1.
Vancouver
–
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
2.
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
–
Dartmouth is a community and former city in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada. Dartmouth is located on the shore of Halifax Harbour. Dartmouth has been nicknamed the City of Lakes, after the number of lakes located within its boundaries. On April 1,1996, the government amalgamated all the municipalities within the boundaries of Halifax County into a single-tier regional government named the Halifax Regional Municipality. Dartmouth and its city of Halifax, the town of Bedford. The former city of Dartmouth forms part of the core of the larger regional municipality and is officially designated as part of the capital district by the Halifax Regional Municipality. The official place name did not change, due to the confusion with similar names, land use planning set out by the former City of Dartmouth. Today the same development planning for Downtown Dartmouth and the rest of the region is still in force, Father Le Loutres War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21,1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax, the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, the British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, Lunenburg, in 1750, the sailing ship Alderney arrived with 151 immigrants. Municipal officials at Halifax decided that new arrivals should be settled on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour. During the early years, there were 8 Acadian and Mikmaq raids on the new British settlement, the community was later given the English name of Dartmouth in honour of William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth who was a former Secretary of State. By 1752,53 families consisting of 193 people lived in the community, Dartmouth was initially a sawmill and agricultural outpost of Halifax. In 1873, Dartmouth was incorporated as a town and a Town Hall was established in 1877, in 1955, the town was permanently linked to Halifax by the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge which led to rapid suburban growth. The Town of Dartmouth amalgamated with neighbouring villages into the City of Dartmouth in 1961. The A. Murray MacKay Bridge opened in 1970, furthering commercial and residential growth, the city was dissolved on April 1,1996, when its government was amalgamated into the Halifax Regional Municipality. Residents of Dartmouth are known as Dartmouthians, as a community, Dartmouth has often tended to distinguish itself from the community and former city of Halifax, even under the present municipal amalgamation. Dartmouth is also the Halifax Regional Municipalitys Public Works Eastern Region, today, Dartmouth is home to the shopping district of Dartmouth Crossing, as well as federal government offices, many located in the Queen Square building on Alderney Drive
3.
Canadians
–
Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
4.
Playwright
–
A playwright, also known as a dramatist, is a person who writes plays. The term is not a variant spelling of playwrite, but something quite distinct, hence the prefix and the suffix combine to indicate someone who has wrought words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form - someone who crafts plays. The homophone with write is in this case entirely coincidental, the term playwright appears to have been coined by Ben Jonson in his Epigram 49, To Playwright, as an insult, to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. Jonson described himself as a poet, not a playwright, since plays during that time were written in meter and this view was held as late as the early 19th century. The term playwright later lost this negative connotation, the earliest playwrights in Western literature with surviving works are the Ancient Greeks. These early plays were written for annual Athenian competitions among playwrights held around the 5th century BC, such notables as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes established forms still relied on by their modern counterparts. For the ancient Greeks, playwriting involved poïesis, the act of making and this is the source of the English word poet. In the 4th century BCE, Aristotle wrote his Poetics, the first play-writing manual, in this famous text, Aristotle established the principle of action or praxis as the basis for all drama. He then included a hierarchy of elements for the beginning with plot, character, thought, diction, music. The ends of drama were plot, character, and thought, the means of drama were language and music, since the myths, upon which Greek tragedy were based, were widely known, plot had to do with the arrangement and selection of existing material. Character was equated with choice as rather than psychology, so that character was determined by action, in tragedy, the notion of ethical choice determined the character of the individual. Thought had more to do and the imitation of an action that is serious, thus, he developed his notion of hamartia, or tragic flaw, an error in judgment by the main character or protagonist. It provides the basis for the play, a term still held as the sine qua non of dramaturgy. The Poetics, while very brief and highly condensed, is studied today. Perhaps the most Aristotelian of contemporary playwrights is David Mamet, who embraces the idea of character as agent of the action, and emphasizes causality in the structure of his plays. His recently revived, Speed-the-Plow, is quintessentially Aristotelian, in that it observes the unities and builds its plot through a causal stream of discoveries and reversals. The Italian Renaissance brought about a stricter interpretation of Aristotle, as this long-lost work came to light in the late 15th century. The neoclassical ideal, which was to reach its apogee in France during the 17th century, dwelled upon the unities, of action, place, and time
5.
Screenwriter
–
One famous screenwriter is Jack Rosenthal, who has written for various TV shows over the years, including Londons Burning and Coronation Street. No education is required to become a screenwriter, just good storytelling abilities. Screenwriters are not hired employees, they are contracted freelancers, most, if not all, screenwriters start their careers writing on speculation, meaning they write without being hired or paid for it. If such a script is sold, it is called a spec script, what separates a professional screenwriter from an amateur screenwriter is that professional screenwriters are usually represented by a talent agency. Also, professional screenwriters do not often work for free, whereas amateur screenwriters will often work for free and are considered writers in training, spec scripts are usually penned by unknown professional screenwriters and amateur screenwriters. There are a legion of would-be screenwriters who attempt to enter the industry but it often takes years of trial-and-error, failure. In Writing Screenplays that Sell, Michael Hague writes Screenplays have become, for the last half of century, closet writers who used to dream of the glory of getting into print now dream of seeing their story on the big or small screen. Every screenplay and teleplay begins with a thought or idea, and screenwriters use those ideas to write scripts, with the intention of selling them and having them produced. In some cases, the script is based on a property, such as a book or persons life story. The majority of the time, a film project gets initiated by a screenwriter and because they initiated the project and these are referred to as exclusive assignments or pitched assignments. Screenwriters who often pitch new projects, whether original or an adaptation, when word is put out about a project a film studio, production company, or producer wants done, these are referred to as open assignments. In situations where screenwriters are competing for an assignment, more established writers will usually win these assignments. A screenwriter can also be approached and personally offered a writing assignment, many screenwriters also work as full or part-time script doctors, attempting to better a script to suit the desires of a director or studio. For instance, studio management may have a complaint that the motivations of the characters are unclear or that the dialogue is weak, script-doctoring can be quite lucrative, especially for the better known writers. David Mamet and John Sayles, for instance, fund the movies they direct themselves, usually from their own screenplays, by writing and doctoring scripts for others. In fact, some writers make very profitable careers out of being the ninth or tenth writer to work on a piece, in many cases, working on projects that never see exposure to an audience of any size. Many up and coming screenwriters also ghost write projects and allow more established screenwriters to take credit for the project to increase the chances of it getting picked up. After a screenwriter finishes a project, he or she pairs with a representative, such as a producer, director, literary agent, entertainment lawyer
6.
Radio drama
–
Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance, broadcast on radio. Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its development in the 1920s. By the 1940s, it was an international popular entertainment. With the advent of television in the 1950s, however, radio drama lost some of its popularity, however, recordings of OTR survive today in the audio archives of collectors and museums, as well as several online sites such as Internet Archive. As of 2011, radio drama has a presence on terrestrial radio in the United States. Much of American radio drama is restricted to rebroadcasts or podcasts of programs from previous decades, however, other nations still have thriving traditions of radio drama. In the United Kingdom, for example, the BBC produces and broadcasts hundreds of new plays each year on Radio 3, Radio 4. Like the USA, Australia ABC has abandoned broadcasting drama but New Zealand RNZ continues to promote, podcasting has also offered the means of creating new radio dramas, in addition to the distribution of vintage programs. Thanks to advances in recording and Internet distribution, radio drama was experiencing a revival in 2010. The terms audio drama or audio theatre are used synonymously with radio drama, however. Audio drama can also be found on CDs, cassette tapes, Radio drama traces its roots back to the 1880s, In 1881 French engineer Clement Ader had filed a patent for ‘improvements of Telephone Equipment in Theatres’. English-language radio drama seems to have started in the United States, a Rural Line on Education, a brief sketch specifically written for radio, aired on Pittsburghs KDKA in 1921, according to historian Bill Jaker. Newspaper accounts of the era report on a number of other experiments by Americas commercial radio stations. In February 1922, entire Broadway musical comedies with the original aired from WJZs Newark studios. Actors Grace George and Herbert Hayes performed a play from a San Francisco station in the summer of 1922. Aware of this series, the director of Cincinnatis WLW began regularly broadcasting one-acts in November, the success of these projects led to imitators at other stations. By the spring of 1923, original pieces written specially for radio were airing on stations in Cincinnati, Philadelphia. That same year, WLW and WGY sponsored scripting contests, inviting listeners to create original plays to be performed by those stations dramatic troupes
7.
New Democratic Party
–
The New Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Canada. Mulcair will remain as leader, until his replacement is chosen at an election to be held in 2017. The NDP was founded in 1961 out of the merger of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation with the Canadian Labour Congress, one provincial wing of the NDP forms government in Alberta. Unlike other political parties in Canada, the federal and provincial level NDPs are fully integrated, following the 1993 federal election the NDP was reduced to fourth place behind the Bloc Québécois, a position it would maintain for most of the next two decades. The NDP then lost 59 seats during the 2015 federal election and fell back to place in Parliament. The NDP evolved in 1961 from a merger of the Canadian Labour Congress, the CCF grew from populist, agrarian and socialist roots into a modern socialist party. Although the CCF was part of the Christian left and the Social Gospel movement and it has broadened to include concerns of the New Left, and advocates issues such as LGBT rights, international peace, and environmental stewardship. It formed the Official Opposition for the first time in the 41st Canadian Parliament, before 2011, the party had been a stable presence in the Canadian parliament, and was the third largest political party from 1961 to 1993, when the party lost official status. The NDPs peak period of influence in those periods was during the minority Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson. After reattaining official party status in 1997, the NDP played a role in the Liberal. Provincial New Democratic parties, which are sections of the federal party, have governed in six of the ten provinces. The NDP has previously formed the government in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, while members of the party are active municipally, the party does not organize at that level. For example, though former Toronto mayor David Miller was an NDP member during his successful 2003 and 2006 mayoral campaigns, his campaigns were not affiliated with the NDP. In 1958 a joint CCF-CLC committee, the National Committee for the New Party, was formed to create a new political party. The NCNP spent the three years laying down the foundations of the New Party. In 1960, before the NDP was founded, one candidate, Walter Pitman, the influence of organized labour on the party is still reflected in the partys conventions as affiliated trade unions send delegates on a formula based on their number of members. At the 1971 leadership convention, an activist group called The Waffle tried to control of the party. The following year, most of The Waffle split from the NDP, the NDP itself supported the minority government formed by the Pierre Trudeau-led Liberals from 1972 to 1974, although the two parties never entered into a coalition
8.
Canadian Indian residential school system
–
In Canada, the Indian residential schools were a network of residential schools for Indigenous people. The network was funded by the Canadian governments Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, the school system was created for the purpose of removing children from the influence of the aboriginal culture and assimilating them into the dominant Canadian culture. Over the course of the existence, approximately 30% of native children. It has been estimated that at least 6,000 of these students died while in attendance, an amendment to the Indian Act in 1884 made attendance at day schools, industrial schools, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families residential schools were the only way to comply. School distance was used as a way to intentionally keep families from their children. Indian Commissioner Hayter Reed argued for schools at greater distances to cut down on family visits that he viewed as counteracting the civilizing of Indigenous children, parental visits were further restricted by the use of a pass system designed to confine Indigenous peoples to reserves. Disconnected from their families and culture, students who attended the school system often graduated unable to fit in to their communities or Canadian society. Forced to speak English or French and abandon their cultural heritage, on June 11,2008, a public apology was offered by Prime Minister Stephen Harper on behalf of the Government of Canada and the leaders of the other federal parties in the Canadian House of Commons. Nine days prior, the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to uncover the truth about the schools, the commission gathered statements from residential school survivors through public and private statement gatherings at various local, regional and national events across Canada. Seven national events held between 2008-2013 commemorated the experience of students of residential schools. The ‘civilizing mission’ rested on a belief of racial and cultural superiority, attempts at assimilating Indigenous populations began as early as the 17th century with the arrival of French colonists in New France. The establishment of day and boarding schools by including the Récollets, Jesuits. The political instability and realities of life also played a role in the decision to halt the education programs. An increase in orphaned and foundling colonial children limited Church resources, responsible for separating children from their families and communities, the system has been described as cultural genocide because its aim was killing the Indian in the child. Designed as a program, children were prohibited, in many schools. The primary stated goal was to convert Indigenous children to Christianity, the renewed interest in residential schools at the turn of the 19th century has been linked to the decline in military hostility faced by British settlers, particularly after the War of 1812. With the threat of invasion minimized Indigenous communities were no longer viewed as allies and this system of using established school facilities set up by missionaries was employed by the federal government for economic expedience
9.
Manitoba
–
Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
10.
CBC Radio
–
CBC Radio is the English-language radio operations of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. The CBC operates a number of radio networks serving different audiences and programming niches, CBC Radio operates three English language networks. CBC Radio One - Primarily news and information, CBC Radio One broadcasts to most communities across Canada, until 1997, it was known as CBC Radio. CBC Radio 2 - Broadcasts music, arts and culture programming, including opera, classical music, jazz and it was previously known as CBC Radio Two, and before that CBC Stereo. Each year the service records hundreds of concerts for broadcast across the country. CBC Radio 3 - Broadcasts a youth-oriented indie rock format on Internet radio, some content from Radio 3 was also broadcast as weekend programming on Radio Two until March 2007. From 1944 to 1962 CBCs English service operated two networks, the main Trans-Canada Network and the Dominion Network. In 1962 the Dominion Network was disbanded and the Trans-Canada Network became known as CBC Radio and, in 1997, in some cases CBC announcers will still say CBC Radio in reference to programs that air only on Radio One. The CBC English service launched the CBC Radio app for iPhone on August 13,2009, the free app provides 19 live streams for Radio One,2 and 3, and 60 on-demand services, including TV Audio and streams from CBC Music. The app runs on iPhone and iPod Touch devices 2.2.1 and higher, and includes features such as a schedule, sleep timer. The app was updated in November 2010 to be usable on an iPad, the CBC also operates two French language radio networks, each of which has a similar programming focus to one of the corporations English-language radio networks. A third service was discontinued in 2013, Ici Radio-Canada Première - News and information. Ici Musique - Music, arts and culture, bande à part - Youth-oriented programming on Internet and Sirius, although some content continues to air as weekend programming on Espace musique, the prececessor of Ici Musique. The CBC operates Radio Canada International, an online service, RCI ended its shortwave radio broadcast in June 2012. The CBC formerly operated Galaxie, a digital radio service which provides 45 channels of music programming to digital cable subscribers in both English and French. This service is now operated by Stingray Digital, who relaunched the service as Stingray Music. Beginning in 2012, CBC Radio is losing some of its funding as a result of cuts in Canadian government spending. Advertisements discontinued by September 1,2016, List of CBC radio AM transmitters in Canada List of defunct CBC radio transmitters in Canada Nolan, Michael
11.
Winnipeg
–
Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada. It is located near the centre of North America and is 110 kilometres from the U. S. border. It is also the place of the confluence of the Red, the city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water. The region was a centre for aboriginal peoples long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738, a settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812, the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. As of 2011, Winnipeg is the seventh most populated municipality in Canada, being located very far inland, the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C and average July highs of 26 °C. Known as the Gateway to the West, Winnipeg is a railway, Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games. It is home to professional sports franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, the Winnipeg Jets, Manitoba Moose. Winnipeg lies at the confluence of the Assiniboine and the Red River of the North and this point was at the crossroads of canoe routes travelled by First Nations before European contact. Winnipeg is named after nearby Lake Winnipeg, the name is a transcription of the Western Cree words for muddy or brackish water. Estimates of the date of first settlement in this area are varied, in 1805, Canadian colonists observed First Nations peoples engaged in farming activity along the Red River. The practice quickly expanded, driven by the demand by traders for provisions, the rivers provided an extensive transportation network linking northern First Peoples with those to the south along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. The Ojibwe made some of the first maps on birch bark, sieur de La Vérendrye built the first fur trading post on the site in 1738, called Fort Rouge. French trading continued at this site for decades before the arrival of the British Hudsons Bay Company after France ceded the territory following its defeat in the Seven Years War. Many French and later British men who were trappers married First Nations women, their mixed-race children hunted, traded and they gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Métis because of sharing a traditional culture. Lord Selkirk was involved with the first permanent settlement, the purchase of land from the Hudsons Bay Company, the North West Company built Fort Gibraltar in 1809, and the Hudsons Bay Company built Fort Douglas in 1812, both in the area of present-day Winnipeg. The two companies competed fiercely over trade, the Métis and Lord Selkirks settlers fought at the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816. In 1821, the Hudsons Bay and North West Companies merged, Fort Gibraltar was renamed Fort Garry in 1822 and became the leading post in the region for the Hudsons Bay Company
12.
Kenora
–
Kenora, originally named Rat Portage, is a small city situated on the Lake of the Woods in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, close to the Manitoba boundary, and about 200 km east of Winnipeg. It is the seat of Kenora District, the town of Rat Portage was amalgamated with the towns of Keewatin and Norman in 1905 to form the present-day City of Kenora. In 2001 the towns of Kenora and Keewatin as well as the communities of Norman. Kenora is the headquarters of the Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum, Obashkaandagaang Bay. The name Kenora was coined by combining the first two letters of Keewatin, Norman and Rat Portage, Kenoras future site was in the territory of the Ojibway when the first European, Jacques De Noyon, sighted Lake of the Woods in 1688. Pierre La Vérendrye established a secure French trading post, Fort St. Charles, to the south of present-day Kenora near the current Canada/U. S. Border in 1732, and France maintained the post until 1763 when it lost the territory to the British in the Seven Years War — until then, it was the most northwesterly settlement of New France. In 1836 the Hudsons Bay Company established a post on Old Fort Island, and in 1861, in 1878, the company surveyed lots for the permanent settlement of Rat Portage — the community kept that name until 1905, when it was renamed Kenora. Kenora was once claimed as part of the Province of Manitoba, there was a long lasting argument between the two provinces known as the Ontario-Manitoba boundary dispute. Each province claimed the town as part of their territory and the dispute lasted from 1870 to 1884, although Ottawa had ruled the town part of Manitoba in 1881, the issue was finally taken up with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which eventually decided in Ontarios favour. Kenora officially became part of the province of Ontario in 1889, boundaries were drawn up for the provinces and the Northwest Angle on Lake of the Woods which definitively drew the borders between Ontario, Manitoba, Canada, and Minnesota, U. S. A. Among the entrepreneurs attracted to the town was the Hon. JEP Vereker, the original barrier to the completion of the highway concerned the crossing of the Winnipeg River at two locations. The single span arch bridges are among the longest of their type in North America, during the Prohibition era in the United States, the Lake of the Woods served as a smugglers route for the transport of alcohol. In December 1883, there was a fire in Rat Portage. The Stanley Cup was won by the Kenora Thistles hockey team in 1907, the team featured such Hall of Famers as Billy McGimsie, Tommy Phillips, Roxy Beaudro, and Art Ross, for whom the Art Ross Trophy is named. Kenora is the smallest town to have won a major North American sports title, Rat Portage is mentioned in Algernon Blackwoods famous 1910 story, The Wendigo. In 1967, the year of the Canadian Centennial, Kenora erected a sculpture known as Husky the Muskie and it has become the towns mascot and one of its most recognizable features. A dramatic bank robbery took place in Kenora on May 10,1973, should the user release the clothespin, two wires attached to both sides of the pin complete an electrical circuit, sending current from the battery, detonating the explosives
13.
National Film Board of Canada
–
The National Film Board of Canada is Canadas public film and digital media producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes films, animation, web documentaries. In total, the NFB has produced over 13,000 productions which have won over 5,000 awards, the NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage. It has English-language and French-language production branches,1939, The government of Canada proposed the creation of a National Film Commission to complement the activities of the Canadian Government Motion Picture Bureau. ”Legislation also stated that the NFB would co-ordinate the film activities of federal departments. This act also stipulates that the NFB is to engage in film research,2008, The NFB announces a Strategic Plan that includes its first digital strategy. The National Film Board currently maintains its office in Saint-Laurent. The NFB HQ building is named for McLaren, and is home to much of its production activity. The NFB will occupy the first four floors of the structure, which allow the NFB to closer contact with the public. In addition to the English and French-language studios in its Montreal HQ, English-language production occurs at centres in Toronto, Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, and Halifax. As of October 2009, the Atlantic Centre also operates an office in St. Johns, Newfoundland, in June 2011, the NFB appointed a producer to work with film and digital media makers across Saskatchewan, to be based in Regina. Outside Quebec, French language productions are made in Moncton. The NFB also offers programs for independent filmmakers, in English, via the Filmmaker Assistance Program. The organization has a hierarchical structure headed by a Board of Trustees and it is overseen by the Board of Trustees Secretariat and Legal Affairs. Funding is derived primarily from government of Canada transfer payments, and these revenues are from print sales, film production services, rentals, and royalties, and total up to $10 million yearly, the NFB lists this as Respendable Revenues in its financial statements. As a result of cuts imposed by 2012 Canadian federal budget, by 2015 the NFBs public funding will be reduced by $6.7 million, to $60.3 million. As part of the 2016 Canadian federal budget, the NFB will receive an additional $13.5 million in funding, spread out over a five-year period. In 1938, the Government of Canada invited John Grierson, a British documentary film pioneer who coined the term documentary. Up to that date, the Government Motion Picture Bureau, established in 1918, had been the major Canadian film producer
14.
Yorkton Film Festival
–
The Yorkton Film Festival is an annual film festival held in late May in Yorkton, Saskatchewan. Canadas first film festival, the YFF bills itself as the longest running festival in North America. It was established in 1947 under the guidance of the Yorkton Film Council, initially known as the International Film Festival, it was run by the Yorkton Film Council until that body disbanded in 1971. Since then, the Yorkton International Film Festival Society has run the event, the festival is open to Canadian productions, or international productions directed by a Canadian, and focuses on films that are under 60 minutes in length. During World War II, the National Film Board of Canada instituted a program to bolster the spirit of Canadians during the war through the projection of NFB produced films across Canada. The NFB provided films and upkeep, while the councils were responsible for securing their own projector, in 1947 James Lysyshyn, a field officer for the National Film Board developed an idea for the Yorkton International Film Festival. Lysyshyn wanted to bring back the prestige for documentary films in the face of the glamourous Hollywood productions of the time. Many on the council worried that all the films would come from the NFB, many of which the community members had seen. The film council decided the festival would be held in 1950, Film council members wrote letters, made phone calls to embassies, and worked tirelessly to secure films for the festival. The efforts paid off with 40 films being submitted to the festival, with coming from the Netherlands, India, Sweden, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Norway, France. The festival was held on 11 and 12 October, with screening of films held in City Hall, audience members judged the films and Certificates of Merit were awarded to the winners. The success of the first festival, bolstered by amazing reception of the Yorkton community, the decision was made to have festival every two years, in order to give organizers time to solicit and receive submissions, with the next festival being set for 1952. In 1952, the festival was held for a second time, the second festival changed format slightly, as the film council held screenings at three separate venues as opposed to the single venue of City Hall at the 1950 festival. The festival accepted colour film for the first time, the festival also added a day to accommodate their screening schedule, making the festival a three-day event in the community. Again, the community members of Yorkton rallied around the event, the festivals entries grew slightly, as 47 films were entered in the festival, but the list of countries that had submitted films read like the roll call at the United Nations. In 1954, the festival was held for a third time, the festival was beginning to attract a lot of recognition, with the Regina Leader-Post saying Yorkton this week is taking an international flutter. It is holding its biennial ‘International Film Festival’, a venture the Saskatchewan city began with some courage, today, Yorkton is holding the only such festival on this continent and only now are some metropolitan American cities toying with the idea of following suit. The festival continued to thrive thanks to its community members
15.
British Columbia
–
British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
16.
London, Ontario
–
London is a city in Southwestern Ontario, Canada along the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. The city has a population of 383,822 according to the 2016 Canadian census, London is at the confluence of the Thames River, approximately halfway between Toronto, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan. The City of London is a municipality, politically separate from Middlesex County. London and the Thames were named in 1793 by John Graves Simcoe, the first European settlement was between 1801 and 1804 by Peter Hagerman. The village was founded in 1826 and incorporated in 1855, since then, London has grown to be the largest Southwestern Ontario municipality and Canadas 11th largest metropolitan area, having annexed many of the smaller communities that surrounded it. London is a centre of health care and education, being home to the University of Western Ontario, Fanshawe College. Londons university and hospitals are among its top ten employers, London lies at the junction of Highway 401 and 402, connecting it to Toronto, Windsor, and Sarnia. It also has an airport, train and bus station. Prior to European contact in the 18th century, the present site of London was occupied by several Neutral, Odawa, archaeological investigations in the region indicate that aboriginal people have resided in the area for at least the past 10,000 years. The current location of London was selected as the site of the capital of Upper Canada in 1793 by Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe. Simcoe intended to name the settlement Georgina, in honour of King George III, however, the choice of a capital site in the midst of extensive hardwood forests was rejected by Guy Carleton. In 1814, there was a skirmish during the War of 1812 in what is now southwest London at Reservoir Hill, the village of London, named after the English capital of London, was not founded until 1826, and not as the capital Simcoe envisioned. Rather, it was a seat for the area west of the actual capital. At the time, Crown and clergy reserves were receiving preference in the rest of Ontario, in 1832, the new settlement suffered an outbreak of cholera. London proved a centre of strong Tory support during the Upper Canada Rebellion of 1837, London was incorporated as a town in 1840. On 13 April 1845, fire destroyed much of London, which was at the time largely constructed of wooden buildings, one of the first casualties was the towns only fire engine. This fire burned nearly 30 acres of land destroying 150 buildings before burning itself out later the same day, one-fifth of London was destroyed and this was the provinces first million dollar fire. Sir John Carling, Tory MP for London, gave three events to explain the development of London in a 1901 speech
17.
York University
–
York University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. York University has approximately 52,300 students,7,000 faculty and staff, York University participates in the Canadian Space Program and is home to Canadas only space engineering program. York has pioneered several PhD programs in Canada, including womens studies, the School of Social Work is recognized as having one of the most socially responsive programs in the country. Yorks psychology program is the largest in North America, York Universitys business school and law school have continuously and consistently been ranked among the top schools in Canada and the world. York University was established in 1959 as an institution by the York University Act. Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus, Glendon College and it became independent in 1965, after an initial period of affiliation with the University of Toronto, under the York University Act,1965. Its main campus on the outskirts of Toronto opened in 1965. At the time, York University was envisaged as a campus to U of T. In 1965, the university opened a campus, the Keele Campus, in North York, located in the Jane. The first Canadian undergraduate program in dance opened at York University in 1970, in 1972, Canada Post featured the nascent institution on 8¢ stamps, entitled York University Campus, North York, Ont. The first Canadian PhD. program in Womens Studies opened with five candidates in January 1992 and its bilingual mandate and focus on the liberal arts continue to shape Glendons special status within York University. The new Keele Campus was regarded as isolated, in a generally industrialized part of the city. Petrol storage facilities are located across the street. Some of the architecture was unpopular with many, not only for the brutalist designs. The Aviva Centre tennis stadium, built in 2004, is a perennial host of the Canada Masters tennis tournament. As Toronto has spread out, York has found itself in a relatively central location within the built-up Greater Toronto Area. Its master plan envisages a denser on-campus environment commensurate with that location, students occupied the universitys administration offices in March 1997, protesting escalating tuition hikes
18.
Bangladesh
–
Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
19.
Alexa McDonough
–
She served as a member of the Nova Scotia Legislature from 1981 to 1994, representing the Halifax Chebucto and Halifax Fairview electoral districts. She stepped down as the NSNDPs leader and as a member of the legislature in 1994 and she subsequently ran for, and was elected, leader of the federal New Democratic Party in 1995. McDonough was elected the Member of Parliament for the electoral district of Halifax in 1997. She stepped down as party leader in 2003, but continued to serve as an MP for two terms, until 2008, when she retired from politics altogether. In 2009 she became the president of Mount Saint Vincent University and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in December of that year. McDonough was born Alexa Ann Shaw in Ottawa, Ontario in 1944 and her parents were Jean MacKinnon and Lloyd Robert Shaw, a wealthy businessman who was committed to progressive politics. He served as the first research director for the federal NDPs predecessor, the national Co-operative Commonwealth Federation, and an early financial backer of the NDP when it formed in 1961. McDonough was involved in social activism from an age, when, at 14, she led her church youth group in publicizing the conditions of Africville. She attended Queens University in Kingston, Ontario, which was her familys alma mater, after two-years, she transferred to Dalhousie University in Halifax, where she completed a sociology and psychology Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965. She became a worker, and during the 1970 Nova Scotia general election, worked for Gerald Regans Liberal Party. She quickly became disenchanted with Regan and the Liberals, and joined the New Democratic Party in 1974, McDonoughs first foray into electoral politics occurred during the 1979 and 1980 federal elections. In both of those elections, she ran unsuccessfully in the riding of Halifax. In the 1980 federal election, she lost to former Nova Scotia premier Gerald Regan, just after the 1980 federal election, in the spring, Jeremy Akerman stepped down as the Nova Scotia NDPs leader. At this time, there was a rift between the Cape Breton Island and Mainland wings of the party. MacEwans expulsion became one of the dominant issues during the race that fall. In late September, Akerman was appointed to a top Nova Scotia civil service job that required him to resign from the Legislature and terminate his membership in the NDP. James Buddy MacEachern, a candidate, and MLA for Cape Breton Centre, was made the interim leader on October 2. Despite these internecine battles, and not having a seat in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly, the other candidate in the race to replace Akerman was Arsenault
20.
Canadian federal election, 2000
–
The 2000 Canadian federal election was held on November 27,2000, to elect 301 Members of Parliament of the Canadian House of Commons of the 37th Parliament of Canada. During that time, Jean Charest stepped down as leader of the Progressive Conservatives and former Prime Minister Joe Clark took over the party, in spring of 2000, the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, a political party dedicated to uniting right-wing conservatives together into one party. Former Reform Party leader Preston Manning lost in a race to Stockwell Day who became leader of the new Canadian Alliance party. The federal government called an election after being in office for just over three years. The governing Liberal Party of Canada won a consecutive majority government. The Canadian Alliance made some gains, such as electing two Members of Parliament from the province of Ontario. The Bloc Québécois, New Democratic Party and the PC Party all lost seats and this was the last election until 2011 which resulted in a majority government. It was the election contested by the Canadian Alliance and the last by the Progressive Conservatives. This was also the first election in which Nunavut was its own separate territory, at the time of the election, the Canadian economy was strong and there were few immediate negative issues, as the opposition parties were not prepared for the campaign. The major issue in the election was health care which had risen in public opinion polls to be the most important issue for Canadians, the ad told Canadians not to take risks with other parties but to choose a strong, proven team”. Chrétien was directly attacked by the parties for alleged corrupt involvement from the Prime Ministers Office in providing funding to local projects in Chrétiens riding of Saint-Maurice. The Liberal Party focused its attacks on the Canadian Alliance, accusing it of being a dangerous right-wing movement that was dangerous to national unity, during the campaign, Chrétien apologized to Atlantic Canadians for the negative impact of employment insurance reforms which had caused hardship in Atlantic Canada. In Quebec the recently passed Clarity Act by the government was controversial in that it demanded a clear. The Liberal Party promised a number of government projects in Quebec to woo Quebec voters to the Liberal Party. The Liberal Party appealed to Canadas most populous province of Ontario by acting to restore funding that its government had cut in the 1990s in order to cut the deficit of the 1990s. The Liberal government established an accord with all premiers in September 2000 that involved major projected increases to public health care spending. Overall, the Liberals increased their number of seats in the House of Commons from 155 seats to 172 seats. Reform Party leader Preston Manning was deeply disappointed with the Reform Partys failure to spread eastward in the 1997 election and this agenda by the Reform Party to unite the two parties was called the United Alternative which began in 1998, and ultimately resulted in the Alliance
21.
Concentration of media ownership
–
Concentration of media ownership is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media. Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a small number of firms. As of 2015, Comcast Corporation is the largest media conglomerate in the US, with The Walt Disney Company, News Corp and Time Warner ranking second, third and fourth respectively. As of February 2017, AT&T and Time Warner are in talks to merge into one creating the largest mass media. The deal is said to be imminent after the FCC declined to review the deal stating its out of our wheelhouse, many industry experts believe the merger would violate anti trust laws. Media mergers are a result of one media related company buying another company for control of their resources in order to increase revenues and viewership. As information and entertainment become a part of our culture, media companies have been creating ways to become more efficient in reaching viewers. Successful media companies buy out other companies to make them more powerful, profitable. Media mergers have become prevalent in recent years, which has people wondering about the negative effects that could be caused by media ownership becoming more concentrated. Such negative effects that could come into play are lack of competition, an oligopoly is when a few firms dominate a market. When the larger media companies buy out the more smaller-scaled or local companies they become more powerful within the market. As they continue to eliminate their business competition through buyouts or forcing out the companies left dominate the media industry. Media integrity is at risk when small number of companies and individuals control the media market, Media integrity is especially endangered in the case when there are clientelist relations between the owners of the media and political centres of power. Such a situation enables excessive instrumentalisation of the media for political interests. Net neutrality is also at stake when media mergers occur, concentration of media ownership is very frequently seen as a problem of contemporary media and society. e. Advertisers and government rather than to the public interest, only a few companies representing the interests of a minority elite control the public airwaves. Healthy, market-based competition is absent, leading to slower innovation and it is important to elaborate upon the issue of media consolidation and its effect upon the diversity of information reaching a particular market. Critics of consolidation raise the issue of whether monopolistic or oligopolistic control of a media market can be fully accountable and dependable in serving the public interest
22.
Elizabeth Smart (Canadian author)
–
Elizabeth Smart was a Canadian poet and novelist. Her book, By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept and her sister, Jane became a filmmaker, teacher and sculptor. At the age of 11, Smart was confined to bed for a due to a misdiagnosed leaky heart valve. She began writing at an age, publishing her first poem at the age of 10. In her youth, she often kept regular journals, a habit she would keep up throughout most of her life, Smart grew up among the social elite of Ottawa through her fathers connections as a lawyer. Her mother often hosted parties for prominent politicians and civil servants, pearson, and William Lyon Mackenzie King. At the age of 18, following graduation from secondary school and it was during this time that Smart happened across a book of poetry by George Barker, immediately falling in love not only with the poetry, but with the man himself. After her travels with Mrs. Watt, Smart returned to Ottawa where she spent six months writing society notes for the page of The Ottawa Journal. At parties she would ask about Barker, saying she wanted to meet. Soon Smart began a correspondence with the poet, eager to launch her writing career, Smart quit the Journal and left Ottawa for good. Traveling on her own, she visited New York, Mexico and California, while there, Smart made contact with Barker through Lawrence Durrell, paying to fly Barker and his wife to the United States from Japan where he was teaching. Soon after meeting, they began an affair which was to last for years. In 1941, after becoming pregnant, Smart returned to Canada, settling in Pender Harbour, Barker attempted to visit her in Canada, but Smarts family exerted influence on government officials, and consequently he was turned back at the border, cited with moral turpitude. It was during this time that Smart produced what would become her best-known work, By Grand Central Station I Sat Down, Smart soon returned to the United States and began work as a file clerk for the British embassy in Washington. Two years later, in 1943, during the height of the war, there she gave birth to their second child, Christopher Barker, and obtained employment at the British Ministry of Defence to support her children. Just 2000 copies of By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept were published in 1945 and it is a fictional work, largely based on Smarts affair with Barker up until that point. The power of emotion to transform one’s perspective on the world, the inspiration for Smart’s classic work of prose poetry is just as famous as the book itself. Smarts mother Louise was not pleased with the book, again availing influence with government officials, she led a successful campaign to have its publication banned in Canada
23.
CBC Radio One
–
CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming and it is available on AM and FM to 98 per cent of Canadians, and overseas through Radio Canada International, over the Internet, and through mobile apps. A modified version of CBC Radio One, with local content replaced by airings of national programming, is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169. It is downlinked to subscribers via Sirius XM Canada and its U. S. -based counterpart, in 2010, CBC Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week. It was the largest radio network in Canada, CBC Radio began in 1936, and is the oldest branch of the corporation. In 1949, the facilities and staff of the Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland were transferred to CBC upon Newfoundlands entry into Canadian Confederation, with the exception of CJBC, all 35 stations on the CBC Dominion Network were privately owned affiliates. Its programming tended to be lighter than that of the Trans-Canada Network, the Dominion Network operated only in the evenings, freeing affiliates to air local programming during the day. Until 1958, the CBC was a broadcaster, and the principal broadcast regulator in Canada and it used this dual role to take most of Canadas clear-channel frequencies on the AM dial. In 1962, the Dominion Network was dissolved and within a few years CJBC became a French-language station broadcasting the programming of Radio-Canada. In 1960, the CBC began running distinct programming on its three existing FM English-language stations, which had been providing simulcasts of programming on its AM stations, the stations, located in Toronto, Ottawa and Montreal, broadcast a monoaural FM signal. Programming consisted mostly of classical music, the stations were linked by CN/CP Telecommunications via land-line and microwave. This service was discontinued in 1962, but resumed in 1964 in stereo, eventually, a national satellite-distributed network of stereo FM stations was established. In 1975, the FM network was called CBC Stereo, the change began with national shows such as As It Happens. CBC Radio Winnipeg was the first to embrace the format followed by Information Morning in Halifax, CBC Radio stopped running commercial advertising in 1974. In the early 1990s, the CBC began offering selected programs on the Internet, in September 1996, the network formally launched live audio streaming of both CBC Radio and CBC Stereo. In the 1990s, many of the CBCs AM stations moved to FM in response to complaints of poor AM reception. This meant that the old distinction between the AM Radio network and the FM Stereo network was no longer accurate, even many of the FM Radio stations broadcast in mono only. As a result, in 1997 CBC Radio became CBC Radio One, the channel was added to the Sirius lineup in 2005 and the XM lineup in 2013
24.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
25.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
