1.
66th Venice International Film Festival
–
The 66th annual Venice Film Festival held in Venice, Italy, was opened on 2 September 2009 by Baarìa - La porta del vento. International competition jury, led by Ang Lee, awarded Leone dOro to Lebanon, the festival was closed on 12 September 2009, with Maria Grazia Cucinotta serving as the festivals hostess. The following 25 films competed for the Leone doro, official website 66th Venice Film Festival 2009
66th Venice International Film Festival
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Festival poster
66th Venice International Film Festival
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66th Venice International Film Festival
2.
Orlando, Florida
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Orlando is a city in the U. S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County. Located in Central Florida, it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area, which had a population of 4,000,002, according to U. S. As of 2015, Orlando had an estimated population of 270,934, making it the 73rd-largest city in the United States, the fourth-largest city in Florida. The City of Orlando is nicknamed The City Beautiful, and its symbol is the fountain at Lake Eola, Orlando is also known as The Theme Park Capital of the World and in 2014 its tourist attractions and events drew more than 62 million visitors. The Orlando International Airport is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States, with the exception of Walt Disney World, most major attractions are located along International Drive. The city is one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions. Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida, which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015, in 2010, Orlando was listed as a Gamma− level of world-city in the World Cities Study Groups inventory. Orlando ranks as the fourth-most popular American city based on where people want to live according to a 2009 Pew Research Center study. Fort Gatlin, as the Orlando area was known, was established at what is now just south of the city limits by the 4th U. S. Artillery under the command of Ltc, alexander C. W. Fanning on November 9,1838 during the construction of a series of fortified encampments across Florida during the Second Seminole War. The fort and surrounding area were named for Dr. John S. Gatlin, king Phillip and Coacoochee frequented this area and the tree was alleged to be the place where the previous 1835 ambush that had killed over 100 soldiers had been planned. When the U. S. military abandoned the fort in 1839 the surrounding community was built up by settlers, prior to being known by its current name, Orlando was once known as Jernigan. Aarron Jernigan became Orange Countys first State Representative in 1845 but his pleas for military protection went unanswered. Fort Gatlin was briefly reoccupied by the military for a few weeks during October and November 1849, a historical marker indicates that by 1850 the Jernigan homestead served as the nucleus of a village named Jernigan. One of the countys first records, a grand jurys report, mentions a stockade where it states homesteaders were driven from their homes, Aaron Jernigan led a local volunteer militia during 1852. Jernigan appears on an 1855 map of Florida and by 1856 the area had become the county seat of Orange County and it is known for certain that the area was renamed Orlando in 1857. The move is believed to be sparked, in part, by Aaron Jernigans fall from grace after he was relieved of his command by military officials in 1856. His behavior was so notorious that Secretary of War Jefferson Davis wrote, in 1859, Jernigan and his sons were accused of committing a murder at the towns post office
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
Orlando, Florida
3.
Actor
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Anyone who meets the eligibility requirements may apply for aid, which could vary from medical assistance, paying rent, or finding employment. Heros benefits are not meant to be a permanent crutch for needy creators, any granted aid is kept confidential. The Hero Initiative has two boards of directors, the Executive Board and the Fund Disbursement Board, former board members include founders Pat McCallum, editor-in-chief of Wizard Magazine, and Mike Richardson, publisher and founder of Dark Horse Comics. They are George Pérez, Roy Thomas, Charlie Novinskie, Dennis ONeil, John Romita Sr. the charity is currently supported by Dark Horse Comics, Dynamic Forces, Image Comics, Marvel Entertainment, Top Cow Productions, and Wizard Entertainment. The Hero Initiative utilizes many methods of fundraising, foremost is their annual art auction, auctioning donated original comics art-work at fan conventions. Year-long, they sell donated art and special edition comics at conventions, artists, writers, and publishers are invited to donate work, and fans are invited to donate money directly to the fund. ACTOR also sells a green Excelsior, wrist-band similar in design to the Livestrong wristband. The Hero Initiative was formerly known as A Commitment to Our Roots, or ACTOR, while the original name of the organization reflected the charitys goal, the acronym that resulted, ACTOR, more often confused people unfamiliar with the organization. 2006, George Pérez, John Romita, Sr.2007, Joe Kubert 2008, Nick Cardy 2009, Neal Adams 2010, Walt Simonson 2011, Stan Lee 2012, John Romita, Jr. The award recognizes one person in each year who demonstrates particular generosity and integrity in support of the overall comic book community. It debuted at the 2010 Harvey Awards ceremony held at the Baltimore Comic-Con
Actor
–
The Hero Initiative
Actor
4.
Film producer
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Film producers fill a variety of roles depending upon the type of producer. During the discovery stage, the producer has to find and acknowledge promising material, then, unless the film is supposed to be based on an original script, the producer has to find an appropriate screenwriter. For various reasons, producers cannot always supervise all of the production, in this case, the main producer may appoint executive producers, line producers, or unit production managers who represent the main producers interests. The producer has the last word on whether sounds or music have to be changed and they are in charge of selling the film or arranging distribution rights as well. The producers role can vary significantly from project to project, based on the circumstances and they generally are in charge of things like hiring staff, creating filming schedules, checking and approving locations, and much more. Producers are present in every genre of television and film. Although each genre might be different from each other, a producers role and job is the same throughout each. A producer from a program can be compared to a producer of a filmmaker despite how different each genre can be. Although the primary role of the producer can be compared to that of a filmmaker, the roles are very wide ranging, due to the fact that this occupation has gone through an enormous amount of stages and phases as time went on. Today, in most cases the roles range from supervising the editing process to hiring the main staff. The producer has an amount of power in every single aspect of the production process. They are never left out and are involved in every single stage of the production. There are times when a producer can try and find promising material to either a feature film or a television program. If a producer decides to do this, it is usually done in the discovery stage, the discovery stage is when a producer is actively looking for a variety of ideas, concepts, and/or promising scripts that he/she could make into a show and/or film. In this stage, a power may even stretch to gathering workers for the selected project. Even though a producer today can have a range of roles within the field. Within the industry, there are different types of producers who are only designated to specific roles such as controlling the staff. For example, to oversee and manage all aspects of production the role may be filled by the line producer
Film producer
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George Lucas is known for producing the
Star Wars and
Indiana Jones movies.
5.
Martial arts
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Although the term martial art has become associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it originally referred to the combat systems of Europe as early as the 1550s. The term is derived from Latin, and means arts of Mars, Martial arts may be categorized along a variety of criteria, including, Traditional or historical arts vs. contemporary styles of folk wrestling and modern hybrid martial arts. Such traditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons as part of their curriculum. Similarly, modern Western martial arts and sports include fencing, stick-fighting systems like canne de combat or singlestick. Combat-oriented Health-oriented Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices and this is particularly prevalent in traditional Asian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, herbalism, and other aspects of traditional medicine. Spirituality-oriented Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality, numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns. Throughout Asia, meditation may be incorporated as part of training, in those countries influenced by Hindu-Buddhist philosophy, the art itself may be used as an aid to attaining enlightenment. Japanese styles, when concerning non-physical qualities of the combat, are strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like empty mind and beginners mind are recurrent, aikido, for instance, can have a strong philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace fostering, as idealised by its founder Morihei Ueshiba. Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the spiritual and philosophical development. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as taekkyeon and taekwondo, is the value of peace in a practitioner. The Koreans believe that the use of force is only justified through defense. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms, the oldest works of art depicting scenes of battle are cave paintings from Spain dated between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE that show organized groups fighting with bows and arrows. Chinese martial arts originated during the Xia Dynasty more than 4000 years ago and it is said the Yellow Emperor Huangdi introduced the earliest fighting systems to China. The Yellow Emperor is described as a general who, before becoming Chinas leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, astrology. One of his opponents was Chi You who was credited as the creator of jiao di. The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese, during the Warring States period of Chinese history extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War. Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from India during the early 5th century AD, with the figure of Bodhidharma, to China
Martial arts
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The martial art of
boxing was practiced in the ancient
Thera.
Martial arts
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Pankratiasts fighting under the eyes of a judge. Side B of a
Panathenaic prize
amphora, c. 500 BC.
Martial arts
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Detail of the wrestling fresco in tomb 15 at
Beni Hasan.
Martial arts
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Bruce Lee and his teacher Yip Man.
6.
Author
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An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure
Author
–
J. K. Rowling is a prominent British author
Author
–
A copyright certificate certifying the authorship for a proof of the
Fermat theorem, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine.
Author
–
Mark Twain was a prominent American author in multiple genres including fiction and journalism during the 19th century.
Author
–
Ezra Pound (pictured as a young man in 1913) made significant editing suggestions to
T.S. Eliot 's "
The Waste Land," helping transform the original drafts into the work known today.
7.
New Jack City
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New Jack City is a 1991 American crime film based upon an original story and screenplay by Thomas Lee Wright, and directed by Mario Van Peebles in his directorial debut, who also co-stars in the film. The film stars Wesley Snipes, Ice-T, Allen Payne, Chris Rock, Mario Van Peebles, the film was released in the United States on March 8,1991. Wesley Snipes plays Nino Brown, a drug dealer and crime lord in New York City during the crack epidemic. Ice-T plays Scotty Appleton, a detective who vows to stop Ninos criminal activity by going undercover to work for Ninos gang. The story begins in Harlem,1986, and Nino Brown and his gang and his gang consists of his best friend, Gee Money, enforcer Duh Duh Duh Man, gun moll Keisha, Ninos girlfriend, Selina, and her tech-savvy cousin, Kareem. Nino converts the Carter, an apartment complex, into a crack house, Gee Money and Keisha kill rival Fat Smitty, the CMB throws out the tenants, and Nino forces the landlord out onto the streets naked. Meanwhile, Undercover detective Scotty Appleton attempts to make a deal with stick-up kid Pookie, Scotty chases Pookie and shoots him in the leg, but the police let him go. Ninos gang successfully run the streets of Harlem over the three years. Stone comes under pressure, Scotty volunteers to infiltrate Ninos gang and is partnered with loose-cannon Nick Peretti, elsewhere, mobster Frankie Needles attempts to collect taxes from Nino, who refuses to pay. While Scotty and Nick spy on Nino and his gang as they hand out Thanksgiving turkeys to the poor, Scotty spots Pookie, now a crack addict, instead of arresting him, Scotty puts Pookie in rehab, and, later, Pookie offers to help bring down Nino. Against his better judgment and the disapproval of Stone and Peretti, when Pookie relapses, Gee Money realizes that he is wired, and he orders the Carter destroyed. The cops find Pookies bloody corpse, but it is booby-trapped, angry, Nino warns Gee Money not to make such a costly mistake again. After Pookies funeral and no longer needed by Stone, Scotty, after bribing Frankie Needles, Scotty infiltrates the CMB due in part to Gee Moneys increasing ambition and drug use. Though Nino distrusts them, he agrees to do business, after relating an anecdote about his own violent initiation into a gang, Nino warns that he will kill both Scotty and Gee Money if there are any problems. Scotty gains Ninos trust when he reveals information about Gee Moneys side deal, when Nino uses a child as a shield, Scotty attempts to shoot Nino behind his back. Keisha is gunned down as she sprays bullets into the van as they escape. Later, Selina condemns Nino for his murderous activities, and Nino throws her out, Nino later kills Don Ameteo and his crew from a speeding motorcycle in retaliation for the wedding shootout. Stone, Scotty, and Nick arrange a sting operation to nab Nino, Kareem, who knows that Scotty and Pookie are connected, blows Scottys cover, and a shootout ensues
New Jack City
–
Theatrical release poster
New Jack City
–
Harlem's real life
Graham Court, known in the film as the "Carter".
8.
Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences
Marvel Comics
–
Marvel Comics #1 (Oct. 1939), the first comic from Marvel precursor
Timely Comics. Cover art by
Frank R. Paul.
Marvel Comics
–
The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961). Cover art by
Jack Kirby (penciler) and unconfirmed inker.
Marvel Comics
–
The Avengers #4 (March 1964), with (from left to right), the
Wasp,
Giant-Man,
Captain America,
Iron Man,
Thor and (inset) the
Sub-Mariner. Cover art by
Jack Kirby and
George Roussos.
Marvel Comics
–
Howard the Duck #8 (Jan. 1977). Cover art by
Gene Colan and
Steve Leialoha
9.
Blade (comics)
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Blade is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Marv Wolfman and penciller Gene Colan, his first appearance was in the comic book The Tomb of Dracula #10 as a supporting character, the character went on to star and co-star in several comic book series as well as a Blade film series and television series. Actor Wesley Snipes portrayed the vampire hunter in the Blade film series while Kirk Sticky Fingaz Jones took on the role for the television series, Blade was introduced as a supporting character in Marvel Comics The Tomb of Dracula #10, written by Marv Wolfman and penciled by Gene Colan. The artist recalled in 2003, Marv told me Blade was a man, and we talked about how he should dress. The bandolier of blades – that was Marvs idea, I put the leather jacket on him and so on. Colan based the features on a composite of black actors including NFL football star-turned-actor Jim Brown. He initially sported 1970s style afro hair and wielded teak bladed knives, Blade appeared in most issues #10–21, with additional appearances in #24 and 28. Wolfman recalled in 2009, I knew if I let him, Blade would eclipse the other characters so I pulled him back and let original supporting characters Rachel, Frank and Quincy shine. I also wasnt happy with my Blade dialogue, so I pulled him out of the book for awhlle — I think almost a year —, the early Blade dialogue was cliche Marvel Black dialogue. Later on, I tried to make him more real, but it took growing up as a writer. Outside Tomb of Dracula, he fought the scientifically created vampire Morbius in the series in Adventure into Fear #24, in a story written by Steve Gerber. Blades first solo story came in Marvels black-and-white horror-comics magazine Vampire Tales #8, in an 11-page story by Wolfman and this feature continued in the following issue, with Wolfman and Chris Claremont co-scripting. Blade then appeared in a 56-page solo story in the black-and-white showcase magazine Marvel Preview #3, written by Claremont, a six-page backup story by Wolfman and Colan followed in Marvel Preview #8. Blade co-starred in the 18-issue Nightstalkers, and appeared with that team in a story in the anthology Midnight Sons Unlimited #1 and he appeared in two solo stories, in Midnight Sons Unlimited #2 and 7. Following the cancellation of Nightstalkers, Blade debuted in his first color-comics series, Blade, The Vampire Hunter #1–10, written by Ian Edginton, Blade next appeared in a 12-page inventory story in issue #1 of the short-lived black-and-white anthology series Marvel, Shadows and Light. Marvel next announced a miniseries, Blade by writer Don McGregor and penciller Brian Hagen. Marvel published a different six-issue miniseries later that year, Blade, Vampire Hunter, written and, the next ongoing series, Blade vol. 2, by writer Christopher Hinz and artist Steve Pugh, ran six issues,3, by writer Marc Guggenheim and penciller-inker Howard Chaykin, ran 12 issues
Blade (comics)
–
Blade as seen in
Spider-Man.
Blade (comics)
–
Strange Tales: Blade #1 art by
Brian Hagan
Blade (comics)
–
Blade film poster
10.
Blade (film series)
–
The Blade films are based on the fictional Marvel Comics character of the same name, portrayed by Wesley Snipes. They were written by David S. Goyer, based on the comics by Marv Wolfman, the three films were directed by Stephen Norrington, Guillermo del Toro and Goyer respectively, and distributed by New Line Cinema. The character was created in 1973 for Marvel Comics by writer Marv Wolfman, in the comic, Blades mother was bitten by a vampire while she was in labor with Blade. Blade grows up to become a hunter, swearing vengeance on the creatures that killed his mother. He teams up with a man called Whistler, a vampire hunter. Meanwhile, in the underworld, a feud is started between pure-blood vampires and those who had been human, but were turned. Blade becomes aware of this and investigates further, uncovering a plot to raise the blood god La Magra, a rare mutation has occurred within the vampire community. Reapers are vampires so consumed with an insatiable bloodlust that they prey on vampires as well as humans, now their quickly expanding population threatens the existence of vampires, and soon there wont be enough humans in the world to satisfy their bloodlust. Blade, Whistler and an armory expert named Scud are curiously summoned by the Shadow Council, the council reluctantly admits that they are in a dire situation and they require Blades assistance. Blade then tenuously enters into an alliance with The Bloodpack, an team of vampires who were trained in all modes of combat to defeat Blade. Theyll use their skills instead to wipe out the Reaper threat. Blades team and the Bloodpack are the line of defense which can prevent the Reaper population from wiping out the vampire. The vampires succeed in framing Blade for the killing of a human, Blade, now in the publics eye and wanted by the FBI, has to join forces with the Nightstalkers, a human clan of vampire hunters. Blade, Hannibal King, and Abigail Whistler go after Danica Talos, who has succeeded in locating and resurrecting Drake, also known as Dracula, the first vampire and by far the most powerful. In order to him, Blade has to release a virus that will wipe out all vampires. By August 2012, the rights to Blade had reverted to Marvel Studios. In May 2013, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Marvel had a script for Blade. At San Diego Comic Con 2015, Snipes told IGN that both he and Marvel are now in talks about bringing Blade back to theaters
Blade (film series)
–
The Blade Trilogy DVD box set
11.
Dan (rank)
–
The dan ranking system is used by many Japanese organizations and Korean martial arts to indicate the level of ones ability within a certain subject matter. As a ranking system, it was used at a go school during the Edo period. It is now used in modern fine arts and martial arts. The system was applied to arts in Japan by Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo, in 1883. In the modern Japanese martial arts, holders of dan ranks often wear a black belt, those of higher rank may also wear red-and-white and red belts. Dan ranks are given for strategic board games such as go, Japanese chess, and renju, as well as for cultural arts such as flower arrangement, Japanese calligraphy and tea ceremony. The Chinese character for the word dan literally means step or stage in Japanese. In Chinese pinyin, however, the character is spelled duàn. Dan is often used together with the word kyū in certain ranking systems, with dan being used for the higher ranks, the dan ranking system in go was devised by Honinbō Dōsaku, a professional go player in the Edo period. Prior to the invention, top-to-bottom ranking was evaluated by comparison of handicap, dosaku valued the then highest title holder, Meijin at 9 Dan. He was likely inspired by an ancient Chinese go ranking system, Dan ranks were transferred to martial arts by Kanō Jigorō, the founder of judo. Kanō started the modern system in 1883 when he awarded shodan to two of his senior students. Prior to this, martial arts schools awarded progress with less frequent menkyo licenses or secret scrolls, there was still no external differentiation between yūdansha and mudansha. Different athletic departments within the Japanese school system were already using markers of rank, most notably in swimming, kano adopted the custom of having his yūdansha wear black obi in 1886. At that time, these obi were not the belts that karateka and jūdōka wear today and they wore the wide obi still worn with formal kimono. In 1907, Kanō invented the modern keikogi, and belts in white for mudansha, traditionally, the level of go players has been defined using kyū and dan ranks. Kyu ranks are considered student ranks, whilst dan ranks are considered master ranks, especially in amateur play, these ranks facilitate the handicapping system, with a difference of one rank roughly corresponding to one free move at the beginning of the game. With the ready availability of calculators and computers, rating systems have been introduced, in such systems, a rating is rigorously calculated on the basis of game results. Dan ranks are for advanced players, although many organizations let players choose their own kyū rank to a certain extent, dan ranks are often regulated
Dan (rank)
–
Dan and Kyū ranks are indicated by belt color or by stripes on the belt
Dan (rank)
–
Shogi
Dan (rank)
–
Diploma of 7th Dan in Japanese
Kendo.
Dan (rank)
–
Some Korean martial art schools use embroidered bars to denote different dan ranks, as shown on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dan belts above
12.
Black belt (martial arts)
–
In East Asian martial arts, the black belt is a way to describe a graduate of a field where a practitioners level is often marked by the color of the belt. The black belt is commonly the highest belt color used and denotes a degree of competence and it is often associated with a teaching grade though frequently not the highest grade or the expert of public perception. It is also a recent invention rather than an ancient custom. Previously, Japanese Koryu instructors tended to provide certificates, initially the wide obi was used, as practitioners trained in kimono, only white and black obi were used. It was not until the early 1900s, after the introduction of the judogi, other martial arts later adopted the custom or a variation of it to denote rank. This includes martial arts that traditionally did not have a rank structure. This kind of ranking is less common in arts that do not claim a far eastern origin, Rank and belts are not equivalent between arts, styles, or even within some organizations. In some arts, a belt is expected in three years, while in others ten years may be common. Testing for black belt is commonly more rigorous and more centralized than for lower grades, in contrast to the black belt as master stereotype, a black belt commonly indicates the wearer is competent in a styles basic technique and principles. In this analogy a graduate degree would represent advancement past the first degree, the shodan black belt is not the end of training but rather as a beginning to advanced learning, the individual now knows how to walk and may thus begin the journey. Some schools place profit ahead of ability when using these tactics and are referred to as McDojos or belt factories. In some Japanese schools, after obtaining a black belt the student also begins to instruct, in Japanese martial arts the further subdivisions of black belt ranks may be linked to dan grades and indicated by stripes on the belt. Yūdansha is often used to describe those who hold a black belt rank, while the belt remains black, stripes or other insignia may be added to denote seniority, in some arts, very senior grades will wear differently colored belts. In judo and some forms of karate, a sixth dan will wear a red, the red and white belt is often reserved only for ceremonial occasions, and a regular black belt is still worn during training. At 9th or 10th dan some schools award red, in some schools of Jujutsu, the Shihan rank and higher wear purple belts. These other colors are still referred to collectively as black belts. Kyū Rank in Judo Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system Origins of the Karate Rank System
Black belt (martial arts)
–
A martial artist black belt performing a
kata
Black belt (martial arts)
–
Two
aikido black belts training
Black belt (martial arts)
–
Some martial art schools use embroidered bars to denote different levels of
black belt rank, as shown on these
taekwondo 1st, 2nd, and 3rd dan black belts.
13.
Shotokan Karate
–
Shotokan is a style of karate, developed from various martial arts by Gichin Funakoshi and his son Gigo Funakoshi. Funakoshi had many students at the university clubs and outside dojos, as the most widely practiced style, Shotokan is considered a traditional and influential form of karate do. Shotokan was the name of the first official dojo built by Gichin Funakoshi, in 1936 at Mejiro, shoto, meaning pine-waves, was Funakoshis pen-name, which he used in his poetic and philosophical writings and messages to his students. The Japanese kan means house or hall, in honour of their sensei, Funakoshis students created a sign reading shōtō-kan, which they placed above the entrance of the hall where Funakoshi taught. Gichin Funakoshi never gave his system a name, just calling it karate, Shotokan training is usually divided into three parts, kihon, kata, and kumite. Techniques in kihon and kata are characterised by deep, long stances that provide stability, enable powerful movements, Shotokan is regarded as a dynamic martial art as it develops anaerobic, powerful techniques as well as developing speed. Initially strength and power are demonstrated instead of slower, more flowing motions, kumite techniques are practised in the kihon and kata and developed from basic to advanced levels with an opponent. Gichin Funakoshi laid out the Twenty Precepts of Karate, which form the foundations of the art, within these twenty principles, based heavily on Bushido and Zen, lies the philosophy of Shotokan. The principles allude to notions of humility, respect, compassion, patience and it was Funakoshis belief that through karate practice and observation of these 20 principles, the karateka would improve their person. The Dojo kun lists five philosophical rules for training in the dojo, seek perfection of character, be faithful, endeavor to excel, respect others and these rules are called the Five Maxims of Karate. The Dojo kun is usually posted on a wall in the dojo, and some shotokan clubs recite the Dojo kun at the beginning and/or end of class to provide motivation. Funakoshi also wrote, The ultimate aim of Karate lies not in victory or defeat, many terms used in karate stem from Japanese culture. While many are names, others are exclusive to martial arts, many terms are seldom used in daily life, such as zenkutsu dachi, while others appear routinely, such as rei. The Japanese form is retained in schools outside Japan to preserve the Okinawan culture. However, many schools of JKA affiliated Shotokan Karate used the full terminology on a daily basis, for example, the KUI, utilises the full and proper Japanese name for each move and kata in training, grading and competition. Rank is used in karate to indicate experience, expertise, and to a lesser degree, as with many martial arts, Shotokan uses a system of coloured belts to indicate rank. Most Shotokan schools use the kyū / dan system but have added other belt colours, the order of colours varies widely from school to school, but kyu belts are denoted with colours that in some schools become darker as a student approaches shodan. Dan level belts are black, with some schools using stripes to denote various ranks of black belt
Shotokan Karate
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Calligraphy of Shotokan
Shotokan Karate
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Shōtōkan (松濤館流)
Shotokan Karate
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Gichin Funakoshi executing
Kanku dai (観空大) kata
Shotokan Karate
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Shōtōkan-ryū founder Gichin Funakoshi
14.
Hapkido
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Hapkido is a highly eclectic Korean martial art. It is a form of self-defense that employs joint locks, grappling, and throwing techniques similar to those of martial arts, as well as kicks, punches. Hapkido emphasizes circular motion, redirection of force, and control of the opponent, practitioners seek to gain advantage over their opponents through footwork and body positioning to incorporate the use of leverage, avoiding the use of brute strength against brute strength. The art was adapted from Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu as it was taught by Choi Yong-Sool when he returned to Korea after World War II after having lived in Japan for 30 years. Hapkido is rendered 합기도 in the native Korean writing system known as hangul, the arts name can also however be written 合氣道 utilizing the same traditional Chinese characters which would have been used to refer to the Japanese martial art of aikido in the pre-1946 period. The current preference in Japan is for the use of a simplified second character, substituting 気 for the earlier. The character 合 hap means coordinated or joining, 氣 ki describes internal energy, spirit, strength, or power and it is most often translated as the way of coordinating energy, the way of coordinated power or the way of harmony. Although Japanese aikido and Korean hapkido share common origins, in time they have become separate. They differ significantly in philosophy, range of responses and manner of executing techniques, Choi Yong-Sool s training in martial arts is a subject of contention. It is known that Choi was sent to Japan as a boy and returned to Korea with techniques characteristic of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu. In the interview with Chin Il Chang, Choi is claimed to have adopted by Takeda Sōkaku when he was 11 years old and was given the Japanese name. He claims to have taken to Takedas home and dojo in Akita on Shin Shu mountain where he lived and trained with the master for 30 years. This is contradicted by other claims asserting that Choi was simply a worker in the home of Takeda, the meticulous enrollment and fee records of Tokimune Takeda, Takedas eldest son and Daitō-ryūs successor, do not seem to include Chois name among them. Therefore, except for claims made by Choi himself, there is evidence that Choi was the adopted son of Takeda. Stanley Pranin, then of Aiki News and now editor of the Aikidojournal, at the height of dispute, it is claimed by hapkido practitioners that Koreans were excluded from listing, though this is contradicted by Takedas records which contain other Korean names. While some commentators claim hapkido has a Japanese lineage, others state that its origins lay with indigenous Korean martial arts. Choi Yong-Sools first student, and the man whom some claim helped him develop the art of hapkido was Seo Bok-Seob, a Korean judo black belt when they met. A direct student of Choi, Chin Il Chang inherited the title of Doju in Chois personal and complete system of Hapkido on January 15,1985, on April 5,1985 Choi personally awarded Chang the only existing 10th Dan certificate in Hapkido history
Hapkido
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Hapkido tournament in Korea.
Hapkido
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Retouched photograph of
Takeda Sōkaku circa 1888
Hapkido
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A bidirectional kick.
Hapkido
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A hyperflexing
wristlock used as a
pain compliance technique.
15.
Aircraft maintenance
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Aircraft maintenance is the overhaul, repair, inspection or modification of an aircraft or aircraft component. Maintenance may include such tasks as ensuring compliance with Airworthiness Directives or Service Bulletins, the maintenance of aircraft is highly regulated, in order to ensure safe and correct functioning during flight. National regulations are coordinated under international standards, maintained by such as the International Civil Aviation Organization. The maintenance tasks, personnel and inspections are all tightly regulated, the Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul Market was US$135.1 Billion in 2015, three quarters of the $180.3 B aircraft production market. Of this, 60% is for civil aviation, air transport 48%, business and general aviation 9%, rotorcraft 3%, and military aviation is 40%, fixed wing 27% and rotary 13%. Of the $64.3 Billion air transport MRO market, 40% is for engines, 22% for components, 17% for line, 14% for airframe and its is projected to grow at 4. 1% per annum till 2025 to $96B. Aircraft maintenance is highly regulated, because the smallest slip can lead to an aircraft crashing with consequent loss of life, the International Civil Aviation Organization sets global standards which are then implemented by national and regional bodies around the world. Each Contracting State is expected to use in its own regulations the one it prefers, thus, aircraft maintenance technicians, engineers and mechanics all perform essentially the same role. However different countries use terms in different ways to define their individual levels of qualification. Recognised licenses for aircraft maintenance personnel include, Aircraft Maintenance Engineer, Aircraft Maintenance Technician, in the USA also called an Aviation Maintenance Technician or colloquially Airframes and Powerplants. Aircraft maintenance personnel in Europe must comply with Acceptable Means of Compliance Part 66, Certifying Staff, AMC Part 66 is based on Joint Aviation Regulations promulgated by the Joint Aviation Authorities and on Air Transport Association Specification 104. Aircraft maintenance checks are inspections that have to be done on all commercial/civil aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage. In the case of an aircraft this may be an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer or Aircraft Maintenance Technician. Automated aircraft inspection systems have the potential to make aircraft maintenance safer, various solutions are currently developed, a collaborative mobile robot named Air-Cobot, and drones
Aircraft maintenance
–
Field maintenance on a
Cessna 172 being conducted from a van used to carry tools and parts
Aircraft maintenance
–
A
Panavia Tornado undergoing maintenance
16.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
The Bronx
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Yankee Stadium (center) and the
Grand Concourse to its left. To the right of the Stadium is
its former site.
The Bronx
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Flag
The Bronx
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Seal
The Bronx
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Map of the Bronx in 1867
17.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
New York (state)
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British general
John Burgoyne surrenders at
Saratoga in 1777.
New York (state)
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Flag
New York (state)
–
1800 map of New York from
Low's Encyclopaedia
New York (state)
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The
Erie Canal at
Lockport, New York in 1839
18.
High School of Performing Arts
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The school, informally known as PA, was established in 1947 and first occupied its own building the following year. In 1961, the school was merged with another alternative arts school, plans for establishing a joint building for the merged schools took many years to be realized. There was opposition to loss of PAs individual identity, both student bodies eventually moved into a shared building in 1984. Many well-known performers were trained at the school, such as Liza Minnelli, Jennifer Aniston, Ving Rhames, Lorraine Toussaint, the 1980 film Fame was set in the High School of Performing Arts, though the building was not used in filming. Under Kellers stewardship, it offered music and theater programs in addition to the traditional trade skills. In 1948, the school occupied a disused 1894 public school building on West 46th Street in the Times Square area, the new school offered programs in music, dance, drama, and, for a time, photography. There were many professionals on staff, including the young Sidney Lumet in the drama department and his production that year was The Young & Fair. Beginning in the mid-1950s, the New York City administration regularly announced plans to move PA out of its ancient building and these plans included joining the PA student population with another student body from another school in a newly constructed building. A site in the Lincoln Square area was chosen, but was superseded by a location within the newly developed Lincoln Center complex, a groundbreaking ceremony at the second Lincoln Center complex occurred in 1958, with Mayor Robert F. Wagner attending. The Mayor and City Council made promises to alumni, students and these, and all other previous announcements, failed to reach beyond the planning stages. The new school would include students from PAs sister school, the High School of Music & Art, Performing Arts High School and The High School Of Music & Art were known as sister schools because in 1961 they were merged on paper into one school. This combined institution became known as Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts, the school received one single funding allocation, with two separate student bodies and faculty split in two different locations. PA continued to audition, educate and graduate hundreds of students during these decades of uncertainty, ground was broken for a new building at the Lincoln Center in 1973, but New York Citys budget crisis caused all work to stop. Construction resumed in the early 1980s, finally, in September 1984, the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts welcomed students from both schools into their new building. In 1978, Alumni Nick Gordon and Carol Gordon, members of the parents association, the Alumni Association met opposition, however, from the Board of Educations Chancellor Frank J. Macchiarola and other school administrators. Macchiarola had overseen the marriage into one single Fiorello La Guardia house of sister schools PA, mr. Gordons next attempt to preserve PA was to enlist the help of an architect, Sheldon Licht, in beginning the process to declare the school building a New York City Landmark. In 1982 the building was declared a NYC Landmark but it was too late to preserve PA as a separate institution. In June 1984 the last graduating class from the old building departed, in September of that year, students moved to the Music & Art site and the two sister schools were finally united in one building
High School of Performing Arts
–
Franklin J. Keller in 1950
19.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
Florida
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St. Augustine is the oldest city in the U.S., established in 1565 by Spain.
Florida
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Flag
Florida
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Aerial view of
Castillo De San Marcos (Florida).
Florida
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The five flags of Florida from the right,
Spain (1565–1763), the
Kingdom of Great Britain, Spain (1784–1821), the
Confederacy, and the United States. France (flag not shown) also controlled part of Florida.
20.
State University of New York at Purchase
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State University of New York at Purchase also known as Purchase College, State University of New York is a public four-year college located in Purchase, New York, United States. It is one of 13 comprehensive colleges in the State University of New York system, Purchase College was ranked 9 in U. S. News & World Reports 2016 listing of top public liberal arts colleges. The college was listed as one of Kiplingers 100 Best Public College Values in 2016 and it was also listed in that publications 2014 list of Best Values in Small Colleges. The Princeton Review included Purchase College in its 2015 list of The Best 379 Colleges. Purchase College confers the degrees, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Music, Master of Arts, Master of Fine Arts. Similarly, the BFA and MusB studies culminate in an exhibition, film. Masters degree programs culminate in a thesis and the MFA and MM culminate in an exhibition, recital, the land that would become Purchase College was first settled by the Thomas family in 1734. John Thomas served as an assemblyman in colonial New York from 1743-1776 and he served as a judge for the Court of Common Pleas in Westchester and a Muster-Master. Judge Thomas was a supporter of American independence. On March 22,1777, Thomas was imprisoned by the British, John Thomas sons, John Thomas, Jr. and Thomas Thomas, also fought for American independence. Thomas Thomas was later appointed a General and he is buried at the Thomas family graveyard, which is located behind the Neuberger Museum of Art on the campus of Purchase College. A tall, white stone obelisk commemorates General Thomas and his family, as of 2016, Purchase College had 4,188 undergraduate students with freshman enrollment of 694. 56% of Purchases student body is female, 15% of the colleges students come from outside of New York state and 2. 5% of its students are international. Purchase has a rate of 41% and a student-teacher ratio of 15,1. 62% of Purchase students receive need-based financial aid and the college has an endowment of $63.9 million, Purchase College was ranked the ninth-best public liberal-arts college in U. S. News & World Reports 2016 college rankings. Kiplinger ranked the school as the 76th Best Value in Public Colleges in 2016 and it was also listed as one of the 100 Best Value Public Colleges for the years 2013 and 2014 by the Princeton Review. The Princeton Review rated the schools theatre as the twelfth best, Purchase was also listed as one of the Princeton Reviews top 380 colleges for 2016. Newsweek ranked the student body as the thirteenth most liberal in 2012
State University of New York at Purchase
–
State University of New York at Purchase
State University of New York at Purchase
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Purchase College's main plaza. All academic and service buildings centrally located on the newly renovated plaza.
State University of New York at Purchase
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Purchase College campus at dusk
State University of New York at Purchase
–
Purchase College was originally a 500-acre estate and working farm in the 1700s.
21.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
22.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
–
A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
–
Flag
California
–
Mount Shasta
California
–
Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
23.
Comic Con International
–
San Diego Comic-Con International is a multi-genre entertainment and comic convention held annually in San Diego, California. The name, as given on its website, is Comic-Con International, San Diego and it is a four-day event held during the summer at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego. On the Wednesday evening prior to the opening of the event, there is a preview for professionals, exhibitors. Comic-Con International also produces two other conventions, WonderCon, held in Los Angeles, and the Alternative Press Expo and it is also the home of the Will Eisner Awards. In 2010, it filled the San Diego Convention Center to capacity with more than 130,000 attendees, the convention was founded in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk, and Greg Bear. Detroit, Michigan-born, comics fan Shel Dorf, had, in the mid-1960s, mounted the Detroit Triple-Fan Fairs, one of the first commercial comics-fan conventions. When he moved to San Diego, California, in 1970, he organized a convention on March 21,1970. Dorf went on to be associated with the convention as president or manager, variously, Alf co-chaired the first convention with Krueger and became chairman in 1971. Following the initial gathering, Dorfs first three-day San Diego comics convention, other locations in the conventions early years included the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, and Golden Hall, before being moved to the San Diego Convention Center in 1991. I was quietly walking the floor stunned and in awe of just how much bigger it really was, the convention is organized by a panel of 13 board members,16 to 20 full-time and part-time workers, and 80 volunteers who assist via committees. Comic Con International is an organization, and proceeds of the event go to funding it, as well as the Alternative Press Expo. The convention logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Josh Beatman in 1995, in September 2010, the convention announced that it would stay in San Diego through 2015. In 2015, working with Lionsgate, a channel was created to host Comic-Con related content. According to the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau, the convention has a regional economic impact of $162.8 million. Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, like most comic-book conventions, Comic-Con features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as studios and TV networks, as well as comic-book dealers. And like most comics conventions, Comic-Con includes an area, as well as the Artists Alley where comics artists can sign autographs. Despite the name, artists alleys can include writers and even models, academics and comic industry professionals annually hold the Comics Arts Conference at Comic-Con, presenting scholarly studies on comics as a medium
Comic Con International
–
Signs outside Hall H
Comic Con International
–
Comic-Con International: San Diego: Creator
Comic Con International
–
Comic Con crowds in 2011 as seen from a helicopter – Panorama.
Comic Con International
–
Comic-Con crowd inside the second floor of the convention center in 2011 awaiting the exhibition hall to open.
24.
Goldie Hawn
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Goldie Jeanne Hawn is an American actress, director, producer, and occasional singer, who rose to fame on televisions Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. She is the mother of actors Oliver Hudson, Kate Hudson and Wyatt Russell and she founded The Hawn Foundation in 2003. Hawn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the role in the 1980 film Private Benjamin. She is set to star in her first film in 15 years with a role in Snatched. Hawn was born in Washington, D. C. the daughter of Laura, a jewelry shop/dance school owner, and Edward Rutledge Hawn and she was named after her mothers aunt. Her father was a Presbyterian of German and English descent, her mother was Jewish, the daughter of immigrants from Hungary, and Hawn was raised Jewish. Hawn has often said to descend from Edward Rutledge, the youngest signatory of the Declaration of Independence. Hawn began taking ballet and tap dance lessons at the age of three, and danced in the corps de ballet of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo production of The Nutcracker in 1955. She made her debut in 1961, playing Juliet in a Virginia Shakespeare Festival production of Romeo. By 1964, she ran and taught in a ballet school, in 1964, Hawn made her professional dancing debut in a production of Can-Can at the Texas Pavilion of the New York Worlds Fair. She began working as a professional dancer a year later and appeared as a dancer in New York City. Her next role, which brought her to international attention, was as one of the regular cast members on the 1968–1973 sketch comedy show, Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. On the show, she would break out into high-pitched giggles in the middle of a joke. Noted equally for her attitude as for her bikini and painted body. Her Laugh-In persona was parlayed into three film appearances in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Cactus Flower, Theres a Girl in My Soup. After Hawns Academy Award win, her career took off. She starred in a string of average and successful comedies starting with Theres a Girl in My Soup, $. She continued proving herself in the league with the 1974 satirical dramas The Girl from Petrovka and The Sugarland Express
Goldie Hawn
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Hawn in 1978
Goldie Hawn
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With
Carl Reiner on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, 1970.
25.
Wildcats (film)
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Wildcats is a 1986 American sports comedy film directed by Michael Ritchie starring Goldie Hawn, James Keach and Swoosie Kurtz, and is also the film debut of Wesley Snipes and Woody Harrelson. Molly McGrath is the daughter of a football coach who is dying to head her own team. At first the new coach’s idealism and optimism are suffocated with racial and gender prejudice, at the same time, she must also struggle to win a battle for the custody of her two young daughters. The real test for Molly comes when her Central High team faces Prescott in the city championship, the film was met with a mostly negative response from critics. The film debuted at No.4, white savior narrative in film Wildcats at the Internet Movie Database Wildcats at Rotten Tomatoes
Wildcats (film)
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Theatrical release poster
26.
Miami Vice
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Miami Vice was an American television crime drama series created by Anthony Yerkovich and executive produced by Michael Mann for NBC. The series starred Don Johnson as James Sonny Crockett and Philip Michael Thomas as Ricardo Rico Tubbs, the series ran for five seasons on NBC from 1984 to 1989. The USA Network began airing reruns in 1988, and broadcast an originally unaired episode during its run of the series on January 25,1990. Unlike standard police procedurals, the show drew heavily upon 1980s New Wave culture, the show became noted for its integration of music and visual effects. It has been called one of the Top 50 TV Shows, people magazine stated that Miami Vice was the first show to look really new and different since color TV was invented. In 2016, television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked Miami Vice as the 51st greatest American television show of all time, Michael Mann directed a film adaptation of the series, which was released on July 28,2006. The initial idea was for a movie about a pair of cops in Miami. Yerkovich then turned out a script for a pilot, titled Gold Coast. Yerkovich was immediately drawn to South Florida as a setting for his new-style police show, Miami Vice was one of the first American network television programs to be broadcast in stereophonic sound. It was mixed in stereo for its run, but not actually broadcast in stereo until 1985. In keeping with the namesake, most episodes focused on combating drug trafficking. Episodes often ended in a gun battle, claiming the lives of several criminals before they could be apprehended. An undercurrent of cynicism and futility underlies the entire series, the detectives repeatedly reference the Whac-A-Mole nature of drug interdiction, with its parade of drug cartels quickly replacing those that are apprehended. Co-executive producer Yerkovich explained, The choice of music and cinematography borrowed heavily from the emerging New Wave culture of the 1980s, as such, segments of Miami Vice would sometimes use music-based stanzas, a technique later featured in Baywatch. As Lee H. Katzin, one of the directors, remarked, The show is written for an MTV audience. These elements made the series into an instant hit, and in its first season saw an unprecedented fifteen Emmy Award nominations, while the first few episodes contained elements of a standard police procedural, the producers soon abandoned them in favor of a more distinctive style. Influenced by an Art Deco revival, no earth tones were allowed to be used in the production, mickey Rourke was also considered for the role, but he turned down the offer. Larry Wilcox, of CHiPs, was also a candidate for the role of Crockett, after dozens of candidates and a twice-delayed pilot shooting, Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas were chosen as the vice cops
Miami Vice
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Miami Vice
Miami Vice
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Don Johnson with
Glenn Frey (right) in the episode "Smuggler's Blues", one of many guest appearances made by musicians and celebrities throughout the series.
Miami Vice
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Don Johnson epitomizing the dress style that became a hallmark of the series.
Miami Vice
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The
Ferrari Testarossa as seen in the series finale, "Freefall"
27.
Pimp
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Procuring or pandering is the facilitation or provision of a prostitute or sex worker in the arrangement of a sex act with a customer. A procurer, colloquially called a pimp or a madam, is an agent for prostitutes who collects part of their earnings. The procurer may receive money in return for advertising services, physical protection, or for providing, and possibly monopolizing. Like prostitution, the legality of actions of a madam or a pimp vary from one region to the next. Pimps may punish clients for physical abuse or failure to pay, pimps can be arrested and charged with pandering and are legally known as procurers. In most places where prostitution is illegal, so is procuring, where prostitution is decriminalized or regulated, procuring may or may not be legal. If it is legal, however, it is only forms that do not involve threats or other forms of non-consensual acts towards the prostitute or other persons that are permitted, in jurisdictions where procuring is allowed, the regulations of if differ widely from place to place. Procuring and brothels are legal in the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, New Zealand, most of Australia, in Canada, there was a legal battle regarding prostitution laws, ending in 2013. In 2012, Ontario Appeal Court reaffirmed the unconstitutionality of the laws, the case has been appealed by the Canadian government, and was under trial at the Supreme Court of Canada. On December 20, the law was struck down, various UN commissions however have differing positions on the issue. For example, in 2012, a UNAIDS commission convened by Ban Ki-moon and backed by UNDP and UNAIDS, recommended the decriminalization of brothels, the word pimp first appeared in English in 1607 in a Thomas Middleton play entitled Your Five Gallants. It is believed to have stemmed from the French infinitive pimper meaning to dress up elegantly, Pimp used as a verb, meaning to act as a pimp, first appeared in 1636 in Massingers book, The Bashful Lover. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the term was used to refer to informers. A pimp can also mean a despicable person, the term can also be applied to a person who is considered a ladies man. The verb pimping came up in the early 17th century, rapper Nelly tried to redefine the word pimp by saying that it is an acronym for positive, intellectual, motivated person. He created a scholarship with the name P. I. M. P. In the first years of the 21st century, a new meaning of the word has emerged in the form of a transitive verb pimp and this new definition was made popular by Pimp My Ride, an MTV television show. Although this new definition paid homage to hip-hop culture and its connection to street culture, it has now entered common, even mainstream commercial, in medical contexts, the verb means to ask a question for the purpose of testing her or his knowledge
Pimp
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The Procuress by
Jan Vermeer van Delft
Pimp
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The White Slave statue by
Abastenia St. Leger Eberle, location unknown
Pimp
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The Procuress by
Dirck van Baburen, 1622
28.
Michael Jackson
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Michael Joseph Jackson was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, actor, and philanthropist. Called the King of Pop, his contributions to music, dance, the eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael made his professional debut in 1964 with his elder brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon as a member of the Jackson 5. He began his career in 1971. In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular music, the popularity of these videos helped bring the television channel MTV to fame. Jacksons 1987 album Bad spawned the U. S and he continued to innovate with videos such as Black or White and Scream throughout the 1990s, and forged a reputation as a touring solo artist. Through stage and video performances, Jackson popularized a number of complicated dance techniques, such as the robot and his distinctive sound and style has influenced numerous artists of various music genres. Thriller is the album of all time, with estimated sales of 65 million copies worldwide. Jacksons other albums, including Off the Wall, Bad, Dangerous and he is recognized as the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time by Guinness World Records. Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him the most awarded recording artist in the history of popular music. He became the first artist in history to have a top ten single in the Billboard Hot 100 in five different decades when Love Never Felt So Good reached number nine on May 21,2014. Jackson traveled the world attending events honoring his humanitarianism, and, in 2000, aspects of Jacksons personal life, including his changing appearance, personal relationships, and behavior, generated controversy. In 1993, he was accused of sexual abuse, but the civil case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount. In 2005, he was tried and acquitted of child sexual abuse allegations. While preparing for his concert series, This Is It, Jackson died of acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication on June 25,2009. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled his death a homicide, and his personal physician, Jacksons death triggered a global outpouring of grief, and a live broadcast of his public memorial service was viewed around the world. Forbes ranks Jackson as the dead celebrity with earnings of $825 million in 2016. Michael Joseph Jackson was born on August 29,1958 and his mother, Katherine Esther Scruse, was a devout Jehovahs Witness. She played clarinet and piano and once aspired to be a country-and-western performer, michaels father, Joseph Walter Joe Jackson, a former boxer, was a steelworker at U. S. Steel
Michael Jackson
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Jackson performing in 1988, during the Bad World Tour
Michael Jackson
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Jackson's childhood home in
Gary, Indiana, showing floral tributes after his death.
Michael Jackson
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Jackson (center) as a member of the Jackson 5 in 1972.
Michael Jackson
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Jackson wearing his famous
jacket during the Thriller era.
29.
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Charles Scorsese is an American director, producer, screenwriter, and film historian, whose career spans more than 50 years. Scorseses body of work addresses such themes as Sicilian-American identity, Roman Catholic concepts of guilt and redemption, faith, machismo, modern crime, many of his films are also known for their depiction of violence and liberal use of profanity. Part of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking, he is regarded as one of the most significant. In 1990, he founded The Film Foundation, an organization dedicated to film preservation. Their third film together, The Departed, won Scorsese the Academy Award for Best Director in addition to the winning the award for Best Picture. Their collaborations have resulted in numerous Academy Award nominations for both as well as winning several other prestigious awards. His work in television includes the episode of the HBO series Boardwalk Empire and Vinyl. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for the crime drama The Departed, with eight Best Director nominations, he is the most nominated living director and is tied with Billy Wilder for the second most nominations overall. Scorsese was born in Queens, New York and his family moved to Little Italy, Manhattan before he started school. His father, Charles Scorsese, and mother, Catherine Scorsese and his father was a clothes presser and an actor, and his mother was a seamstress and an actress. His fathers parents emigrated from Polizzi Generosa, in the province of Palermo, Sicily, Scorsese was raised in a devoutly Catholic environment. As a teenager in the Bronx, Scorsese frequently rented Powell, Scorsese was one of only two people who regularly rented that reel. The other was future Night Of The Living Dead director George A. Romero, Scorsese has cited Sabu and Victor Mature as his favorite actors during his youth. He has also spoken of the influence of the 1947 Powell and Pressburger film Black Narcissus, whose innovative techniques later impacted his filmmaking. Enamored of historical epics in his adolescence, at least two films of the genre, Land of the Pharaohs and El Cid, appear to have had a deep, Scorsese also developed an admiration for neorealist cinema at this time. He acknowledges owing a debt to the French New Wave and has stated that the French New Wave has influenced all filmmakers who have worked since. He has also cited filmmakers including Satyajit Ray, Ingmar Bergman, Michelangelo Antonioni and he went on to earn his M. F. A. from NYUs School of the Arts in 1966, a year after the school was founded. Scorsese attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts making the short films Whats a Nice Girl Like You Doing in a Place Like This. and Its Not Just You, Murray
Martin Scorsese
–
Scorsese at the 2010
Cannes Film Festival
Martin Scorsese
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From left:
Salvo Cuccia, Martin Scorsese and
Vittorio De Seta at the
2005 Tribeca Film Festival
Martin Scorsese
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Scorsese at the
Gangs of New York screening at the
Cannes Film Festival with
Leonardo DiCaprio and
Cameron Diaz
Martin Scorsese
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Martin Scorsese at the 65th Annual Peabody Awards
30.
Bad (Michael Jackson song)
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Bad is a song by an American artist Michael Jackson. Bad was released by Epic Records on September 7,1987, as the single from Jacksons third major-label. The song was written and composed by Jackson and co-produced by Quincy Jones, Jackson stated that the song was influenced by a real-life story he had read about. Bad was well received by music critics, with some critics noting that Bad helped Jacksons image become edgier during the Bad-era. The song also peaked at one on the Netherlands and European charts. The video portrays Michael Jackson and various backup dancers shown performing choreography in a subway station. Bad has been covered and parodied by many different artists since its release and has become a song used frequently in tributes to Jackson after his death in June 2009, the song is featured in the 2010 animated film Megamind. It is also featured in the first theatrical trailer for the 2016 animated film The Angry Birds Movie, Jackson plays a teenager named Darryl, who has just completed a term at an expensive private school. He returns to the city and takes the back to his neglected neighborhood. Darryl finds his home is empty where he is greeted by his old friends, the leader of the group is Mini Max. At first, relations are friendly but slightly awkward, then, the situation begins deteriorate as the gang starts to realize how much Darryl has changed. They especially notice how uncomfortable he has become with their criminal activities, Darryl takes the gang to the subway station In an attempt to show his friends he is still bad by robbing an elderly man. He has a change of heart at the last minute and Mini Max chastises him telling Darryl hes no longer bad, after more disrespect from Mini Max, the video cuts to Darryl and a group of street kids dancing while Jackson sings Bad. Darryl insists that Max is headed for a fall which is nearly Darryls undoing, eventually, Mini Max accepts that and after a final handshake, leaves Darryl in peace. At the end of the video Darryl is left alone watching his gang leave, Bad is a song that was written and recorded by Michael Jackson in January 1987 for his seventh studio album of the same name and produced by Quincy Jones. Bad was originally intended to be a duet between Jackson and musician Prince, although the plans were not fruitful, in Jacksons 1988 autobiography Moonwalk, Jackson discussed the concept of Bad, elaborating that, Bad is a song about the street. Its about this kid from a bad neighborhood who gets to go away to a private school and he comes back to the old neighborhood when hes on a break from school and the kids from the neighborhood start giving him trouble. He sings, Im bad, youre bad, whos bad, hes saying when youre strong and good, then youre bad
Bad (Michael Jackson song)
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"Bad"
Bad (Michael Jackson song)
Bad (Michael Jackson song)
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Jackson and background dancers in "Bad" 's music video. The music video was heavily influenced by the 1961 film
West Side Story.
Bad (Michael Jackson song)
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"Bad (Afrojack Remix) (DJ Buddha Edit)"
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