other hand, the handling of the ground and acid need skill and experience, prior to 1100 AD, the New World Hohokam independently utilized the technique of acid etching in marine shell designs. Jacques Callot from Nancy in Lorraine made important technical advances in etching technique and he developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end, which enabled etchers to create a swelling line, as engravers were able to do. Callot also appears to have responsible for an improved, harder, recipe for the etching ground
Etching
–
The Soldier and his Wife. Etching by
Daniel Hopfer, who is believed to have been the first to apply the technique to printmaking
Etching
–
Portrait of
Luca Giordano, 18th century
Etching
–
Rembrandt,
The Virgin and Child with a Cat, 1654. Original copper etching plate above, example of the print below, with composition reversed.
Etching
–
Christ Preaching, known as The
Hundred Guilder Print; etching c1648 by
Rembrandt.
5.
Baroque
–
The style began around 1600 in Rome and Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The aristocracy viewed the dramatic style of Baroque art and architecture as a means of impressing visitors by projecting triumph, power, Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases, and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, baroque has a resonance and application that extend beyond a reduction to either a style or period. It is also yields the Italian barocco and modern Spanish barroco, German Barock, Dutch Barok, others derive it from the mnemonic term Baroco, a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical Scholastica. The Latin root can be found in bis-roca, in informal usage, the word baroque can simply mean that something is elaborate, with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word Baroque, like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th, the term Baroque was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music. Another hypothesis says that the word comes from precursors of the style, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola and he did not make the distinctions between Mannerism and Baroque that modern writers do, and he ignored the later phase, the academic Baroque that lasted into the 18th century. Long despised, Baroque art and architecture became fashionable between the two World Wars, and has remained in critical favour. In painting the gradual rise in popular esteem of Caravaggio has been the best barometer of modern taste, William Watson describes a late phase of Shang-dynasty Chinese ritual bronzes of the 11th century BC as baroque. The term Baroque may still be used, usually pejoratively, describing works of art, craft, the appeal of Baroque style turned consciously from the witty, intellectual qualities of 16th-century Mannerist art to a visceral appeal aimed at the senses. It employed an iconography that was direct, simple, obvious, germinal ideas of the Baroque can also be found in the work of Michelangelo. Even more generalised parallels perceived by some experts in philosophy, prose style, see the Neapolitan palace of Caserta, a Baroque palace whose construction began in 1752. In paintings Baroque gestures are broader than Mannerist gestures, less ambiguous, less arcane and mysterious, more like the stage gestures of opera, Baroque poses depend on contrapposto, the tension within the figures that move the planes of shoulders and hips in counterdirections. Baroque is a style of unity imposed upon rich, heavy detail, Baroque style featured exaggerated lighting, intense emotions, release from restraint, and even a kind of artistic sensationalism. There were highly diverse strands of Italian baroque painting, from Caravaggio to Cortona, the most prominent Spanish painter of the Baroque was Diego Velázquez. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo, while the Baroque nature of Rembrandts art is clear, the label is less often used for Vermeer and many other Dutch artists. Flemish Baroque painting shared a part in this trend, while continuing to produce the traditional categories
Baroque
–
The Triumph of the Immaculate by
Paolo de Matteis
Baroque
–
The Church of
Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by
Gian Lorenzo Bernini
Baroque
–
Brooch of an African,
Walters Art Museum
Baroque
–
Aeneas Flees Burning Troy,
Federico Barocci, 1598
6.
Etcher
–
Etching is traditionally the process of using strong acid or mordant to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design in intaglio in the metal. In modern manufacturing, other chemicals may be used on other types of material, as a method of printmaking, it is, along with engraving, the most important technique for old master prints, and remains in wide use today. In a number of variants such as microfabrication etching and photochemical milling it is a crucial technique in much modern technology. In traditional pure etching, a plate is covered with a waxy ground which is resistant to acid. The artist then scratches off the ground with an etching needle where he or she wants a line to appear in the finished piece. The échoppe, a tool with an oval section, is also used for swelling lines. The plate is dipped in a bath of acid, technically called the mordant or etchant. The acid bites into the metal where it is exposed, leaving behind lines sunk into the plate, the remaining ground is then cleaned off the plate. The plate is inked all over, and then the ink wiped off the surface, the plate is then put through a high-pressure printing press together with a sheet of paper. The paper picks up the ink from the lines, making a print. The process can be repeated many times, typically several hundred impressions could be printed before the shows much sign of wear. The work on the plate can also be added to by repeating the whole process, Etching has often been combined with other intaglio techniques such as engraving or aquatint. The process as applied to printmaking is believed to have been invented by Daniel Hopfer of Augsburg, Hopfer was a craftsman who decorated armour in this way, and applied the method to printmaking, using iron plates. Apart from his prints, there are two examples of his work on armour, a shield from 1536 now in the Real Armeria of Madrid. The switch to copper plates was made in Italy. On the other hand, the handling of the ground and acid need skill and experience, prior to 1100 AD, the New World Hohokam independently utilized the technique of acid etching in marine shell designs. Jacques Callot from Nancy in Lorraine made important technical advances in etching technique and he developed the échoppe, a type of etching-needle with a slanting oval section at the end, which enabled etchers to create a swelling line, as engravers were able to do. Callot also appears to have responsible for an improved, harder, recipe for the etching ground
Etcher
–
The Soldier and his Wife. Etching by
Daniel Hopfer, who is believed to have been the first to apply the technique to printmaking
Etcher
–
Portrait of
Luca Giordano, 18th century
Etcher
–
Rembrandt,
The Virgin and Child with a Cat, 1654. Original copper etching plate above, example of the print below, with composition reversed.
Etcher
–
Christ Preaching, known as The
Hundred Guilder Print; etching c1648 by
Rembrandt.
7.
Battle of White Mountain
–
The Battle of White Mountain was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years War. It was fought on 8 November 1620, the site is now part of the city of Prague. The battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years War and its aftermath drastically changed the religious landscape of the Czech lands after two centuries of Protestant dominance. Roman Catholicism retained majority in the Czech lands until the late 20th century, Ferdinand saw Protestantism as inimical to the Empire, and wanted to impose absolutist rule on Bohemia while forcefully encouraging conversion to the Roman Catholic faith. Particularly galling to Protestants were perceived violations of Emperor Rudolf IIs 1609 Letter of Majesty and this incident, known as the Second Defenestration of Prague, triggered the Bohemian Revolt. In November 1619, Elector Palatine Frederick V, who many of the rebels was a Calvinist, was chosen as King of Bohemia by the Bohemian Electorate. In 1620, now established as Emperor, Ferdinand II set out to conquer Bohemia. Tillys army enjoyed the advantage of including two of the most successful leaders in European history - Tilly himself and the future General Wallenstein. Tillys force was made up of two groups, Imperial troops commanded by Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy. All of the armies of the day employed numerous mercenaries, including, by some definitions, serving with the Catholic League as an official observer was the future father of modern philosophy, René Descartes. After conquering most of western Bohemia, the Imperial army made for Prague, the Bohemians attempted to block them by setting up defensive positions, which the Imperial army simply bypassed. Force-marching his men, Christian of Anhalt managed to get ahead of the Imperial army just before Prague and he thus gained an advantageous position on the White Mountain, actually a low plateau, but had little time to set up defensive works. Enthusiasm for joining battle was low on both sides, on November 8 a small Imperial force was sent to probe the Protestant flank. To their surprise, the Bohemians retreated at their advance, Tilly quickly sent in reinforcements, and the Bohemian flank began to crumble. Anhalt tried to retrieve the situation by sending infantry and cavalry led by his son Christian II. The cavalry charged into the Imperial infantry, causing significant casualties, the Bohemian infantry, who were only now approaching the Imperial army, saw the cavalry retreating, at which they fired one volley at extreme range before retreating themselves. A small group of Imperial cavalry began circling the Protestant forces, with the Bohemian army already demoralized, company after company began retreating, most without having actually entered the battle. The Battle of White Mountain was more a skirmish than a full-fledged battle, the Bohemian army was no match for the Emperor Ferdinands troops
Battle of White Mountain
–
The Battle of White Mountain (1620), where Spanish-Imperial forces under
Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly won a decisive victory.
Battle of White Mountain
–
Plan of the battle from
Theatrum Europaeum: Bohemians above, Imperial and Bavarian forces below
Battle of White Mountain
–
The 27 tributary crosses.
Battle of White Mountain
–
Picture celebrating the Catholic victory. In the upper part there is
Our Lady of Victory surrounded by saints, in the lower left-hand corner there is the victorious Emperor
Ferdinand II with his son
Ferdinand III and the
Bohemian lion.
8.
Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel
–
When he died he possessed 700 paintings, along with large collections of sculpture, books, prints, drawings, and antique jewellery. Most of his collection of marble carvings, known as the Arundel marbles, was left to the University of Oxford. He is sometimes referred as the 2nd Earl of Arundel, it depends on whether one views the earldom obtained by his father as a new creation or not and he was also 2nd or 4th Earl of Surrey, and later, he was created 1st Earl of Norfolk. Also known as the Collector Earl, Arundel was born in relative penury, at Finchingfield in Essex on 7 July 1585. His aristocratic family had fallen into disgrace during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I owing to their religious conservatism and he was the son of Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel and Anne Dacre, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Dacre, 4th Baron Dacre of Gilsland. He never knew his father, who was imprisoned before Arundel was born, Arundels great-uncles returned the family to favour after James I ascended the throne, and Arundel was restored to his titles and some of his estates in 1604. Other parts of the lands ended up with his great-uncles. The next year he married Lady Alatheia Talbot, a daughter of Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury, and she would inherit a vast estate in Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, and Derbyshire, including Sheffield, which has been the principal part of the family fortune ever since. Even with this income, Arundels collecting and building activities would lead him heavily into debt. During the reign of Charles I, Arundel served several times as special envoy to some of the courts of Europe. These trips encouraged his interest in art collecting, in 1642 he accompanied Princess Mary for her marriage to William II of Orange. With the troubles that would lead to the Civil War brewing, he decided not to return to England and his youngest son William Howard, 1st Viscount Stafford-the ancestor of what was first the Earl of Stafford and later Baron Stafford. Arundel had petitioned the king for restoration of the ancestral Dukedom of Norfolk, while the restoration was not to occur until the time of his grandson, he was created Earl of Norfolk in 1644, which at least ensured the title would stay with his family. Arundel also got Parliament to entail his earldoms to the descendants of the 4th Duke of Norfolk, Arundel was a patron and collector of works of art. He was described by Walpole as the father of virtu in England and was a member of the Whitehall group of associated with Charles I. He commissioned portraits of himself or his family by contemporary masters such as Daniel Mytens, Peter Paul Rubens, Jan Lievens and he acquired other paintings by Hans Holbein, Adam Elsheimer, Mytens, Rubens, and Honthorst. He collected drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, the two Holbeins, Raphael, Parmigianino, Wenceslaus Hollar, and Dürer, many of these are now at the Royal Library at Windsor Castle or at Chatsworth. It is now in the Ashmolean Museum, the architect Inigo Jones accompanied Arundel on one of his trips to Italy 1613–14, a journey which took both men as far as Naples
Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel
–
Portrait by
Peter Paul Rubens.
Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel
–
Peter Paul Rubens: Alathea Talbot, 1620
Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel
–
Armoured portrait by Rubens.
9.
Hendrik van der Borcht
–
Hendrik van der Borcht the Elder was a Flemish engraver and still life painter of flowers and fruit, who was mainly active in Germany. Van der Borcht was born in Brussels, troubles in the Low Countries obliged his family to move to Germany in 1586. By 1598 they had settled at Frankenthal, where he became a pupil of the Flemish emigre Gillis van Valkenborch, between 1604 and 1610 he was in Italy, probably in Rome. In 1627 he settled in Frankfurt, where he eventually died, the Earl of Arundel, passing through Frankfurt, became the patron of his son, Hendrik the Younger. Van der Borcht the elder is also considered to be the teacher of the painter Sebastian van der Borcht, perhaps another son and he is considered a member of the school of Frankenthal. The school of Frankenthal included the painters Gillis van Coninxloo, Anton Mirou, Pieter Schoubroeck, walter Armstrong & Robert Edmund Graves, ed. Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical and Critical, york St. #4, Covent Garden, London, Original from Fogg Library, Digitized 18 May 2007, George Bell and Sons
Hendrik van der Borcht
–
Etching by
Wenceslaus Hollar in
Het Gulden Cabinet, p 127
Hendrik van der Borcht
–
Still-Life with Rarity Collection
10.
Cornelius Schut
–
Cornelis Schut was a Flemish painter, draughtsman, engraver and tapestry designer who specialized in religious and mythological scenes. Presumed to have trained under Rubens, he treated Counter-Reformation subjects in a High-Baroque style, after a stay in Italy, he worked mainly in Antwerp where he was one of the leading history painters in the first half of the 17th century. Cornelis Schut was born in Antwerp as the son of Willem Schut, there are no records about his artistic training. He is first mentioned as a pupil of Peter Paul Rubens by the 18th century historian Jacob Campo Weyerman, Schut became a master of the Antwerp Guild of St Luke in 1618. Schut left for Italy shortly after 1618, while in Rome, he was a founding member of the Bentvueghels, an association of mainly Dutch and Flemish artists working in Rome. It became customary for the Bentvueghels to adopt an appealing nickname, from 13 January 1627 he worked on frescoes in the villa Casino Pescatore located in Frascati, owned by Giorgio Pescatori, a wealthy Italian banker and patron of Flemish descent. He collaborated on this project with the Dutch painter and also Bentvueghels member Tyman Arentsz and this commission was instrumental in launching Schuts career in Italy as Pescatori was rich and influential and keen to help his compatriots in Italy. Another important patron in Rome was the aristocratic Italian banker and art collector Vincenzo Giustiniani who commissioned two large religious compositions from him and this patronage clearly demonstrated the esteem which Schut enjoyed in Rome. He also attracted the attention of the young Poussin then residing in Rome in the residence of the Flemish sculptor François Duquesnoy, poussins early works borrowed some motifs from Schuts works made for Vincenzo Giustiniani. Schuts plans in Rome were disrupted when on 16 September 1627 he was imprisoned for the killing of a fellow artist by the name of Giusto. His jail time was short as on 2 October he was released thanks to the intervention of the Accademia di San Luca. He then left Rome and was reported in 1627-28 in Florence and he is known to have designed tapestries for the Arazzeria Medicea, the most important tapestry factory in Italy founded in 1546 in Florence by the Medici grand duke Cosimo I. His movements after this time are unclear and he resurfaced in September 1631 in Antwerp when he appeared before a notary to draw up marital conditions. On 7 October 1631 Cornelis Schut married Catharina Gheenssins, who was from a well-off family and his wife died on 29 September 1637 leaving the artist with three children of whom two died young. The artist remarried the year with Anastasia Scelliers with whom he had two sons and two daughters. Schut enjoyed artistic success upon his return to Antwerp where he produced mainly altarpieces for the local churches and he painted in the High-Baroque style that had become popular in Flanders by that time. In particular his ability to produce ceiling decorations in the monumental Italian style, an example of this is his Assumption of Mary in Antwerp Cathedral. Schut played a prominent role in the project at the occasion of the Royal Entry of the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635 in both Antwerp and Ghent
Cornelius Schut
–
Susanna and the Elders
Cornelius Schut
–
The beheading of Saint George
Cornelius Schut
–
A
tapestry designed by Cornelis Schut depicting The Seven Liberal Arts
11.
Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel
–
Alethea Howard, 13th Baroness Furnivall, Countess of Arundel, née Lady Alethea Talbot, was the wife of Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel. Lady Alethea Talbot was born in Sheffield, Yorkshire in 1585 and her first name Alethea is the Greek noun αλήθεια, meaning truth. The masque was originally planned to celebrate Christmas 1608 but was performed at court on 2 February 1609. Lady Arundel wished to join her husband abroad, but was dissuaded from doing so, Alethea and her husband accompanied the Elector Palatine Frederick V and his bride Princess Elizabeth Stuart as far as Heidelberg on their marriage in 1613. Lady Arundel used her money to buy back Arundel House and she financed their trip to Italy in 1613-1614, the Earl of Arundel was one of the first Englishmen to buy antique statues. Together they travelled to Rome, Naples, Padua, Genoa, Turin and they reached England in November 1614. Alethea’s father died in 1616, she inherited a third of the estate, around 1619 Lord Arundel sent his two elder sons to Padua. In 1620 Rubens painted Alethea Talbot, and her retinue, jester, dwarf and he wished to visit his sons, but decided that Lady Arundel should go alone. Lady Arundel was accompanied by Francesco Vercellini and she stayed in Spa and engaged apartments. Lady Arundel moved to Milan and Padua, in 1622 she lived in Venice in the Palazzo Mocenigo facing the Canal Grande, and also in a villa at Dolo. Antonio Priulis election began a process of ferreting out individuals suspected of plotting against Venice. Hundreds were arrested, with or without cause, with attention focused on foreign soldiers and sailors. The hysteria ended in 1622, and on 16 January 1623 the Venetian government issued an apology for Foscarinis execution, Sir Henry Wotton warned her to leave Venice. She declined the advice and went straight to Venice, insisting on appearing next day, with Sir Henry Wotton, before the Doge and Senate she was completely justified. Lady Arundel left Venice with letters from the Doge ordering every favour to be shown to her on her journey through Venetian territory and she spent the winter in Turin together with her two sons. She met with Anthony van Dyck, the painter, in 1623 she attempted to go to Spain to woo the Infanta, sister of Philip IV of Spain. She started for England, intending to visit the Queen of Bohemia at the Hague on the way, in 1624 her eldest son Maltravers died of smallpox in Ghent. In 1626 her husband was put in the Tower of London by Charles because their elder son Maltravers had secretly married Elisabeth Stuart, joachim von Sandrart gave his opinion on the collection and copied the works by Holbein
Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel
–
Peter Paul Rubens, Alethea Talbot with attendants and
Sir Dudley Carleton, c. 1620.
Alte Pinakothek
Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel
–
Thomas Howard, a portrait by Rubens
Alethea Howard, Countess of Arundel
–
Wenceslas Hollar - Altheia, Countess of Arundel
12.
George Vertue
–
George Vertue was an English engraver and antiquary, whose notebooks on British art of the first half of the 18th century are a valuable source for the period. Vertue was born in 1684 in St Martins-in-the-Fields, London, his father, perhaps a tailor, at the age of 13, he was apprenticed to a prominent heraldic engraver of French origin who became bankrupt and returned to France. Vertue worked seven years under Michael Vandergucht, before operating independently and he was amongst the first members of Godfrey Knellers London Academy of Painting, who had employed him to engrave portraits. It was there that he became a pupil of Thomas Gibson, Vertue had a deep interest in antiquarian research, and much of his labour was given to this subject. From 1713 on, Vertue was a researcher on details of the history of British art. He was a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with William Hogarth, Peter Tillemans and other artists and connoisseurs and his travels to sites across England, with enthusiasts such as Edward Harley, Lord Coleraine and others, were recorded in Vertues highly detailed drawings and notes. In 1717 he was appointed engraver to the Society of Antiquaries. Most of the illustrations in Vetusta Monumenta, up to his date of death, are his work, after the death of the Earl of Oxford in 1741, Vertue was patronised by the Duchess of Portland and others. The Duke of Norfolk commissioned a work after Van Dyck of the Earl of Arundel and he produced a catalogue detailing the collections of the royal family, at the request of Frederick, Prince of Wales, an avid buyer of the engravers work. A portrait of Vertue was painted in 1715 by Gibson, his widow donated this to The Society of Antiquaries, Vertue had produced an engraving of this. A later painting, of the artist aged around 50, by Jonathan Richardson was acquired by the National Portrait Gallery, another self-portrait, with his wife on their wedding-day, was etched by William Humphrey. Richardson also drew the profile used in James Basires plate in Nicholss Literary Anecdotes, Vertue died in London on 24 July 1756 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Vertues brother James was an artist in Bath who produced the view of the abbey that was engraved by him. The second of his three brothers, Peter, was a master of Chelmsford. Approximately five hundred portraits are attributed to Vertue, a number of published plates were devoted to antiquarian subjects. Many of the portraits were printed as frontispieces, most are regarded as accurate representations of the subject, twelve Heads of Poets, set of plates issued 1730 Rapins History of England, Knapton Brothers edition,1736. A task that took three years, the same publisher commissioned plates for Thomas Birchs Heads of Illustrious Persons, though his contribution is submerged by the popularity of Houbrakens brilliant but less truthful productions. The copperplates of these were acquired by the Society of Antiquaries and his publications include A Description of the Works of Wenceslaus Hollar,1745, and Medals, Coins, Great Seals, Impressions from the Works of Thomas Simon,1753
George Vertue
–
George Vertue by
Jonathan Richardson, 1733.
George Vertue
–
The Gate at Whitehall (
Holbein Gate) in Vetusta Monumenta Vol.1, 1747 (1826).
13.
Shilling
–
The shilling is a unit of currency formerly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, United States, and other British Commonwealth countries. The word shilling comes from scilling, a term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times, and from there back to Old Norse. Slang terms for the old shilling coins include bob and hog, while the derivation of bob is uncertain, John Camden Hotten in his 1864 Slang Dictionary says the original version was bobstick and wonders if it is connected with Sir Robert Walpole. One abbreviation for shilling is s, often it was represented by a solidus symbol, which may have originally stood for a long s or ſ, thus 1/9 would be one shilling and ninepence. A price with no pence was sometimes written with a slash, the solidus symbol is still used for the shilling currency unit in former British East Africa, rather than sh. During the Great Recoinage of 1816, the mint was instructed to coin one troy pound of silver into 66 shillings. This set the weight of the shilling, and its subsequent decimal replacement 5 new pence coin, at 87.2727 grains or 5.655 grams from 1816 until 1990, in the past, the English world has had various myths about the shilling. One myth was that it was deemed to be the value of a cow in Kent or a sheep elsewhere, a shilling was a coin used in England from the reign of Henry VII. The term shilling was in use in Scotland from early medieval times, the common currency created in 1707 by Article 16 of the Articles of Union continued in use until decimalisation in 1971. In the traditional pounds, shillings and pence system, there were 20 shillings per pound and 12 pence per shilling, three coins denominated in multiple shillings were also in circulation at this time. In the Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland the shilling was issued as scilling in Irish and it was worth 1/20th of an Irish pound, and was interchangeable at the same value to the British coin, which continued to be used in Northern Ireland. The coin featured a bull on the reverse side, the first minting, from 1928 until 1941, contained 75% silver, more than the equivalent British coin. The original Irish shilling coin ) was withdrawn from circulation on 1 January 1993, Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963, in 1966, Australias currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin, where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar. The slang term for a coin in Australia was deener. The slang term for a shilling as currency unit was bob, after 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight. New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933, in 1967, New Zealands currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight
Shilling
–
A 1933
UK shilling
Shilling
–
1956 Elizabeth II UK shilling showing English and Scottish reverses
Shilling
–
Countries in
Africa where the currency is called shilling.
Shilling
–
Owing to the reach of the
British Empire, the shilling was once used on every inhabited continent. This two-shilling piece was minted for
British West Africa.
14.
James II of England
–
James II and VII was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland, the second surviving son of Charles I, he ascended the throne upon the death of his brother, Charles II. Members of Britains Protestant political elite increasingly suspected him of being pro-French and pro-Catholic and he was replaced by his eldest, Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange. James made one attempt to recover his crowns from William. After the defeat of the Jacobite forces by the Williamites at the Battle of the Boyne in July 1690 and he lived out the rest of his life as a pretender at a court sponsored by his cousin and ally, King Louis XIV. James, the surviving son of King Charles I and his wife. Later that same year, he was baptised by William Laud and he was educated by private tutors, along with his brother, the future King Charles II, and the two sons of the Duke of Buckingham, George and Francis Villiers. At the age of three, James was appointed Lord High Admiral, the position was honorary, but would become a substantive office after the Restoration. He was designated Duke of York at birth, invested with the Order of the Garter in 1642, as the Kings disputes with the English Parliament grew into the English Civil War, James stayed in Oxford, a Royalist stronghold. When the city surrendered after the siege of Oxford in 1646, in 1648, he escaped from the Palace, aided by Joseph Bampfield, and from there he went to The Hague in disguise. When Charles I was executed by the rebels in 1649, monarchists proclaimed Jamess older brother as Charles II of England, Charles II was recognised as king by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of Ireland, and was crowned King of Scotland at Scone in 1651. Although he was proclaimed King in Jersey, Charles was unable to secure the crown of England and consequently fled to France, like his brother, James sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under Turenne against the Fronde, and later against their Spanish allies. In the French army James had his first true experience of battle where, according to one observer, he ventures himself, in the meantime, Charles was attempting to reclaim his throne, but France, although hosting the exiles, had allied itself with Oliver Cromwell. In 1656, Charles turned instead to Spain – an enemy of France – for support, in consequence, James was expelled from France and forced to leave Turennes army. James quarrelled with his brother over the choice of Spain over France. In 1659, the French and Spanish made peace, James, doubtful of his brothers chances of regaining the throne, considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy. Ultimately, he declined the position, by the year the situation in England had changed. After Richard Cromwells resignation as Lord Protector in 1659 and the subsequent collapse of the Commonwealth in 1660, although James was the heir presumptive, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children
James II of England
–
Portrait by
Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1684
James II of England
–
Turenne, James's commander in France
James II of England
–
James and Anne Hyde in the 1660s, by Sir
Peter Lely
James II of England
–
Mary of Modena, James's second wife
15.
Long View of London from Bankside
–
Long View of London from Bankside is a panoramic etching made by Wenceslas Hollar in Antwerp in 1647. It depicts a panorama of London, based on drawings done while Hollar was in London in the early 1640s, unlike earlier panoramas of London, Hollars panorama takes a single viewpoint, the tower of St Saviour in Southwark, from where he made the drawings. It shows the River Thames curving sinuously from left to right past the viewpoint, Hollar created a 3 feet long View of Greenwich in his first year in England, and a similar panoramic drawing in two parts has survived from 1638. He remained in the Earls household in England for several years, lord Arundel was a recusant Roman Catholic, he left England in 1642 on a diplomatic mission and did not return before his death in 1646. Hollar passed into the service of the Duke of York, after eight years in Antwerp, he returned to London in 1652, where he died in 1677. The work was etched on six plates, with the two ends printed from a plate so the impression must be cut in half to assemble the full panorama. Each print measures about 18 inches by 15 inches, so the work is about 9 feet long. The prints were published by Cornelis Danckerts, on the south bank are the Bankside theatres the Globe and Hope, Winchester House, Southwark, and St Olaves. Each large sheet frames a view, the Bankside theatres, St Pauls Cathedral, the City and Southwark, the Bridge. Downstream of London Bridge, the Pool of London throngs filled with a variety of ocean-going vessels, the view is not entirely accurate, with some alignments adjusted for aesthetic effect. For example, St Pauls Cathedral is depicted too far west, Hollars dependence on old drawings is demonstrated by the presence of the Globe Theatre in a print made three years after it was demolished. Copying an error in the 1616 Visscher panorama, the round theatre labelled The Globe is actually the Hope), the Swan and the Rose theatres had fallen into disuse by the 1630s. Various decorative elements are arranged around the scene, the second plate has three cherubs in the sky with a pile of books, and one bearing aloft a caduceus. Above St Pauls in the plate is a figure of Mercury in Roman costume, with winged boots and hat. The central fourth plate has a decorative cartouche with the word LONDON with the arms of the City of London and lion supporters. A winged figure, possibly Fame, blows a trumpet at the top of the fifth plate, the sixth plate has three more cherubs, carrying a chain, a crown, a jewel chest, and a bird. The seventh plate has a river god above a 34 line Latin poem by Edward Benlowes, with another cherub in the sky above, dressed as an American Indian and leading with an ostrich. Hollar published another panorama of London and Westminster in 1666, showing views of the city from Lambeth before, two of Hollars preliminary sketches were sold at Sothebys in 1931, and are now held by the Yale Center for British Art
Long View of London from Bankside
–
Long View of London from Bankside, a
panorama of London by
Wenceslaus Hollar, 1647, notable for being rendered all from one viewpoint.
16.
English Civil War
–
The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists over, principally, the manner of Englands government. The war ended with the Parliamentarian victory at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, the monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. The term English Civil War appears most often in the singular form, the war in all these countries are known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Unlike other civil wars in England, which focused on who should rule, this war was more concerned with the manner in which the kingdoms of England, Scotland, the two sides had their geographical strongholds, such that minority elements were silenced or fled. The strongholds of the royalty included the countryside, the shires, on the other hand, all the cathedral cities sided with Parliament. All the industrial centers, the ports, and the advanced regions of southern and eastern England typically were parliamentary strongholds. Lacey Baldwin Smith says, the words populist, rich, at times there would be two groups of three lines allowing one group to reload while the other group arranged themselves and fired. Mixed in among the musketeers were pikemen carrying pikes that were between 12 feet and 18 feet long, whose purpose was to protect the musketeers from cavalry charges. The Royalist cavaliers skill and speed on horseback led to early victories. While the Parliamentarian cavalry were slower than the cavaliers, they were better disciplined. The Royalists had a tendency to chase down individual targets after the initial charge leaving their forces scattered and tired, Cromwells cavalry, on the other hand, trained to operate as a single unit, which led to many decisive victories. The English Civil War broke out fewer than forty years after the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, in spite of this, James personal extravagance meant he was perennially short of money and had to resort to extra-Parliamentary sources of income. Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, many English Parliamentarians had suspicions regarding such a move because they feared that setting up a new kingdom might destroy the old English traditions which had bound the English monarchy. As Charles shared his fathers position on the power of the crown, at the time, the Parliament of England did not have a large permanent role in the English system of government. Instead, Parliament functioned as an advisory committee and was summoned only if. Once summoned, a continued existence was at the kings pleasure. Yet in spite of this role, Parliament had, over the preceding centuries. Without question, for a monarch, Parliaments most indispensable power was its ability to tax revenues far in excess of all other sources of revenue at the Crowns disposal
English Civil War
–
The victory of the
Parliamentarian New Model Army over the
Royalist Army at the
Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645 marked the decisive turning point in the English Civil War.
English Civil War
–
Charles I, painted by Van Dyck
English Civil War
–
Henrietta Maria, painted by
Peter Lely, 1660
English Civil War
–
Session of the Long Parliament
17.
George Sandys
–
George Sandys was an English traveller, colonist, and poet. He was born in Bishopsthorpe, the seventh and youngest son of Edwin Sandys and he studied at St Mary Hall, Oxford, but took no degree. His narrative, dedicated, like all his works, to Charles, was published in 1615. He also took great interest in the earliest English colonization in America, in April 1621 he became colonial treasurer of the Virginia Company and sailed to Virginia with his nieces husband, Sir Francis Wyat, the new governor. When Virginia became a colony, Sandys was created a member of council in August 1624. In 1631, he applied for the secretaryship to the new special commission for the better plantation of Virginia, soon after this. Its 1632 edition, featuring extensive commentaries written by Sandys, provided a reading of Ovids text. He also began a version of Virgils Aeneid, but never produced more than the first book and he died, unmarried, at Boxley, near Maidstone, Kent, in 1644. His verse was praised by Dryden and Pope, Milton was somewhat indebted to Sandyss Hymn to my Redeemer in his Ode on the Passion, Sandys travel narrative appeared as The Relation of a Journey begun an. This remained a standard account of the Eastern Mediterranean, twice mentioned, for instance and his brother Edwin Sandys was a politician and an influential member of the London Virginia Company. George Sandys was the uncle of Richard Lovelace, an English poet in the seventeenth century, lawrence Washington This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Sandys, George. This work in turn cites, Sandys works as quoted above, rev. Richard Hoopers edition, with memoir, of The Poetical Works of George Sandys. Alexander Browns Genesis of the United States, pp.546,989,992, in Ripley, George, Dana, Charles A. George Sandys at the Database of Classical Scholars Free scores by George Sandys at the International Music Score Library Project
George Sandys
–
Portrait of George Sandys
18.
Siege of Basing House
–
The siege of Basing House near Basingstoke in Hampshire, was a Parliamentarian victory late in the First English Civil War. Whereas the title of the event may suggest a single siege, john Paulet, 5th Marquis of Winchester owned the House and as a committed Royalist garrisoned it in support of King Charles I, as it commanded the road from London to the west through Salisbury. The first engagement was in November 1643, when Sir William Waller at the head of an army of about 7,000 attempted to take Basing House by direct assault. After three failed attempts it became obvious to him that his troops lack the necessary resolve, Parliamentary forces continued the siege by garrisons on the static approaches to Basing house to stop the Royalists foraging and relief convoys getting through. Then on 4 June 1644, Colonel Richard Norton using Parliamentary troops from the Hampshire garrisons closely invested Basing House and this siege was broken on 12 September 1644 when a relief column under the command of Colonel Henry Gage broke through parliamentary lines. Having resupplied the garrison he did not tarry but left the next day, the Parliamentarians reinvested the place but by the middle of November threatened by a Royalist army and his besieging force decimated by disease Weller ended the investment. Five days later on 20 November Gage arrived with fresh supplies, the final siege took place in October 1645. Oliver Cromwell joined parliamentary forces besieging the House with his own men and they quickly breached the defences and on morning of the 14 October 1645 the House was successfully stormed. During the assault the House caught fire and was badly damaged, what remained was totally slighted and demolished by order of Parliament, with the stones of the House offered free to anyone who would cart them away. A good description of the House as it stood before the siege is found in the Marquiss own Diary, Basing House stood on a rising ground, its form circular, encompassed with brick ramparts lined with earth, and a very deep ditch but dry. On 31 July 1643, the King, on the petition of the Marquis, sent one hundred musketeers, under Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Peake, to form a garrison. Within a few hours of the arrival of troops, colonels Harvey and Richard Norton attempted a surprise attack. Among the inhabitants of the House during the siege were a number of men of letters. William Faithorne, a pupil of Robert Peakes father was one of the besieged, yet another engraver, and a still more famous one, was in the House, was Wenceslaus Hollar engraved a portrait of the Marquis. Another man of letters found shelter at Basing House, where he lost his life, viz. Lieut. -Colonel Thomas Johnson, M. D. the editor of Gerards Herbal, and author of several botanical works. Captain William Robbins, a prominent comic actor in the Jacobean, there is little doubt that a scarcity of ammunition, as well as of provisions, was the cause of some embarrassment to the Marquis in his defence of the House. In the first year of the siege the King issued a warrant to the following effect, to our right trusty and well-beloved Henry, Lord Percy, general of our ordnance for the present expedition. Our will and pleasure is, that you forthwith take order for sending to the Marquess of Winchesters House of Basing ten barrels of powder with match, and this shall be your warrant
Siege of Basing House
–
Basing House after the siege
Siege of Basing House
–
The siege of Basing House by
Wenceslaus Hollar.
Siege of Basing House
–
John, Marquess of Winchester by
Wenceslas Hollar.
Siege of Basing House
–
Sir
William Waller
19.
William Faithorne
–
William Faithorne, often the Elder, English painter and engraver. Faithorne was born in London and was apprenticed to William Peake, at the earnest solicitation of his friends Faithorne very soon regained his liberty, but only on condition of retiring to France, where he received instruction from Robert Nanteuil. He was permitted to return to England in about 1650, and took a shop near Temple Bar, where, besides his work as an engraver, he carried on a large business as a print-seller. In 1680 Faithorne gave up his shop and retired to a house in Blackfriars, occupying himself chiefly in painting portraits from the life in crayons and it is said that his life was shortened by the misfortunes, dissipation, and early death of his son William. He was buried in the church of St Ann Blackfriars on 13 May 1691, in 1658 Faithorne engraved a large map of London which had been drawn by the Somerset landowner Richard Newcourt. Printed on four sheets, it provides important evidence for the geography of the City before the Great Fire. In 1662 he issued a translation of Abraham Bosse’s treatise, under the title of The art of graveing and etching, also the manner and method of. Callot and Mr. Bosse in their ways of etching. Faithornes son, William Faithorne the younger, was a mezzotint engraver, but became idle and dissipated. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Faithorne. A Biographical Dictionary Containing All the Engravers, From the Earliest Period of the Art of Engraving to the Present Day,3 Painting by or after William Faithorne at the Art UK site
William Faithorne
–
Frontispiece, 1657, William Faithorne
Victoria and Albert Museum no. E.949-1960
20.
Temple Bar, London
–
Temple Bar was the principal ceremonial entrance to the City of London on its western side from the City of Westminster. The road east of Temple Bar and within the City is Fleet Street, at Temple Bar the Corporation of the City of London formerly erected a barrier to regulate trade into the City. The 19th century Royal Courts of Justice are located next to it on its north side, to its south is the Temple Church and the Inner Temple and Middle Temple Inns of Court. Wrens arch was preserved and was re-erected in 2004 in the City, in the Middle Ages the authority of the City of London Corporation reached beyond the Citys ancient defensive walls in several places, known as the Liberties of London. To regulate trade into the City, barriers were erected on the major entrance routes wherever the true boundary was a distance from the nearest ancient gatehouse in the walls. Temple Bar was the most used of these, since traffic between the City of London and the Palace of Westminster passed through it and it was originally located where Fleet Street now meets The Strand, which was actually outside the London boundary wall. The historic ceremony of the monarch halting at Temple Bar and being met by the Lord Mayor has often featured in art and it is commented on in televised coverage of modern-day royal ceremonial processions. However the popular belief that the monarch requires the Lord Mayors permission to enter the City is incorrect, a bar is first mentioned in 1293 and was probably only a chain or bar between a row of posts. More substantial structures with arches followed, by 1351, a wooden archway had been built housing a small prison above it. The earliest known documentary and historical notice of Temple Bar is in 1327, in 1384 Richard II granted a licence for paving the Strand Street from Temple Bar to the Savoy, and collecting tolls to cover the expense. On 5 November 1422, the corpse of Henry V was borne to Westminster Abbey by the citizens and nobles. Anne Boleyn passed through the Bar on May 31,1534, on that occasion Temple Bar was new painted and repaired, and near it stood singing men and children—the Fleet Street conduit all the time running claret. In 1554 Thomas Wyatt led an uprising in opposition to Queen Mary Is proposed marriage to Philip II of Spain and this revolt persuaded the government to go through with the verdict against Lady Jane Grey. The notable Scottish bookseller Andrew Millar owned his first London shop at Temple Bar, taken over from the ownership of James McEuen in 1728, whom Millar had apprenticed to. Although it escaped damage by the Great Fire of London of 1666, the statues of Anne of Denmark, James l, Charles I, and Charles II, in niches in the upper floor were carved by John Bushnell. Rusticated, it is a structure consisting of one wide central arch for the road traffic. During the 18th century the heads of convicted traitors were frequently mounted on pikes and exhibited on the roof, the other seven principal gateways to London, had all been demolished by 1800, but Temple Bar remained despite its impediment to the ever-growing traffic. The upper-storey room was leased to the banking house of Child & Co for storage of records
Temple Bar, London
–
Temple Bar in 1870
Temple Bar, London
–
Temple Bar Gate in 1878
Temple Bar, London
–
Temple Bar in its dilapidated state in Theobalds Park in 1968
Temple Bar, London
–
Detail from Temple Bar Marker, London, UK
21.
John Ogilby
–
John Ogilby was a Scottish translator, impresario and cartographer. Best known for publishing the first British road atlas, he was also a successful translator, Ogilby was born in or near Killemeare, Scotland in November 1600. This he used to himself to a dancing master and to obtain his fathers release. By further good management of his finances, he was able to buy himself an early completion of his apprenticeship, however, a fall while dancing in a masque lamed him for life and ended this career. Ogilby then went on to establish Irelands first theatre, the Werburgh Street Theatre, for the four years that the theatre was open it was a great success but it had to be closed as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Finding his way on foot to Cambridge, he learned Latin from kindly scholars who had been impressed by his industry and he then ventured to translate Virgil into English verse, which brought him a considerable sum of money. The success of this attempt encouraged Ogilby to learn Greek from David Whitford, after his return to London in 1650, he married the widow Christina Hunsdon, who had three children by her earlier marriage. The next few years were spent in translating and the opening of a business in London. The Restoration of Charles II brought favour back to Ogilby with a commission to help in the arrangements for the coronation in 1660 with the composing of speeches, in that year too he brought out his translation of Homers Iliad, dedicated to his royal patron. A year later he was again made Master of the Revels in Ireland and he set about the building of a new theatre in Smock Alley, Dublin. The libretto of the musical play Pompey by Katherine Philips, performed at Smock Alley in 1663, by 1665 Ogilby had returned to London and published a second, revised edition of The Fables of Aesop, this time illustrated by Wenceslaus Hollars renowned prints. He had to republish the book in 1668 since his property was destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666, in 1674 Ogilby had been appointed His Majestys Cosmographer and Geographic Printer. The Britannia atlas of 1675 set the standard for the maps that followed. At that period some of the roads used the local mile rather than the standard mile of 1760 standard yards which Ogilby adopted in his atlas. One hundred strip road maps are shown, accompanied by a page of text giving additional advice for the maps use. Another innovation was Ogilbys scale of one inch to the mile and these are marked and numbered on each map, the miles further being divided into furlongs. After the maps publication, Ogilby died in 1676 and was buried at St Brides Church, one of Sir Christopher Wrens new London churches. In the years followed, Ogilbys reputation as a translator was to suffer from the attacks made on him by John Dryden in his satirical MacFlecknoe
John Ogilby
–
Portrait of John Ogilby from a 1660 edition of
Homer 's
Iliad
John Ogilby
–
Image from John Ogilby's 1675 "Britannia" atlas, showing the route from
Newmarket,
Suffolk to
Wells-next-the-Sea,
Norfolk.
22.
William Dugdale
–
Sir William Dugdale was an English antiquary and herald. As a scholar he was influential in the development of history as an academic subject. Dugdale was born at Shustoke, near Coleshill in Warwickshire, where his father, as he was born, a swarm of bees flew into the garden, which some considered a happy presage on the life of the babe. He was educated at King Henry VIII School, Coventry, in 1623 he married Margaret Huntbach, with whom he had nineteen children. In 1625, the year after his fathers death, he purchased the manor of Blyth, during an enclosure dispute with a neighbour a few years later he met the Leicestershire antiquary William Burton, who acted as arbitrator. He became involved in transcribing documents and collecting church notes and met other Midlands antiquaries such as Sir Symon Archer and he began working with Archer on the history of Warwickshire and their research led them to the archives of public records in London. There he met Sir Christopher Hatton, Sir Henry Spelman, Sir Simonds dEwes, Hatton provided him with hospitality in Holborn and became his principal patron. The accommodation in the College of Arms and the income from his post enabled him to pursue his research in London, in June 1642 he was summoned with the other heralds to attend the king at York. When war broke out Charles deputed him to summon the castles of Banbury and he witnessed the battle of Edgehill, and later returned with a surveyor to make a survey of the battlefield. He arrived in Oxford with the king in November 1642 and he was admitted MA of the University and he worked as a bureaucrat in the royalist capital, especially after December 1643 when Hatton was appointed Comptroller of the Household. In 1644 the king appointed him Chester Herald of Arms in Ordinary, during his leisure at Oxford he collected material at the Bodleian Library and college libraries for his books. It was during these years that he met Elias Ashmole, who became his son-in-law. Following the surrender of Oxford in 1646 Dugdale returned to Blyth Hall, Hatton, who had opposed the surrender, went into exile in France, where Dugdale visited him in 1648. He recommenced his researches, collaborating with Roger Dodsworth on the Monasticon Anglicanum. In the following year he published his own Antiquities of Warwickshire, in this work he was one of the first to consider the significance of stone tools, stating these were weapons used by the Britons before the art of making arms of brass or iron was known. At the Restoration Dugdale obtained the office of Norroy King of Arms through the influence of the Earl of Clarendon, in the office of Norroy he undertook heraldic visitations of the counties north of the Trent. In 1677 he was knighted and promoted to the office of Garter Principal King of Arms, in his last years he wrote an account of his life at the request of Anthony Wood. He died in his chair at Blythe Hall in 1686 and he also edited Sir Henry Spelmans Glossarium Archaiologicum and Concilia, adding his own extensions to the latter
William Dugdale
–
Sir William Dugdale of
Blyth Hall in 1656: an etching by
Wenceslaus Hollar
William Dugdale
–
Portrait of Sir William Dugdale by
Silvester Harding
23.
Restoration (England)
–
The term Restoration is used to describe both the actual event by which the monarchy was restored, and the period of several years afterwards in which a new political settlement was established. It is very used to cover the whole reign of Charles II. Richard Cromwells main weakness was that he did not have the confidence of the army, after seven months, an army faction known as the Wallingford House party removed him on 6 May 1659 and reinstalled the Rump Parliament. Charles Fleetwood was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety and of the Council of State, on 9 June 1659, he was nominated lord-general of the army. However, his leadership was undermined in Parliament, which chose to disregard the armys authority in a fashion to the post-First Civil War Parliament. A royalist uprising was planned for 1 August 1659, but it was foiled, however, Sir George Booth gained control of Cheshire, Charles II hoped that with Spanish support he could effect a landing, but none was forthcoming. Booth held Cheshire until the end of August when he was defeated by General Lambert, the Commons, on 12 October 1659, cashiered General John Lambert and other officers, and installed Fleetwood as chief of a military council under the authority of the Speaker. The next day Lambert ordered that the doors of the House be shut, on 26 October a Committee of Safety was appointed, of which Fleetwood and Lambert were members. Lambert was appointed major-general of all the forces in England and Scotland, the Committee of Safety sent Lambert with a large force to meet George Monck, who was in command of the English forces in Scotland, and either negotiate with him or force him to come to terms. It was into this atmosphere that Monck, the governor of Scotland under the Cromwells, lamberts army began to desert him, and he returned to London almost alone. The Presbyterian members, excluded in Prides Purge of 1648, were recalled, Fleetwood was deprived of his command and ordered to appear before Parliament to answer for his conduct. On 3 March 1660, Lambert was sent to the Tower of London, Lambert was incarcerated and died in custody on Guernsey in 1694, Ingoldsby was indeed pardoned. On 4 April 1660, Charles II issued the Declaration of Breda, Monck organised the Convention Parliament, which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the monarch since the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649. Constitutionally, it was as if the last nineteen years had never happened, Charles returned from exile, leaving the Hague on 23 May and landing at Dover on 25 May. He entered London on 29 May, his birthday, to celebrate his Majestys Return to his Parliament,29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as Oak Apple Day. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661, some contemporaries described the Restoration as a divinely ordained miracle. The sudden and unexpected deliverance from usurpation and tyranny was interpreted as a restoration of the natural, the Cavalier Parliament convened for the first time on 8 May 1661, and it would endure for over 17 years, finally being dissolved on 24 January 1679
Restoration (England)
–
King Charles II, the first monarch to rule after the English Restoration.
Restoration (England)
–
The departure of Charles II from Scheveningen, 1660
Restoration (England)
–
Thomas Harrison, the first person found guilty of regicide during the Restoration
Restoration (England)
–
Equestrian portrait of
William III by
Jan Wyck, commemorating the start of the
Glorious Revolution in 1688
24.
Great Fire of London
–
The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of the English city of London from Sunday,2 September to Wednesday,5 September 1666. The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall and it threatened but did not reach the aristocratic district of Westminster, Charles IIs Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums. It consumed 13,200 houses,87 parish churches, St Pauls Cathedral and it is estimated to have destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the Citys 80,000 inhabitants. The death toll is unknown but traditionally thought to have been small, a melted piece of pottery on display at the Museum of London found by archaeologists in Pudding Lane, where the fire started, shows that the temperature reached 1250 °C. The Great Fire started at the bakery of Thomas Farriner on Pudding Lane shortly after midnight on Sunday,2 September, by the time that large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm that defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City, order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires. The fears of the focused on the French and Dutch, Englands enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War. The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming, evacuation from London and resettlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Despite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire, by the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain, estimated at half a million inhabitants. By inartificial, Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift, the result of organic growth, London had been a Roman settlement for four centuries and had become progressively more crowded inside its defensive city wall. It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch, Holborn, and Southwark, the City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived. The City was then, as now, the heart of the capital. The aristocracy shunned the City and lived either in the countryside beyond the suburbs, or in the exclusive Westminster district. The relationship was tense between the City and the Crown. The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War and they were determined to thwart any similar tendencies in his son, and when the Great Fire threatened the City, they refused the offers that Charles made of soldiers and other resources. Even in such an emergency, the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite, by the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor, the fire was already out of control. The City was essentially medieval in its plan, an overcrowded warren of narrow, winding. It had experienced major fires before 1666, the most recent in 1632
Great Fire of London
–
Detail of the Great Fire of London by an unknown painter, depicting the fire as it would have appeared on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666 from a boat in the vicinity of
Tower Wharf. The
Tower of London is on the right and
London Bridge on the left, with
St Paul's Cathedral in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames.
Great Fire of London
–
Panorama of the City of London in 1616 by
Claes Visscher. Note the
tenement housing on
London Bridge (far right), a notorious death-trap in case of fire, although much would be destroyed in an earlier fire in 1632.
Great Fire of London
–
Charles II.
Great Fire of London
–
Advertisement for a comparatively small and manoeuvrable seventeenth-century
fire engine on wheels: "These Engins, (which are the best) to quinch great Fires; are made by John Keeling in
Black Fryers (after many years' Experience)."
25.
Tangier
–
Tangier is a major city in northwestern Morocco. It is located on the Maghreb coast at the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar. It is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region, as well as the Tangier-Assilah prefecture of Morocco, the history of Tangier is very rich, due to the historical presence of many civilisations and cultures starting from before the 5th century BC. Between the period of being a strategic Berber town and then a Phoenician trading centre to the era around the 1950s. In 1923, it was considered as having international status by foreign colonial powers, the city is currently undergoing rapid development and modernisation. Projects include new tourism projects along the bay, a business district called Tangier City Center, a new airport terminal. Tangiers economy is set to benefit greatly from the new Tanger-Med port. The citys name is said to come from Tingis, the daughter of Atlas, however, it more likely derives from the Semitic word tigisis, meaning harbour. Tangier is also referred to as Boughaz or nicknamed as the bride of the north by the Moroccans, Tangier was founded in the early 5th century BC by Carthaginian colonists, who were probably the first ones to settle around the coast. The Greeks ascribed the citys establishment to the giant Antaios, whose tomb and skeleton are pointed out in the vicinity, the cave of Hercules, a few miles from the city, is a major tourist attraction. It is believed that Hercules slept there before attempting one of his twelve labours, the commercial town of Tingi came under Roman rule during the 2nd century BC. It was initially autonomous, and then, under Augustus, became a colony and it was the scene of the martyrdoms of Saint Marcellus of Tangier. Tingis was the main Roman city of Mauretania Tingitana in the 4th century and enjoyed huge development, in the 5th century, Vandals conquered and occupied Tingi and from here swept across the Maghreb. A century later, Tangier fell to the Byzantine Empire, before coming under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate in 702, due to its Christian past, it is still a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. When the Portuguese, driven in part by religious fervour, started their colonial expansion by taking Ceuta in 1415. They failed to capture the city in 1437 but finally occupied it in 1471, a partial plan of the original kasbah was found in 2009–12, in a Portuguese document now preserved in the Military Archives of Sweden in Stockholm. The Portuguese rule lasted until 1662, when it was given to Englands King Charles II as part of the dowry from the Portuguese Infanta Catherine of Braganza, the English gave the city a garrison and a charter which made it equal to English towns. The English planned to improve the harbour by building a mole, with an improved harbour the town would have played the same role that Gibraltar later played in British naval strategy
Tangier
–
Bay of Tangier
Tangier
–
The Souk
Tangier
–
Market outside of the walls of Tangier
Tangier
–
The
American Legation courtyard
26.
HMS Mary Rose (1654)
–
The Maidstone was a 40-gun fourth-rate frigate of the English Royal Navy, originally built for the navy of the Commonwealth of England at Woodbridge, and launched in 1654. After the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660, her name was changed to Mary Rose, by 1677 her armament had been increased to 48 guns. She fought in the Anglo-Dutch Wars and the War of the Grand Alliance and she was commanded by John Kempthorne in 1669, and fought off an attack by seven Algerine corsairs. Mary Rose was captured by the French in 1691
HMS Mary Rose (1654)
–
HMS Mary Rose in battle with seven Algerine pirate ships, 1669.
27.
John Kempthorne (Royal Navy officer)
–
Sir John Kempthorne was an officer in the English Royal Navy during the Second and Third Anglo-Dutch Wars, who eventually rose to the rank of Vice-Admiral. Kempthorne was born the son of John Kempthorne, an attorney of Ugborough, Devon. Little is known about the younger Kempthornes early life, but his father was a Royalist supporter and had served as a officer in the English Civil War. While his father was in the military, the younger John Kempthorne embarked on a life at sea and he began his career as an apprentice to the master of a vessel sailing out of Topsham. He soon moved up the ranks and took command of a number of ships of the Levant Company, privateering was common in the Mediterranean, and in 1657 Kempthornes ship – probably the Eastland Merchant – was captured after a hard fought battle by the Spanish privateer Papachino. Kempthorne was treated well by Papachino, and after the Spaniard was captured and imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1658 Kempthorne repaid the kindness, Kempthorne was elected a brother of Trinity House on 17 November 1660, and continued to command ships in the Mediterranean. He was captain of the Maidenhead between 1662 and 1663, when she was requisitioned by the Turks to carry troops to Crete, the ambassador at Constantinople, Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea, remarked that ‘the captain has always been a man of loyal principles’. The breakdown of relations between England and the Dutch Republic prior to the Second Anglo-Dutch War led to a period of armament, Kempthorne received his first command in 1664, probably through the influence of his fathers old commanding officer, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Kempthorne commanded the Kent from June to October 1664, followed by a move to the Dunkirk and he then moved on 26 November to take command of the Royal James. He commanded her at the Battle of Lowestoft on 3 June 1665 where she was Prince Ruperts flagship, the result was a crushing defeat for the Dutch. Kempthorne was then appointed to command the Old James on 19 July after her captain, James Ley, coincidentally Ley had been a distant relative of the Kempthornes. Kempthorne then moved to the Royal Charles in February 1666 and he was flag captain to George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle at the Four Days Battle between 1 and 4 June June 1666, which ended in a Dutch victory. Kempthorne then took command of the Defiance on 10 June, in September he was promoted to flag rank, becoming rear-admiral of the Blue squadron. Kempthorne remained with the Defiance until the end of 1667, commanding one of the flying squadrons and he escorted several merchant convoys to the Mediterranean between February and May 1667, followed by a period based out of Plymouth to counter Dutch raids. He then cruised off Ireland during the summer, eventually leaving the Defiance in December 1667 and his next command was his move in early 1669 to the Mary Rose. The Mary Rose conveyed Lord Howard as ambassador to Morocco, Kempthorne landed him at Tangier, and then began to escort a multinational convoy of six merchantmen. They were attacked by seven Algerine corsairs on 18 December as they sailed north of Cadiz. Kempthorne took the Mary Rose in to them, in a battle that lasted all that day and into the next
John Kempthorne (Royal Navy officer)
–
The St Andrew, painted by
Willem van de Velde the Younger. She is flying Kempthorne's flag, and the painting was therefore probably commissioned by him.
John Kempthorne (Royal Navy officer)
–
The Mary Rose in a battle with seven Algerine corsairs, an engraving by
Wenceslas Hollar
28.
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
Edinburgh
–
Clockwise from top-left: View from
Calton Hill,
Old College,
Old Town from Princes Street,
Edinburgh Castle,
Princes Street from Calton Hill
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
Edinburgh
–
Edinburgh in the 17th century
Edinburgh
–
A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on
John Kay 's caricatures) behind
St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century
29.
Abraham
–
Abraham, originally Abram, is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism. His story features in the texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity. The biblical narrative revolves around the themes of posterity and land, Abraham is called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land originally given to Canaan, but which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. Various candidates are put forward who might inherit the land after Abraham, Abraham later marries Keturah and has six more sons, but on his death, when he is buried beside Sarah, it is Isaac who receives all Abrahams goods, while the other sons receive only gifts. Terah, the ninth in descent from Noah, was the father of three sons, Abram, Nahor, and Haran, Haran was the father of Lot, and died in his native city, Ur of the Chaldees. Abram married Sarah, who was barren, Terah, with Abram, Sarai, and Lot, then departed for Canaan, but settled in a place named Haran, where Terah died at the age of 205. Abram was 75 years old when he left Haran with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and the substance and souls that they had acquired, and traveled to Shechem in Canaan. There was a famine in the land of Canaan, so that Abram and Lot and their households. On the way Abram told his wife Sarai to say that she was his sister, however, God afflicted Pharaoh and his household with great plagues, for which he tried to find the reason. Upon discovering that Sarai was a woman, Pharaoh demanded that they and their household leave immediately. When they came back to the Bethel and Hai area, Abrams and this became a problem for the herdsmen who were assigned to each familys cattle. But Lot chose to go east to the plain of Jordan where the land was well watered everywhere as far as Zoar, Abram went south to Hebron and settled in the plain of Mamre, where he built another altar to worship God. During the rebellion of the Jordan River cities against Elam, Abrams nephew, the Elamite army came to collect the spoils of war, after having just defeated the king of Sodoms armies. Lot and his family, at the time, were settled on the outskirts of the Kingdom of Sodom which made them a visible target, one person who escaped capture came and told Abram what happened. Once Abram received this news, he immediately assembled 318 trained servants, Abrams force headed north in pursuit of the Elamite army, who were already worn down from the Battle of Siddim. When they caught up with them at Dan, Abram devised a plan by splitting his group into more than one unit. Not only were able to free the captives, Abrams unit chased and slaughtered the Elamite King Chedorlaomer at Hobah. They freed Lot, as well as his household and possessions, upon Abrams return, Sodoms king came out to meet with him in the Valley of Shaveh, the kings dale
Abraham
–
The bosom of Abraham - medieval illustration from the
Hortus deliciarum of
Herrad of Landsberg (12th century)
Abraham
–
A painting of Abraham's departure by
József Molnár.
Abraham
–
Abram's Counsel to Sarai (watercolor circa 1896–1902 by
James Tissot)
Abraham
–
Depiction of the separation of Abraham and Lot by
Wenceslaus Hollar.
30.
Lot (biblical person)
–
Lot was a patriarch in the biblical Book of Genesis chapters 11–14 and 19. Lot and his father Haran were born and raised in Ur of the Chaldees in the region of Sumeria on the Euphrates River of lower Mesopotamia, Haran died in that land before his father Terah. Genesis 11, 26-32 gives the generations of Terah, Lots grandfather, among the family members that Lot travelled with was his uncle Abram, one of the three patriarchs of Israel. En route to Canaan, the family stopped in the Paddan Aram region and they settled at the site called Haran where Lots grandfather, Terah, lived the rest of his days. He was 205 years old when he died, Genesis 12 reveals Abrams obedience to the LORD at the age of 75, in continuing his journey to the land of promise. Though Abrams father, Terah, stayed behind, his nephew Lot went with him, there is no mention of Lot having a wife yet. They went southwestward into the land of Canaan, to the place of Sichem, later they travelled south to the hills between Bethel and Hai, before journeying further toward the south of Canaan. After dwelling in the land of Canaan for a little while, there was a famine, after having dwelt in Egypt for some time, they acquired vast amounts of wealth and livestock, and returned to the Bethel area. Genesis 13 helps and discusses Abram and Lots return to Canaan after the famine had passed and they traveled back through the Negev to the hills of Bethel. With their sizeable numbers of livestock and always on the move, the conflicts between herdsmen had become so troublesome that Abram recommended to Lot that they should part ways, lest there be conflict amongst brethren. Abram then headed south to Hebron, staying within the land of Canaan, Lot had encamped on the green Jordan plain among the cities of the plain and initially pitched his tent toward Sodom. The following year the four armies with Chedorlaomer returned and at the Battle of the Vale of Siddim, Chedorlaomer spoiled the cities and took captives as he departed, including Lot, who by then dwelt in Sodom. He divided his forces and attacked at night more than one direction. The pursuit continued and the slaughter of Chedorlaomer, and the kings was completed at Hobah north of Damascus. Abram brought back his brother Lot and all the people and their goods, twenty four years after Abram and Lot began their sojourning, the LORD changed Abrams name to Abraham, and gave him the covenant of circumcision. Not long afterward, the LORD appeared to Abraham, for three men came to visit and have a meal with him, and after two left to go to Sodom, Abraham stood yet before the LORD. Abraham boldly pleaded on behalf of the people of Sodom, where Lot dwelt and he continued inquiring, reducing the number to forty five, forty, thirty, twenty, and finally if there were ten righteous in the city, it would be spared. After supper that night before bedtime, the men of the city, young and old and his response infuriated the men of Sodom who accused him of being judgmental and they threatened to do worse to him than they would have done to the men
Lot (biblical person)
–
Lot and his daughters flee from
Sodom, his wife turned to salt behind them, and the burning cities,
Albrecht Dürer
Lot (biblical person)
–
Depiction of the separation of Abraham and Lot by
Wenceslaus Hollar.
Lot (biblical person)
–
Mount Sodom,
Israel, showing the so-called "
Lot's Wife " pillar composed, like the rest of the mountain, of
halite.
Lot (biblical person)
–
William Blake's Lot and His Daughters currently held at the
Huntington Library, and created circa 1800.
.jpg)
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hollar, Wenzel". Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 611.
