1.
Venice Film Festival
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The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895. The film festival has taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi, since its inception the Venice Film Festival has grown into one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The 74th Venice International Film Festival is scheduled to be held from 30 August to 9 September 2017, the first edition of the Venice Film Festival was carried out from the 6 to the 21 of August in 1932. The festival began with an idea of the president of the Venice Biennale Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Luciano De Feo, with good reason, the festival was considered the first international event of its type, receiving strong support from authorities. This first edition was held on the terrace of the Hotel Excelsior on the Venice Lido, and at that stage it was not a competitive event. The very first film to be shown in the history of the Festival was Rouben Mamoulians Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the second edition was held two years later, from 1 to 20 of August in 1934. For the first time it included a competition, at least 19 countries took part with over 300 accredited journalists. The Mussolini Cup was introduced for best foreign film and best Italian film, other awards were the Great Gold Medals of the National Fascist Association for Entertainment to best actor and actress. The prize for best foreign film went to Robert J. Flahertys Man of Aran and was a confirmation of the taste of the time for auteur documentaries, starting in 1935, the Festival became a yearly event under the direction of Ottavio Croze. The actors award was renamed Volpi Cup, in 1936 an international jury was nominated for the first time and in 1937 the new Cinema Palace, designed by the architect Luigi Quagliata, was inaugurated. The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the review, the conclusion of the Second World War divides the decade in two. Before 1938 political pressures distorted and ruined the festival, in addition, few countries participated and there was an absolute monopoly of institutions and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin Axis. The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war, with the return of normalcy, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world. In 1947 the festival was held at the Doges Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants, surely it can be considered one of the greatest editions in the history of the festival. For the next twenty years the festival continued its development and expansion in accordance with the plan set in motion after the war. In 1963 the winds of change blow strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival, during the years of his presidency, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale, from 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition
Venice Film Festival
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Venice Cinema Palace in 2009
Venice Film Festival
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Venice Film Festival
Venice Film Festival
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The
Doge's Palace in
Piazza San Marco hosted the 1947 edition.
Venice Film Festival
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The 65th Venice International Film Festival
2.
Munich
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Munich is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, the Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, the name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich, Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes, black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the citys official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian, when it was an imperial residence. Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria, previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years, like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire, the area recovered slowly economically. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the house of Wittelsbach, which governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich. In the 1920s, Munich became home to political factions, among them the NSDAP. During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50% of the entire city, the postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder after 1949. The city is home to corporations like BMW, Siemens, MAN, Linde, Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small. Munich is home to national and international authorities, major universities, major museums. Its numerous architectural attractions, international events, exhibitions and conferences. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany and it is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location, despite being the municipality with the highest density of population in Germany. Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background, the year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg, by that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification, in 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the position by granting it the salt monopoly
Munich
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From left to right: The
Munich Frauenkirche, the
Nymphenburg Palace, the
BMW Headquarters, the
New Town Hall, the
Munich Hofgarten and the
Allianz Arena.
Munich
–
Munich city
coat of arms
Munich
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Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the
Frauenkirche in the background
Munich
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Bombing damage to the Altstadt. Note the roofless and pockmarked Altes Rathaus looking up the Tal. The roofless Heilig-Geist-Kirche is on the right of the photo. Its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. The Talbruck gate tower is missing completely.
3.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
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The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
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Flag
Germany
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Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
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Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
4.
Lena Herzog
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Lena Herzog is a Russian American documentary and fine art photographer. Herzog moved to Leningrad in 1987 to attend the Philological Faculty of Leningrad University, in 1990 she emigrated to the United States and graduated with a degree in Philosophy from Mills College, specializing in the History and Philosophy of Science. She was also a consultant at Stanford University. She started taking photographs in 1997 and studied printing techniques with the Italian master printer Ivan Dalla Tana in Milan. She combines some of the early photographic darkroom processes with contemporary techniques to achieve her desired effects. Her work has exhibited at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Pasadena Museum of California Art, Yerba Buena Center for the Arts. She lives in Los Angeles with her husband, German filmmaker Werner Herzog and they have collaborated on some projects including a book of stills from her husband’s film Bad Lieutenant which was published by Rizzoli in 2009. Werner Herzog wrote the introduction to Lena Herzog’s book Pilgrims, which was released in 2002
Lena Herzog
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Lena Herzog
5.
New German Cinema
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New German Cinema is a period in German cinema which lasted from the late 1960s into the 1980s. It saw the emergence of a new generation of directors, however, most of the films were commercial failure and, by 1977, 80% of a budget for a typical German film was ensured by a subsidy. As a reaction to the artistic and economic stagnation of German cinema and this call to arms, which included Alexander Kluge, Edgar Reitz, Peter Schamoni, Haro Senft and Franz-Josef Spieker among its signatories, provocatively declared Der alte Film ist tot. However, the broadcasters sought TV premieres for the films which they had supported financially, as a consequence, such films tended to be unsuccessful at the cinema box-office. This situation changed after 1974 when the Film-Fernseh-Abkommen was agreed between the Federal Republics main broadcasters, ARD and ZDF, and the German Federal Film Board. Under the terms of the accord, films produced using these funds can only be screened on television 24 months after their theatrical release and they may appear on video or DVD no sooner than six months after cinema release. In addition, a distinction is drawn between the avantgarde Young German Cinema of the 1960s and the more accessible New German Cinema of the 1970s. The new movement saw German cinema return to international significance for the first time since the end of the Weimar Republic. Often the work of these auteurs was first recognised abroad rather than in Germany itself, the New German Cinema, Music, History, and the Matter of Style. Section of a work by Fussell
New German Cinema
6.
Rainer Werner Fassbinder
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Rainer Werner Fassbinder was a German film director, screenwriter, film producer and actor. Fassbinder was part of the New German Cinema movement and he also worked as an actor, author, cameraman, composer, designer, editor and theater manager. Fassbinder died on 10 June 1982 at the age of 37 from a cocktail of cocaine. Fassbinder was born in Bavaria in the town of Bad Wörishofen on 31 May 1945. He was born three weeks after the Allies occupied the town and the surrender of Germany. The aftermath of World War II deeply marked his childhood and the lives of his family, in compliance with his mothers wishes, Fassbinder later claimed he was born in 1946 in order to enhance his status as a cinematic prodigy. His real age was revealed shortly before his death and he was the only child of Liselotte Pempeit, a translator and Helmut Fassbinder, a doctor who worked out of the couples apartment in Sendlinger Strasse, near Munichs red light district. Fassbinders had an unconventional childhood about which he would later express grievances in interviews, when he was three months old, he was left with a paternal uncle and aunt in the country, since his parents feared he would not survive the winter with them. He was a year old when he was returned to his parents in Munich, Fassbinders mother came from the Free City of Danzig, from which many ethnic Germans had fled following World War II. As a result, a number of her relatives came to live them in Munich. Fassbinders parents were cultured members of the bourgeoisie and his father mainly concentrated on his career, which he saw as a means to indulge his passion for writing poetry. His mother largely ignored him as well, spending the majority of her helping her husband with his medical practice. In 1951, Liselotte Pempeit and Helmut Fassbinder divorced, when she was working, she often sent her son to the cinema in order to concentrate. Later in life, Fassbinder claimed that he saw a film every day. During this period, Pempeit was often away from her son for long periods while she recuperated from tuberculosis, in his mothers absence, Fassbinder was looked after by his mothers tenants and friends. As he was left alone, he became independent and uncontrollable. He clashed with his mothers younger lover Siggi, who lived with them when Fassbinder was around eight or nine years old and he had a similar difficult relationship with the much older journalist Wolff Eder, who became his stepfather in 1959. Early in his adolescence, Fassbinder identified as homosexual, as a teen, Fassbinder was sent to boarding school
Rainer Werner Fassbinder
–
Fassbinder on the set of
Berlin Alexanderplatz
7.
Margarethe von Trotta
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Margarethe von Trotta is a German film director who has been referred to as a leading force of the New German Cinema movement. Von Trotta boasts an impressive body of work that has won her awards all over the world in the last forty years and she was married to and collaborated with director Volker Schlöndorff. Although they made a team, von Trotta felt she was seen as secondary to Schlöndorff. Certain aspects of von Trotta’s work have compared to Ingmar Bergman’s features from the 1960s and 1970s. She says that it was thanks to Bergmans films that she ‘fell in love’ with the medium, Von Trotta has been called the world’s leading feminist filmmaker. The predominant aim of her films is to create new representations of women and her films are concerned with relationships between and among women, as well as with relationships between women and men, and involve political setting. Nevertheless, she rejects the suggestion that she makes women’s films, in her early career, von Trotta was an actress, appearing in notable films of directors Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Volker Schlöndorff. In one of interviews, von Trotta said, I came from Germany before the New Wave. Cinema for me was entertainment, but it was not art, when I came to Paris, I saw several films of Ingmar Bergman, and all of the sudden I understood what cinema could be. I saw the films of Alfred Hitchcock and the French Nouvelle Vague, I stood there and said, ‘that is what I’d like to do with my life. ’ But that was 1962, and you couldn’t think that a woman could be a director. In a way, as an act, I started acting. Through her acting career, von Trotta was able to create a name for herself before becoming a director. Her first input on a film, before making an out of it, was on Volker Schlöndorff’s The Sudden Wealth of the Poor People of Kombach. Within this first film of von Trotta’s, one can see the conflict between the personal and the public that resonates throughout her early film career. The female characters within the story must occupy suffocating spaces that von Trotta uses to represent the confinement that women are subjected to in a run by men. Von Trotta was in charge of supervising the performance aspect while Schlöndorff dealt with the film’s mechanics, as a director, he was not considered to be very audacious, while von Trotta’s strong suit was in how she directed the film’s actors through whom she creates her story. Therefore, the two were able to complement each other and their film was considered to be the most successful German film of the mid-1970s. The couple collaborated on one film, Coup de Grâce
Margarethe von Trotta
–
Trotta in 2007
Margarethe von Trotta
–
Margarethe von Trotta (January 2013)
8.
Wim Wenders
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Ernst Wilhelm Wim Wenders is a German filmmaker, playwright, author, photographer, and a major figure in New German Cinema. One of Wenders earliest honors was a win for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction for his narrative drama Paris, Texas, which also won the Palme dOr at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. Many of his subsequent films have also recognized at Cannes, including Wings of Desire. Wenders has been the president of the European Film Academy in Berlin since 1996, alongside filmmaking, he is an active photographer, emphasizing images of desolate landscapes. Wenders was born in Düsseldorf into a traditionally Catholic family and his father, Heinrich Wenders, was a surgeon. The use of the Dutch name Wim is a version of the baptismal name Wilhelm/Willem. As a boy, he took unaccompanied trips to Amsterdam to visit the Rijksmuseum and he graduated from high school in Oberhausen in the Ruhr area. He then studied medicine and philosophy in Freiburg and Düsseldorf, however, he dropped out of university studies and moved to Paris in October 1966 to become a painter. Wenders failed his entry test at Frances national film school IDHEC, during this time, Wenders became fascinated with cinema, and saw up to five movies a day at the local movie theater. Set on making his obsession also his lifes work, Wenders returned to Germany in 1967 to work in the Düsseldorf office of United Artists and that fall, he entered the Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München. Between 1967 and 1970 while at the HFF, Wenders also worked as a critic for FilmKritik, then the Munich daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, Twen magazine. Wenders completed several films before graduating from the Hochschule with a feature-length 16mm black and white film. Wenders began his career during the New German Cinema era of the late 1960s, much of the distinctive cinematography in his movies is the result of a highly productive long-term collaboration with Dutch cinematographer Robby Müller. Handkes novel, The Goalies Anxiety at the Penalty Kick was adapted for Wenders second feature film, handke co-wrote the script for Wings of Desire and Until the End of the World, both featuring Solveig Dommartin. Wenders has directed several highly acclaimed documentaries, most notably Buena Vista Social Club, about Cuban musicians and he has also directed a documentary style film on the Skladanowsky brothers, known in English as A Trick of the Light. The Skladanowsky brothers were inventing moving pictures when several others like the Lumiere brothers, alongside Buena Vista Social Club also his documentaries on Pina Bausch, Pina, and Sebastiao Salgado, The Salt of the Earth, got him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. He has also directed music videos for groups such as U2 and Talking Heads, including Stay and Sax. His television commercials include a UK advertisement for Carling Premier Canadian beer, Wenders is a member of the advisory board of World Cinema Foundation
Wim Wenders
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Wim Wenders (2015)
Wim Wenders
–
Wim Wenders at
Cannes (2002)
Wim Wenders
–
Wim Wenders (2008)
Wim Wenders
–
Wim Wenders (2005)
9.
Protagonist
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A protagonist is the main character in any story, such as a literary work or drama. The protagonist is at the center of the story, typically makes the key decisions, the protagonist usually affects the main characters circumstances as well, as they are often the primary actor propelling the story forward. If a story contains a subplot, or is a made up of several stories. The word protagonist is used notably in stories and forms of literature and culture that contain stories, in those forms the protagonist may simply be the leading actor, or the principal character in the story. The antagonist will provide obstacles and complications and create conflict that test the protagonist, thus revealing the strengths, the earliest known examples of protagonist are dated back to Ancient Greece. At first dramatic performances involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus, but then in Poetics, Aristotle describes how a poet named Thespis introduced the idea of having one actor step out and engage in a dialogue with the chorus. This was the invention of tragedy, which occurred about 536 B. C, then the poet Aeschylus, in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters. Sophocles then wrote plays that required a third actor, euripides play Hippolytus may be considered to have two protagonists. The protagonist of the first half is Phaedra, who dies partway through the play and her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play. In Ibsen’s play The Master Builder, the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness, the young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist. In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is the protagonist and he is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. The character of Tybalt opposes Romeo’s desires, he is the antagonist, in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist would be the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius, in the novel The Catcher in the Rye, the character Holden Caulfield is the protagonist. He is the character, and the reader is invested in his story. Sometimes, a work will have a false protagonist, who may seem to be the protagonist, the character Marion in Alfred Hitchcocks film Psycho is an example. A novel that contains a number of narratives may have a number of protagonists, alexander Solzhenitsyns The First Circle, for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in a gulag camp. Leo Tolstoys War and Peace, depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war
Protagonist
–
In
Shakespeare 's
Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, Hamlet is the protagonist. He is set in a tragic situation, where the ghost of his dead father urges him to take revenge on his uncle, who had murdered the father. Portrait of Hamlet by William Morris Hunt, oil on canvas, circa 1864.
10.
Roger Ebert
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Roger Joseph Ebert was an American film critic and historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author. He was a critic for the Chicago Sun-Times from 1967 until his death in 2013. In 1975, Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism, the two verbally sparred and traded humorous barbs while discussing films. They created and trademarked the phrase Two Thumbs Up, used when both hosts gave the film a positive review. After Siskel died in 1999, Ebert continued hosting the show with various co-hosts and then, starting in 2000, Ebert lived with cancer of the thyroid and salivary glands from 2002. This required treatments necessitating the removal of his jaw, which cost him the ability to speak or eat normally. His ability to write remained unimpaired, however, and he continued to publish frequently both online and in print until his death on April 4,2013. Roger Joseph Ebert was born in Urbana, Illinois, the child of Annabel, a bookkeeper, and Walter Harry Ebert. He was raised Roman Catholic, attending St. Marys elementary school and his paternal grandparents were German immigrants and his maternal ancestry was Irish and Dutch. In his senior year, he was president and editor-in-chief of his high school newspaper. In 1958, he won the Illinois High School Association state speech championship in radio speaking, regarding his early influences in film criticism, Ebert wrote in the 1998 parody collection Mad About the Movies, I learned to be a movie critic by reading Mad magazine. Mads parodies made me aware of the machine inside the skin – of the way a movie might look original on the outside, I did not read the magazine, I plundered it for clues to the universe. Pauline Kael lost it at the movies, I lost it at Mad magazine, Ebert began taking classes at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign as an early-entrance student, completing his high-school courses while also taking his first university class. After graduating from Urbana High School in 1960, Ebert then attended and received his degree in 1964. As an undergraduate, he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, One of the first movie reviews he ever wrote was a review of La Dolce Vita, published in The Daily Illini in October 1961. Ebert spent a semester as a student in the department of English there before attending the University of Cape Town on a Rotary fellowship for a year. He returned from Cape Town to his studies at Illinois for two more semesters and then, after being accepted as a PhD candidate at the University of Chicago. Instead Kogan referred Ebert to the city editor at the Chicago Sun-Times, Jim Hoge and he attended doctoral classes at the University of Chicago while working as a general reporter at the Sun-Times for a year
Roger Ebert
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Ebert giving an interview for
Sound Opinions in 2006
Roger Ebert
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Roger Ebert (right) with
Russ Meyer in 1970.
Roger Ebert
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Ebert and his wife Chaz Hammelsmith Ebert (left) giving the thumbs up to
Nancy Kwan (right) at the
Hawaii International Film Festival on October 20, 2010
Roger Ebert
–
Ebert (right) at the
Conference on World Affairs in September 2002, shortly after his cancer diagnosis
11.
Time Magazine
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Time is an American weekly news magazine published in New York City. It was founded in 1923 and for decades was dominated by Henry Luce, a European edition is published in London and also covers the Middle East, Africa and, since 2003, Latin America. An Asian edition is based in Hong Kong, the South Pacific edition, which covers Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific Islands, is based in Sydney, Australia. In December 2008, Time discontinued publishing a Canadian advertiser edition, Time has the worlds largest circulation for a weekly news magazine, and has a readership of 26 million,20 million of which are based in the United States. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 3.3 million making it the eleventh most circulated magazine in the United States reception room circuit, as of 2015, its circulation was 3,036,602. Richard Stengel was the editor from May 2006 to October 2013. Nancy Gibbs has been the editor since October 2013. Time magazine was created in 1923 by Briton Hadden and Henry Luce, the two had previously worked together as chairman and managing editor respectively of the Yale Daily News. They first called the proposed magazine Facts and they wanted to emphasize brevity, so that a busy man could read it in an hour. They changed the name to Time and used the slogan Take Time–Its Brief and it set out to tell the news through people, and for many decades the magazines cover depicted a single person. More recently, Time has incorporated People of the Year issues which grew in popularity over the years, notable mentions of them were Barack Obama, Steve Jobs, Matej Turk, etc. The first issue of Time was published on March 3,1923, featuring Joseph G. Cannon, the retired Speaker of the House of Representatives, on its cover, a facsimile reprint of Issue No. 1, including all of the articles and advertisements contained in the original, was included with copies of the February 28,1938 issue as a commemoration of the magazines 15th anniversary. The cover price was 15¢ On Haddens death in 1929, Luce became the dominant man at Time, the Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise 1923–1941. In 1929, Roy Larsen was also named a Time Inc. director, J. P. Morgan retained a certain control through two directorates and a share of stocks, both over Time and Fortune. Other shareholders were Brown Brothers W. A. Harriman & Co. the Intimate History of a Changing Enterprise 1957–1983. According to the September 10,1979 issue of The New York Times, after Time magazine began publishing its weekly issues in March 1923, Roy Larsen was able to increase its circulation by utilizing U. S. radio and movie theaters around the world. It often promoted both Time magazine and U. S. political and corporate interests, Larsen next arranged for a 30-minute radio program, The March of Time, to be broadcast over CBS, beginning on March 6,1931
Time Magazine
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The first issue of Time (March 3, 1923), featuring
Speaker Joseph G. Cannon.
Time Magazine
–
Time
Time Magazine
–
Bibi Aisha on the Cover of Time.
Time Magazine
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Time Magazine red X covers: from left to right, Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, and Osama bin Laden.
12.
Austria
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Austria, officially the Republic of Austria, is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.7 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, the territory of Austria covers 83,879 km2. The terrain is mountainous, lying within the Alps, only 32% of the country is below 500 m. The majority of the population speaks local Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, other local official languages are Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene. The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty, from the time of the Reformation, many northern German princes, resenting the authority of the Emperor, used Protestantism as a flag of rebellion. Following Napoleons defeat, Prussia emerged as Austrias chief competitor for rule of a greater Germany, Austrias defeat by Prussia at the Battle of Königgrätz, during the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, cleared the way for Prussia to assert control over the rest of Germany. In 1867, the empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary, Austria was thus the first to go to war in the July Crisis, which would ultimately escalate into World War I. The First Austrian Republic was established in 1919, in 1938 Nazi Germany annexed Austria in the Anschluss. This lasted until the end of World War II in 1945, after which Germany was occupied by the Allies, in 1955, the Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the Austrian Parliament created the Declaration of Neutrality which declared that the Second Austrian Republic would become permanently neutral, today, Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy comprising nine federal states. The capital and largest city, with a population exceeding 1.7 million, is Vienna, other major urban areas of Austria include Graz, Linz, Salzburg and Innsbruck. Austria is one of the richest countries in the world, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,724, the country has developed a high standard of living and in 2014 was ranked 21st in the world for its Human Development Index. Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, joined the European Union in 1995, Austria also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999. The German name for Austria, Österreich, meant eastern realm in Old High German, and is cognate with the word Ostarrîchi and this word is probably a translation of Medieval Latin Marchia orientalis into a local dialect. Austria was a prefecture of Bavaria created in 976, the word Austria is a Latinisation of the German name and was first recorded in the 12th century. Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich, the Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid-first century AD, heers hypothesis is not accepted by linguists. Settled in ancient times, the Central European land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various Celtic tribes, the Celtic kingdom of Noricum was later claimed by the Roman Empire and made a province
Austria
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First appearance of the word "ostarrichi", circled in red. Modern Austria honours this document, dated 996, as the founding of the nation.
Austria
–
Flag
Austria
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Venus of Willendorf, 28,000 to 25,000 BC.
Museum of Natural History Vienna
Austria
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"Heidentor" – Remains of the
Roman military city of
Carnuntum
13.
Croatia
–
Croatia, officially the Republic of Croatia, is a sovereign state between Central Europe, Southeast Europe, and the Mediterranean. Its capital city is Zagreb, which one of the countrys primary subdivisions. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres and has diverse, mostly continental, Croatias Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The countrys population is 4.28 million, most of whom are Croats, the Croats arrived in the area of present-day Croatia during the early part of the 7th century AD. They organised the state into two duchies by the 9th century, tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Petar Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir, Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest, the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the unrecognized State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs which seceded from Austria-Hungary, a fascist Croatian puppet state backed by Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany existed during World War II. After the war, Croatia became a member and a federal constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991 Croatia declared independence, which came wholly into effect on 8 October of the same year, the Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration. A unitary state, Croatia is a republic governed under a parliamentary system, the International Monetary Fund classified Croatia as an emerging and developing economy, and the World Bank identified it as a high-income economy. Croatia is a member of the European Union, United Nations, the Council of Europe, NATO, the World Trade Organization, the service sector dominates Croatias economy, followed by the industrial sector and agriculture. Tourism is a significant source of revenue during the summer, with Croatia ranked the 18th most popular tourist destination in the world, the state controls a part of the economy, with substantial government expenditure. The European Union is Croatias most important trading partner, since 2000, the Croatian government constantly invests in infrastructure, especially transport routes and facilities along the Pan-European corridors. Internal sources produce a significant portion of energy in Croatia, the rest is imported, the origin of the name is uncertain, but is thought to be a Gothic or Indo-Aryan term assigned to a Slavic tribe. The oldest preserved record of the Croatian ethnonym *xъrvatъ is of variable stem, the first attestation of the Latin term is attributed to a charter of Duke Trpimir from the year 852. The original is lost, and just a 1568 copy is preserved—leading to doubts over the authenticity of the claim, the oldest preserved stone inscription is the 9th-century Branimir Inscription, where Duke Branimir is styled as Dux Cruatorvm. The inscription is not believed to be dated accurately, but is likely to be from during the period of 879–892, the area known as Croatia today was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period
Croatia
–
Branimir Inscription
Croatia
–
Flag
Croatia
–
Tanais Tablet B, name Khoroáthos highlighted
Croatia
–
The
walls of Dubrovnik helped to defend the city since
Middle Ages until the
1991–1992 siege.
14.
World War II
–
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
World War II
–
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the
Battle of Wanjialing, Australian
25-pounder guns during the
First Battle of El Alamein, German
Stuka dive bombers on the
Eastern Front in December 1943, a U.S. naval force in the
Lingayen Gulf,
Wilhelm Keitel signing the
German Instrument of Surrender, Soviet troops in the
Battle of Stalingrad
World War II
–
The
League of Nations assembly, held in
Geneva,
Switzerland, 1930
World War II
–
Adolf Hitler at a German
National Socialist political rally in
Weimar, October 1930
World War II
–
Italian soldiers recruited in 1935, on their way to fight the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
15.
Movie camera
–
The movie camera, film camera or cine-camera is a type of photographic camera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on an image sensor or on a film. In contrast to a camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time. This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism, the frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the frame rate. While viewing at a frame rate, a persons eyes. Since 2010s, film-based movie cameras have been replaced by digital movie cameras. An interesting forerunner to the camera was the machine invented by Francis Ronalds at the Kew Observatory in 1845. A photosensitive surface was drawn slowly past the diaphragm of the camera by a clockwork mechanism to enable continuous recording over a 12- or 24-hour period. Ronalds applied his cameras to trace the ongoing variations of scientific instruments, the very first patented film camera was the one devised by Wordsworth Donisthorpe in 1876. Another film camera was designed in England by Frenchman Louis Le Prince in 1888 and he built and patented an earlier 16 lens camera in 1887 at his workshop in Leeds. The first 8 lenses would be triggered in rapid succession by an electromagnetic shutter on the sensitive film, according to Adolphe Le Prince, who assisted his father at Leeds, Roundhay Garden was shot at 12 frame/s and Leeds Bridge at 20 frame/s. His camera still exists with the National Media Museum in Bradford and he shot the film on celluloid with 1¾ inch width. Another early pioneer was the British inventor William Friese-Greene and he began to experiment with the use of oiled paper as a medium for displaying motion pictures in 1885 and by 1887 he was experimenting with the use of celluloid. In 1889, Friese-Greene took out a patent for a chronophotographic camera and this was capable of taking up to ten photographs per second using perforated celluloid film. A report on the camera was published in the British Photographic News on February 28,1890 and he gave a public demonstration in 1890 of his device, but the low frame rate combined with the devices apparent unreliability made an unfavourable impression. William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, a Scottish inventor and employee of Thomas Edison, the camera was powered by an electric motor and was capable of shooting with the new sprocketed film. The Lumière Domitor camera was created by Charles Moisson, the mechanic at the Lumière works in Lyon in 1894. The camera used paper film of 35 millimeter width, but in 1895 the Lumière brothers shifted to celluloid film and this they covered with their own Etiquette-bleue emulsion, had it cut into strips and perforated. In 1894 the Polish inventor Kazimierz Prószyński constructed a projector and camera in one, due to the work of Le Prince, Friese-Greene, Edison and the Lumière brothers, the movie camera had become a practical reality by the mid 1890s
Movie camera
–
Director
Robert Tur with an Alexa-Plus digital movie camera on the set of SIS.
Movie camera
–
Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.
Movie camera
–
Film-gun at the
Institut Lumière, France
Movie camera
–
The
Aeroscope (1910) was the first hand-held movie camera.
16.
Aguirre, the Wrath of God
–
Aguirre, the Wrath of God, known in the UK as Aguirre, Wrath of God, is a 1972 West German epic film written and directed by Werner Herzog. Klaus Kinski stars in the title role, the soundtrack was composed and performed by West German progressive/Krautrock band Popol Vuh. Using a minimalist story and dialogue, the film creates a vision of madness and folly, counterpointed by the lush but unforgiving Amazonian jungle. Although based loosely on what is known of the figure of Aguirre, the films storyline is, as Herzog acknowledged years after the films release. Some of the people and situations may have inspired by Gaspar de Carvajals account of an earlier Amazonian expedition. Other accounts state that the expedition went into the jungles but never returned to civilization, Aguirre was the first of five collaborations between Herzog and the volatile Kinski. Shooting was entirely on location, and was fraught with difficulties, filming took place in the Peruvian rainforest on the Amazon River during an arduous five-week period, shooting on tributaries of the Ucayali region. The cast and crew climbed mountains, cut through heavy vines to open routes to the jungle locations. Aguirre opened to critical acclaim, and quickly developed a large international cult film following. It was given an extensive arthouse theatrical release in the United States in 1977, several critics have declared the film a masterpiece, and it has appeared on Time magazines list of All Time 100 Best Films. Aguirre’s visual style and narrative elements had a influence on Francis Ford Coppolas 1979 film Apocalypse Now. Under the command of Gonzalo Pizarro, the men, clad in armor, pull cannons down narrow mountainous paths and through dense. On New Years Eve, reaching the end of his supplies and unable to go on more information. If they do not return to the party within one week with news of what lies beyond. Also accompanying the expedition, against Pizarros better judgment, are Ursúas mistress, Doña Inés and Aguirres teenage daughter, traveling through rapids, one of the four rafts gets caught in an eddy, and the others are unable to help free it. That night, gunfire erupts on the raft, in the morning the men on board are found dead. Ursúa wants the bodies to be back to camp for proper burial. Knowing this would slow down the expedition, Aguirre hints to Perucho to keep the rust off of the cannon, Perucho proceeds to fire the cannon at the raft, destroying it and throwing the bodies into the river
Aguirre, the Wrath of God
–
Original German theatrical release
film poster
17.
Duquesne University
–
Duquesne University of the Holy Spirit is a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. In 1911, the became the first Catholic university in Pennsylvania. It is the only Spiritan institution of education in the world. Duquesne has since expanded to over 10,000 graduate and undergraduate students within a self-contained 49-acre hilltop campus in Pittsburghs Bluff neighborhood, the school maintains an associate campus in Rome and encompasses ten schools of study. The university hosts international students more than 80 countries although most students — about 80% — are from Pennsylvania or the surrounding region. Duquesne is considered a university with high research activity institution by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. There are more than 79,000 living alumni of the university including two cardinals and the current bishop of Pittsburgh, the Duquesne Dukes compete in NCAA Division I. Duquesne mens basketball appeared twice in national games in the 1950s. The Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost was founded on October 1,1878 by Fr, Joseph Strub and the Holy Ghost Fathers, who had been expelled from Germany during Otto von Bismarcks Kulturkampf six years earlier. When the college was founded, it had six faculty members and 40 students, the college obtained its state charter in 1882. Students attended classes in a space above a bakery on Wylie Avenue in downtown Pittsburgh. Duquesne established itself at its current location on the Bluff and built the original red brick Old Main in 1885. At the time, it was the highest point on the Pittsburgh skyline, on May 27,1911, under the leadership of Fr. Martin Hehir, the College became the first Catholic institution of learning in Pennsylvania to become a university. The year 1913 saw the university record its first woman graduate, in 1914, the graduate school was established. The 1920s were a time of expansion for the developing university, the campus grew to include its first single-purpose academic building, Canevin Hall, as well as a gymnasium and a central heating plant. Institutionally, the school grew to include the School of Pharmacy in 1925, a School of Music in 1926, and a School of Education in 1929. In 1928 the university celebrated its anniversary and was able to rejoice in the fact that it was now both financially solvent and enrollment had reached an all-time high
Duquesne University
–
The Duquesne University chapel adjoins the "Old Main" administration building.
Duquesne University
–
Duquesne University
Duquesne University
–
Duquesne University's coat of arms is carved in high relief above Canevin Hall.
Duquesne University
–
The McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts building borders Duquesne's Academic Walk.
18.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Clockwise:
Cathedral of Learning at the
University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh skyline;
Carnegie Mellon University;
PNC Park;
Duquesne Incline
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
This article is about the Pennsylvania city. For other uses, see
Pittsburgh (disambiguation).
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Monongahela River scene, 1857
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
–
Downtown facade memorializing Pittsburgh's
industrial heritage with an image of legendary steelworker
Joe Magarac
19.
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
–
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich is a public research university located in Munich, Germany. The University of Munich is among Germanys oldest universities, in 1802, the university was officially named Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität by King Maximilian I of Bavaria in his as well as the universitys original founders honour. Among these were Wilhelm Röntgen, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Otto Hahn, pope Benedict XVI was also a student and professor at the university. The LMU has recently been conferred the title of university under the German Universities Excellence Initiative. LMU is currently the second-largest university in Germany in terms of student population, in the semester of 2015/2016. Of these,8,671 were freshmen while international students totalled 7,812 or almost 15% of the student population, the university was founded with papal approval in 1472 as the University of Ingolstadt, with faculties of philosophy, medicine, jurisprudence and theology. Its first rector was Christopher Mendel of Steinfels, who became bishop of Chiemsee. In the period of German humanism, the universitys academics included names such as Conrad Celtes, the theologian Johann Eck also taught at the university. From 1549 to 1773, the university was influenced by the Jesuits, the Jesuit Petrus Canisius served as rector of the university. At the end of the 18th century, the university was influenced by the Enlightenment, in 1800, the Prince-Elector Maximilianv IV Joseph moved the university to Landshut, due to French aggression that threatened Ingolstadt during the Napoleonic Wars. In 1802, the university was renamed the Ludwig Maximilian University in honour of its two founders, Louis IX, Duke of Bavaria and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria. The Minister of Education, Maximilian von Montgelas, initiated a number of reforms sought to modernize the rather conservative. In 1826, it was moved to Munich, the capital of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the university was situated in the Old Academy until a new building in the Ludwigstraße was completed. The locals were critical of the amount of Protestant professors Maximilian. They were dubbed the Nordlichter and especially physician Johann Nepomuk von Ringseis was quite angry about them, in the second half of the 19th century, the university rose to great prominence in the European scientific community, attracting many of the worlds leading scientists. It was also a period of great expansion, from 1903, women were allowed to study at Bavarian universities, and by 1918, the female proportion of students at LMU had reached 18%. In 1918, Adele Hartmann became the first woman in Germany to earn the Habilitation, during the Third Reich, academic freedom was severely curtailed. In 1943 the White Rose group of anti-Nazi students conducted their campaign of opposition to the National Socialists at this university, the university has continued to be one of the leading universities of West Germany during the Cold War and in the post-reunification era
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
–
University buildings in
Ingolstadt
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
–
Seal of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
–
Portrait of
Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, after whom the University of Munich was renamed in 1802
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
–
Adolf von Baeyer,
Emil Fischer, and other chemists at LMU in 1877
20.
NASA
–
President Dwight D. Eisenhower established NASA in 1958 with a distinctly civilian orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29,1958, disestablishing NASAs predecessor, the new agency became operational on October 1,1958. Since that time, most US space exploration efforts have led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches. NASA shares data with various national and international such as from the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite. Since 2011, NASA has been criticized for low cost efficiency, from 1946, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics had been experimenting with rocket planes such as the supersonic Bell X-1. In the early 1950s, there was challenge to launch a satellite for the International Geophysical Year. An effort for this was the American Project Vanguard, after the Soviet launch of the worlds first artificial satellite on October 4,1957, the attention of the United States turned toward its own fledgling space efforts. This led to an agreement that a new federal agency based on NACA was needed to conduct all non-military activity in space. The Advanced Research Projects Agency was created in February 1958 to develop technology for military application. On July 29,1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, a NASA seal was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA, earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPAs early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter, the experimental rocket-powered aircraft programs started by NACA were extended by NASA as support for manned spaceflight. This was followed by a space capsule program, and in turn by a two-man capsule program. This goal was met in 1969 by the Apollo program, however, reduction of the perceived threat and changing political priorities almost immediately caused the termination of most of these plans. NASA turned its attention to an Apollo-derived temporary space laboratory, to date, NASA has launched a total of 166 manned space missions on rockets, and thirteen X-15 rocket flights above the USAF definition of spaceflight altitude,260,000 feet. The X-15 was an NACA experimental rocket-powered hypersonic research aircraft, developed in conjunction with the US Air Force, the design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early computerized control systems
NASA
–
1963 photo showing Dr. William H. Pickering, (center) JPL Director, President John F. Kennedy, (right). NASA Administrator James Webb in background. They are discussing the
Mariner program, with a model presented.
NASA
–
Seal of NASA
NASA
–
At launch control for the May 28, 1964,
Saturn I SA-6 launch.
Wernher von Braun is at center.
NASA
–
Mercury-Atlas 6 launch on February 20, 1962
21.
KQED (TV)
–
KQED, virtual channel 9, is a PBS member television station located in San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by Northern California Public Broadcasting, through subsidiary KQED, Inc. alongside fellow PBS station KQEH, KQED maintains studios located on Mariposa Street in San Franciscos Mission District, and its transmitter is located atop Sutro Tower. KQEDs signal is relayed on satellite station KQET in Watsonville, which serves the Monterey/Salinas/Santa Cruz market, the stations call letters, Q. E. D. are taken from the Latin phrase, quod erat demonstrandum, commonly used in mathematics. One of KQEDs early local programs was World Press, a weekly roundup of international news stories analyzed by a panel of political analysts. Panel members, who were political science analysts specializing in each specific global area and it was developed by San Francisco Supervisor Roger Boas, who brought his long-term interest in government, politics, television and business to the show. The program summed up the reaction to such events as the Kennedy assassinations. What started as a public access program with no financial support became the longest continuously running discussion program televised on approximately 185 stations. In its early days following the stations sign-on, KQED broadcast only twice a week for one each day. Despite the very limited schedule, the station was losing money. While the station came a little short, it did show that the general public cared to keep KQED on the air. KQED was best known in the late 60s and throughout the 1970s, as one of the few public stations in the country to have its own nightly news show. For many years, the show was anchored by Belva Davis, Newsroom grew out of a 1968 newspaper strike in San Francisco. Journalists from the newspapers began reporting their stories on KQED. The staff also produced feature news stories for the MacNeil/Lehrer Newshour. In 1970, KQED inherited KNEW-TV from Metromedia, but found they could not operate it without losing money, various PBS and locally produced programs from KQED would air erratically and at different times of the day on KQEC. The alleged dishonesty was in reference to KQEDs claim of financial woes for keeping KQEC off the air for most of 1972 through 1977, after being revoked from KQEDs hands, the reassigned license was granted to the Minority Television Project, one of the challengers of the KQED/KQEC filing. The KQEC call letters were changed to KMTP-TV under the new license, the decision to pursue the videotaping of executions was controversial amongst those on both sides of the capital punishment debate. KQED was co-producer of the adaptation of Armistead Maupins novel, Tales of the City
KQED (TV)
–
KQED/KQET
22.
Moss Side
–
Moss Side is an inner-city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England. It lies 1.9 miles south of Manchester city centre and had a population of 18,902 at the 2011 census. Moss Side is bounded by the neighbourhoods of Hulme to the north, Chorlton-on-Medlock, Rusholme and Fallowfield to the east, Whalley Range to the south, in and around Moss Side are the public parks of Whitworth Park and Alexandra Park. The east of Moss Side is close to the Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan universities and is a residential area for students. Between 1923 and 2003, Manchester City played at Maine Road in Moss Side, historically a part of Lancashire, Moss Side was formerly a rural township and chapelry within the parish of Manchester and hundred of Salford. Thought to be named after a great moss which stretched from Rusholme to Chorlton-cum-Hardy, following the Industrial Revolution there was a process of unplanned urbanisation and a rapid increase in population size. The population in 1801 was 151 but by 1901 this had increased to 26,677, the club would play there for the next 80 years. During the Manchester Blitz in the Second World War many of the houses were damaged by German bombing on the night of 22/23 December 1940. Migrants from the Indian subcontinent and Caribbean settled in the locality during the 1950s and 1960s, during the 1960s and early 1970s, Manchester City Council demolished many of the Victorian and Edwardian terraced houses to the west of Moss Side and replaced these with new residential properties. In 1981, the Moss Side area was one of Englands inner city areas affected by a series of riots, turf wars between rival drugs gangs, resulted in a high number of fatal shootings. There were several high-profile shootings associated with gangs and drugs in this area during the 1990s, the last gang related gun fatality in Moss Side was in 2006. In April 1994, The Independent newspaper highlighted Moss Side as one of the most deprived areas on Britain, and as having some of the highest crime rates. Drug abuse was described as one of the areas biggest problems, ambulance crews had resorted to wearing body armour after having to deal with a string of mostly drug-related shootings. Several doctors had been robbed of medical bags at knife point after being called out to local patients, a number of police vehicles had been fire-bombed and there had been reports of attempted ambushes on police patrols. Unemployment stood at nearly 30% - up to three times the average in the early 1990s. Many of the flats in neighbouring Hulme were demolished in the 1990s to make way for new low rise homes, housing on the Alexandra Park Estate in the west of Moss Side has been renovated and the streets redesigned to reduce the fear of crime. Moss Side is part of the Manchester Central constituency, represented by the Labour Party MP Lucy Powell, Councillors Moss Side is a ward within the local authority of Manchester City Council. The ward is represented by Labour Councillors Emily Rowles, Sameen Ali, Moss Side lies either side of the A5103, the main road out of Manchester towards Northenden, Manchester Airport, the M56 motorway and Chester
Moss Side
–
Alexandra Park Estate in Moss Side, looking towards the
Beetham Tower
Moss Side
–
Bell tower of former Greenheys School in Moss Side
Moss Side
–
Princess Road and Princess Park in Moss Side.
Moss Side
–
Great Western Street runs through the centre of Moss Side.
23.
Manchester
–
Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
Manchester
–
Clockwise from top: the city seen from a distance,
Beetham Tower,
Manchester Civil Justice Centre,
Midland Hotel,
One Angel Square,
Manchester Town Hall
Manchester
–
A map of Manchester c. 1650
Manchester
–
Cotton mills in
Ancoats about 1820
Manchester
–
View from Kersal Moor towards Manchester by Thomas Pether, circa 1820, then still a rural landscape.
24.
LANSA Flight 508
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It was the worst lightning strike disaster in history. The sole survivor was 17-year-old Juliane Koepcke, who while strapped to her seat fell 2 miles into the Amazon rainforest and she survived the fall and was then able to walk through the jungle for 10 days until being rescued by local lumbermen. The Electra was LANSAs last aircraft, the company lost its operating permit a few weeks later, LANSA Flight 508 departed Limas Jorge Chávez International Airport just before noon on Christmas Eve on its way to Iquitos, Peru, with a scheduled stop at Pucallpa, Peru. The aircraft was flying at about 21,000 ft above Mean Sea Level when it encountered an area of thunderstorms, there was evidence the crew decided to continue the flight despite the hazardous weather ahead, apparently because of pressure to meet the holiday schedule. The lone survivor, a 17-year-old German Peruvian teenager named Juliane Koepcke, later described, The clouds became darker and darker, then we were in the midst of pitch-black clouds and a proper storm with thunder and lightning. It was pitch-black all around us and there was constant lightning, then I saw a glistening light on the right wing… The motor was hit by lightning. At about 12,36 p. m. local time, a lightning strike ignited the fuel tank in the wing, which quickly led to structural failure of the aircraft. Although it is not uncommon for engines to be hit by lightning, Koepcke stated the wing “definitely didn’t explode. ”Rather, the plane was simply ripped apart in the air after the wing fell off. As the plane disintegrated, Koepcke fell into the Amazon rainforest 2 miles below, Peruvian investigators determined the following sequence of events leading to the accident, About forty minutes after take-off, the aircraft entered a zone of strong turbulence and lightning. After flying for twenty minutes in this weather at FL210 lightning struck the aircraft, causing fire on the wing which separated. The aircraft crashed in flames into mountainous terrain, the final summary of the cause of the accident was, The aircraft suffered a lightning strike, which led to a fire and the separation of the right wing. Intentional flight into hazardous weather conditions, Juliane Koepcke was a high school senior studying in Lima, intending to become a zoologist like her father, Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke. Juliane Koepcke was the survivor of the accident. She said of the crash, I heard the incredibly loud motor and people screaming, and then it was calm-incredibly calm compared with the noise before that. I could only hear the wind in my ears, I was still attached to my seat. My mother and the man sitting by the aisle had both been propelled out of their seats, I was free-falling, thats what I registered for sure. I saw the forest beneath me-like green cauliflower, like broccoli, is how I described it later on, then I lost consciousness and regained it way later, the next day. The row may also have helped by cushioning her fall as it struck the dense forest on her way down, the cushion of her seat may have also played a small role
LANSA Flight 508
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Approximate flight path of OB-R-941
25.
Signs of Life (1968 film)
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Signs of Life is a 1968 feature film written, directed, and produced by Werner Herzog. It was his first feature film, and his first major commercial and critical success, the story is roughly based on the short story Der Tolle Invalide auf dem Fort Ratonneau, written by Achim von Arnim. During World War II, three German soldiers are withdrawn from combat when one of them, Stroszek, is wounded and they are assigned to a small coastal community on the Greek island of Kos while Stroszek recuperates. The men become increasingly stir crazy in their new assignment. Herzogs grandfather, Rudolf Herzog, lived and worked for years as an archaeologist at this site. The old Turkish man who appears in the film with a translation was the last surviving worker from Rudolf Herzogs archaeological project. During several shots, Peter Brogle could only be filmed from the waist up after he had injured in a tight-rope accident and spent several months in a walking cast. The man who appears as a pianist in one scene is keyboardist Florian Fricke of Popol Vuh, many of Herzogs later films reference elements of Signs of Life. The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser includes a scene with a chicken. The Wild Blue Yonder contains a shot of a valley of windmills, the film was entered into the 18th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear Extraordinary Prize of the Jury. The film won a German Film Award, lebenszeichen at the Internet Movie Database
Signs of Life (1968 film)
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Signs of Life
26.
Nosferatu the Vampyre
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Nosferatu the Vampyre is a 1979 West German art house vampire horror film written and directed by Werner Herzog. Its original German title is Nosferatu, Phantom der Nacht, the film is set primarily in 19th-century Wismar, Germany and Transylvania, and was conceived as a stylistic remake of the 1922 German Dracula adaptation Nosferatu. It stars Klaus Kinski as Count Dracula, Isabelle Adjani as Lucy Harker, Bruno Ganz as Jonathan Harker, there are two different versions of the film, one in which the actors speak English, and one in which they speak German. Herzogs production of Nosferatu was very well received by critics and enjoyed a degree of commercial success. The film also marks the second of five collaborations between director Herzog and actor Kinski, immediately followed by 1979s Woyzeck, the film had 1,000,000 admissions in West Germany and grossed ITL53,870,000 in Italy. The film was also a modest success in Adjanis home country, Jonathan Harker is an estate agent in Wismar, Germany. His boss, Renfield, informs him that a nobleman named Count Dracula wishes to buy a property in Wismar, leaving his young wife Lucy behind in Wismar, Harker travels for four weeks to Transylvania, to the castle of Count Dracula. He carries with him the deeds and documents needed to sell the house to the Count, on his journey, Jonathan stops at a village, where locals plead for him to stay clear of the accursed castle, providing him with details of Draculas vampirism. Harker ignores the villagers pleas as superstition, and continues his journey unassisted ascending the Borgo Pass. Harker arrives at Draculas castle, where he meets the Count, a strange, ancient, almost rodent-like man, with ears, pale skin, sharp teeth. The lonely Count is enchanted by a portrait of Lucy and immediately agrees to purchase the Wismar property, especially with the knowledge that he. As Jonathans visit progresses, he is haunted at night by a number of encounters with the vampiric Count. Simultaneously, in Wismar, Lucy is tormented by night terrors, additionally, Renfield is committed to an asylum after biting a cow, apparently having gone completely insane. To Harkers horror, he finds the Count asleep in a coffin, at night, Dracula leaves for Wismar, taking with him a number of coffins, filled with the cursed earth that he needs for his vampiric rest. Harker finds that he is locked in the castle, and attempts to escape through a window with a makeshift rope, the rope, fashioned from bedsheets, is not long enough, and Jonathan falls, severely injuring himself. He awakes on the ground the morning, stirred by the sound of a young gypsy boy playing a violin. He is eventually sent to a hospital and raves about black coffins to doctors and he systematically kills the entire crew, making it appear as if they were afflicted with plague. The ghost ship arrives, with its cargo, at Wismar and they discover a log that mentions their perceived affliction with plague
Nosferatu the Vampyre
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Theatrical release poster
27.
Fitzcarraldo
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Fitzcarraldo is a 1982 West German surreal adventure-drama film written and directed by Werner Herzog and starring Klaus Kinski as the title character. The film is derived from the events of Peruvian rubber baron Carlos Fitzcarrald. He has a spirit, but is little more than a dreamer with one major failure already behind him – the bankrupted. A lover of opera and a fan of the internationally known Italian tenor Enrico Caruso. Numerous Europeans and North African Sephardic Jewish immigrants have settled in the city at this time, the opera house will require considerable amounts of money, which the booming rubber industry in Peru should yield in profits. The areas in the Amazon Basin known to contain rubber trees have been parceled up by the Peruvian government and are leased to companies for exploitation. Fitzcarraldo explores entering the rubber business, a helpful rubber baron points out on a map the only remaining unclaimed parcel in the area. He explains that while it is located on the Ucayali River, Fitzcarraldo sees that the Pachitea River, another Amazon tributary, comes within several hundred meters of the Ucayali upstream of the parcel. He leases the inaccessible parcel from the government and his paramour, Molly, a successful brothel owner, funds his purchase of an old steamship. After recruiting a crew, he takes off up the Pachitea and this river has dangerous interior areas because of its indigenous people hostile to outsiders. Using the steamer, he will collect rubber produced on the upper Ucayali and bring it down the Pachitea and the Amazon to market at Atlantic ports. The majority of the crew, at first unaware of Fitzcarraldos plan, abandon the expedition soon after entering indigenous territory, leaving only the captain, engineer. Impressed by Fitzcarraldo and his ship, the natives start working for him without understanding his goals. After great struggles, they pull the ship over the mountain with a complex system of pulleys, worked by the natives. When the crew falls asleep after a celebration, the chief of the natives severs the rope securing the ship to the shore. The chief wanted to appease the gods, who would otherwise be angered that Fitzcarraldo defied nature by circumventing them. Though the ship traverses the Ucayali rapids without major damage, Fitzcarraldo, despondent, Fitzcarraldo sells the ship back to the rubber baron, but first sends the captain on a last voyage. He returns with the entire cast for the first opera production, the entire city of Iquitos comes to the shore as Fitzcarraldo, standing atop the ship, proudly displays the cast
Fitzcarraldo
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German film poster
Fitzcarraldo
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The remains of the steamer used in the movie, in
Madre de Dios Region. Photo: Dr. Eugen Lehle
28.
The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser
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The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser is a 1974 West German drama film written and directed by Werner Herzog and starring Bruno Schleinstein and Walter Ladengast. The film follows the story of foundling Kaspar Hauser quite closely. One day, in 1828, the man takes Hauser out of his cell, teaches him a few phrases. Hauser becomes the subject of curiosity, and is exhibited in a circus before being rescued by Professor Georg Friedrich Daumer. Hauser soon learns to read and write, and develops unorthodox approaches to logic and religion and he attracts the attention of academics, clergy and nobility, but is then physically attacked by the same unknown man who brought him to Nuremberg. The attack leaves him unconscious with a bleeding head and he recovers, but is again mysteriously attacked, this time, stabbed in the chest. Hauser rests in bed describing visions he has had of nomadic Berbers in the Sahara Desert, an autopsy reveals an enlarged liver and cerebellum. The casting and character names are based on the submission to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences, Herzog has been quoted as saying that the title for the film was inspired by a sentence in the novel Macunaíma by Brazilian writer Mário de Andrade. The characters of Professor Daumer and of Lord Stanhope are also based on figures, Georg Friedrich Daumer and Philip Henry Stanhope, 4th Earl Stanhope. An English-language translation of the screenplay was published in 1980, Herzog discovered the lead actor, Bruno Schleinstein, in a documentary about street musicians Bruno der Schwarze, es blies ein Jäger wohl in sein Horn. Fascinated, Herzog cast him as the lead for The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser despite the fact that he had no training as an actor, further, the historical Hauser was 17 when he was discovered in Nuremberg and the film implies this. Schleinstein was 41 years old at the time of filming, although his character is treated and described throughout as a youth, schleinsteins own life bore some similarities to Kaspar Hausers, and his own unbalanced personality was often expressed on set. In Herzogs commentary for the English language DVD release, he recalls that Schleinstein remained in costume for the duration of the production. Herzog once visited him in his room, to find him sleeping on the floor by the door. Schleinstein was credited only as Bruno S. in the film, Herzog subsequently wrote Schleinstein into the screenplay for a second film, Stroszek. The Production Designer for the film was Henning Von Gierke, the Costume Designers were Ann Poppel, the outdoor scenes were filmed in the town of Dinkelsbühl and on a nearby mountain called Hesselberg. In 2007, the critic Roger Ebert wrote a review of the film. He cares not for accuracy but for effect, for a transcendent ecstasy, writing in 2001, Maria Racheva said
The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser
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DVD cover
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
