1.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
2.
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
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Dartmouth is a community and former city in the Halifax Regional Municipality of Nova Scotia, Canada. Dartmouth is located on the shore of Halifax Harbour. Dartmouth has been nicknamed the City of Lakes, after the number of lakes located within its boundaries. On April 1,1996, the government amalgamated all the municipalities within the boundaries of Halifax County into a single-tier regional government named the Halifax Regional Municipality. Dartmouth and its city of Halifax, the town of Bedford. The former city of Dartmouth forms part of the core of the larger regional municipality and is officially designated as part of the capital district by the Halifax Regional Municipality. The official place name did not change, due to the confusion with similar names, land use planning set out by the former City of Dartmouth. Today the same development planning for Downtown Dartmouth and the rest of the region is still in force, Father Le Loutres War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21,1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax, the British were violating earlier treaties with the Mikmaq, the British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mikmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax, Dartmouth, Bedford, Lunenburg, in 1750, the sailing ship Alderney arrived with 151 immigrants. Municipal officials at Halifax decided that new arrivals should be settled on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour. During the early years, there were 8 Acadian and Mikmaq raids on the new British settlement, the community was later given the English name of Dartmouth in honour of William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth who was a former Secretary of State. By 1752,53 families consisting of 193 people lived in the community, Dartmouth was initially a sawmill and agricultural outpost of Halifax. In 1873, Dartmouth was incorporated as a town and a Town Hall was established in 1877, in 1955, the town was permanently linked to Halifax by the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge which led to rapid suburban growth. The Town of Dartmouth amalgamated with neighbouring villages into the City of Dartmouth in 1961. The A. Murray MacKay Bridge opened in 1970, furthering commercial and residential growth, the city was dissolved on April 1,1996, when its government was amalgamated into the Halifax Regional Municipality. Residents of Dartmouth are known as Dartmouthians, as a community, Dartmouth has often tended to distinguish itself from the community and former city of Halifax, even under the present municipal amalgamation. Dartmouth is also the Halifax Regional Municipalitys Public Works Eastern Region, today, Dartmouth is home to the shopping district of Dartmouth Crossing, as well as federal government offices, many located in the Queen Square building on Alderney Drive
3.
New Democratic Party
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The New Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in Canada. Mulcair will remain as leader, until his replacement is chosen at an election to be held in 2017. The NDP was founded in 1961 out of the merger of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation with the Canadian Labour Congress, one provincial wing of the NDP forms government in Alberta. Unlike other political parties in Canada, the federal and provincial level NDPs are fully integrated, following the 1993 federal election the NDP was reduced to fourth place behind the Bloc Québécois, a position it would maintain for most of the next two decades. The NDP then lost 59 seats during the 2015 federal election and fell back to place in Parliament. The NDP evolved in 1961 from a merger of the Canadian Labour Congress, the CCF grew from populist, agrarian and socialist roots into a modern socialist party. Although the CCF was part of the Christian left and the Social Gospel movement and it has broadened to include concerns of the New Left, and advocates issues such as LGBT rights, international peace, and environmental stewardship. It formed the Official Opposition for the first time in the 41st Canadian Parliament, before 2011, the party had been a stable presence in the Canadian parliament, and was the third largest political party from 1961 to 1993, when the party lost official status. The NDPs peak period of influence in those periods was during the minority Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson. After reattaining official party status in 1997, the NDP played a role in the Liberal. Provincial New Democratic parties, which are sections of the federal party, have governed in six of the ten provinces. The NDP has previously formed the government in the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Nova Scotia, while members of the party are active municipally, the party does not organize at that level. For example, though former Toronto mayor David Miller was an NDP member during his successful 2003 and 2006 mayoral campaigns, his campaigns were not affiliated with the NDP. In 1958 a joint CCF-CLC committee, the National Committee for the New Party, was formed to create a new political party. The NCNP spent the three years laying down the foundations of the New Party. In 1960, before the NDP was founded, one candidate, Walter Pitman, the influence of organized labour on the party is still reflected in the partys conventions as affiliated trade unions send delegates on a formula based on their number of members. At the 1971 leadership convention, an activist group called The Waffle tried to control of the party. The following year, most of The Waffle split from the NDP, the NDP itself supported the minority government formed by the Pierre Trudeau-led Liberals from 1972 to 1974, although the two parties never entered into a coalition
4.
Canadian Indian residential school system
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In Canada, the Indian residential schools were a network of residential schools for Indigenous people. The network was funded by the Canadian governments Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, the school system was created for the purpose of removing children from the influence of the aboriginal culture and assimilating them into the dominant Canadian culture. Over the course of the existence, approximately 30% of native children. It has been estimated that at least 6,000 of these students died while in attendance, an amendment to the Indian Act in 1884 made attendance at day schools, industrial schools, or residential schools compulsory for First Nations children. Due to the nature of many communities, school locations meant that for some families residential schools were the only way to comply. School distance was used as a way to intentionally keep families from their children. Indian Commissioner Hayter Reed argued for schools at greater distances to cut down on family visits that he viewed as counteracting the civilizing of Indigenous children, parental visits were further restricted by the use of a pass system designed to confine Indigenous peoples to reserves. Disconnected from their families and culture, students who attended the school system often graduated unable to fit in to their communities or Canadian society. Forced to speak English or French and abandon their cultural heritage, on June 11,2008, a public apology was offered by Prime Minister Stephen Harper on behalf of the Government of Canada and the leaders of the other federal parties in the Canadian House of Commons. Nine days prior, the Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established to uncover the truth about the schools, the commission gathered statements from residential school survivors through public and private statement gatherings at various local, regional and national events across Canada. Seven national events held between 2008-2013 commemorated the experience of students of residential schools. The ‘civilizing mission’ rested on a belief of racial and cultural superiority, attempts at assimilating Indigenous populations began as early as the 17th century with the arrival of French colonists in New France. The establishment of day and boarding schools by including the Récollets, Jesuits. The political instability and realities of life also played a role in the decision to halt the education programs. An increase in orphaned and foundling colonial children limited Church resources, responsible for separating children from their families and communities, the system has been described as cultural genocide because its aim was killing the Indian in the child. Designed as a program, children were prohibited, in many schools. The primary stated goal was to convert Indigenous children to Christianity, the renewed interest in residential schools at the turn of the 19th century has been linked to the decline in military hostility faced by British settlers, particularly after the War of 1812. With the threat of invasion minimized Indigenous communities were no longer viewed as allies and this system of using established school facilities set up by missionaries was employed by the federal government for economic expedience
5.
Manitoba
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Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada. It is one of the three provinces and Canadas fifth-most populous province with its estimated 1.3 million people. Manitoba covers 649,950 square kilometres with a varied landscape. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years, in the late 17th century, fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Ruperts Land and owned by the Hudsons Bay Company. In 1869, negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada. The rebellions resolution led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 that created the province, Manitobas capital and largest city, Winnipeg, is Canadas eighth-largest census metropolitan area. Winnipeg is the seat of government, home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, four of the provinces five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg. The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree, the name derives from Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa, both meaning straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit, a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba. It may also be from the Assiniboine for Lake of the Prairie, the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies. Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name, and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 and it adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast, and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline. The Port of Churchill is Canadas only Arctic deep-water port and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia, Lake Winnipeg is the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Hudson Bay is the worlds second-largest bay, Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed, once known as Ruperts Land. It was a area of the Hudsons Bay Company, with many rivers. The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes, Manitobas major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world. Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipegs east side are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg. This basins rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers
6.
Kenora
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Kenora, originally named Rat Portage, is a small city situated on the Lake of the Woods in Northwestern Ontario, Canada, close to the Manitoba boundary, and about 200 km east of Winnipeg. It is the seat of Kenora District, the town of Rat Portage was amalgamated with the towns of Keewatin and Norman in 1905 to form the present-day City of Kenora. In 2001 the towns of Kenora and Keewatin as well as the communities of Norman. Kenora is the headquarters of the Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum, Obashkaandagaang Bay. The name Kenora was coined by combining the first two letters of Keewatin, Norman and Rat Portage, Kenoras future site was in the territory of the Ojibway when the first European, Jacques De Noyon, sighted Lake of the Woods in 1688. Pierre La Vérendrye established a secure French trading post, Fort St. Charles, to the south of present-day Kenora near the current Canada/U. S. Border in 1732, and France maintained the post until 1763 when it lost the territory to the British in the Seven Years War — until then, it was the most northwesterly settlement of New France. In 1836 the Hudsons Bay Company established a post on Old Fort Island, and in 1861, in 1878, the company surveyed lots for the permanent settlement of Rat Portage — the community kept that name until 1905, when it was renamed Kenora. Kenora was once claimed as part of the Province of Manitoba, there was a long lasting argument between the two provinces known as the Ontario-Manitoba boundary dispute. Each province claimed the town as part of their territory and the dispute lasted from 1870 to 1884, although Ottawa had ruled the town part of Manitoba in 1881, the issue was finally taken up with the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which eventually decided in Ontarios favour. Kenora officially became part of the province of Ontario in 1889, boundaries were drawn up for the provinces and the Northwest Angle on Lake of the Woods which definitively drew the borders between Ontario, Manitoba, Canada, and Minnesota, U. S. A. Among the entrepreneurs attracted to the town was the Hon. JEP Vereker, the original barrier to the completion of the highway concerned the crossing of the Winnipeg River at two locations. The single span arch bridges are among the longest of their type in North America, during the Prohibition era in the United States, the Lake of the Woods served as a smugglers route for the transport of alcohol. In December 1883, there was a fire in Rat Portage. The Stanley Cup was won by the Kenora Thistles hockey team in 1907, the team featured such Hall of Famers as Billy McGimsie, Tommy Phillips, Roxy Beaudro, and Art Ross, for whom the Art Ross Trophy is named. Kenora is the smallest town to have won a major North American sports title, Rat Portage is mentioned in Algernon Blackwoods famous 1910 story, The Wendigo. In 1967, the year of the Canadian Centennial, Kenora erected a sculpture known as Husky the Muskie and it has become the towns mascot and one of its most recognizable features. A dramatic bank robbery took place in Kenora on May 10,1973, should the user release the clothespin, two wires attached to both sides of the pin complete an electrical circuit, sending current from the battery, detonating the explosives
7.
National Film Board of Canada
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The National Film Board of Canada is Canadas public film and digital media producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes films, animation, web documentaries. In total, the NFB has produced over 13,000 productions which have won over 5,000 awards, the NFB reports to the Parliament of Canada through the Minister of Canadian Heritage. It has English-language and French-language production branches,1939, The government of Canada proposed the creation of a National Film Commission to complement the activities of the Canadian Government Motion Picture Bureau. ”Legislation also stated that the NFB would co-ordinate the film activities of federal departments. This act also stipulates that the NFB is to engage in film research,2008, The NFB announces a Strategic Plan that includes its first digital strategy. The National Film Board currently maintains its office in Saint-Laurent. The NFB HQ building is named for McLaren, and is home to much of its production activity. The NFB will occupy the first four floors of the structure, which allow the NFB to closer contact with the public. In addition to the English and French-language studios in its Montreal HQ, English-language production occurs at centres in Toronto, Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, and Halifax. As of October 2009, the Atlantic Centre also operates an office in St. Johns, Newfoundland, in June 2011, the NFB appointed a producer to work with film and digital media makers across Saskatchewan, to be based in Regina. Outside Quebec, French language productions are made in Moncton. The NFB also offers programs for independent filmmakers, in English, via the Filmmaker Assistance Program. The organization has a hierarchical structure headed by a Board of Trustees and it is overseen by the Board of Trustees Secretariat and Legal Affairs. Funding is derived primarily from government of Canada transfer payments, and these revenues are from print sales, film production services, rentals, and royalties, and total up to $10 million yearly, the NFB lists this as Respendable Revenues in its financial statements. As a result of cuts imposed by 2012 Canadian federal budget, by 2015 the NFBs public funding will be reduced by $6.7 million, to $60.3 million. As part of the 2016 Canadian federal budget, the NFB will receive an additional $13.5 million in funding, spread out over a five-year period. In 1938, the Government of Canada invited John Grierson, a British documentary film pioneer who coined the term documentary. Up to that date, the Government Motion Picture Bureau, established in 1918, had been the major Canadian film producer
8.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
9.
York University
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York University is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. York University has approximately 52,300 students,7,000 faculty and staff, York University participates in the Canadian Space Program and is home to Canadas only space engineering program. York has pioneered several PhD programs in Canada, including womens studies, the School of Social Work is recognized as having one of the most socially responsive programs in the country. Yorks psychology program is the largest in North America, York Universitys business school and law school have continuously and consistently been ranked among the top schools in Canada and the world. York University was established in 1959 as an institution by the York University Act. Its first class was held in September 1960 in Falconer Hall on the University of Toronto campus with a total of 76 students, the president, appointed by the board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. In the fall of 1961, York moved to its first campus, Glendon College and it became independent in 1965, after an initial period of affiliation with the University of Toronto, under the York University Act,1965. Its main campus on the outskirts of Toronto opened in 1965. At the time, York University was envisaged as a campus to U of T. In 1965, the university opened a campus, the Keele Campus, in North York, located in the Jane. The first Canadian undergraduate program in dance opened at York University in 1970, in 1972, Canada Post featured the nascent institution on 8¢ stamps, entitled York University Campus, North York, Ont. The first Canadian PhD. program in Womens Studies opened with five candidates in January 1992 and its bilingual mandate and focus on the liberal arts continue to shape Glendons special status within York University. The new Keele Campus was regarded as isolated, in a generally industrialized part of the city. Petrol storage facilities are located across the street. Some of the architecture was unpopular with many, not only for the brutalist designs. The Aviva Centre tennis stadium, built in 2004, is a perennial host of the Canada Masters tennis tournament. As Toronto has spread out, York has found itself in a relatively central location within the built-up Greater Toronto Area. Its master plan envisages a denser on-campus environment commensurate with that location, students occupied the universitys administration offices in March 1997, protesting escalating tuition hikes
10.
Bangladesh
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Bangladesh, officially the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It shares land borders with India and Myanmar, Nepal, Bhutan and China are located near Bangladesh but do not share a border with it. The countrys maritime territory in the Bay of Bengal is roughly equal to the size of its land area, Bangladesh is the worlds eighth most populous country. Dhaka is its capital and largest city, followed by Chittagong which has the countrys largest port, Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region. Bangladeshis include people of different ethnic groups and religions, Bengalis, who speak the official Bengali, make up 98% of the population. The politically dominant Bengali Muslims make the nation the worlds third largest Muslim-majority country, most of Bangladesh is covered by the Bengal delta, the largest delta on Earth. The country has 700 rivers and 8,046 km of inland waterways, highlands with evergreen forests are found in the northeastern and southeastern regions of the country. Bangladesh has many islands and a coral reef and it is home to the Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world. The countrys biodiversity includes a vast array of plant and wildlife, including critically endangered Bengal tigers, the Greeks and Romans identified the region as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom of the historical subcontinent, in the 3rd century BCE. Archaeological research has unearthed several ancient cities in Bangladesh, which had trade links for millennia. The Bengal Sultanate and Mughal Bengal transformed the region into a cosmopolitan Islamic imperial power between the 14th and 18th centuries, the region was home to many principalities which had inland naval prowess. It was also a center of the worldwide muslin and silk trade. As part of British India, the region was influenced by the Bengali renaissance, the Partition of British India made East Bengal a part of the Dominion of Pakistan, and was renamed as East Pakistan. The region witnessed the Bengali Language Movement in 1952 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after independence, a parliamentary republic was established. A presidential government was in place between 1975 and 1990, followed by a return to parliamentary democracy, the country has also been affected by poverty, natural disasters, hunger, dominant party systems and military coups. Bangladesh is a power and a major developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, it has the 46th largest economy and it is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, with its strategically vital location between Southern, Eastern and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation
11.
Canadian federal election, 2000
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The 2000 Canadian federal election was held on November 27,2000, to elect 301 Members of Parliament of the Canadian House of Commons of the 37th Parliament of Canada. During that time, Jean Charest stepped down as leader of the Progressive Conservatives and former Prime Minister Joe Clark took over the party, in spring of 2000, the Reform Party became the Canadian Alliance, a political party dedicated to uniting right-wing conservatives together into one party. Former Reform Party leader Preston Manning lost in a race to Stockwell Day who became leader of the new Canadian Alliance party. The federal government called an election after being in office for just over three years. The governing Liberal Party of Canada won a consecutive majority government. The Canadian Alliance made some gains, such as electing two Members of Parliament from the province of Ontario. The Bloc Québécois, New Democratic Party and the PC Party all lost seats and this was the last election until 2011 which resulted in a majority government. It was the election contested by the Canadian Alliance and the last by the Progressive Conservatives. This was also the first election in which Nunavut was its own separate territory, at the time of the election, the Canadian economy was strong and there were few immediate negative issues, as the opposition parties were not prepared for the campaign. The major issue in the election was health care which had risen in public opinion polls to be the most important issue for Canadians, the ad told Canadians not to take risks with other parties but to choose a strong, proven team”. Chrétien was directly attacked by the parties for alleged corrupt involvement from the Prime Ministers Office in providing funding to local projects in Chrétiens riding of Saint-Maurice. The Liberal Party focused its attacks on the Canadian Alliance, accusing it of being a dangerous right-wing movement that was dangerous to national unity, during the campaign, Chrétien apologized to Atlantic Canadians for the negative impact of employment insurance reforms which had caused hardship in Atlantic Canada. In Quebec the recently passed Clarity Act by the government was controversial in that it demanded a clear. The Liberal Party promised a number of government projects in Quebec to woo Quebec voters to the Liberal Party. The Liberal Party appealed to Canadas most populous province of Ontario by acting to restore funding that its government had cut in the 1990s in order to cut the deficit of the 1990s. The Liberal government established an accord with all premiers in September 2000 that involved major projected increases to public health care spending. Overall, the Liberals increased their number of seats in the House of Commons from 155 seats to 172 seats. Reform Party leader Preston Manning was deeply disappointed with the Reform Partys failure to spread eastward in the 1997 election and this agenda by the Reform Party to unite the two parties was called the United Alternative which began in 1998, and ultimately resulted in the Alliance
12.
Canadians
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Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Canadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Canadian. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada, Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. Canadian independence from the United Kingdom grew gradually over the course of years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867. World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire among Canadians to have their country recognized as a sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Canadas nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom, legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. As of 2010, Canadians make up 0. 5% of the total population, having relied upon immigration for population growth. Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first- or second-generation immigrants, and 20 percent of Canadian residents in the 2000s were not born in the country. Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent. Aboriginal peoples, according to the 2011 Canadian Census, numbered at 1,400,685 or 4. 3% of the countrys 33,476,688 population. The French originally settled New France, in present-day Quebec and Ontario, approximately 100 Irish-born families would settle the Saint Lawrence Valley by 1700, assimilating into the Canadien population and culture. This arrival of newcomers led to the creation of the Métis, after the War of 1812, British, Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Ruperts Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada. Between 1815 and 1850, some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America and these new arrivals included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia. Descendants of Francophone and Anglophone northern Europeans who arrived in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries are often referred to as old stock Canadians. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island, the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, from the mid- to late 19th century, Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted Home Children from Britain. Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries, some were planned and others were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves. Canada was now receiving a number of European immigrants, predominantly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch, Poles
