1.
Lincolnshire
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Lincolnshire is a county in the east of England. It also borders Northamptonshire in the south for just 20 yards, Englands shortest county boundary, the county town is Lincoln, where the county council has its headquarters. The ceremonial county of Lincolnshire is composed of the county of Lincolnshire. Therefore, part of the county is in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. The county is the second-largest of the English ceremonial counties and one that is predominantly agricultural in land use, the county is fifth largest of the two-tier counties, as the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire are not included. The county can be broken down into a number of geographical sub-regions including, Lincolnshire derived from the merging of the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Lindsey with that controlled by the Danelaw borough of Stamford. For some time the county was called Lindsey, and it is recorded as such in the 11th-century Domesday Book. In 1888 when county councils were set up, Lindsey, Holland and these survived until 1974, when Holland, Kesteven, and most of Lindsey were unified into Lincolnshire. A local government reform in 1996 abolished Humberside, and the south of the Humber was allocated to the unitary authorities of North Lincolnshire. These two areas became part of Lincolnshire for ceremonial such as the Lord-Lieutenancy, but are not covered by the Lincolnshire police and are in the Yorkshire. The remaining districts of Lincolnshire are Boston, East Lindsey, Lincoln, North Kesteven, South Holland, South Kesteven and they are part of the East Midlands region. Lincolnshire is home to Woolsthorpe Manor, birthplace and home of Sir Isaac Newton and he attended The Kings School, Grantham and its library has preserved his signature, applied to a window sill when he was a teenager. Lincolnshire is an area, growing large amounts of wheat, barley, sugar beet. In South Lincolnshire, where the soil is rich in nutrients, some of the most common crops include potatoes, cabbages, cauliflowers. Most such companies are long gone, and Lincolnshire is no longer an engineering centre, however, as a result of the current economic climate some food production facilities have closed down, this has caused some reduction in the levels of migrant workers. The large number of people from Portugal is still obvious in the town of Boston. A coalition of Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Independents currently controls Lincolnshire County Council, the Conservative Party comfortably controlled the County Council following the 2009 local elections, in which they increased their majority to 43 seats. The Labour Party lost a total of 15 seats including 7 in Lincoln, the Lincolnshire Independents gained a total of four seats, although one of their number moved to the Conservative group during 2010, increasing the number of Conservative seats to 61
2.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
3.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
4.
East Midlands
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The East Midlands is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. The eastern part of the Midlands, it consists of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, the region has an area of 15,627 km2, and was home to over 4.5 million people in 2011. The regions relative proximity to London and its connectivity on the national motorway and it is also the location of East Midlands Airport in north Leicestershire. The high point at 636 m is Kinder Scout, in the Peak District of the southern Pennines in northwest Derbyshire near Glossop. Other upland, hilly areas of 95 to 280 m in altitude, together with lakes and reservoirs, rise in and around the Charnwood Forest north of Leicester, and in the Lincolnshire Wolds. The regions major rivers, the Nene, the Soar, the Trent and the Welland, flow in a direction towards the Humber. The Derwent, conversely, rises in the High Peak before flowing south to join the Trent some 2 miles before its conflux with the Soar, the centre of the East Midlands area lies roughly between Bingham, Nottinghamshire and Bottesford, Leicestershire. The geographical centre of England lies in Higham on the Hill in west Leicestershire, some 88% of the land is rural in character, although agriculture accounts for less than three per cent of the regions jobs. Lincolnshire is the only county of the six, with a true North Sea coastline of about 30 miles due to the protection afforded by Spurn Head. Church Flatts Farm in Coton in the Elms, South Derbyshire, is the furthest place from the sea in the UK, in April 1936 the first Ordnance Survey trig point was sited at Cold Ashby in Northamptonshire. The Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts and The Wildlife Trusts are based next to the River Trent, the National Centre for Earth Observation is at the University of Leicester. The region is home to large quantities of limestone, and the East Midlands Oil Province, Charnwood Forest is noted for its abundant levels of volcanic rock, estimated to be approximately 600 million years old. 25% of the UKs cement is manufactured in the region at three sites in Hope and Tunstead in Derbyshire, and in Ketton Cement Works in Rutland. Of the aggregates that are produced in the region, 25% is from Derbyshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire each produce around 30% of the regions sand and gravel output. Barwell in Leicestershire had Britains largest meteorite on 24 December 1965, the 2008 Lincolnshire earthquake was 5.2 magnitude. Rockingham Forest was designated as a hunting forest by William the Conqueror. The National Forest is a project in central England run by The National Forest Company. It stretches from the outskirts of Leicester in the east to Burton upon Trent in the west
5.
Administrative counties of England
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Administrative counties were a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government from 1889 to 1974. They were created by the Local Government Act 1888 as the areas for which county councils were elected, some large counties were divided into several administrative counties, each with its own county council. The administrative counties were abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 and were replaced by the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England, the administrative counties did not exist prior to 1889, see historic counties of England for the history of the English counties before then. In 1888 the government, led by the Tory prime minister Lord Salisbury established county councils throughout England and Wales, many larger towns and cities were given the status of county borough, with similar powers and independent of county council control. Under the Act, each county borough was a county of itself. Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk, Sussex, and Yorkshire were split up for administrative purposes, additionally there was a County of London which covered the area today known as Inner London. The Isle of Wight was originally included under the county of Hampshire. The structure was once the County of London was divided into metropolitan boroughs in 1900. Some exclaves had been untouched by the 1844 Act, but in 1894 county councils were given the power to adjust county boundaries. For example, the Measham area of Derbyshire was transferred to Leicestershire in 1897, the map shows the counties and the county boroughs. When a county borough expanded into territory of a county that was not the one it came from, monmouthshire, not shown on the map, was reckoned for some legal purposes among the English counties for most of this period. The 1888 Act did not contain a list of counties, it was not until 1933. Unlike the 1888 Act, the 1933 Act did not include county boroughs as administrative counties, in the case of Lancashire and Cheshire the councils were officially the county council of the palatine county. Shropshire was always officially entitled the county of Salop, the right of Berkshire to be described as a royal county was recognised by the monarch in 1958. On 1 April 1959 the administrative county of Southampton was renamed as Hampshire and this system was the basis of the ceremonial counties used for Lieutenancy – except that Cambridgeshire, Hampshire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk and Sussex were not split for Lieutenancy. The table lists the area and population of administrative county at the censuses of 1891 and 1961. Several county councils had administrative headquarters outside of their area and this was usually because the traditional county town was a county borough. The headquarters of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire county councils were moved from the county boroughs to locations within their respective administrative counties, the boundaries of the administrative counties changed considerably over time
6.
Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
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Gainsborough is a town in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the town was 18,508 at the 2011 census and it is situated 18 miles north-west from the city and county town of Lincoln, and on the River Trent. At one time it served as an important port with trade downstream to Hull, Gainsborough was one of the capital cities of Mercia during the Anglo-Saxon period, which had preceded Danish rule. It is understandable that the Viking kings would have drawn to it as an administrative centre. In 868 King Alfred married Ealswitha, daughter of Aethelred Mucill, chief of the Gaini, historically, Gainsborough is the capital that never was. Towards the end of July 1013, the Dane Sweyn Forkbeard, together with his son Canute, Sweyn defeated the Anglo-Saxon opposition and King Ethelred fled the country. Sweyn was declared King of England, and he returned to Gainsborough, Sweyn and Canute took up high office at the Gainsborough Castle, while his army occupied the camp at Thonock. But King Sweyn was killed five weeks later when he was thrown from his horse in Gainsborough and his son Canute established a base elsewhere. King Canute may have performed his attempt to turn the tide back in the River Trent at Gainsborough. Historians believe he may have been demonstrating on the aegir, a tidal bore and he and his supporters may have known Gainsborough was the furthest reach of the aegir, and ideal for his demonstration. However the story was written down a century later by Henry of Huntingdon, who gives no location. The Domesday Book records that Gainsborough was exclusively a community of farmers, villeins and sokemen, the population was only about 80 people, of which about 70% were of Scandinavian descent. The Lindsey Survey of 1115-18 records that Gainsborough was then held by Nele d’Aubigny and he was the forebear of the Mowbray family, and the Mowbray interest in Gainsborough continued until at least the end of the 14th Century. A weekly market was granted by King John in 1204, Thomas Burgh acquired the manor of Gainsborough in 1455. He built Gainsborough Old Hall between 1460 and 1480, a large, 15th-century, timber-framed medieval strong house, and one of the manor houses in Britain. It boasts a magnificent Great Hall and strong brick tower, King Richard III in 1483 and King Henry VIII in 1541 both stayed at the Old Hall. The manor was sold to the Hickman family in 1596, the town was garrisoned for the King in January 1643 and began co-operating with the garrison at Newark in raiding the surrounding countryside and harassing the Parliamentarians there. With the Great North Road blocked to Parliamentarian traffic, Gainsborough became significant as part of a route around Newark by way of Lincoln and it was in the Royalists interests to obstruct this, which gave rise to the battles of Gainsborough and Winceby
7.
Local government in England
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The pattern of local government in England is complex, with the distribution of functions varying according to the local arrangements. England has, since 1994 been subdivided into nine regions, below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. These councils are elected in separate elections, some areas have only one level of local government. Most of Greater London is governed by London borough councils, the City of London and the Isles of Scilly are sui generis authorities, pre-dating recent reforms of local government. There are 57 single tier authorities,55 unitary authorities The City of London Corporation The Council of the Isles of Scilly There are 34 upper tier authorities, the Inner Temple and Middle Temple are also local authorities for some purposes. Below the district level, a district may be divided into civil parishes. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks and they also have a consultative role in planning. Local councils tend not to exist in metropolitan areas but there is nothing to stop their establishment, for example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley. Parishes have not existed in Greater London since 1965, but from 2007 they could legally be created, in addition, among the rural parishes, two share a joint parish council and two have no council but are governed by an annual parish meeting. The current arrangement of local government in England is the result of a range of measures which have their origins in the municipal reform of the 19th century. During the 20th century, the structure of government was reformed and rationalised, with local government areas becoming fewer and larger. The way local authorities are funded has also been subject to periodic, Councils have historically had no split between executive and legislature. Functions are vested in the council itself, and then exercised usually by committees or subcommittees of the council, the post of leader was recognised, and leaders typically chair several important committees, but had no special authority. The chair of the council itself is a position with no real power. This pattern was based on that established for municipal boroughs by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, There was a small exception to this whereby smaller district councils can adopt a modified committee system. In 2012, principle councils began returning to Committee systems, under the Localism Act 2011, There are now 16 directly elected mayors, in districts where a referendum was in favour of them. Several of the mayors originally elected were independents, since May 2002, only a handful of referendums have been held, and they have mostly been negative, with only a few exceptions. The decision to have elected mayors in Hartlepool and Stoke-on-Trent were subsequently reversed when further referendums were held
8.
Conservative Party (UK)
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The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the party, having won a majority of seats in the House of Commons at the 2015 general election. The partys leader, Theresa May, is serving as Prime Minister. It is the largest party in government with 8,702 councillors. The Conservative Party is one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival. The Conservative Partys platform involves support for market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives main rivals, Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher. Thatchers tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation, the Conservative Partys domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world. The Conservatives are the joint-second largest British party in the European Parliament, with twenty MEPs, the party is a member of the Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe Europarty and the International Democrat Union. The party is the second-largest in the Scottish Parliament and the second-largest in the Welsh Assembly, the party is also organised in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. The Conservative Party traces its origins to a faction, rooted in the 18th century Whig Party and they were known as Independent Whigs, Friends of Mr Pitt, or Pittites. After Pitts death the term Tory came into use and this was an allusion to the Tories, a political grouping that had existed from 1678, but which had no organisational continuity with the Pittite party. From about 1812 on the name Tory was commonly used for the newer party, the term Conservative was suggested as a title for the party by a magazine article by J. Wilson Croker in the Quarterly Review in 1830. The name immediately caught on and was adopted under the aegis of Sir Robert Peel around 1834. Peel is acknowledged as the founder of the Conservative Party, which he created with the announcement of the Tamworth Manifesto, the term Conservative Party rather than Tory was the dominant usage by 1845. In 1912, the Liberal Unionists merged with the Conservative Party, in Ireland, the Irish Unionist Alliance had been formed in 1891 which merged anti-Home Rule Unionists into one political movement. Its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, and in essence formed the Irish wing of the party until 1922. The Conservatives served with the Liberals in an all-party coalition government during World War I, keohane finds that the Conservatives were bitterly divided before 1914, especially on the issue of Irish Unionism and the experience of three consecutive election losses
9.
Edward Leigh
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Sir Edward Julian Egerton Leigh MP is a British politician who has served as a Conservative Member of Parliament since 1983. Leigh speaks regularly in the House of Commons on civil liberties, constitutional, ecclesiastical and he has represented Gainsborough, Lincolnshire in the House of Commons as its Member of Parliament since 1983. Leigh was knighted in the 2013 Birthday Honours for public and political service, under his leadership, the Public Accounts Committee was responsible for saving the taxpayer over £4 billion. Sir Edward stepped down at the end of the session in 2010. Before entering politics, he qualified as a barrister at the Inner Temple, Leigh was elected to Richmond Borough Council and thereafter to the Greater London Council, serving as Councillor between 1974 and 1981. He is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators and still undertakes some legal work while serving as an MP. His father, Sir Neville Leigh, hailed from the ancient Cheshire family of West Hall, High Legh and was a descendant of the Egertons and his maternal grandfather was Colonel Cyril Denzil Branch MC, a French citizen, and he is a nephew of Princess Nikolai Galitzine. Leigh first stood for Parliament at the October 1974 general election when he contested the safe Labour seat of Middlesbrough, in 1983 he was elected for Gainsborough and Horncastle. A strong supporter of Margaret Thatcher, Leigh with Michael Brown MP, although Charles Powell advised them it was a forlorn task, they were nonetheless granted access to the Cabinet which was in process at the time. Leigh and Brown departed 10 Downing Street and walked down Whitehall back to the House of Commons reputedly with tears in their eyes. Leigh served as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in John Majors ministry but was sacked in May 1993 over the stance he took by opposing the Maastricht Treaty, whilst in office at the DTI he was a keen advocate of privatisation of the Post Office. In the following Conservative leadership election, Leigh supported John Redwood, during his two terms as Chairman, the PAC took evidence on 420 separate government projects and programmes and was responsible for saving the taxpayer over £4 billion. In October 2006, Leigh was vocal in stating that after David Cameron had become Leader of his Party core supporters were drifting away from voting Conservative. Early in 2008, as Chairman of the PAC, he was embarrassed by relying on flawed Department for Transport statistics to attack motorcyclists for tax evasion and he accused 38% of motorcyclists of evading vehicle excise duty. He later apologised for this following the admission by the DfT that 95. 5% of motorcycles are entirely legal, Leigh serves as President of the socially-conservative Cornerstone Group, which represents the views of over 40 Conservative Members of Parliament. He was author of the groups inaugural pamphlet Faith, Flag and he stood down in 2011, but was then appointed to report directly to the Chancellor of the Exchequer on improving Parliaments financial scrutiny of the Budget. He is a member of the Treasury Financial Reporting & Advisory Board, since 2010, Leigh has been a delegate to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, speaking regularly and serving on the Culture, Science, Education and Media Committee. In 2015, Sir Edward received the Légion dhonneur for his role as “a bridge between our parliaments, our governments and our societies”, as stated by H. E, at the end of 2010 Leigh was offered but declined the British ambassadorship to the Holy See
10.
Greenwich Mean Time
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Greenwich Mean Time is the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London. GMT was formerly used as the civil time standard, now superseded in that function by Coordinated Universal Time. Today GMT is considered equivalent to UTC for UK civil purposes and for navigation is considered equivalent to UT1, consequently, the term GMT should not be used for precise purposes. Due to Earths uneven speed in its orbit and its axial tilt, noon GMT is rarely the exact moment the sun crosses the Greenwich meridian. This event may occur up to 16 minutes before or after noon GMT, noon GMT is the annual average moment of this event, which accounts for the word mean in Greenwich Mean Time. Originally, astronomers considered a GMT day to start at noon while for almost everyone else it started at midnight, to avoid confusion, the name Universal Time was introduced to denote GMT as counted from midnight. Astronomers preferred the old convention to simplify their observational data, so each night was logged under a single calendar date. Today Universal Time usually refers to UTC or UT1, in some countries Greenwich Mean Time is the legal time in the winter and the population uses the term. For an explanation of why this is, see GMT in legislation below, synchronisation of the chronometer on GMT did not affect shipboard time, which was still solar time. Most time zones were based upon GMT, as an offset of a number of hours ahead of GMT or behind GMT and it was gradually adopted for other purposes, but a legal case in 1858 held local mean time to be the official time. On 14 May 1880, a signed by Clerk to Justices appeared in The Times, stating that Greenwich time is now kept almost throughout England. For example, our polling booths were opened, say, at 813 and closed at 413 PM. This was changed later in 1880, GMT was adopted on the Isle of Man in 1883, Jersey in 1898 and Guernsey in 1913. Ireland adopted GMT in 1916, supplanting Dublin Mean Time, hourly time signals from Greenwich Observatory were first broadcast on 5 February 1924, rendering the time ball at the observatory redundant in the process. The daily rotation of the Earth is irregular and constantly slows, on 1 January 1972, GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time, maintained by an ensemble of atomic clocks around the world. Indeed, even the Greenwich meridian itself is not quite what it used to be—defined by the centre of the instrument at the Observatory at Greenwich. Nevertheless, the line in the old observatorys courtyard today differs no more than a few metres from that line which is now the prime meridian of the world. Historically GMT has been used two different conventions for numbering hours. The long-standing astronomical convention dating from the work of Ptolemy, was to refer to noon as zero hours and this contrasted with the civil convention of referring to midnight as zero hours dating from the Romans
11.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
12.
Non-metropolitan district
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Non-metropolitan districts, or colloquially shire districts, are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties in a two-tier arrangement, in the 1990s, several non-metropolitan counties were created that are unitary authorities and also have non-metropolitan district status. A third category is the districts of Berkshire, which are districts that are unitary authorities. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have a structure of local government. Most non-metropolitan counties have a county council, and also have several districts, many districts have borough status, which means the local council is called a Borough Council instead of District Council and gives them the right to appoint a Mayor. Borough status is granted by charter and, in many cases, continues a style enjoyed by a predecessor authority. Some districts such as Oxford or Exeter have city status, granted by letters patent, by 1899, England had been divided at district level into rural districts, urban districts, municipal boroughs, county boroughs and metropolitan boroughs. This system was abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972, non-metropolitan districts were created by this act in 1974 when England outside of Greater London was divided into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties were sub-divided into metropolitan districts and the counties were sub-divided into non-metropolitan districts. The metropolitan districts had more powers than their non-metropolitan counterparts, initially, there were 296 non-metropolitan districts in the two-tier structure, but reforms in the 1990s and 2009 reduced their number to 201. A further 55 non-metropolitan districts are now unitary authorities, which combine the functions of county, in Wales, an almost identical two-tier system of local government existed between 1974 and 1996. In 1996, this was abolished and replaced with a unitary system of local government. Since the areas for Wales and England had been enacted separately and there were no Welsh metropolitan areas, a similar system existed in Scotland, which in 1975 was divided into regions and districts, this was also abolished in 1996 and replaced with a fully unitary system. In England 200 out of the 201 non-metropolitan district councils are represented by the District Councils Network, special interest group which sits within the Local Government Association. The network’s purpose is to “act as an informed and representative advocate for districts to government and other bodies, based on their unique position to deliver for ‘local’ people. ”This is a list of non-metropolitan counties. Some non-metropolitan districts are coterminous with non-metropolitan counties, making them unitary authorities and these are excluded from this list as is Berkshire which has no county council. For a full list of districts of all types including unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs and this is a list of former two-tier districts in England which have been abolished, by local government reorganizations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England. It does not include districts that still exist after becoming an authority or those that transferred from one county to another
13.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
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Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)
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In England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and the Republic of Ireland, an urban district was a type of local government district that covered an urbanised area. Urban districts had an urban district council, which shared local government responsibilities with a county council. In England and Wales, urban districts and rural districts were created in 1894 as subdivisions of administrative counties and they replaced the earlier system of urban and rural sanitary districts the functions of which were taken over by the district councils. The district councils also had powers over local matters such as parks, cemeteries. An urban district contained a single parish, while a rural district might contain many. Urban districts were considered to have problems with public health than rural areas. Urban districts usually covered smaller towns, usually with populations of less than 30,000, originally there were 1013 urban districts. Under the Local Government Act 1929206 urban districts were abolished, many were merged with surrounding rural districts, and so many urban districts often covered some rural areas as well. Larger towns became municipal boroughs which had a higher status. Many parish councils in England were created for towns previously covered by urban districts, in Wales, all urban and rural areas are now covered by communities. In Ireland urban districts were created in 1898 by the Local Government Act 1898 based on the sanitary districts created in 1878. Urban districts had powers greater than towns with town commissioners but less than the municipal boroughs preserved by the Municipal Corporations Act 1840 or created subsequently, a few places were promoted or demoted between these three categories in subsequent decades. After the partition of Ireland in 1920–22 urban districts continued in both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland, the rural and urban districts in Northern Ireland were abolished in 1973, and replaced with a system of unitary districts. In the Republic, while rural districts were abolished in 1925 and 1930, urban districts continued to exist but were renamed simply towns under the Local Government Act 2001
15.
North Lincolnshire
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North Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber in England. The population of the Unitary Authority at the 2011 census was 167,446, for ceremonial purposes it is part of Lincolnshire. There are three significant towns, Scunthorpe, Brigg and Barton-upon-Humber, during the preceding year, shadow authorities had been operating overseeing the transfer of services, buildings, vehicles, employees and political power to the new authorities. In 2015, North Lincolnshire Council began discussions with the other nine authorities in the Greater Lincolnshire area as part of a devolution bid, if successful this would see greater powers over education, transport, health, crime and social care being devolved from central government. The 846 km2 council area lies on the side of the Humber estuary and consists mainly of agricultural land. It borders onto North East Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, the councils administrative base is at the Civic Centre in Scunthorpe. Before the creation of Humberside in 1974, it was part of Lincolnshire, becoming North Lincolnshire only in 1996, until 1 April 1996, the area had been part of Humberside. The district was formed by a merger of the boroughs of Glanford and Scunthorpe, the Conservative Party held 18 seats, the Liberal Democrats held 1 seat and the Independents held two seats. After the 2011 election, the Conservatives regained control of the council with 23 seats, the area is represented in parliament by three MPs. At the 2010 election the Labour Party retained the Scunthorpe seat and the Conservative Party won the Brigg and Goole seat, North Lincolnshire operates under a Cabinet and Leader form of governance. The cabinet has eight members from the largest political party elected to the cabinet by the council of 43, Cabinet members make decisions on their portfolio individually. 2004 onwards published in 2007 Eastern Airways has its office in the Schiphol House on the grounds of Humberside Airport in Kirmington. Scunthorpe is the home of the Tata owned Appleby-Frodingham steel plant, port operations, green energy, logistics, agriculture and food processing are important elements of the areas employment profile
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North East Lincolnshire
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The population of the Unitary Authority at the 2011 Census was 159,616. These three administrative units make up the county of Lincolnshire. North East Lincolnshire was created from the boroughs of Cleethorpes and Great Grimsby on 1 April 1996 on the abolition of Humberside, historically, it was part of the Kingdom of Lindsey. North East Lincolnshire had its first North East Lincolnshire Day on 3 June 2016, the north part of the authority has a flat landscape. North East Lincolnshire is an authority that has operated a cabinet-style council since 2003. They elect the cabinet in May each year, each cabinet member is responsible for making decisions within their portfolio area. The governance of North East Lincolnshire Council has come under scrutiny from the commission on two occasions leading to special public interest reports for its failings. During this time it was run politically as a coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats, in June 2011 it became a minority Labour controlled Council. North East Lincolnshire council was also the subject to the Kelly report for Ian Huntley involvement. The radio station for the area is called Compass FM, and takes its logo from the logo of North East Lincolnshire, BBC Radio Humberside have a small studio to the east of Grimsby town centre. Grimsby Institute have the innovative Seven television, based in Immingham at the Immage Studios, propeller TV was also part of Grimsby Institute. The Grimsby Telegraph is a daily newspaper, the North East Lincolnshire towns of Grimsby, Immingham and Cleethorpes, form the economic area known as Greater Grimsby. The main sectors of the Greater Grimsby economy are food and drink, ports and logistics, renewable energy and chemicals, the area has one power station, the South Humber Bank Power Station, which is owned and operated by Centrica sited at Stallingborough. Similar to North Lincolnshire, the area has its fire and police run by Humberside Fire and Rescue Service, there are four main roads that link to the unitary authority - the A180 which was built in 1984, and the A46 from Lincoln. The A46 terminates in Cleethorpes, previously terminating at the Laceby roundabout, the A18 which runs from Doncaster to Laceby past the Humberside Airport. It is transport by sea that the area has national significance, the two ports of Immingham and Grimsby, when combined, have the largest tonnage of freight of any UK port. Immingham has many DFDS freight routes to Europe, the local LEA has comprehensive schools, becoming comprehensive in the early 1970s when part of the County Borough of Grimsby, and the Lindsey Education Committee, based in Lincoln. Previous to this Cleethorpes had girls and boys schools, and Grimsby had the girls
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East Lindsey
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East Lindsey is a local government district in Lincolnshire, England. The population of the council was 136,401 at the 2011 census. The council is based in Manby near Louth, other major settlements in the district include Alford, Spilsby, Mablethorpe, Skegness, Horncastle, a market town, and Chapel St Leonards. The political composition of East Lindsey District Council is as follows, With a total of 55 seats, East Lindsey has an area of 1,760 km², making it the fifth-largest district in England. It was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972 and it borders North East Lincolnshire and the Humber River to the north, the North Sea to the east, Boston to the south, and North Kesteven and West Lindsey to the west. The boundary between the district and North Kesteven, and part of Boston borough, is the River Witham, the furthest west settlement in the district is Wragby, and the furthest south is Antons Gowt, near Sibsey. It is bigger than many English counties, on the list of largest counties, it compares to the 29th largest county, being larger than counties such as Surrey, Buckinghamshire and Hertfordshire. The coastal towns of Mablethorpe and Skegness, which attract recreational, in 2013 councillors voted to introduce a charge to garden waste collections of £25 per year. This was met with controversy both by residents and councillors, becoming council policy by a majority of one vote. East Lindsey has two of the best state schools in the East Midlands, but it also has the worst one, St Clements College, a secondary modern school in Skegness, got the lowest GCSEs in 2007 in the East Midlands. East Lindsey Business Centres East Lindsey CAB
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North Kesteven
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North Kesteven is a local government district in the East Midlands. Just over 100 miles north of London, it is east of Nottingham, North Kesteven is one of seven districts in Lincolnshire, England and is in the centre of the County. Its council, North Kesteven District Council, is based in Sleaford in the offices of Kesteven County Council. It was originally planned to have the council offices in Bracebridge Hall on Newark Road in Lincoln, in November 1973, a decision was taken to base it in The Hoplands in Sleaford, the base of East Kesteven Rural District. The Hoplands has now been demolished for housing, the district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. It was a merger of the urban district of Sleaford, along with East Kesteven Rural District and North Kesteven Rural District. North Kesteven covers an area of 356 square miles, of which 94% is classified as green space, the district is characterised by small settlements and large areas of arable farmland. More than 80% of the live in rural settlements or a market town. North Kesteven also has a relatively underdeveloped transport infrastructure, the district has two main RAF stations - RAF Cranwell, and RAF Waddington, both situated close to the A15, the main north/south road running through North Kesteven. The district is home to RAF Digby, which lies between Sleaford and Metheringham. The former RAF Swinderby, which can be adjacent to the A46 near the western edge of the district. North Kestevens residents live in around 100 mainly small communities, major concentrations are in Sleaford, with a population of over 17,000, North Hykeham, with around 13,500 residents, and 10 larger villages with populations of over 2,500. Within the district, 40% of the live in the Lincoln Fringe. 72 parishes serve the communities, comprising 58 parish councils. The population of the district is 104,800 equating to just over one person per hectare, the population grew by 11. 5% between 2001 and 2007, making the district one of the top six fastest-growing districts in England and Wales. This rate of growth is a result of high house-building rates and consequent in-migration to the district from elsewhere in England, the growth in population is projected to continue with an extra 14,000 homes expected from 2001 to 2026. At the 2001 census, there were 94,024 citizens in the district, of all districts in Lincolnshire, it contains the highest proportion of married people and the least number of divorced people. According to the Indices of deprivation 2007, it is the least socially deprived area in Lincolnshire, with South Kesteven, the district has comprehensive schools in North Hykeham, Branston and Welbourn
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Nottinghamshire
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Nottinghamshire is a county in the East Midlands of England, bordering South Yorkshire to the north-west, Lincolnshire to the east, Leicestershire to the south, and Derbyshire to the west. The traditional county town is Nottingham, though the county council is based in West Bridgford in the borough of Rushcliffe, the districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now an authority, remaining part of Nottinghamshire for ceremonial purposes. In 2011 the county was estimated to have a population of 785,800, over half of the population of the county live in the Greater Nottingham conurbation. The conurbation has a population of about 650,000, though less than half live within the city boundaries. Nottinghamshire lies on the Roman Fosse Way, and there are Roman settlements in the county, for example at Mansfield, the county was settled by Angles around the 5th century, and became part of the Kingdom, and later Earldom, of Mercia. However, there is evidence of Saxon settlement at the Broxtowe Estate, Oxton, near Nottingham, the name first occurs in 1016, but until 1568 the county was administratively united with Derbyshire, under a single Sheriff. In Norman times the county developed malting and woollen industries, in the 18th and 19th centuries, mechanised deeper collieries opened and mining became an important economic sector, though these declined after the 1984–85 miners strike. Until 1610, Nottinghamshire was divided into eight Wapentakes, sometime between 1610 and 1719 they were reduced to six – Newark, Bassetlaw, Thurgarton, Rushcliffe, Broxtowe and Bingham, some of these names still being used for the modern districts. Oswaldbeck was absorbed in Bassetlaw, of which it forms the North Clay division, Nottinghamshire is famous for its involvement with the legend of Robin Hood. This is also the reason for the numbers of tourists who visit places like Sherwood Forest, City of Nottingham, to reinforce the Robin Hood connection, the University of Nottingham in 2010 has begun the Nottingham Caves Survey with the goal to increase the tourist potential of these sites. The project will use a 3D laser scanner to produce a three dimensional record of more than 450 sandstone caves around Nottingham. Nottinghamshire was mapped first by Christopher Saxton in 1576, the first fully surveyed map of the county was by John Chapman who produced Chapmans Map of Nottinghamshire in 1774. Nottinghamshire, like Derbyshire and South Yorkshire, sits on extensive coal measures, up to 900 metres thick, there is an oilfield near Eakring. These are overlaid by sandstones and limestones in the west and clay in the east, the north of the county is part of the Humberhead Levels lacustrine plain. The centre and south west of the county, around Sherwood Forest, principal rivers are the Trent, Idle, Erewash and Soar. The Trent, fed by the Soar and Erewash, and Idle, composed of many streams from Sherwood Forest, run through wide and flat valleys, the lowest is Peat Carr, east of Blaxton, at sea level, the Trent is tidal below Cromwell Lock. Nottinghamshire is sheltered by the Pennines to the west, so receives relatively low rainfall at 641–740 mm annually, the average temperature of the county is 8. 8–10.1 degrees Celsius
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Market Rasen
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Market Rasen is a town and civil parish within the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies on the River Rase, approximately 13 miles north-east from Lincoln,18 miles east from Gainsborough and 16 miles south-west from Grimsby, the town is known for Market Rasen Racecourse. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 3,904. Market Rasen is a market town on the edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds. The town lies on the road between Lincoln and Grimsby, the A46 and is on National Cycle Route 1 of the National Cycle Network. In 2001 the town had a population of 3,200, originally Rasen, as it is known locally, was called East Rasen, Rasen Parva or Little Rasen. The town centre has a homogeneous 19th century red-brick appearance of mainly Georgian and Victorian architecture, centred on a place with a medieval church. The River Rase flows through the town and is crossed by Jameson Bridge, Caistor Road Bridge, Market days are Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. On each Tuesday there is an auction of goods and produce, and on the first Tuesday of every month, every Friday the Womens Institute holds a country market. Market Rasens community fire and police station opened December 2005 and it is one of the first purpose-built combined fire and police stations in the UK. The town newspaper is the weekly Market Rasen Mail, which was founded in 1856 and it is published by Johnston Press. Market Rasens secondary school is De Aston School, a co-educational 11-18 comprehensive with approximately 1,300 pupils, including day pupils and boarders. It was founded in 1863 as a grammar school as part of a legal settlement following a court case involving funds from the medieval charity of Thomas de Aston. It is said that a ghost roams older parts of the school, however, within the Market Rasen area are Market Rasen Church of England School, Middle Rasen School and Pre-school and schools at Osgodby, Faldingworth and Legsby. Middle Rasen School is within 1 mile of Market Rasen town centre, the independent Middle Rasen Nursery is situated on the site of the school, and provides progression to full-time education. On 27 February 2008 a significant earthquake occurred, centred on the parish of Middle Rasen. The 10-second quake was the largest recorded example in the United Kingdom since the 1984 Llŷn Peninsula earthquake struck North Wales, Market Rasen railway station Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway Market Rasen Racecourse Media related to Market Rasen at Wikimedia Commons
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Sudbrooke
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Sudbrooke is a small village and Civil Parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 4.5 miles north-east from the centre of Lincoln, the population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 1,788. Known only from records the site of Holme in Sudbrooke has been built over since. Sudbrooke church is dedicated to Saint Edward the Confessor, and was built in 1860 by John Dobson of Newcastle upon Tyne and it is a Grade II* listed building. A much older churchyard cross was restored at about the same time, the new church replaced an older brick building, possibly itself a successor to an older Norman church. The church is part of the Barlings Group Ministry in the Deanery of Lawres, the incumbent is Rev R G Spaight. There appears to have been a searchlight battery in the village at some point during the Second World War, although facilities are few, Sudbrooke has a village shop, which opened in 2004. There is also a café, a hairdresser, a filling station, John Sutton, Baronet Benefactor and patron in Kiedrich Media related to Sudbrooke at Wikimedia Commons Sudbrooke in the Domesday Book
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Nettleham
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Nettleham is a large village and civil parish within the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the parish was 3,437 at the 2011 census. On 7 February 1301 King Edward I was staying in the Bishops Palace when he created his son Edward as the first Prince of Wales. The building was damaged during the Lincolnshire Rising of 1536 and completely demolished by 1650, the parish church of All Saints dates from the Saxon period, with medieval and 19th century additions. It is now in the benefice of Nettleham with Riseholme and Grange de Lings, within the churchs graveyard is a headstone in memory of Thomas Gardiner, a post-boy murdered hereabouts by two highway robbers in January 1733. The inscription declares he was barbarously murdered aged 19, the robbers - two brothers by the name of Hallam - committed another murder near Faldingworth before being arrested. They were convicted of murder at Lincoln and executed at the site of their crimes, the Royal Society for Nature Conservation was based in Nettleham, on the Green. It gained its new name in 1981 from the Society for the Promotion of Nature Conservation, the Nature Conservation Trusts became known as Wildlife Trusts. The organisation became known as the Wildlife Trusts in 1996 and has based in Newark-on-Trent since 1999. The site became the home of the WATCH Trust for Environmental Conservation, the Wildlife Trusts had their junior section, known as Wildlife Warch, on Witham Park in Lincoln, until it moved to Newark. Newark is on the East Coast Main Line, in June 2004 the organisation became the Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts. Nettleham forms part of the Gainsborough parliamentary constituency which is represented by Sir Edward Leigh MP No other settlement shares Nettlehams name, since April 1974 Nettleham has formed part of the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire. The village is located 4 miles north-east from the city of Lincoln between the A46 and A158, the parish boundary meets Greetwell on the A158 Horncastle/Wragby road. The boundary crosses Nettleham Road, south of the bypass roundabout, the bypass passes northwards skirting, the edge of the University of Lincolns Riseholme College. 550 yards north of Nettleham Hall, it meets Grange de Lings, and borders this parish along a track until the A46. It crosses Scothern Beck north of Skelton House Farm, passes south, North of Manor Farm, it meets Reepham on the A158 Roman road and follows the A158 to North Greetwell, where it meets Greetwell. The village has a resident population of approx 3500. Nettleham has won the Best Kept Village Award several times, large modern housing estates surround the old village centre
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Welton, Lincolnshire
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Welton is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 4,327. It is geographically situated 6 miles north from Lincoln city centre, the name Welton by Lincoln distinguishes it from other Weltons in Lincolnshire, Welton le Wold and Welton le Marsh. The name means, roughly, village with a well, there is evidence of both Roman and Celtic settlement, and the village was established by the time of the Domesday Book, in which it is mentioned as Welletone. The six church bells were cast by Henry Harrison, nephew of John Harrison the carpenter and clockmaker, the 2001 Census recorded a resident village population of 5,000. However, this figure is for Welton ward, which other smaller villages nearby. The population of Welton civil parish was 3,821, Welton is noted for the rare chalk formation known as the Welton Band. The layer is not visible from Welton, but on just seven sites much further north-east, to the south is the neighbouring village of Dunholme, near the A46. RAF Dunholme Lodge is next to both villages and was a bomber base. Welton has two houses, The Falconer, and The Black Bull which is reputedly haunted. On the village playing field is a Sports and Social Club, there is also a War Memorial, a golf course, campsite, Co-op store and a veterinary clinic. The village library was refurbished in February 2008, Village schools are William Farr secondary school on Lincoln Road, Welton youth football team provides for competitive teams between the ages of 8 and 18
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Caistor
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Caistor is a town and civil parish situated in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. As its name implies, it was originally a Roman castrum or fortress and it lies at the north-west edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds, on the Viking Way, and just off the A46 between Lincoln and Grimsby, at the A46, A1084, A1173 and B1225 junction. It has a population of 2,601 and its name comes from the Anglo-Saxon ceaster and was given in the Domesday Book as Castre. Only a few fragments of the 4th-century walls remain, for example, the area occupied by the fortress is now classified as a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The church of St Peter and St Paul, which is enclosed within the fortress, has an Anglo-Saxon tower, the market square lies at the heart of a conservation area which contains 56, mainly Grade II, listed buildings. In numerical terms, the number of listed buildings makes Caistor the most important conservation area in the West Lindsey area, notable buildings in the town include Caistor Grammar School, founded in 1633, and Sessions House, built in 1662. In 2010 the remains of a 4th-century Roman cemetery were found during the development of a new Co-op supermarket, Caistor Grammar School dates from the reign of Charles I. An academy with a selective intake, it has specialist school status for sports. Sir Henry Newbolt, author of Drakes Drum, was educated at the school, Caistor Yarborough Academy is a mixed comprehensive school named in memory of John Edward Pelham, the 7th Earl of Yarborough. Being limited to 570 pupils it is smaller than the average British school of this type. It has Arts College status under the English specialist schools programme, in 2012 the school became an Academy. Opened in 1940, RAF Caistor was built as an airfield for RAF Kirton in Lindsey. Closed in 1945, it reopened as a nuclear missile base. Between 1959 and 1963 Caistor was manned by 269 Sqn. equipped with three Thor missiles, the site has now returned to agricultural use, and little remains of the military facilities. Nearby station include Barnetby railway station, with TransPennine Express and East Midlands Trains services, humberside Airport is located a short distance to the north of the town. Audleby is a hamlet just north of Fonaby and it is recorded in the Domesday Book with 33 households, which at the time was considered quite large. Today it is listed as a medieval village. Audleby House on Brigg Road is a Grade II listed building, Fonaby is a hamlet and deserted medieval village just north of Caistor, mentioned in the Domesday Book as having 18 households and three acres of meadow, and held by William I
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Keelby
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In the 2001 Census it had a population of 2,172, comprising 48. 6% males, and 51. 4% females. The population at the 2011 census was 2,092, Keelby is listed in the Domesday Book as Chelebi or Chilebi. A place name ending in -by generally indicates that the town or village was a primary Viking settlement. Keelby has a court, bowling green, park, primary school, guest house and a war memorial, a Mace and a Spar store. Religious sites are the Church of England St Bartholomews Church and a Methodist chapel, Keelby once had a village pond situated at the junction of Pelham Crescent and Mill Lane, however this was filled in during the 1950s. There is a club with adult and junior teams. The village cricket club, reformed in 1975 after a 10-year break, plays in the Lincolnshire League, the Grimsby Midweek League, matches were played on the village green until 2009 before moving to a new multi-purpose sports complex on the edge of the village in 2010. Keelby is within the catchment area of three schools, Healing Comprehensive, Caistor Yarborough, and Caistor Grammar School. Media related to Keelby at Wikimedia Commons Keelby football club
26.
River Trent
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The River Trent is the third-longest river in the United Kingdom. Its source is in Staffordshire on the edge of Biddulph Moor. It flows through and drains most of the central and northern Midlands south. The river is known for dramatic flooding after storms and spring snowmelt, the wide estuary is a traditional boundary between northern England and the Midlands. The name Trent is from a Celtic word possibly meaning strongly flooding, more specifically, the name may be a contraction of two Celtic words, tros and hynt. This may indeed indicate a river that is prone to flooding, however, a more likely explanation may be that it was considered to be a river that could be crossed principally by means of fords, i. e. the river flowed over major road routes. This may explain the presence of the Celtic element rid in various names along the Trent, such as Hill Ridware. Another translation is given as the trespasser, referring to the waters flooding over the land, a traditional but almost certainly wrong opinion is that of Izaak Walton, who states in The Compleat Angler that the Trent is. So called from thirty kind of fishes that are found in it, the Trent rises on the Staffordshire moorlands near the village of Biddulph Moor, from a number of sources including the Trent Head Well. It is then joined by small streams to form the Head of Trent. Downstream of the reservoir it passes through Stoke-on-Trent and merges with the Lyme, Fowlea, on the southern fringes of Stoke, it passes through the landscaped parkland of Trentham Gardens. At this point the River Sow joins it from Stafford, the Trent now flows south-east past the town of Rugeley until it reaches Kings Bromley where it meets the Blithe. After the confluence with the Swarbourn, it passes Alrewas and reaches Wychnor, where it is crossed by the A38 dual carriageway, which follows the route of the Roman Ryknild Street. The river turns north-east where it is joined by its largest tributary, the river continues north-east, passing the village of Walton-on-Trent until it reaches the large town of Burton upon Trent. The river in Burton is crossed by a number of bridges including the ornate 19th-century Ferry Bridge that links Stapenhill to the town, shortly afterwards, the river becomes the Derbyshire-Leicestershire border, passing the traditional crossing point of Kings Mill, Castle Donington, Weston-on-Trent and Aston-on-Trent. At Shardlow, where the Trent and Mersey Canal begins, the river meets the Derwent at Derwent Mouth. As it enters the city, it passes the suburbs of Beeston, Clifton and Wilford, on reaching West Bridgford it flows beneath Trent Bridge near the cricket ground of the same name, and beside The City Ground, home of Nottingham Forest, until it reaches Holme Sluices. Downstream of Nottingham it passes Radcliffe on Trent, Stoke Bardolph and Burton Joyce before reaching Gunthorpe with its bridge, lock, the river now flows north-east below the Toot and Trent Hills before reaching Hazelford Ferry, Fiskerton and Farndon
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East Stockwith
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East Stockwith is a village within the civil parish of East Stockwith, in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies on the River Trent,3 miles north-west of Gainsborough, the River Trent Aegir, a tidal bore, reaches the village. In 2001 it had a resident population of 209, increasing to 314 at the 2011 census. The hamlet and former parish of Walkerith, about 1.5 miles to the south, is within East Stockwith parish. Opposite East Stockwith on the River Trent is West Stockwith, a village within the county boundaries of Nottinghamshire. The two villages were connected by a ferry which stopped in 1953. The village contains a church, a pub, The Ferryman, the nearest town with schools and shops is Gainsborough. Local leisure activities include angling on the Trent, particularly for eels, media related to East Stockwith at Wikimedia Commons East Stockwith Parish Council East Stockwith, My own page East Stockwith Aegir predictions
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Wildsworth
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Wildsworth is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the bank of the River Trent. The population is included in the parish of East Ferry. Wildsworth is not mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book, although a settlement is indicated by finds of 2nd- to 4th-century Roman pottery. It was only in the 19th century that Wildsworth size and population, previously observed cropmarks in the area show evidence of channels and banks associated with post-medieval warping – controlled flooding of land to increase fertility. In 1870-72 Wildsworth was described as being a hamlet within the parish of Laughton, in 1885 Kellys Directory reported Wildsworth again as a hamlet in the parish of Laughton, and with a population of 130. A chapel of ease to St John, built in 1838, was described as of white brick in Norman style, comprising a chancel and nave, the late Lady William Gordon, Lady of the Manor, had provided for the chapel building at a cost of £450. Wildsworth contained two Wesleyan chapels, Primitive and Methodist, a mixed school at Wildsworth was built in 1875 at a cost of £200 provided by the Hon. Mrs Meynell-Ingram, Lady of the Manor of Laughton. The school had provision for 80 children and had an attendance of 35. Wildsworth occupations consisted of 10 farmers, St Johns church was restored in 1896, and again in 1908 at a cost of £1000 provided by Hon. Frederick George Lindley Meynell. By 1933 Wildsworth was a township with a land and water area of 1,039 acres, the previous parish church of St John was demolished before 2000. It was Grade II listed on 31 March 1982, the church was built in 1838 to a design by Charles Biggs. It was of brick and ashlar construction, and comprised a chancel, nave, vestry with boiler house – added in 1908 – west doorway. The nave contained pilasters topped by pinnacles which divided the walls into three bays, and the chancel a 1916 stained glass east window by Charles Eamer Kempe, media related to Wildsworth at Wikimedia Commons Laughton, Genuki. Includes Wildsworth St Johns Church, Wildsworth, Wparkinson. com
29.
River Eau
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Not to be confused with the Barlings Eau or the Bourne Eau. The River Eau is a 15-mile-long tributary of the River Trent that flows through Lincolnshire, the Eau catchment lies between that of the Bottesford Beck to the north, and the River Witham to the south and east, and covers an area of 125 square kilometres. The river is one of the few streams that drain the right bank of the tidal Trent. The source of the river is near Harpswell, at the foot of the Lincolnshire Edge, unlike other rivers that drain into the tidal Trent, there is no pumping station associated with the outfall, it relies on gravity to discharge during periods of tidal low water. The Eau flows through the village of Scotter, which has a history of being flooded by the river, whilst the drains that discharge into the Eau are maintained by the Drainage Board, the river is the responsibility of the Environment Agency being designated as a Main river. Its tributaries are called Northorpe Beck, Manton Sewer and Dar Beck, Barlings Eau Bourne Eau Great Eau
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Scotter
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Scotter is a large village and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England, situated between Scunthorpe and Gainsborough. The population of the parish was recorded as 2,591 in the 2001 census, ref>2001 Census, Key Statistics, Parish Headcounts, Area, </ref> increasing to 3,0658 at the 2011 census. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and it is in the Scotter with East Ferry ecclesiastical parish in the Scotton and Scotter Group of parishes, in the Manlake Deanery. Other churches in the group are Scotton and Northorpe, on the other side of Trent is the Deanery of Axholme. The village has shops, a village hall, a community centre. The school has approximately 280 pupils of age range 4–11, the village hall was opened on 12 July 1985 by Birgitte, Duchess of Gloucester. The record is now held by Rhiannon Linacre, the civil parish contains the village of Susworth on the east bank of the River Trent. The parish is further north than Kirton Lindsey, the A159 road, which connects the two towns, crosses the River Eau in the village. Barlings is at the north-west corner of the village on the River Trent, the county, district and parish boundary follows eastwards along the River Eau passing north of Scotterthorpe. Messingham is the parish to the north and it crosses the north-south North Moor Road which becomes Scotter Road in Scunthorpe. It crosses the north-south Messingham Road then Kirton Road, a 770 yards section of the B1400, between Kirton and Messingham, passes through the parish, and Lincolnshire. The boundary passes southwards, touching the edge of Black Walk Nook. It passes north-south on the edge of Black Walk Plantation and crosses two roads called Kirton Road, meeting the parish of Scotton, which is south of Scotter, the boundary is just the parish boundary from here to the Trent. It crosses Scotter Road north of Field House, passing north of Cockthorn Farm and it skirts the north edge of a wood, and crosses the A159 near two transmitter masts. It meets East Ferry to the south and skirts the edge of Laughton Forest. It passes westward through the section of the wood, crossing East Ferry Road near Wheatley House. It follows Ferry Barrier Bank westwards to East Ferry Ings Drain and it passes along the east bank of the Trent through South Ings, then passes through Susworth, passing the Jenny Wrenn Inn and Walnut Tree Farm. Media related to Scotter at Wikimedia Commons Scotter web site Scotter Parish Council, Lincolnshire Parish Councils Scotter, Genuki Scotter Primary School
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Messingham
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Messingham is a village and civil parish in North Lincolnshire, England. The village is situated on the A159,4 miles south from the centre of Scunthorpe and 1 mile south from the M180, west Lindsey is 1 mile to the south, as is Scotter. Messingham has a population of over 4,000 people, falling to 3,718 at the 2011 census, the village has a history of sheep farming. Schools serving the village are Messingham Primary School, Frederick Gough School, Queen Elizabeth High School, the parish church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. There is also a Methodist church, on 24 July 1772, john Wesley was known to preach in Messingham, possibly at the site of the Green Tree public house. Village public houses are the Horn Inn, Green Tree Inn and Crown Inn on High Street, scunthorpes British Steel steel works is a major employer of local people. On the outskirts of Messingham is Grange Park Golf Club, and nearby on the B1400 road, the Sand Quarry is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Football, Cricket and Bowls clubs are based at the Northfield Road site
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Scotton, Lincolnshire
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Scotton is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 7 miles south from Scunthorpe,14 miles north-west from Market Rasen, the western boundary of the parish is formed by part of the A159 Gainsborough to Scunthorpe road. The 2001 Census recorded a population of 531 for the civil parish, the ecclesiastical parish is in the Church of England Diocese of Lincoln, Archdeaconry of Stow and Manlake Deanery. The church is dedicated to St Genewys, historically, the parish was in the wapentake of Corringham, and following the Poor Law reforms of the early 19th century was placed in the Gainsborough Poor Law Union. Media related to Scotton, Lincolnshire at Wikimedia Commons
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Northorpe, West Lindsey
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Northorpe is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England, about 8 miles north-east from the town of Gainsborough. The population of the parish at the 2011 census was 126. Southorpe existed as a civil parish from 1858 to 1932. The site of Southorpe is a scheduled monument and it is possible both villages existed at the time of Domesday Book of 1086, as the village of Torp is listed five times, and includes a total population of 40 households. The parish church is dedicated to Saint John the Baptist and is a Grade I listed building built of limestone and dating from the 12th century with later additions, there are several 17th-century monuments in the church to the Monson family. At one time the churchyard was said to be haunted by an example of the Black Dog apparition, Northorpe village hall is a Grade II listed former National school with datestone of 1846. It opened as a school in 1848 and closed in 1932 as Northorpe CE School, Northorpe railway station opened in 1848 and closed in 1964. Media related to Northorpe, West Lindsey at Wikimedia Commons
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Waddingham
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Waddingham is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is geographically situated 1.5 miles to the east of the A15 road,10 miles south-east from Scunthorpe and 16 miles north from Lincoln. According to the United Kingdom Census 2001 Waddingham had a population of 548, by the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011, originally there were two settlements, Stainton and Wadingham, which were on either side of the Waddingham Beck which runs through the village. Both settlements are mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, both places have Anglo Saxon names, Stainton is derived from The Old English Stan, and the Old English Tun, meaning stony farm. Waddingham is derived from two common OE suffixes, ing, or ingas, and ham, meaning the village of, or belonging to, St Mary & St Peter church chancel arch is 13th-century, the tower being a 15th-century addition. The church was rebuilt in 1862. Waddingham has a post office, a shop, and a Methodist chapel. Opposite the Jubilee Hall, which houses a doctors surgery, is Waddingham Primary School, the village public house is the Marquis of Granby. A Dictionary of British Place Names, media related to Waddingham at Wikimedia Commons St Mary & St Peters Church web site Waddingham Primary School web site Waddingham Parish Council web site
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River Ancholme
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The River Ancholme is a river in Lincolnshire, England, and a tributary of the Humber. It rises at Ancholme Head, a spring just north of the village of Ingham and immediately west of the Roman Road and it flows east and then north to Bishopbridge, where it is joined by the Rase. North of Bishopbridge it flows through the town of Brigg before draining into the Humber at South Ferriby. It drains a significant part of northern Lincolnshire between the Trent and the North Sea. The river has been used by humans since at least 800 BC, confirmed by the excavation of a boat at Brigg. Major change occurred in 1635, when a new channel was constructed from Bishopbridge to Ferriby. The new channel carries most of the water and is known as the New River Ancholme, whereas the Old River Ancholme maintains its natural course, meandering from side to side. The old course is reduced to a drain, except around the town of Brigg where the two rivers create an island in the centre of Brigg known as Island Carr. Further improvements were started by John Rennie in the early 1800s and completed by his son in the 1820s, all commercial carrying had ceased above Brigg by the 1970s, and stopped altogether in the 1980s. The upper section was almost derelict by then, but was restored and dredged in 2004, the river is an important drainage channel for north Lincolnshire, but is also used for leisure, with boating, rowing, canoeing and fishing taking place. Responsibility for the river changed six times between 1930 and 1996, but it is now managed by the Environment Agency, the Ancholme Internal Drainage Board maintains twelve pumping stations on the banks of the river, which pump water from the surrounding low-lying land to prevent flooding. The river also supplies large volumes of water to the Scunthorpe Steelworks, and to Anglian Water, few of the bridges which cross the river form part of a public road, and so they have not been replaced to cope with increased traffic. A number of them are listed structures, while Ferriby Lock is an ancient monument. The river is home to two historic boats owned by the Humber Keel & Sloop Preservation Society. In its natural state, the rivers valley was flat-bottomed, it had formed the bed of the glacial Lake Ancholme, on an outwash delta, as the ice retreated. There is evidence that boats have used the river from early times, logboats have been found at Brigg and Appleby, and a planked boat was found at Brigg in 1888. Professor McGrail conducted a re-excavation of the site in 1974, to discover the bottom of a boat, made from oak planks, sewn together. The boat was thus similar in construction to the Ferriby Boats found on the shore of the Humber
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South Kelsey
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South Kelsey is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated on the B1205,5 miles west from the A15 and 4.5 miles south-east from Caistor, according to the 2001 Census the village had a population of 571, increasing to 604 at the 2011 census. South Kelsey has an Anglican church, St. Marys, a Methodist church, collins, Jean, South Kelsey, The History of a North Lincolnshire Village, U P Publications Ltd. ISBN9780955744730 Media related to South Kelsey at Wikimedia Commons
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North Kelsey
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North Kelsey is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The village is situated 4 miles west from Caistor and 19 miles north-east from the county town of Lincoln, within the parish is the hamlet of North Kelsey Moor, once the site of North Kelsey railway station. According to the 2001 Census North Kelsey had a population of 959, North Kelsey has an Anglican church and a Methodist chapel. There is a hall, primary school, a public house, The Butchers Arms. The village post office was closed in 2008, as part of a series of rural post-office closures, North Kelsey parish church was dedicated to St Nicholas until the late 19th century, after which dedicated to All Hallows. The church was rebuilt in 1869, although the dates from the 13th century. An early stone coffin lid lies against the outside wall, the church suffered minor damage in a whirlwind which hit South and North Kelsey in the 1930s. Facing the church is Grade II listed Church Farm, the central part of the house is Elizabethan, with later Georgian additions, including larger windows. The south wall of the house is constructed in the manner, and is the same age as. The adjacent village of Hibaldstow is reached by crossing Hibaldstow Bridge, a lattice girder bridge, built in 1889. The former RAF Caistor is chiefly within the parish, and the bases of three Thor IRBM launch pads remain. The North Kelsey mixed tennis league was established in 1966, the League includes the majority of tennis clubs in North Lincolnshire, and others in the North East Lincolnshire Unitary Authority area. Some of the clubs are affiliated to the Lawn Tennis Association of Great Britain. Hibaldstow Bridge South Kelsey Media related to North Kelsey at Wikimedia Commons North Kelsey Mixed Tennis League
Media related to West Lindsey at Wikimedia Commons
